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FORTIFICATION

keep castle
The innermost and strongest A fortified group of buildings usually
structure or tower of a medieval dominating the surrounding country and
castle, used as a place of residence, held by a prince or noble in feudal times.
esp. in times of siege. Also called
chapel
-3 tower forming part of a A subordinate or private place of citade!
donjon.
c- structure, frequently worship or prayer within a larger A fortress in a commanding position in or
j some distance above the complex. near a city, used in the control of the
inhabitants and in defense during attack or
siege.
nzan
II overhanging turret on a
; rower, often at a corner or
gateway.
'- .w w J.w . -wi- A I a%a * W f *A .-,- ^ - * * - ^M*. U . -L-

ward
An open space within or
between the walls of a castle.
r/s private chamber in a
cv31 castle. barbican
rn - - . . . s ^ - , - . - . . . . , - . - , . . . . .
An outwork on the a oproach to a castle
II rear door or gate to a fort or town, esp. a watchtower at the gate
pslte. : ,
or drawbridge. Also, barbacan.
enceinte
cessarium
A fortified wall encircling a
: /yofa medieval castle
castle or town, or the place so
rj^astery. Also called
enclosed.

porary wooden fortification ?

battlement

.,.

,: f vaI architecture, erected


he top of a wall during a siege. A parapet having a regular alternation
of merlons and crenels, originally for
in-de-ronde
* .

defense but later used as a decoratwe


rtmuous gangway providing a motif. Also called em battlement.
- of communication behind
merlon
- . ' rf. ,, , *

3 71 part of a fortified wall. V

One of the solid parts between the


crenels of a battlement.
crenel
t ^ A n y of the open spaces alternating
with the merlons of a battlement.

crenelated
Having battlements.
' - ; . : - ' : : i
5 ; : ; ^ : :
^ ,

machicolation embrasure
A projecting gallery or parapet at An opening, as a loophole orcrenel,
the top of a castle wall, through which missiles may be
supported by corbeled arches discharged.
and having openings in the floor
through which stones, molten loophole
lead, or boiling oil could be cast A small or narrow o?eningina wall of
upon an enemy beneath. a fortification for t ie discharge of
.. .-. . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . .^. ^ ^ . . . . - . .v.-v.ifj.-.M i i i i ' ; ^ ^ ^ v K
missiles.
* 3*-'
eyelet
^*% A small aperture in the wall of a
medieval castle used as a window or
...:t H^^.
loophole. Also, oillet, oyelet.
hail
rye hall serving as the main or
*
ral gathering space of a
1
I drawbridge
BS*O*

A bridge that can be raised, let down,


\ o r drawn aside to prevent access or to
permit passage beneath it.

1 .

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W.

portcullis *
A strong grating of iron or timber
hung over the gateway of a
fortified place in such a way that AA .v.

it could be lowered quickly to


moat
prevent passage.
often underground prison A broad, deep ditch, usually filled with
Bias in a medieval cas water, surrounding the rampart of a
fortified town, fortress, or castle as
te protection against assault.
dungeon having an
j only in the ceiling, through
prisoners were dropped.

-
FOUNDATION

dation wall spread footing


occurring below the floor nearest A concrete footing extended laterally to
.designed to support and anchor the distribute the foundation load over a wide
-structure. enough area that the allowable bearing
capacity of the supporting soil is not
exceeded.
wund slab
;rete slab placed over a dense or
:acted base and su oported directly by
e around, usually rein orced with welded : : < ' *

wrs 'a brie or a grid of reinforcing bars to


:-ol any cracking caused by drying ....

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critical section assumed for shear
- - <age or therma I stresses. 5epa rate or
actual punching shear
footings are required for heavy or
I * *- I

- m
f i t rated loads. Over problem soils, the compression
v must be designed as a mat or raft
. Also called slab on grade. - ft ^ W M __ +r
| tension

course
jyer of coarse granular mate rials placed
_i compacted on undisturbed soil or *<^wW*>v

ed fill topprevent thepcapillary rise of strip footing


; f: u re to a cone rets ground slab. Ita-fc. - !_ A ! n I L X

The continuous spread footing of a


t rat urn foundation wall.
hing that underlies or serves as a
orfoundation. Also called substrate.
- *
isolated footing
A single spread footing supporting a
freestanding column or pier.
- 1--T1-I

continuous footing
A reinforced concrete footing extended to
support a row of columns.

grade beam
A reinforced concrete beam supporting a
-w,-.- . . superstructure at or near ground level and
transferring the load to isolated footings,
" 1 y
piers, or piles. Also called ground beam.
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pped footing combined footing


continuous or strip footing that changes A reinforced concrete footing for a
ris in stages to accommodate a sloping cantilever footing perimeter column orfoundation wall
forbearing stratum. A reinforced concrete footing connected extended to support an interior column
by a tie beam to an other footing in order load.
to balance an asymmetrically imposed
load, as at the perimeter of a building site. To avoid rotation or differential settlement,
Also called strap footing. continuous and cantilever footings are
proportioned to generate uniform soil
pressure.

raft mat
A mat providing a footing on yielding soil, A thick, slablike footing of reinforced
usually for an entire building, placed so that concrete supporting a number of columns or
the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the an entire building.
weight of the construction.

ribbed mat
A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of
ribs above or below the slab.

Ttt.rrttttt
-

foundation grillage cellular mat


ation used in yielding soil, having for A framework of crossing beams for A composite structure of reinforced
ting a raft placed deep enough that spreading heavy loads over large areas. concrete slabs and basement walls serving
ght of the excavated soil is equal to Also called grid. as a mat foundation.
than the weight of the
:~ s .

1O1
FOUNDATION
deep foundation
A foundation system that extends down
through unsuitable soil to transfer building
loads to a more appropriate bearing
anvil
stratum well below the superstructure.
The component of a pile hammer,
pile foundation located just below the ram, that
A system of piles, pile caps, and tie beams transfers the driving force to the pile
for transferring building loads down to a head.
suitable bearing stratum, used esp. when
cushion
the soil mass directly below the
A cap for protecting a pile head as
construction is not suitable for the direct
well as the pile hammer during a
bearing of footings.
driving operation. Also called
cushion block, cushion head.
'iSVii^flmfttf a-MitV>.^:^ r \

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pile driver
bearing stratum batter pile
p drive band A machine for driving piles, usually
A stratum of soil or rock on which a A
A pile driven at a specified angle A steel band encircling composed of a tall framework
Noting bears, or to which a building to the vertical in order to the head of a timber pile supporting machinery for lifting a pile
load is transferred by a pile or caisson. provide resistance against to prevent it from in position before driving, a driving
lateral forces. splitting when driven. hammer, and vertical rails or leads
Also called pile ring. for guiding the hammer.
pile
A long slender column of wood, steel or
reinforced concrete, driven or
nammered vertically into the earth to
form part of a foundation system.

*?Fm r
end-bearing pile

i
A pile depending principally on the
bearing resistance of soil or rock timber pile
beneath its foot for support The A log driven usually as a friction pile, often
surrounding soil mass provides a fitted with a steel shoe and a drive band to
degree of lateral stability for the long prevent it from splitting or shattering.
compression member. Also called
shoe
point-bearing pile.
The hard, pointed or rounded foot of a
pile or caisson for piercing underlying
allowable pile load
soil Also called drive shoe.
The maximum axial and lateral loads
permitted on a pile, as determined by a precast concrete pile
dynamic pile formula, a static load A precast, often prestressed concrete
test, or a geotechnical investigation of , column having a round, square, or polygonal
the foundation soil. section and sometimes an open core, driver*
into the earth by a pile driver until it meets
pile eccentricity "*" the required resistance.
The deviation of a pile from its plan
J ^ VA'jr'W 1 ^- m m ' ' - ,-. ft- Ti'liih . IOMHHH
location or from the vertical resulting
in a reduction of its allowable load. pipe pile . i_i . . . . . . . . A*- .v

H-pile composite pile


A heavy steel pipe driven with the lower end A steel H-section driven as a pile, A pile constructed of two materials, as a
pile tolerance
either open or dosed by a heavy steel plate sometimes encased in concrete to a point timber pile having a concrete upper section
The permitted deviation of a pile from
or point and filled with concrete. An open- below the water table to prevent corrosion. to prevent the portion of the pile above the
the vertical for which a reduction in
ended pipe pile requires inspection and H-sections can be welded together in the water table from deteriorating.
allowable load is not required.
excavation before being filled with concrete. driving process to form any length of pile.

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friction pile dynamic pile formula


- - -

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v
A pile depending principally on the "
- Any of several formulas by which the
-
I-- .

ffictional resistance of surrounding *

-
ir
I

allowable axial load on a pile can be


earth for support.
. -
*. - calculated from the energy required for a
V

-
pile hammer to advance the pile foot a
skin friction
-

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I specified distance into the subsoil.
The friction developed between the

sides of a pile and the soil into which : *


static load test
I .
;
x * , , . - * -

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. 1 *

the pile is driven, limited by the -


A test for determining the allowable axial

i
load on a single pile, usually a fraction of *rt
- -

adhesion of soil to the pile sides and


-
;

the shear strength of the surrounding bad required t o reach a yield point, a point
-i.

ass. of resistance, or a point of refusal-


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-

negative friction . point of resistance


An additional load on a pile resulting i
- '
*

The point at which a pile load causes a


yr\ settling of fill which tends to specified net settlement after being applied
-ag the pile downward into the soil V :

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continuously fora specified period of time.


