Use chapter 14.1 “Technology of Cells and Batteries" in your textbook pages 612 complete the following section of this notes guide. 1. What is an electric cell? =a device that continuously converts chemical energy into electrical energy volmatar cathode anode 2. What is a battery? o 3 =a group of 2/more electric cells connected to each other in series (like railway cars in a train) 3. Identify the components of an electric cell, 2 electrodes + 1 electrolyte 4, Distinguish between electrode and electrolyte. Electrode = solid electrical conductor (usually 2 metals or graphite and a metal) ising tice ai oti. Electrolyte = aqueous electrical conductor (e.g., moist paste) ee ivivcame danke {Gate} nce tack) ea is connected to the nagtveeecrode i St . ; ‘anote, 5. Identify the positive and negative electrodes, respectively, in a battery. itive (+) is th 1 (-) Positive (+) is the cathode. Negative (-) is the anode. lecticity isthe Now of electrons! 6. Identify the direction that electrons flow in a battery. Electrons flow from the anode through an external circuit to the cathode. Uiihiité@ Components of an Electric Cell + An electric cell must have cwo electrodes and an electrolyte. +» An electrode isa solid conductor, * An cloctrlyte isan aqueous condactor. + The cathode is the electrode labelfed positive + The anode is the electrode labelled negative + The electrons flow tinough the external circuit from the anode to the cathode.‘There are three different kinds of consumer electric cells: cells. The following chart compares these types of cells. primary, secondary and fuel Be familiar with these types of cells. ‘Type of Celt Advantage(s) Disadvantage(s) Primary inexpensive, simple, reliable, | not rechargeable, can damage eg, alkaline battery | portable environment when thrown out Secondary rechargeable, make large handling’ disposal of dead eg, lead-acid car | eurrents (lead-acid car batteries ~ toxic, corrosive battery battery) Fuel in principle, could be used | expensive, hydrogen is not eg, hydrogen-oxygen | forever — are very efficient and | readily available for consumer (NASA ~ Space produce very litle poltution | use Shuttle) (water is the product) Primary Cell Secondary Cell Fuel Cell — carbon cette os ‘MnO, and. Kio esr ane fsa ; ‘Sere 1s vo vost, see Fae 8a pay ons se tasign Dod hae Chea sara ee voltage of 15V.The 8 V battery on the ‘ight s made up of six 1.5 dry cls ets, ‘The anodes of a les battery are composed of spongy Wed and the cathodes are composed of leadifV) oxide ona ‘metal soreen. Tha large electrode surface area is designed to deliver sufficient current to slarta car engie, osteo negate plates: Feat sere ted wn spongy fod postive plot: tea sec tae ‘th POS) Figure 8 Hyaragen-and exygon gases are ‘ones pumped nto this hnydrogen-cnygen ful cell, Each gas wacarter aos. Unused gases ate racycied.Read chapter 14.2 “Voltaic Celts” in your textbook pages 622-633, These notes are a summary of the information in your textbook, and the concepis need to be memorized. © avoltaic cell (a type of electrochemical cell) transforms chemical potential enerey into electrical energy OA abi RA isa SPONT © this isa spontaneous electrochemical (redox) reaction enor a © voltaic cells make electric euurrent (a flow of electric charges, such as electrons) ‘© redox reactions and electric current make up the field of electrochemistry (the study of the processes involved in converting chemical energy to electrical energy and vice versa) © voltaic cells consist of: | MEMORIZE what vottaie ces are made oft! 1, two electrodes = solid conductors that carry electrons into and out ofa cell © oxidation occurs at the electrode called the anode, the negatively charged Tmside, thee electvode (on the outside) anode is © reduction occurs at the electrode called the cathode, the positively charged positive electrode (on the outside) - ‘because it Red wi Black wire goes Inside, the iv Rea to the anode cate is gives up goes to ao adie electrons, so | | the : when anions |} CaThode move to the RED electrons ot = / AND oe completes cathode to the circuit complete 4 the circuit a 4 REDUCTION ot \ 34 [ occurs ofthe CAINE. | ‘neither a reactant nor a product of the redox reaction) is used to provide a surface on which redox reactions ean oceur e.g., platinum = Pt(s), or graphite = 5), electrodes may be used 2. one or two electrolytes = substances that when dissolved in water conduct electric eurrent (aqueous conductors) 3. an external wire ~ this conneets to both electrodes to allow flow of electrons MEMORIZE? +> © ‘electrons flow from anode to cathode | ©. Olien a voltmeter (device used to measure voltage, or the electrical potential