& Use your textbook chapter 13 pages 556-564 and the information below to complete the {following notes guide. © REDOX reactions have been used since early mankind figured out how to remove metals from their ores ° meta lari, is the science and technology of extracting metals from their naturallyoccurring compounds (ores) to make use of them © by heating the ores of each metal, the metal can be extracted © copper, then bronze (made from copper and tin), then iron were extracted in early history © more recently, zine and aluminum can be produced QU. From metallurgy, what do the terms “reduction” and “reducing agent” mean? (text p. 558) reduction. ptoducing metals tram, thei Congpaunds LANCIA. AQLIL = Gibehange that CaUuses..or ONGTOS. MEGUCHON. A AMELAL Clnpalnd | otal £meral, ort 9 ete Q2. What do the terms “oxidation” and “oxidizing agent” mean? (text p. 559) a", oxidation reaghons. of substynces. uf oxygen coe euiduatng Agent SURS Kant. LAME. Cl URES. (x promotes Ondanan a! a metal to. produce so a.metal.Compauthd. we yor Electron Transfer Theory text p. 561 v we Q3. Define a “half-reaction”. = balanced chemical eguanin that eptestits) either a lbs or gain oP aeCHole by) Faia Q4. Define reduction and oxidation according to the modern electron transfer theory. duchon= GALN.o€ elects ko Aiddhone ous of electtams. th,QS. Write the reduction half reaction for silver ions. (text p. 562) ; Agta) + e- > Ag’) Q6. Write the oxidation half reaction for copper atoms. (text p. 562) Cu") > Cu*Cag) + 2e7 Q7. Fill in the following statement: The theory of electron transfer requires that the otal nupber of election S GAINED ina reaction_taust= Lar and that oxidation and reduction are separate processes. Q8. Define a redox reaction. “téluction < Ox. Madim.”..=.redax.=. chemical rd he ID VURICH..€.... QUE TANSALTEA betweth ent Hes © aREDOX reaction has both oxidation and reduction occurring hand in hand © one substance loses electrons, the other gains electrons © use the following mnemonic (memory aid) for oxidation and reduction: LL a@e” 2 | Gays seen ie sot eae Pe Ger Oxidizing Agent (OA) ‘Agent (RA) ‘a chemical species that accepts electrons species that donates electrons in season Chain e- |aracion (locos O- ‘causes oxidation (LEO) J causes reduction (GER) itself is reduced (GER) itselfis oxidized(LEO) promotes the oxidation of a metal promotes the reduction of a metal compound to an element oe metal Qtoms vs. ee lohs meral ons UE (pileur)) Cheesy = OAR (OP 1s reduced) RAO (RF iF oxidized.)OAR a= which way doe arrow Oxidizing Agents ‘dink ¢ Reducing Agents undergo Reduction ' undergo Oxcation Lose € = Gaine- Read Sample Problem II on text p. 563 and then fill in the following example. © single replacement reactions are examples of electrochemical reactions (REDOX) reactions in which a loss and gain of electrons takes place ool att) example: Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) -» ZnSO,(aq) + Cus) (CAN 0S oar total ionic Cle pect ine equation: Os (aq) > Zn?" Pe 2(aq)+ Cus) 7 € Oh bo eS OF” ad + ee (aq) > ae + as an . ‘Aeomnon arioury n weg ed OM Pn 8) 2Zn aa (Hint; to double check you must: 1. Balance atoms and 2. pals hey lenslen Go 2te QUO. Write the reductio tim: CER fecal | erpeesreee 24, sr des Ty Dr {he FaREequstions on we 2 Hint: to double chéck you must: 1. Balance atoms and 2, Balance charges) e ) ge e~on(l, = er faired LY Another exaniple is the reaction between copper metal and aqueous silver nitrate: when the silver ionscollide 7 Lz Q with the copper atoms, the silver ions remove electrons se gmpetth (on from the copper atoms 2 Ley e€ ba silver crystals appear on the copper strip the colourless (aq) solution turns blue! IS? Ag*(aq) (<> Ag(s) this is the PEA UCHON hatt-reaction oxidizing 1» electrons are GAINED .... it is reduced agent p- ON LHS Of Arrow OAeR = gain e- (GER) J- < of AIG) ,em Rite e~ (LEO) pO Cu(s) > Cu2*(aq) & this is the “LXLAATION ratt-reaction reducing electrons are LOST ... it is oxidized agent ©. important points: © these