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/

' * . . > < ! * '


point of refusal
I The point at which no additional s e t t l e r r :
\
/ pressure bulb \
takes place after a pile has been loaded
- * A zone in a loaded soil mass bounded by an continuously for a specified period of time.
arbitrarily selected isobar of stress, as \
yield point
from a single or number of friction piles.
The point at which an increase In pile load
- isobar produces a disproportionate increase in
A line connecting points of equal pressure. settlement
FOUNDATION

"f pile cap *


A reinforced concrete slab or mat
joining the heads of a cluster of piles to
distribute the load from a column or
grade beam e^uallyamong the piles.

tie beam
A reinforced concrete beam
the horizontal forces from an
loaded pile cap or spread footings
pile caps or footings.

ies of pile layouts

ct-in-place concrete pile


pile constructed by placing concrete
-:.; 3 shaft in the ground.
pedestal pile
A cast-in-place concrete pile having BP
cased pile -
enlarged foot to increase its bearing 3
oncrete pile constructed by driving
a steel pipe or casing into the ground and strengthen the bearing stratum by
tfitCil it meets the required resistance compression, formed by forcing concrete
j ^ then filling it with concrete, out at the bottom of the casing into tte
surrounding soil-
casing
bulb
steel section, sometimes
A bulge cast or formed at the bottom of a
or tapered for increased
in-place concrete pile to en large
~: ^ness. driven or dropped in place to
bearing area and strengthen the
serve as a form for a cast-in-place
Stratum by compression.
pile.

heavy steel tube or core that is


into a thin-wailed casing to .

it from collapsing in the driving uncased pile -


. and then withdrawn before A concrete pile constructed by driving a
U)ncrete is placed in the casing. concrete plug into the ground along with a
steel casing until it meets the required
resistance, and then ramming concrete Into
place as the casing Is withdrawn.

pier " * *~"


A cast-ln-place concrete foundation
formed by boring with a large auger or
fxcavating by hand a shaft in the earth

U>$ suitable bearing stratum and filling '

;
: shaft with concrete,

"

A pier, esp, when the boring is 2 ft, (610


or larger In diameterXo permit
of the bottom.

bell w
sand pile
The base of 3 caisson enlarged to A bastf fora footing in soft 50\l radti r:
ncrease its bearing area, compacting sand in a cavity left b^ 5 : - r :
pile.
bell bucket T7FTT > _

An attachment to an earth auger


ving expanding blades for excavating
5 bell at the bottom of a caisson shaft.

r

' . : . ; ;

socketed caisson - -1 rock caisson


A caisson that \s drilled Into a stratum A socketed caisson having a steel H-section
of solid rock rather than belled. core within a concrete-filled pi
FRAME
A skeletal structure of relatively
slender members designed to give
shape and support to a building or
other construction.

V . '*"

braced frame plastic hinge


A structural frame whose resistance to A virtual hinge that develops when all fibers
lateral forces is provided by diagonal or are fully yielded at a cross section of a
other type of bracing. structural member **
141

rigid frame
A structural frame of linear members rigidly * * * t - '

fixed frame
connected at theirjoints. Applied loads
A rigid frame connected to its supports
produce axial, bending, and shear forces in
with fixed joints. A fixed frame is more
all members of the frame since the rigid
resistant to deflection than a hinged frame
joints restrain the ends of the members
but also more sensitive to support
am rotating freely. In addition, vertical
settlements and thermal expansion and
oads cause a rigid frame to develop
contraction.
horizontal thrusts at its base, A rigid
frame is statically indeterminate and rigid
only in its plane. Also ca lied moment- * sidesway
resisting frame. / The lateral displacement produced in a rigid
5 frame by lateral loads or asymmetrical
\ vertical loading.

hinged frame
Arigid f ra me conn ected to it s s u pports
with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high
bending stresses from developing by
allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when
strained by support settlements, and to
flex slightly when stressed by changes in
temperature.

three-hinged frame
lictural assembly of two rigid sections
:: 'z:Xedtc each other and to its
A-frame
A building constructed with a steep
e^votts with pin joints. While more
triangular frame resting directly on a
to deflection than either the fixed
foundation.
or *irqed frame, the three-hinged frame is
a s ; affected by support settlements and
r\* stresses. The three pin joints also
: : ~$ frame to be analyzed as a
icafty determinate structure.

KM
FRAME
-
knee
The junction of the top and
either of the uprights of a bent

J J

bent portal
A braced or rigid frame designed to carry A rigid frame of two columns an/i s r
} vertical and lateral loads transverse to the defining a single bay, Also cs
length of 3 framed structure. frame.

1 multJbay frame
A rigid frame having 3 continuous beam
supported by and rigidly connected
L._...
fffVHCtt
[
~ '
or more columns.

/trended truss
-amed be^m structure having vertical
~eu members rigidly connected to parallel multistory frame
:;pand bottom chords. A Vierendeel truss A vertical series of superimposed rigid
5 not a true truss since its members are frames.
subject to nonaxial betiding forces. AI50
j led Vlerendeel girder transfer column
A discontinuous column in 3 multistory
frame, supported at some intermediate
level where its load is transferred to
portal method adjacent columns, \
- method for.analyzing a multistory frame
3S a cantilever dominated by shear racking,
"he portal method assumes that 3 point of
-flection occurs at the midlength of all *

-embers In the frame, and that "the frame


acts as a series of independent portals to
ich the total lateral shear at each level is
distributed in proportion to the floor area
each column supports. Imaginary pin joints
;an be inserted at each point of Inflection,
raking the frame a statically determinate
structure.
cantilever method

A method for analyzing a multistory frame


as a cantilever subject to bending. The
cantilever method assumes that a point of
inflection occurs at the midlength of all transfer girder * ^
members In the frame, and that the axial
A girder supporting a transfer column-
force in each column of a story is
proportional to its horizontal distance from
the centrold of all the columns on that level
imaginary pin Joints can be inserted at each
point of inflection, making the frame a
statically determinate structure,

moment distribution method


A method for analyzing an indeterminate
structure through an iterative process of
fixing a rig id Joint In space, determining the
fixed-end moments at the joint, then
releasing the joint to allow it to rotate, and
rr.udying the transference of moments and
rotations to otherjoints.
indeterminate determinate of freedom '
Of or pertaining to a structure having Of or pertaining to a structure able j The number of members required to
more than the minimum number of to be analyzed completely by means stabilize a collapse mechanism,
members, connections, or supports of the principles of static s.
needed for stability, resulting in more
unknown forces than there are static redundancy -
equations for solution. A structural member, connection, or
support not required fora statically
deg ree of indete rm i na cy determinate stricture.
The difference between the number of
unknown forces In an Indeterminate degree ofredundancy
structure and the number of static The number of members beyond that
equations aualla ble for solution. required for the stability of a
statically determinate structure.

1O5
FRAME
framing light frame construction 'See balloon frame
The act, process, or manner of fitting and A system of construction utilizing closely
joining together relatively slender members spaced and sheathed members of
floor framing
to give shape and support to a structure. dimension lumberor light-gauge metal to platform frame
form the structural elements of a building.
framework roof framing
A skeletal structure of parts fitted and
joined together in order to support, define,
or enclose.

skeleton construction -
A system of construction utilizing a
framework of columns and beams to
transmit building loads down to the
foundation.

plank-and-beam construction principal beam


Floor or roof construction utilizing a Any large beam in a structural frame that
framework of timber beams to supports secondary beams or joists. Also
support wood planks or decking. called primary beam.

secondary beam
Any beam that transmits its foad to a
principal beam.

tertiary beam
Any beam that transmits its load to a
secondary beam.

girder
post-and-beam construction *. _

A large principal beam designed to


Wall construction utilizing a framework support concentrated loads at isolated
of vertical posts and horizontal beams points along its length.
to carry floor and roof loads. Also ca lied
post-and -lintel construction.

trabeate
Of or pertaining to a system of
construction employing beams or
lintels. Aisatrabeated.

arcuate
Of or pertaining to a system of
construction empioying arches or
arched forms. Also, arcuated.

im

pole construction pole house


i
A system of construction employing a A house of pole construction.
vertical structure of pressure-treated
wood poles which are firmly embedded
pole
A long, cylindrical, often slender piece
in the ground as a pier fou ndation.
wood or metal.

stilt
One of several piles or posts for
supporting a structure above the
surface of land or water.