difference, between two points) is hooked up on the wire ‘© electrical potential difference ~ the amount of energy on a unit of charge when it moves from one point to another4. porous barrier separates the complete voltaic cell into two half-eells a] © the porous barrier may be a salt bridge (a) or a porous cup (b) Oiate Electrolyte in salt bridge porous cup @) Figure 1. ) fa) Asait Sait dge > a U-shaped Sov pining an inert 2" (unreactive) aqueous ‘electrolyte such as sodium: sulfate. a electrolytes 0)_An glazed porcslain (porous) > eu eontaining one a “sin a container of a second cotton plugs electrolyte. electrolyte ‘electrotyte ©. the porous barrier allows the movement of positive ions to.the cathode and negative ions to the anode so that the cell has a complete circuit yp J ANIONS MOVE TO THE ANODE. *~1y [ yemonizet © CATIONS MOVE TO THE CATHODE’ © the porous barrier also separates the electrolytes while still allowing ion movement © the electrolyte solution in a salt bridge must be selected so that it does not interfere in the reaction ‘You must be able to draw and label a voltaic cell like the Daniell cell below: External wire (circuit for €-) eo lang 1 € flow from vollmet aL anode to cathode ANODE (-)= Zn(s) electrode ail br en ——g j CATHODE (+) = Cu(g) electrode | | cations | | cathode ralyis 4 eas a oat + anions to lis Electrolyte Jectrolyte i i 7 piciele — ~~. anode oS : Cu? a ZhCaq) "4) Porous eup ——+—© there is a shorthand method for representing voltaic cells called cell notation © in this notation, a single line (\) indicates a phase boundary, such as the interface of an electrode and an electrolyte in a half-cell © in other words, the “|” is in between different phases, or states, like (s) or (aa) alt bri dge © adout (I) represents a physical boundary. such as a porous barrier between halfcelis ~ pad Se ¢ i © a voltaic cell is an arrangement of two haif-cells separated by a porous boundary ©. the cell notation for a Daniell cell is shown as: We wns htis a common practice to write ‘tha coll notation with the anacle POROUS BARRIER (c.g, salt bridge or porous cup) between the two hal-cells ‘ electrode | electrolyte | electrolyte | electrode Zn(s) | Za2*(aq) | Cu2*(aq) | Cuts) ANODE ©) \ CATHODE (+) & “)” separates the electrode (8) from the electrolyte (aq) in one half-cell have any airangoment © inthe following example, there is an{inert electrode, Which does not appear in the net redox equation or in the half-reactions, but does appear in the cell notation: POROUS BARRIER 4 This is an INERT ELECTRODE, electrode | electrolyte || electrolyte |slectode itis sod thats nonreactive, PI (aq) I Fe3*(aq) , Fee" and is simply a place for the half- ‘W(s) | Pb2*(aq) || Fe3*(aq) . Fe?*(aq) | Pt(s) reaction fo.0cgur “P° separates the electrode (s) from acomma *,” separates 2 ions or substances the electrolyte (aq) in one half-cell in the same phase NU Lie Voltaic Cells + A voltaic cell consists of two half-cells separated by a porous boundary with solid electrodes connected by an external circuit. + The cathode is the positive electrode. The stron; py sine agent is reduced at the cathode, RED CAT SOF + The anode is the negative elect ge ‘The strongest rextucing agent is oxidized at tieeuogars A OX CRA + lectrons travel inthe external circuit from the anode to the cathode, «Internally, anions move toward the anode and cations move toward the cathode as the cell operates. The solutions emaln electrically neutral. Gaiman noe | electrolyte || electrolyte | cathode ‘where @ Single vertical line represents a phase boundary and a double vertical line of represents a poroas boundary.HOW TO DO voltaic cell questions: Use the 5-step method for predicting redox reactions. 1. list all species in the reaction 2. determine whether each is an OA or RA 3, find the SOA and the SRA using p. 7 of your data booklet 4. write out your oxidation and reduction half-reaetions othe SRA is the anode, and oxidation occurs at the anode (-) ©. the SOA is the cathode, and reduction occurs at the cathode (+) 5. cancel elecirons to form a net redox reaction remember: RED CAT, AN OX, voltaic cells are SPONTANEOUS electrochemical cells Follow along in your textbook on page 625 to complete the communication e.g. below. een ens ©) G@} Whte equations for tho hatf-reacttons and the overall eaction that occur in tie following cell 6s} Fet*Caq). Fe” (aq) Ch," tau), H taal (cs) 4 (3) is an inert electrode 1, list all species in the reaction 2, determine whether cach is an OA or RA 3. find the SOA and the sear 7 of your data booklet oa Si OA 4. write out your oxidation and reduction half-reactions © the SRA is the anode, and oxidation occurs