two processes are separate, however, the theoretical definition requires 1e REDOX reaction to be simultaneous er of electrons gained by the oxidizing agent MUST EQUAL the number of electrons lost by the reducing agent ©. reduction and oxidation half-reactions and the overall (net) ionic equation summarize the electron transfer that is believed to take place during a REDOX reaction Follow Sample Problem 13.1 in your textbook then complete write the balanced half reaction equations and the balanced net redox equation for the reaction of copper metal with aqueous silver nitrate. reduction halfreaction; Ag*(aq) +(€)—+ Agt) ( gained oxidation half-reaction: Cu) > Cu2*(aq) + 2 (0 How many electrons are lost? Z-Gained?_|_ Are these numbers equal? Yes(No\circle one) Remember: Multiply the reduction half-reaction by 2 (place the coefficients in the blanks below). Keep the oxidation half-reaction as is. reduction half-reaction: Z-Ag*(aq) TExe —> ZAsg(s) pees oxidation half-reaction: Culs) + Cu?*(aq) + Weep neces mn eaten Now cancel electrons and make a net redox reaction: Sema Toa 7 + {Foorore hat apearin each 2Ag*(a)+ Cus) AGO Fp em pan ‘reece ey see (double check: 1. Balance atoms. 2, Balance charge) ayy cea 2Ag > 24g 2+ > 2t (cucu oxidized to metal ion metal atom t's ees One CED Ze oxiized te 2Ag"(aq) + Culs) > 2Ag(s) + Cu?* (aq) its RA-O ap ™M reduced to metal J (loses 5 , GER Ze7 : ’ metal jon gains 2e"F 1S Tedueed 1 Hts metal 3 atomRtg Electron Transfer Theory + A redox reaction is a chemical reaction in which electrons are transferred between entities ‘The total number of electrons gained in the reduction equals the total number of electrons lost in the oxidation Reiluction is a process in which electrons are gained by an entity. Oxidation is a process in which electrons are lost by an entity. Both reduction and oxidation are represented by balanced half-reaction equations. metal gtoms - lose e~ Practice Problems metal ,ons - gain en 1. Write a pair of balanced half-reaction equations — one showing a gain of electrons and ngghowing alas of electrons ~ for each of the following reactions: (a) Zn(s) + Ge) — Zn?*(aq) + Cu(s) gain fe —> Cu**(ag)t 2e° Cué) 108s fe--» = 2n&)—> Zn”Cag) t 2e— metalatém mefaliea ©) Mets) *3Heo > Me™ (aq) + Fa(g) gain of e-—> 2HTcag)+ 2 e°—> H2(g) (0s of e-—> mg "> Mg*@ag)+ 2e~ 2. For each of the following, write and label the oxigaton and redygton half-reaction equations. Ignore spectator ions. 0 ee (a) Ni(s) + Cu(NQs)a(aq) + Cus) + NiNOw2(ag) vnc ie? Ca SAS TR Pag) oxidation $ rez MiG) >Ni > cag) + 2e~ reduction + rx = Cu*aag) + 2e" Cua) (b) Pb(s) + Cu(NQs)2(aq) > Cus) + Pb(NQs)2(aq) Pb Cu (ag) > Cuds)+ Pb et tmeial Oto my oe, tb cap) Leo oxidation tx= Pb@)> Pb7"Cag) +26 ~ reduction 5 7x7 Cur¥cagy+ veh Cus)© Celoy+ 2 HNOYe0) Hee) + Cay medi aes gt Car*cag) 4 rs rx: Cals)» Ca*ag) +26 ~ eduction Yo'x: heap? 2e~t tog) (@) 2 Al(s) + FRO 2 Fe(l) + AlsBs(s) avs weigher mei meg sali? > Felt+ Al a2) oxtdation Ye PG Al()—= Al ag) + 3e7 reduction \6 rx: ae (ag) + Be > re(0) 3. We have only looked at one type of single replacement reaction — a metal displacing another metal from an ionic compound. A non-metal can also displace another ‘non- metal from an ionic compound. For example, fl ym ate "Ninian LEO nonmetal atoms gdine~ Cla(aq) ) 2 oe — Is) + 2 NaCl(aq) { ga? Tag} Talsyt 2 Cldeg) nonmetal ions ase e~ Wm Write a ee half-reaction equations‘for this reaction — one showing a gain of electrons and one showing a loss of electrons. ain of €-—> Cllag)+ 2e- > 2 Cleag) reduction docs ole > 2 Cag) T2(8) + 2e7 oxdatl"an - 4. onic compounds can react in double replacement reactions. For example, ut FeCls(aq) + 3 NaOH(agq) > Fe(OH)3(s) + 3 NaCI(aq) nor Fe or but mm re3 6 Has a redox reaction taken place in the reaction above? Explain your answer, male ) Fe ag) + 8zagy + 3g) #3 ONG > Fe uh ~ the same Ions ate on the xed reactant sie and the product side - noe” have bah raked - this = NOT a radax rx (generally, SE ree are redox Xs but pe xe are not redox.