106
FRAME
braced frame
A building frame employing a heavy,
framework of solid girts mortised irte
posts the ft/I I height of the fra
studs one story hi^h filling the i
principal rafter - Also called full frame.
straining piece -

queen post

A heavy timber serving 35 a


principal beam or girder. Also
summertree.

plate-
knee brace
" post

girt
A horizonta I timber connecting the posts of
a braced frame at an intermediate level
above the ground floor

- stud
breasts ummer -
A summer supporting a wall over an
opening, Abo called breast beam. - raised girt
trave Aijirt parallel t o and level with the floor
A crossbeam or a bay formed by joists. Also called flush girt,
dropped girt
A girt set; below the floor Joists it supports.

binder
A principal baatn supporting the end
of two sets of floor joists Also ca Wed
binding beam.

half-timber
Having a timber framework with the spaces
filled with masonry or piaster. Also, half-
timbered,
open-timbered
louver * Constructed so that a framework of
A lantern or turret on the roof of a
medieval building having slatted timbers is exposed-
apertures for the escape of smoke a nd -'in
admission of air solar
A room or apartment on an upper floor of a
thatch
medieval English house. Also, sollar. sofler
A material for covering 2 roof, as straw, :
rushes, or palm leaves, fastened jetty
together so as to shed mter and An upper story of a building projecting
sometimes to provide thermal beyond the one below. Also, j u t t y
insulation. Also, thatching. . . . . - -

pan
A major vertical division of a wall esp
a nogged panel of half-timber
construction. -

wattle and daub nog


J . " \ _ - _ - T -^^^m A form of wall construction, consisting of One of a number of short wooden pieces
wattles covered and plastered with clay or inserted between the principal members of
- ?r
mud. Also, wattle and dab. 3 half-timbered wall to strengthen the
I frame and retain the brick infill. Also,
wattle
A framework of rods or poles interwoven
with thin branches, twigs, and reeds, used npgging
in the construction of walls and fences, Brick masonry used to fill the spaces
between the members of a timberframe.
GEOMETRY
A branch of mathematics that deals
with the properties, measurement, Euclidean geometry
Geometry based upon the
and relationships of points, lines,
postulates of Euclid, esp, the
angles, and solids, deduced from postulate that only one line may
their defining conditions by means of be drawn through a given point
abscissa
certain assumed properties of *' _--' A coordinate determined by parallel to a given line.
space. -
measuring parallel to the x-axis.
Also called x-coordinate,
point
A dimensionless geometric element i :

that has no property but location, as L ...,, *

coordinate * radius vector


the intersection of two lines.
|l
'
Any of a set of numbers that serve to A straight line segment that
... .. .
- -

t
specify the location of a point on a joins a variable point to thefixe^
1

y-axis r n H i i . . w * * ^ ^ ^ . . . ^ . ^ -r,--". * * - ^ 1- - "


I line, surface, or in space by reference origin of a polar coordinate


I

The axis along which ordinates or y- to a fixed figure or system of lines. system.
:
values a re measured in a Cartesian Cartesian coordinate polar angle
coordinate system. Also called axis Any of the coordinates for locating a The angle formed by the polar
'

of ordinates. point on 3 plane by its distance from axis and a radius vector in a
: i
*
each of two intersecting lines, or In polar coordinate system.
- ^^,... , . K -^^*
space by its distance from each of
z-coordinate ;
three planes intersecting at a point. polar axis
A coordinate determine ; ;
The reference axis from which
;

by measuring parallel to i the polar angle is measured in a


thez-axis. polar coordinate system. \
;
. . . ^ ii i. - - *

ord mate
z-axis - i ...

A coordinate determined by
The axis along which z-values are % \

. _ measuring parallel to they-axis.


measured in a three-dimensional Also ca Wed y-coordinate.
Cartesian coordinate system.
*

rectangular coordinate system x-axis polar coordinate system


A Cartesian coordinate system in The axis along which abscissas or x-values A system for locating a point on a plane
which the axes or coordinate pla nes are measured in a Cartesian coordinate by its radius vector and polar angle.
are perpendicular. system. Also called axis of abscissas.

vertical parallel
Perpendicular to the Extending in the same
plane of the horizon. direction, equidistant at all
points, and never converging
or diverging.
oblique
Neither parallel nor skew lines
perpendicular to a given Any lines in space that are
line line or surface. neither parallel nor
A geometric element generated by a horizontal intersecting.
moving point and having extension Parallel toor operating in a plane
without breadth or thickness. parallel to the horizon.
O O O Q O OQGESDE)

angle angle
The space between two lines '* vertex The amount of rotation neeot
diverging from a common point, or The point at which the sides of to bring one line or plane into
within two planes diverging from a an angle intersect. coincidence with another,
common line: the figure so formed. measured in radians or in
degrees, minutes, and

radian
A unit of angular measure eor
to the central angle subtend*
an arc equal in length to the
radius; 360/2n or approx. 57 ?

degree
A unit of angular measure, eagtd
to V360th of a complete angle or
- T
turn, or of the circumference
circle.
m . > * * -f
right angle
An angle of 9Oformed by the minute
perpendicular intersection of The 60th part of a degreem
angular measure.
two straight lines.
\
second
acute angle
The 60th part of a minute of
An angle less than 90,
angular measure.
obtuse angle
An angle greater than 90, but
less than 160

106
GEOMETRY

height vertex plane geometry


Extent or distance The point opposite to and farthest The branch of geometry that deals with
.r^ard from a given level from the base of a plane figure.
;o a fixed point. plane figures-
' * altitude
The perpendicular distance plane
from the base of 3 geometric A surface generated by a straight
figure to the opposite vertex, moving at a constant velocity with
parallel Sider or parallel surface. respect to a fixed point, such tha
line or surface forming the straight line joining any two of Its
part of a geometric figure that points lies wholly in the surface.
15 most nearly horizontal or on reentrant4
Centering or pointing inward,
figure
which It is supposed to stand,
A combination of geometric elements
from which an altitude can be as an interior angle of 3
disposed in a par Dicular form or
constructed. polygon that is greater than
100.
ft J. m > .
polygon
A closed plane figure having three or
triangle quadrilateral
more straight sides.
A polygon having three A polygon having four sides and
sides and three angles. four angles. rectilinear
Forming, formed by, or characterized
isosceles by straight lines,
Having two sides of equal

dcut - ' * salient rectangular


Composed only of acute angles. An outward projecting angie or Having edges, surfaces, or
part. faces that meet at right
obtuse -
angles.
Having an obtuse angle. exterior angle
The angleformedbetween any aspect ratio
scalene - - - In any rectangular configuration,
side of s polygon and an
Having three unequal sides. the ratio of the longer dimension
extended adjacent side*
to the shorter.
coincident interior angle rectangle
Occupying the same place in The angle formed inside a A parallelogram having four diagonal
space or time. polygon between any two right angles, esp, one with sides A line connecting two nonadjacent
adjacent sides. of unequal lengths. angles or vertices of a polygon or
congruent + ^ . . . .. , !_ _ polyhedron,
_ _ -

Coincide at all points when


cant *" '
superimposed.
An oblique line or surface, as
similar - - - one formed by cutting off the .. . square
Having corresponding sides corner of a square or cube.
A regular polygon having four equal
proportional and corresponding
sides and four right angles,
angles equal

trigonometry right triangle - - - -- -* parallelogram


The branch of mathematics that deals A triangle having a right angle. A quadrilateral having both pairs of
with thtf properties of triangles and opposite sides parallel to each other.
trigonometric functions, and of their
hypotenuse
applications. The side of 3 right triangle that j
trapezoid
is opposite the right angle. A quadrilateral having only two sides
trigonometric function parallel, "
A f u nctton of an angle, as sine or
cosine, expressed as the ratio of the trapezium
sides of a right triangle. A quadrilateral having no two sides
parallel
sine
The trigonometric f u nction defined as
the ratio of the side opposite a given
angle to the hypotenuse-
cosine
The trigonometric function defined as
the ratio of the s\de adjacent to a given
angle to the hypotenuse.
tangent pentagon
A polygon having five sides and five
The trigonometric function defined as angles,
the ratio of the s\de opposite a given
- hexagon
angle to the side adjacent to the angle-
Pythagorean theorem A polygon having six sides and six
secant angles,
The theorem that the square of the
The trigonometric function defined as
length of the hypotenuse of a right
ratio of the hypotenuse to the side octagon
triang \e equals the sum of the
adjacent to a given angle. A polygon having eight sides and eight
squares of the lengths of the other
angles.
cosecant two sides.
The trigonometric function defined as
the ratio of the hypotenuse to the Side
opposite a given angle. regular * apothem
Having all sides equal (equilateral) A perpendicular from the centered
cotangent and alt angles equal (equiangular). a regular polygon to one of its
The trigonometric function defined as sides.
the ratio of the side opposite a given
angle to the side adjacent to the angle.