at the anode (-) SRA = anode = oxidation 4 reaction: 6 [Fe™ (aq) —* Fe™*(aq) + ©} © the SOA is the cathode, and reduction occurs at the cathode (+) -athode = reduction 4 reaction: Cr:07"(aq) + 14 H(aq) + 6 e” > 2 Cr**(aq) +7 B20) SOA 5. cancel electrons to form a net redox reaction OXE IE 6 Fe"(aq) > 6 Fe(aq) +O ved Y2IKi_Cr02 (ag) + 14 (ag) + DK — 2 Cr“ (ag) +700) Cr:07" (aq) + 14 H (aq) + 6 Fe (aq) — 6 Fe™(aq) + 2 Cr°*(aq) + 7 H200) (net redox reaction) 7 _ ohace aoe? y chuck a{b) Draw a diagram of the call, labeling electrodds eledtrolytes, the direction ‘af electron flow, and the direction of ioa movernent. ©” move te A Anade [ cathae fees ts asta voltinettr +0 catpode eZ Gaed (arene catrtns 10 cathode h ni one? | (@) | yy | Y At h pert cial | I zt Practice Problems 1. (a) If the reaction of zine with copper({l) ions (Daniell cell) is carried out in a test tube, what is the oxidizing agent, and what is the reducing agent? A variety of names can be used tor cells based upon spontaneous redox reactions: electtic, voltai ic_and iE sieatoconia nts Doo, SOA, of above RAI = Spon» | : is used for scieatie research 2n@t Cu*eapy > (ues)+ 2p “Gagy celts. Electzochemical cell is a BR OA general term that inchides both voltaic (spontaneous) and ele hanspontaneotis) “ (b) Ina Daniell cell, what is the anode and what is the cells. cathode? Explain your answer, i qnode* SRA (anode - oxidaron) = 2n() athode ~ SOA (cathode- reduction 7 2 Cute reduced to Clt¢s)2. A voltaic cell involves the overall reaction of iodide ions with acidified permanganate ons to form mangenese(II) ions and iodine. The salt bridge contains potassium nitrate. Both electrodes are inert and are made of gra shite Cos) (a) Write the half-reactions and the overall cell reaction. (b) Identify the oxidizing agent and the reducing agent. (©) Solid iodine forms on one of the electrodes. Does it form on the anode or the cathode? Explain. (@ Sketch and label the entire voltaic cell, on AOAN on T'cag), Hag), Min0y can), #00 Sen (. xX, (cop. omit ns rx: BE) > Iolo PBC] (anode) ox, ae [incay Bay Se. —> Moapt 4H204)) (catho ee ee BTA LO Ne OG or WAX HK: Line cagy+ Iota 1OLeaqy > OFale)+ 2M @ % Tz, + BH20G) (4) OR= Mn Out cagy/ Rt cap) : ene Ling fortes ar the anode ble ‘odie ume USE e- (undergo . "eda to form sond Vodine (a) ANgOE | cagtone ce) Ce electroe electro EL ca n 04 | Hig3. For the following cell: Cd(s) | Cd?*(aq) || Haq) | Ho(g) | Ptis) (a) Write the oxidation half-reaction, the reduction half-reaction, and the overall cell reaction, ify the anode and the cathode. inert electrodes. (@) Explain why there is a line instead of a comma between the symbols for the hydrogen ions and the hydrogen gas in the reaction, (a) SRA ~ oxidation half-reaction: Cd(s) — Ca?*(aq) + 2 & SOA — reduction half-reaction: 2 H'(aq) + 2 & > Hg) net redox reaction: Cd(s) + 2 H” (aq) — Ca*(aq) + Hifg) (b) The anode is the SRA, Cd(s) and since the SOA is the H’(aq)/ Hi(g) half-cell, the P's) inert electrode acts as the cathode, (0) The inert electrode is the cathode, Pt(s) (@) There is a line instead of a comma in the hydrogen half-cell because the hydrogen exists in two different states (aqueous vs. gas) so the line “|” is a phase or state boundary. A comma would be used if they were both in the same phase (state). 4. Pushing a zinc electrode and a copper electrode into a lemon makes a “lemon cell”, In the following representation of the cell, CgH1gQ7(ae), is the formula for citric acid: Zn(s) | CgHlgOr(aq) | Cais) a." lemon cell”: OF Cuts) electrode lee SS lennon (a) Explain why the representation does not include a double vertical line. The double vertical line 4" represents the porous boundary (te., salt bridge or porous cup), but there is NO porous boundary in the lemon cell! The citric acid acts as the electrolyte for the entire cell.Set 2A cathode anode _ not on dala) 5. For the following cell: Sn(s)| Sn?'(aq) || (TI*(aq) | THs) booklet pte (a) Write the oxidation half-reaction, the Feduction hatf Géction, and the overall cell reaction. (b) Identify the anode and the cathode, (c) Identify any inert electrodes. (@ Explain what assumption you had to make to determine the anode and cathode, (a) SRA — oxidation half-reaction: Sn(s) > Su*"(aq) +2 € SOA - reduction half-reaction: 2 [TT (aq) + 2€ — TH(s)} net redox reaction: Sn{s) +2 TE (aq) > Sn°*(aq) + 2 THs) (b) The anode is the SRA, Sn(s) and the cathode is the SOA, THs). (c) There are no inert electrodes in this cell (@) Since TE (ag) and Ts) are not on the data booklet, we must assume that Sn(s), since itis listed first, must be the anode (the SRA) and the Ti(s) must be the cathode, The SOA is TI (aq) by this assumption.