" ,
GEOMETRY
circle - 1 - - - eccentric
A closed plane curve every point of Not having the same center or center
which is equidistant from a fixed - arc line.
point within the curve. Any part of the circumference of a circle.
off-center
- radius
Not centered or at the center point
A straight line extending from the center of
a circle or sphere to the circumference or
bounding surface,
concentric
* sector Having a common center, as circles or
A plane figure bounded by two radii and the spheres.
included arc of a circle.
centerline
. * * - - -n*
diameter An imaginary line that bisects a plane
A straight line extending through the figure,
center of a circle or sphere and meeting the
* quadrant
circumference or bounding surface at each
An arc of 90, or any of thefour
end.
quarters into which a plane figure is
* center divided by two perpendicular lines,
The point within a circle or sphere equally numbered counterclockwise from the
distant from all points of the circumference upper right
circumference ' or surface, or the point within a regular
The boundary line of a closed curvilinear polygon equally distant from the vertices.
figure, esp. the perimeter of a circle.
curve
P A continuously bending line, without
The symbol n denoting the ratio between angles,
the circumference of a circle and its
diameter, a consta nt equal to 3.14159+.
. concave
Curved inward like the interior of a
circular arc or hollow sphere.

chord - inflection
The straight line segment between A change of curvature from convex to
two points on a given curve. concave or vice versa.

- convex
Curved or rounded outward like the
exterior of a circle or sphere.
* major
The axis passing through the two foci of an cusp
ellipse. A point where two branches of curve
- minor axis meet, end, and are tangent
ellipse
A closed plane curve generated by a point The axis of an ellipse that is perpendicular tangent
moving in such a way that the sums of its to the major axis at a point equidistant Touching at a single point, as a straw"
distances from two fixed points, the foci, is from the foci. line in relation to a curve, or in conta:'
a constant along a single line, as a plane with a
cylinder

%
spiral e volute
A plane curve generated by a The locus of the centers of curvatu'f
point moving around a fixed of, or the envelope of the normals Xc
point while constantly receding another curve,
from or approaching it.
involute
A curve traced by a point on a string i
it is kept taut and unwound from a
parabola stationary cylinder.
iane curve generated by a point so
moving that it remains equidistant from a
line and a fixed point not on the line.

- asymptote
- helix
A three-dimensional curve tracer r
A straight line limiting a curve such that
cylinder or cone by the rotation of a
the perpendiculardistancefrom the curve
point crossing its right sections 5 ; ;
to the line approaches zero as the curve is
constant oblique angle.
extended to infinity.

hyperbola , * * * * w - w H
cycloid
tone curve generated by a point so A curve generated by a point on the
Moving that the difference of the distances circumference of a circle as it rolls
t ; ^xed points in the plane remains along a straight line.
GEOMETRY
" J
Old solid geometry
"ftetowheft
step? to 3 sphere, as an ellipsoid. solid figures and three-dimensional $p*te.

ellipsoid prolate spheroid oblate spheroid sphere


A solid figure all plane A spheroid generated by A spheroid generated by rotating A solid generated by the revolution
sections of which are rotating an ellipse a bout its an ellipse about its minor axis. of a semicircle about its diameter
major whose surface is at all points
oblate t from the center.
prolate Flattened at the poles.
Elongated along the polar
diameter.

cylinder * solid polyhedron


A solid bounded by two parallel A geometric figure having the three A solid geometric figure bounded by
: }r\es and a surface generated dimensions of length, bread th, and plane faces.
by a Straight line moving thickness. Also called body.
r^rallel to a fixed straight line regular
and intersecting a c\o$ed plane volume Having all faces congruent regular
curve In one of the planes. The extent of 3 three-dimensional polygons and all solid angles
object or the amount of space that it
right circular cyiinder- occupies, measured in cubic untts. pyramid
A cylinder gene rated kty a A polyhedron having a polygonal base
rectangle about one of i surface and triangular faces meeting a t 3
sides. Any figure having only two dimensions, common point or vertex.
as a p!aie or curved two-dimensional <
locus of points defining the boundary of tetrahedron
a solid. A regular polyhedron bounded by four
plane faces,

cube
generator A solid bounded by six equal square
An element that generates a sides, the angle between any two
geometric figure, esp, a straight line adjacent faces being a right angle.
cone _ that generates a surface by moving * hexahedron

A solid whose surface Is In a specified fashion, Also called A regular polyhedron having six faces.
generated by a straight line,
the generator, passing through prism
directrix A polyhedron having ends that are
a fixed point, the vertex, and
A fixed line used in the description of parallel congruent polygons and sides
moving along the intersection
a curve or surface that are parallelograms.
with a closed plane curve, the
directrix,
" Platonic solid
right circular cone center One of the five regular polyhedrons:
A cone generated by rotating a The point within a regular polygon tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron,
right triangle about one of Its equally distant from the vertices, dodecahedron, or icosahedron.
legs.
edge
A line at ivhich a surface terminates ... * octahedron
at which two surfaces of a solid meet.
A regular polyhedron having e
vertex faces.
A point in a geometric solid common to
three or more

truncated frustum conic section dodecahedron


Having the apex, vertex, or end The portion of a conical solid A plane Curve formed by the A regular polyhedron having 12 faces.
cut off by a plane, esp. by one left after cutting off the top intersection of a right Circular
parallel to the base. with 3 plane parallel to the cone with a plane. +
base.

ellipse parabola hyperbola icosahedron


A conic section formed by the A conic section formed by the A conic section formed by the A regular polyhedron haying 10faces.
Intersection of a right circular intersection of a rightcircufar intersection of a right circular
cone with a plane that cuts cone with a plane parallel to a cone with a plane that makes a
th rough both the axis and the generator of the cone, greater angle with the base than
surface of the cone, does the generator of the cone.

111
CLASS
A hard, brittle, usually transparent
or translucent substance, produced annealed glass
by fusing silica together with a flux Glass that is cooled slowly to relieve
internal stresses.
and a stabilizer into a mass that

aools to a rigid condition without heat-strengthened glass


I

# Annealed glass that is partially tempered


crystallization.
' :
by a process of reheating and sudden
crown glass cooling. Heat-strengthened glass has
; rm of window g lass formed by about twice the strength of annealed glass
o
of the same thickness.
Mowing and whirling a hollow sphere of
|iass into a flat, circular disk with a tempered glass
: '0 left by the worker 5 rod. Annealed glass that is reheated tojust
sheet glass below the softening point and then rapidly
Aflat, soda-lime-siltca glass fabricated cooled to induce compressive stresses in
ty drawing the molten glass from a the surfaces and edges of the glass and
furnace (drawn glass), or by forming a tensile stresses in the interior. Tempered
cyiinder, dividing it lengthwise, and glass has three to five times the resistance
fattening it (cylinder glass). The fire- of annealed glass to impact and thermal
polished surfaces are not perfectly stresses but cannot be altered after
parallel resulting in some distortion of single-strength glass fabrication. When fractured, it breaks into
Sheet glass having a thickness of relatively harmless particles.
%2in. (2.4 mm).
plate glass
double-strength glass laminated glass
Aflat, soda-lime-silica glass formed by
Two or more plies of flat glass bonded undr
* > *

noHing molten glass into a plate (rolled Sheet glass having a thickness of
V& in. (3.2 mm). heat and pressure to interlayers of
glass) that is subsequently ground and
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the
polished after cooling,

- fragments if the glass is broken. Also caller
float glass * safety glass,
A fiat, soda-lime-silica glass that is
security glass
extremely smooth and nearly distortion-
Laminated glass having exceptional tensi!f
free, manufactured by pouring molten _ V
and impact strength, consisting of multiple
glass onto a surface of molten tin --""*~~~
plies of glass bonded under heat and
and allowing it to cool slowly. Float glass
pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral
s the successor to plate glass and
resin.
accounts for the majority of flat-glass 1

eduction. acoustical glass


Laminated or insulating glass used for
insulating glass sound control.
A glass unit consisting of two or
4-
sheets of glass separated by wire glass
airspaces. v.
H ^

Flat or patterned glass having a square or


diamond wire mesh embedded within it to
hermetic -
prevent shattering in the event of breakage
Made airtight by fusing or sealing.
or excessive heat. Wire glass is considers
a safety glazing material.
AM
tinted glass
3 355 having a chemical admixture to
sorb a portion of the radiant heat and
m I 1 patterned glass
Glass having an irregular surface patter*
light that strike it. Iron oxide gives formed in the rolling process to obscure
a pale blue-green tint; cobalt vision or to diffuse light. Also called
oxide and nickel imparts a grayish tint; figured glass.
setenium infuses a bronze tint. Also called
heat-absorbing glass.
obscure glass
Glass having one or both sides acid-etchfi*
reflective glass 1 or sandblasted to obscure vision.
y ^
Glass having a thin, translucent metallic
spandrel glass
costing bonded to the exterior or interior
An opaque glass for concealing the
f -. ^JCC to reflect a portion of the light
structural elements in curtain wall
d radiant heat that strike it.
construction, produced by fusing a cert-
-* -
low-em isaivity glass frit to the interior su rface of tempered or
_- i f 5 that transmits visible light while heat-strengthened glass.
-'I : : : /a j reflecting the longer
-:-. ^lengthsof radiant heat, produced by
.:f::f tinfl i iow-emissivitycoating " ? * ' - * - - - - < - -

either on the glass itself or over a


';-'f ri^ent plastic film suspended in the
- space of insulating glass. Also

onissivity glass block


"-5 relative ability of a surface to emit A translucent, hollow block of glass w v
- : -zsz. measured against a black clear, textured, or patterned f^ces, made
by fusing two Halves together with a
vacuum inside and used for glazing
coefficient
openings.
Xio of solar heat transmission
:
f k a particular glass to the solar heat glass brick
itsston through double-strength A solid, impact-resistantglass bloc _
sometimes having an insert or coated
ttlar heat transmission.
CLASS

double glazing glazing


The seeing of 3 glass pane in a rabbeted The installation of two parallel panes of The panes or sheets of glass or other
'-3me. haWirtg it In place with glazier's giass With a sealed air space between to transparent material made to be set \n
points, and seating it with a beveled bead reduce the transmission of heat and sound. frames, as In windows, doors, or mirrors
of putty or glazing compound.

fioe putty . ~- _._.. wet glazing


e putty or glazing com pound formed on The setting of glass In a window frame
the exterior side of a glass pane. glazing tape or a liquid sealant.

bedding -
A thin layerof putty or glazing compound glazing tape
i?id in the rabbet of a window sash to give A preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber
pane of glass an even backing. having adhesive properties and used in
glazing to form a watertight seaf I****
glazier's point glass and frame.
A small, pointed piece of sheet metal for
-oiding a glass pane In a wood sa&h until cap sealant
the face putty has hardened. Also called An adhesive liquid of synthetic rublrer
glazing brad, sprig. injected into the joint between a glass
or unit and a window frame, curing tofarrr 3
putty watertight seal. Also called cap head.
A compound of whiting and Unseed oil of
doughlike consistency when fre$h, used in -. glazing bead
securing windowpanes or patching A wood molding or metal section secured
woodwork defects. heel bead *~- against the edge of a glass pane or unit to
An adhesive l^ufd of synthetic rubber hold It in place. Also called glazing stop.
glazing compound injected between a glass pane or unit and a
An adhesive compound used as putty, glazing bead, curing toform an airtight seal
formulated so as not to become brittle
-vith age.

size dry glazing


The size of a glass pane or unit required for The setting of glass in a window fra me with
glazing an opening, allowing for adequate a compression gasket Instead of glazing
edge clearances. Aisocalled glazing size. tape or a liquid sealant,

united inches compression gasket


The sum of one length and one width of a A preformed strip of synthetic rubber or
rectangular glass pane or unit measured In plastic compressed between a glass pane or
inches. unit and a window frame to form a
watertight seal and cushion for the glass.
edge block - - * - - ' *

Qr\$ of the small blocks of synthetic lockstrip gasket


rubber placed between the side edges of a A preformed gasket of synthetic rubber for
glass paneorunitand a frame to center securing a glass pane or unit fn a window
ft, maintain 3 uniform width of sealant, frame or opening, held In compression by
and limit lateral move men tea used by forcing a keyed locking strip into a groove In
setting block '
building vibrations or thermal expansion the gasket.
One of the small btocks of lead or
or contraction. Also called centering
synthetic rubber placed under the
shim, spacer
lower edge of a glass pane or unit to
support it within a frame. flush glazing
__
face clearance A glazing system in which the framing
The distance between the face of a glass members are set entirety behind the glass
pane or unit and the nearest face of its panes or units to form a flush exterior
frame or stop, measured normal to the surface, the glass adhering to the framing
plane of the glass. with a structural slllcone sealant.

bfte ** ' i
"1 *-mmm*~ --|" structural sealant
The amount of overlap between the edge A high-strength silicone sealant capable
of a glass pane or unit and a window adhering glass to 3 supporting frame.
frame, stop, or lock-strip gasket.

edge clearance *
The distance between the edge of a glass
pane or unit and a windowframe,
measured in the plane of the glass.

glass mullion system M + w


-- * butt-joint glazing
A glazing system in which sheets of A glazing system in which the glass panes
tempered glass are suspended from
I or units are supported at the head aw -
special clamps, stabilized by Jn a conventional manner, with theirve-
perpendicular stiffeners of tempered edges being Joined with a structure t
jlass, and Joined by a structural silicons sealant without mullions.
sealant and sometimes by metaI patch
plates.

tt3
HARDWARE
""He metal tools, fastenings, and
fittings used in construction.

rough hardware door closer overhead concealed closer


; :3, screws, nails, and other metal A hydraulic or pneumatic device for A door closer concealed in the head of
^ngs that are concealed in a finished controlling the closing of a door and 3 doorframe.
construction. preventing it from slamming. Also called
backcheck
door check-v
finish hardware A device in a hydraulic door closer for
Exposed hardware serving a decorative slowing the speed with which a door may be
5 well as a utilitarian purpose, as the opened.
]
ccks, hinges, and other accessories for
doors, windows, and cabinetwork. Also
ed architectural hardware. knocker , V H ., H -* - - * *. , , ,. _ - * . , , . _ .. ^ - '

A hinged ring, bar, or knob on a door for use


door hardware in knocking.
'refinish hardware required for
hanging and operating a door.
doorplate - - ,4

A small identifying plate on the outside


door of a house or room, bearing the
occupant's name, the house or apartment
number, or the like.

push plate judas


A protective plate of metal or plastic A peephole, as in an entrance door or the
counted vertically on the lock stile of a door of a prison cell. Also called judas hole.
aoor. "'
door chain
door pull A short chain with a removable slide fitting
A handle for opening a door that can be attached between the inside of
a door and the doorjamb to prevent the
pull bar * - -.
door from being opened more than a few
A bar fixed across a glazed door, weed
inches without the chain being removed.
for opening or closing the door and
providing protection for the glass.

mail slot
A small opening in an exterior door or wall,
- often with a hinged closer, through which
JMa3 V
kick plate * HV * - - - - r-' "
mail is delivered. Also called letter slot.
A protective metal plate fastened to
the bottom of a door to resist blows
d scratches.

floor closer doorstop


A doorcloser installed in a recess in the A device for holding a door open, as a
floor. wedge or small weight.
automatic door bottom - - bumper
A horizontal bar at the bottom of a door A projecting rimf guard, pad, or disk for
that drops automatically when the door is absorbing shock or preventing damage
closed in order to seal the threshold and from bumping.
reduce noise transmission.

hand left-hand right-hand


e position of the hinges of a door, in Having the hinges on the left of an Having the hinges on the right of an
:: ~nsof right and left, when seen from inward opening door when seen from the inward opening door when seen from the
e exterior of the building or room to exterior of the building or room to which exterior of the building or room to which
which the doorway leads. the doorway leads. the doorway leads.

left-hand reverse right-hand reverse


Having the hinges on the left of an Having the hinges on the right of an
outward opening door when seen from outward opening door when seen frc~*
the exterior of the building or room to the exterior of the building or room to
which the doorway leads. which the doorway leads.

114
HARDWARE

hinge
A jointed device, usually consisting of two
hinge * - .- ^. leaves joined together by a pin, on which a
A butt hinge mortised into the door, gate, or shutter swings, turns, or
abutting surfaces of a door and moves,
door\arr\b.
leaf
half-mortise hinge - - - A hinged, sliding, or otherwise rtwabte
A hin^e having one leaf mortised into part of a door, hinge, or tabletop.
the edge of the door and the other
gain
surface-mounted on the doorframe.
A notch cut in to a surface to receive a
half-surface hinge ^ I of a hinge. Also called sinking,
A hinge having one leaf mortised into knuckle
the doorframe and the other surface- ^ The cylindrical projecting joint of a
mounted on the face of the door.
1 through which the pin passes.
flap hinge . ,__N
A hinge having two leaves surface-
mounted to the adjacent faces of a
door and doorframe. Also called
backflap hinge, full-surface hinge,

butt hinge
A hinge composed of two plates secured
to the abutting 5urfaces of a door and
template hinge Fi doorjamb. Also called butt,
A mortise hinge manufactured to fit
the recess and match the arrangement
of holes of hollow metal doors and - strap hinge
frames. A hinge having two long leaves for
securing to the adjacent fates of 3 door
ball-bearing hinge * anddoorjamb.
A hinge equipped with ball bearings
between the knuckles to reduce friction cross-garnet
a nd ensu re ease of opera tion. A shaped strap hinge with the
crosspiece as the stationary member and
fast-pin hinge the long stem being the movable leaf. Also
A hinge having a nonremovable pin. called T-hinge.

loo&e-pin hinge dovetail hinge


A hinge having a removable pin so that A strap hinge having leaves which are
a door can be unhung by separating the narrower at their junction than 2t their
two leaves. other extremities.

parliament hinge
An H-shaped hinge having a protruding
knuckle so that a door can stand away
loose-joint hinge .. _ _ _ __ _ _ -_._. ^ from the wall when fu lly opened.
A bin^e having a knuckle formed from
half of each leafr with the tipper haff
removable from the pin. Also called
liftoff hinge,
pintle - - paumelle
A pin or bolt on which something turns, A hinge having a Single, pivoting joint.
as the gudgeon of a hinge.

gudgeon
A socket for the pintle of a hinge.

spring hinge - ----- ---


A hinge containing a coiled spring In its
barrel for closing a door automatically. olive knuckle hinge
1
A paumelle having an oval-shaped knuckle.
double-acting hinge _
Also called olive hinge.
A hinge permitting a door to swing in
either direction, usually fitted with
Springs to bring the door to a closed
position after opening.
invisible hinge gravity hinge
A hinge consisting of a number A hinge that closes automatically by
of flat plates negating about a means of gravity.
central pin. with shoulders
piano hinge ---' mortised into the door edge rising hinge
A long, narrow hinge that runs the full and doorframe so as to A gravity hinge causing a door to rise
*ngth of the two surfaces to which its concealed when closed. Also slightly when opened.
leaves are joined. Also called called concealed hinge.
continuous hinge.

115
HARDWARE
lock lockset latch *
i" * - cylinder
A device for securing a doort draper, or An assembly of parts making up a A device for holding a door A cylindrical device for retaining
lid in position when closed, consisting of complete locking system, including closed, consisting essentially the bolt of a lock until the tumblers
a bolt or combination of bolts propelled knobs, plates and a locking of a bar that falls or slides have been pushed out of its way.
and withdrawn by a key- or combination- mechanism. into a groove or hole.
ope rated mechanism, tumbler
An obstructing part in a lock that
rim lock * prevents a bolt from being
A lock fastened to the face of propelled or withdrawn until it is
a door, as opposed to one moved by the action of a key,
built into its edge. key I" . ^ . < J - - - -

A small metal instrument lever tumbler


cylinder lock specially cut to fit into a lock A flat metal tumbler having a
A lock housed within two holes and move its bolt pivoting motion actuated by the
boned at right angles to each other, / turning of a key.
one through the face of a door and bit ,.,._ - -* - *

One of the projecting blades cam


the other in the door edge, * * ^ . ^ .
cut to engage with and actuate A disk or cylinder having an
either or both the bolt and the irregular form that rotates or
tumblers of a lock. slides to impart motion to a roller
i
i
moving against its edge or to a pin
free to move in a groove on its face.
\

keyway
A slot in a lock for receiving and
doorknob - ., ,, .- * - , s^ guiding a key.
unrt lock The knob-shaped handle ward
A lock housed within a by which a door is A projecting ridge of metal in a
rectangular notch cut into the opened or closed- lock or keyhole that prevents
eAqeofadoor. the insertion of any key that
keyhole ~
mi A hole in a lock case
or escutcheon for
does not have a corresponding
notch.
inserting a key.
rose >"" -- -
faceplate - , A.

An ornamental plate The edge plate or surface


surrounding the shaft
through which the bolt of a lock
of a doorknob at the
face of a door. passes. Also called selvage-
bo ft
mortise lock escutcheon backset A metal bar or rod in the
A lock housed within a mortise cut into A protective or The horizontal distance from the mechanism of a lock that is
a door edge so that the lock mechanism ornamental plate, as face of a lock through which the propelled or withdrawn, as by
:
s cohered on both sides. around a keyhole, bolt passes to the centerline of turning a knob or key.
> *

doorknob, draper pull, the knob stern, keyhole, or lock deadbolt reversible lock
or light switch. Also, cylinder^ A lock bolt having a square head that A lock having a latchbolt that can
scutcheon. * is moved into position by the turning be reversed for installation in
t


of a knob or key rather than by spring either a right-hand or left-hand
action. Also called deadlock, door

bevel beve!
The oblique end of a latch bolt The side of a lock facing in the
that hits a strike plate. same direction as the bevel at the
end of the latchbolt
spindle *->-* regular bevel
The bar or shaft The bevel of a bolt or lock on a dor
that carries the opening into the building or roovr
knobs and to which the doorway leads.
actuates the latch
or bolt of a lock. "* i r t
reverse bevel
The bevel of a bolt or lock on a door
opening outward from the building
V- or room to which the doorway
latchbolt
A lock bolt having a beveled head leads.

lever handle that is moved into position by a


A horizontal handle for spring except when retracted by
operating the bolt of a a doorknob, or when pushed
lock. against the lip of the strike plate
as the door is closed.

strike . ^ >* < . ^ - - -. . . , , - . -. -m - *i. -


flush bolt
A metal plate On a doorjamb A bolt set flush with the face or edge of
having a hole for receiving the end a door.
of a lock bolt when the door is
closed. Also called strike plate. extension bolt ... ~ _ ~ .. .. .. _ ..

- '
A flush bolt fitted into a mortise in a
door, sliding into a socket in the head or
p The projecting tdofi or run of a the sill.
TOrtzontal bar that spans the strike.
or of an emergency exit door at
coordinator
.' - ; mi that opens the latch box strike A device for ensuring that the inactive
::pl\&L Also A metal box recessed into a leaf of a pair of doors is permitted to
- ic bcrft panic hardware doorjamb to receive the end of a close before the active leaf.
lock bolt when the door *s closed (

116
HEAT
temperature A form of energy associated with t t e
A measure of the warmth or random motion of atoms or
coWness of a substance, object, or 212 100 373 molecules, capable of being
environment with reference to transmitted by convection,
some standard value, 194 90 363 conduction, or radiation and CAL? -.;
thermometer 176 30 353 substances to rise in temperature,
An instrument for measuring fuse, expand, ore^aporase
tempera hire, consisting typically 158 70 343
of a glass tube with a numbered
scale and a bulb containing a liquid, 140 60 333
35 mercury, that rises and falls -
7,0
with changes in temperature. 122 50
u
104 40 313

30 303
British thermal unit -
The quantity of heat required 63 20 293
to raise the temperature of one
pound (0.4 kg) of water 1F. -*
50 10 233
kelvin
Abbr: fttu
52 273 The base &i unit of temperature equal to
therm 7273.16 of the triple point of water.
A unit of heat equal to 100.000 14 -10 263 Symbol: K
Sritish thermal units.
-4 -20 255 triple point
The particular temperature and pressure at
which the liquid, qaseous, and solid phases
of a substance can exist In equilibrium.

calorie -*" Fahrenheit scale Celsius scale Kelvin scale


A unit of heat equal to the A temperature scale In A temperature scale divided An absolute scale of
quantity of heat required to raise which 32F represents the into \00 degrees, in which 0C temperature having a zero point
the tempera tu re of one gram erf freezing point and 212*F the represents the freezing point Of -275.16 C.
water r e at $ pressure of one boiling point of water under and 100*C the boiling point of
atmosphere, equivalent to 4.156 standard atmospheric water under standard absolute
joules, Abbr.: cal. Also called gram pressure. atmospheric pressure Also A temperature scale based on
calorie, small calorie. called Centigrade scale. absolute zero with scale units
equal in magnitude to centigrade
kilocalorie degrees.
A u nit of hea t equa I to the
quantity of heat required to raise absolute zero
When you know deg When you know degrees
The hypothetical towest limit of
the temperature of one kilogram of Fahrenheit, first subtract 32 Cel$lu$. first multiply by 9/$
water \X at a pressure of one physical temperature
and then multiply by 5/e to find End then add 32 to find
characterized by complete
atmosphere, equivalent to 1000 degrees Celsius. degrees Fahrenheit.
small calories, Abbr: Cal. Also absence of heat, equai to
called kilogram calorie, large -273.\6C or -459.67 F.
calorie. absolute temperature
Temperature as measured on a
absolute scale.

heat capacity - ,
The quantity erf heat required to i gaseous phaes (steam)
125
raise the temperature of a j
substance by one deqree. | l
WO
specific heat latent heat
Heat capacity per unit mass of
3 substance: the number of Btu
-
4
i
The quantity of heat absorbed or released
l?ya substance during a change In phassat
required to rai5 the constant temperature and pressure.
temperature of one pound of a liquid phase (water)
substance tF,or the number of sensible heat
calories per $ ram per decree i
The quantity erf heat absorbed or released
centigrade. by a substance during a change in
I
temperature without a change in phase.

solid phase (ice) - I


time

117
HEAT
conduction
The transfer of heat from the warmer to
the cooler particles of a medium or of
two bodies in direct contact, occurring
without perceptible displacement of the
particles themselves. * ** \

convection .IUII Lit

The transfer of heat by the circulatory


motion of the heated parts of a liquid or
gas owing to a variation in density and
the action of gravity.

radiation '
The process in which energy in the form of
waves or particles is emitted by one body,
passed through an intervening medium or
space, and absorbed by another body.

thermal conductivity ., .. ... _ .


The time rate of heat flow through a unit
area of a given material of unit thickness
when the temperature difference across
the thickness is one unit of temperature.
thermal conductance thermal resistance thermal transmittance
The time rate of heat fiow through a unit The reciprocal of thermal conductance, The time rate of heat fiow through a unit
area of a given material when the expressed as the temperature difference area of a building component or assembly
temperature difference across a specified required to cause heat to flow through a when the difference between the air
thickness of the material is one unit of unit area of a material of given thickness at temperatures on the two sides of the
temperature, % -j^- ik-vJ ,1 ^ u A ' lit 11 KI> . ^ . . . .. *.. JMh
the rate of one heat unit per unit time. component or assembly is one unit of
temperature. Also called coefficient of
R-value heat transfer
A measure of thermal resistance of a given
material, used esp. to specify the U-value

performance of thermal insulation. The A measure of the thermal transmlttance
total R-value for a building component or a building component or assembly, equal tc
assembly is the sum of the R-values for the reciprocal of the total R-value of the
each layer in the component or assembly. component or assembly.
i
1
A (total) =

-~e

thermal break ~
An element of low thermal
conductivity placed in an assembly to
reduce the flow of heat between highly
conductive materials. Also called a jji i ii^M^i^^MM^*^W^
weather strip . -
thermal barrier A strip of metal, felt, vinyl, or foam rusrf *
infiltration placed between a door or window sasH and
- The flow of outside air into an Interior space its frame to provide a seal against
- -

through cracks around windows and doors windblown rain and air infiltration. Also.
or other openings in the envelope of a weather stripping.
building.

118
HEAT
airway thermal insulation
The passageway required for the A material providing high resists nee to
circulation of air between batt heat flow, as mineral wool, vermicuftte.
mineral wool insulation and roof sheathing. foamed plastic, fabricated In the form of
Any of various lightweight Jnorganic, batts, blankets, boards, or loose
fibrous materials used e$p. for thermal
and sound Insulation, as glass woo! and
rock wool.
glass wool battinsuiation K weatherize
Spun glass fibers resembling wool and Flexible, fibrous thermal insulation of * To make a house or building secure
used for thermal insulation and air glass or mineral wool made In various against cold or stormy weather, as by
filters. thicknesses and lengths and in 16-ii. adding thermal Insulation or storm
(406 mm) or 24-in. (610 mm) widths to windows, or by sealing joints.
fiberglass fit between studs, joists, and rafters in
A material consisting of extremely fine light wood frame construction,
f ifament5 of glass, woven into fabric, sometimes faced with a vapor retarder
massed for use as a thermal and of kraft paper, metal foil, or plastic
acoustical insulator or embedded to sheet. Batt insulation is also as a
reinforce various materials. component in sound-insulating
Fibcrglas construction. Also called blanket
insulation.
Trademark for a brand of fiberglass

rock weal kraft paper -


Mineral wool made by blowing steam or A strong, usually brown
air through moiDen stag or paper, processed from wood
pulp and sized with resin.

foamed plastic rigid board insulation - ^ fibcrboard


Plastic, as polyurethan# or A preformed, nonstructurai Insulating An insulating board made of wood or cane
polystyrene, made light and cellular by board of foamed plastic or cellular fibers compressed ^M cemented into
the Introduction of pockets of gas or glass. Cellular glass insulation is fire- rigid sheets, used as an Inexpensive wall
airand used as thermal insulation. Also resistant, impervious to moisture, and finish or as ceiling tiles.
called expanded plastic, plastic dimensionslly stable, but has a lower
foam. thermal-resistance value than foamed fiberboard sheathing
plastic Insulations, whfch are Insulating fiberboard treated or
polyurethanefoam flammable and must be protected by 3 impregnated with asptialtfor water
A rigid expanded polyurethane Having a thermal banner when used on the resistance and used primarily for
closed-cell structure and used as interior surfaces of a building. Rigid sheathing light wood frame walls.
thermal insulation. insulation having closed-cell
molded polystyrene structures, as extruded polystyrene
A rigid polystyrene foam having ai and cellular glass, are moisture-
open-cell structure and used as resistant and may be used in contact
thermal insulation. with the earth.

extruded polystyrene
A rigid polystyrene foam having a
closed-cell structure and used as insulation -
_J

thermal insulation. Thermal insulation in the form of a


foamed plastic, as polyurethane. that
Styrofoam
is sprayed or injected into a cavity
Tradema rk for a brand of foamed
where it adheres to the surrounding
plastic made from polystyrene,
surfaces,
foam glass
loo^e-fitl insulation -
Cellular glass made by foaming
Thermal insulation in the form of
softened glass and molding it into
mineral wool fibers, granular vermiculii
board5 or blocks for use as thermal
or perilte. or treated cellulosic fibers,
insulation.
poured by hand or blown through a
nozzle into a cavity or over a
supporting membrane.
wood wool
Fine wood shapings, usually of pine or
chemically treated wood fibers, used as an
insulating material as a binder in plaster,
and for packing. Also called excelsior.
reflective insulation * emissivity
Thermal insulation in the form of a The ability of a surface to emit heat
material of high reflectivity and low by radiation, e^ual to the ratio of the
emtssivity, 55 paper-backed aluminum radiant energy emitted to that
foil or foil-backed gypsum board, used emitted by 3 black body at the same
in conjunction with a dead^air space to temperatu re.
reduce the transfer of heat by
radiation.
dead-airspace T
An unventilated air space In which
r
the air does not circulate.

119
HEAT
thermal comfort
Human comfort as determined by the
ability of the body to dissipate the
effective temperature
heat and moisture it produces by
A temperature representing the combined
metabolic action.
effect of ambient temperature, relative
humidity, and air movement on the
sensation of warmth or cold felt by the 200
human body, equivalent to the dry-bulb
temperature of still air at 50% relative
humidity which induces an identical
sensation, * *

' WO
wet-bulb temperature
The temperature recorded by the
wet-bulb thermometer in a
psych ro meter.

-120
dew point * humidity ratio
The temperature at which air The ratio of the mass of water
becomes saturated with water vapor to the mass of dry air in a
vapor Also called dew-point mixture of air and water vapor.
temperature. Also called mixing ratio.
comfort zone - ~
The range of dry-bulb
temprature, relative humidity,
mean radiant temperature,
and air movement judged to be
comfortable by a majority of enthalpy
Americans and Canadians A measure of the total heat
tested. This comfort zone contained in a substance, equal
varies with climate, the to the internal energy of the
sea son of the yea r, the type of substance plus the product of its
clothing worn, and the activity volume and pressure. The
level of the individual Also 0 enthalpy of air is equal to the
called comfort envelope. sensible heat of the air and the
40F
i
water vapor present in the air
plus the latent heat of the water
J
psychrometric chart dry-bulb temperature '- relative humidity *- vapor, expressed in 3tu per pound |
A chart relating the wet-bulb and dry-bulb The temperature recorded by the dry- The ratio of the amount of water vapor (kilojoules per kilogram) of dry a -
readings from a psych rometer to relative bulb thermometer in a psychrometer actually present in the air to the maximum Also called heat content.
humidity, absolute humidity, and dew point. amount that the air could hold at the same
psychrometer temperature, expressed as a percentage.
An instrument for measuring Abbr.: rh
atmospheric humidity, consisting of
two thermometers, the bulb of one absolute humidity
being dry and the bulb of the other The mass of water vapor present in a unit
being kept moist and ventilated so that volume of air
the cooling that results from
evaporation makes it register a lower
specific humidity
temperature than the dry one, with the The ratio of the mass of water vapor in air
difference between the readings being a to the total mass of the mixture of air and
water vapor.
measure of atmospheric humidity.
hygrometer adiabatic heating
Any of various instruments for measuring A rise in temperature occurring without 'rt
the humidity of the atmosphere. addition or removal of heat, as when excess
water vapor in the air condenses and the
latent heat of vaporization of the water
vapor is converted to sensible heat in the
air.
mean radiant temperature
The sum of the temperatures of the
surrounding walls, floor and ceiling of a
room, weighted according to the solid angle
subtended by each at the point of
measurement. Mean radiant temperature is
important to thermal comfort since the
human body receives radiant heat from or
loses heat by radiation to the surrounding
surfaces if their mean radiant temperature
is significantly higher or lower than the air
temperature.
evaporative cooling
A drop in temperature occurring without
the addition or removal of heat, ae whe^
water evaporates and the sensible heato
radiant heat " '"""
the liquid is converted to latent heat to tl
Heat energy transmitted by the radiation
vapor. Also called adiabatfc cooling
of electromagnetic waves in contrast to
heat transmitted by conduction or
convection.

12O
HEAT
mechanical system
Any of the systems that provide essen:;
services to 3 building, as water supply,
thimble sewage disposal, electric power, heating
A protective sleeve of sheet ventilation, air-condittoning, vertical
metal passing through the wall transportation, or fire fighting.
of a chimney, for holding the
end of d stovepipe. r?
stovepipe I
A pipe, usually of sheet metal, . 1
serving 35 a stove chimney or I I
connecting a stove with a space heating
chimney flue. The heating of a limited area, as a room,

esp, by means of a heat source located


within the space.
Franklin stove
central heating
A cast-iron stove
* A mechanical system that supplies heat to
fireplace but having enclosed sides, back,
an entire building from a single source
top, and bottom and a front completely
through a network of ducts or pipes.
open or able to be closed with doors. 1

vent *
A pipe by which products of
combustion ar& carried from a
furnaceorotherappllanceto the
outside.

- heating medium
A fluid substance as warm air, hot water,
or st&am. capable of conveying heat from 3
to the space being heated.

thermostat
A device that automatically responds
to changes in temperature and
activates switches controlling such
equipment as furnaces, refrigerators,
and air conditioners.
combustion air -
The air quired for thermocouple
combustion of fuel In a A device for measuring temperature In
furnace. which 3 pair of dissimilar metals, as
copper and iron, a re Joined so that a
potential drfference#nerated between
the points of contact is a measure of
the temperature difference between
the points,

bimetallic element
A material made by bonding two
metallic strips having different
coefficients of expansion, used in
temperature-Indicating and
i i i i . . . A ' L V . L A V / A : ' _" .
temperature-controlling devices. * - -

horizontal furnace furnace heating load


A furnace designed for installation An apparatus in which heat is The houriy rate of net heat loss In an 1

In a low attic or crawl space. produced, as for heating a house or enclosed space, expressed In EHu per
producing steam. hour and used as the basis for &
selecting a heating unit or 5y$tem.
dec trie furnace
A furnace in which the heat required is heating degree day
s produced through electricity.

gas furnace
A degree-day below the standard
temperature of 65F (I^C), used in
estlmatlmj fuel or power
I
A furnace using gas as a fuel. consumption by a heating system.
oil burner degree day
A furnace or boiler that burns fuel oil. A unit that represents one degree of
-
conversion burner departure in the mean daily outdoor
A burner design^ for installation \n a temperature from a given standard
wall furnace
furnace that originally used another temperature.
A furnace recessed in or mounted on a
wall and supplying heated air directly fuel.
to 3 space without the use of ducts.

121
HEAT
forced warm-air heating
A system for heating a building by
means of air heated in a furnace and
n 1 *
duct
A pipe or conduit of sheet metal or
fiberglass for conducting heated or
distributed by a fan through conditioned air. Also called air duct,
ductwork to registers or diff users. -
ductwork
A system of ducts, connectors, and
dampers for conveying air in a heating,
extended plenum system * - return grille ventilating, or air-conditioning system
A perimeter heating system in *:>%>:;- A grille through which return Also called ducting.
which a main duct conveys warm ! air is withdrawn from an air-
air to a number of branch ducts, conditioned space.
each serving a single floor
register - cold-air return
A duct for conveying cool air
back to a furnace for reheating.
. . - . . . - .
' - : ' / "

stack
bonnet A vertical duct for conveying
A chamber at the top of a hot- warm air from a leader to a
air furnace from which the register on an upper floor.
leaders emerge. Also called
plenum. chase
A continuous space or recess
leader * built into a wall or through a floor
A duct for conveying warm air for pipes or ducts.
from a furnace to a stack or
branch duct. Also called main,
trunk.

manifold
,

A pipe or duct fitting grille


gathering A grating or perforated screen for
having several outlets for A tapered section of a duct or
making multiple covering, concealing, or protecting a
flueforming a transition
connections. - wall, floor, or ceiling opening,
between two sections, one of
which has a greater area than register
the other. A device for controlling the flow of
.. * boot --'" warm or conditioned air from an outi
^--* - ' A duct fitting forming a composed of a grill with a number of
transition between two sections parallel blades that may be adjusted
which vary in cross-sectional as to overlap and close the opening.
shape.

, . . .- flexible duct
A pliable, airtight fitting installed
between two ducts, or between a fa n
and a duct, to prevent the
transmission of noise and vibration
along the ductwork.

perimeter heating perimeter loop system perimeter radial system duct liner
A heating system that distributes A perimeter heating system in which a A perimeter heating system in A fiberglass blanket for lining the in5K
warm air to registers placed in or loop of ductwork, usually embedded in which a leader from a centrally of a duetto reduce noise and server
near the floor along exterior walls. a concrete ground slab, distributes located furnace carries warm air thermal insulation. * I
warm air to each floor register. directly to each floor register.
Yiyi

throw terminal velocity


The distance a projected airstream travels The average velocity of a projected
rnmrr
i
from an outlet to a point where its velocity airstream at the end of the throw.
1
- ' - M. * ,i j -i

is reduced to a specified value. - - "

The vertical distance a horizontally


projected airstream falls from the
elevation of its outlet, measured at the
diffuser * i

end of the throw.


A device having slats at different - *

angles for deflecting warm or spread


The extent to which a projected
- '
<

conditioned air from an outlet in ,


>

various directions. airstream diffuses at the end of the


>

<

,y

* *
-EAT
hot-wster heating
.
venturi tee A system for hea:' j 3
A special fitting used in 3 one-pipe system water heated In a toteranc ; - ; * by?
to Induce the flow of water from a return pump through pipes to radiators or
branch into the supply main. convectors. Also called hydronic
steam heating
bucket trap A system for heating a building bj wu
steam generated in a boil --
A valve for eliminating afr and
condensed moisture from a radiator through pipes to radiators.
UML without allowing steam to escape.
Also called steam trap.
radiator one-pipe system
A heating device consisting of a bleeder A hot-water heating system in which a
series or coil of pipes through A valve for draining a pipe, radiator, single pipe supplies hot water from a barter
Mch hot water or steam passes. or ta nk. Also called bleeder valve. to each radiator or converter in sequence.

reverse return " two-pipe system


A two-pipe hot-water system in A hot-water heating system in which one
which the lengths of the supply and pipe supplies hot water from 3 boiler to the
return pipes for each radiator or radiators or connectors and a second pipe
convectorare nearly equal. returns the water to the boiler.

direct return *
A two-pipe hot-water system in
which the return pipe from each
radiator or corrector takes the
shortest route back to the boiler

dry return
A return pipe in a steam-heating
system that carries both air and
water of condensation.

fi
contractor fin tube safety valve
A heating unit in which afr heated A type of radiator having horizontal A relief valve that opens when actuated
by contact with a radiator or fin tubes with closely spaced vertical by a gas or vapor pressure above 3
tube circulates by convection. fins to maximize heat transfer to predetermined We!, allowing the gas or
the surrounding air. vapor to escape until its pressure is
reduced to a safe or acceptable level

relief valve
A valve that opens when actuated by
static pressure above a predetermined
level In order to reduce the pressure to ft,
boiler *
baseboard heater petcock * A closed vessel or arrangement of vessels
A long, narrow hydranic or electric A small faucet or valve for draining or and tubes in which water is heated or
con vector designed for installation releasing compression in pipes, radiators, steam is generated to supply heat or
along the base of a wall. and boilers. power,

electric heat
Heat generated by the resistance of a
conductor to the flow of electric current.
panel heating
Th radiant heating of a room or building by
means of wall( floor, baseboard, or celling
panels containing electrical conductors,
hot-water pipes, or hot-air ducts.
unit heater
A self-contained electric or gas-fired space
heater, consisting of a heating element, fan,
and a directional outlet-
space heater
A device for heating the space in which it is
located, esp- a unit that has no externa
heating ducts or connection to a chimney.
quartz heater
An electric space heater having heating radiant heating
elements sealed in quartz-glass tubes that A system for heating by radiation from a
produce infrared radiation in front of a surface, esp. one that Is heated by
reflective backing. of electric resistance or hot water.

123
HEAT
air conditioning air conditioner load
A system or process for simultaneously Any device or apparatus for controlling, The demand placed on a heating, ventilating,
controlling the temperature, humidity, esp. lowering, the temperature and or air-conditioning system in order to
purity, distribution, and motion of the air humidity of a space. maintain the desired conditions of thermal
in an interior space, esp. one capable of comfort in a building.
cooling. packaged air conditioner
A factory-assembled air conditioner having cooling load
a fan, filters, compressor, condenser, and The hourly rate of heat gain in an enclosed
evaporator coils for cooling. For heating, space, expressed in f3tu per hour and used
the unit may operate as a heat pump or as the basis for selecting an air-
contain auxiliary heating elements. conditioning unit or system.

cooling degree-day
co mpressive refrigeration expansion valve A degree-day above the standard
A refrigeration process in which cooling A valve that reduces the pressure and temperature of 75F (24c), used in
is effected by the vaporization and evaporation temperature of a refrigerant estimating energy requirements for air-
expansion of a liquid refrigerant. as it flows to the evaporator ;.- conditioning and refrigeration.

cooling medium
A fluid substance, as chilled water or cool
^^. ^^^^^^^^^^rfflpp^^p* ^^*^^^w* ^F air, for removing heat, as from the interior
spaces of a building.

heat extracted from


c refrigerant ** heat released to ton of refrigeration
air or water A liquid capable of vaporizing at a air or water The cooling effect obtained when 1 ton of \ce
.-..-^,.

low temperature, as ammonia, at 32F (0c) melts to water at the same
used in mechanical refrigeration. temperature in 24 hours, equivalent to

r 12,000 Btu/hn (3.5 kW).

energy efficiency rating


An index of the efficiency of a refrigerating
unit, expressing the !3tu removed per watt
of electrical energy input.

evaporator compressor - condenser ' coolant


The component of a refrigeration A pump or other machine for A device for reducing a vapor A fluid agent for reducing the temperature
system in which the refrigerant reducing the volume and or gas to liquid or solid form. of a system below a specified value by
absorbs heat from a cooling medium increasing the pressure of a gas. conducting away the heat produced in the
and changes from a liquid to a gas. operation of the system.

heat sink
A medium or environment for the
absorption or dissipation of unwanted
heat pump heat
A device that uses a compressible indoors outdoors indoors outdoors-
refrigerant to transfer heat from one
reservoir to another, with the process
being reversible so that it ca n be used for
both heating and cooling a building. .

condenser evaporator evaporator condenser

compressor compressor

winter heating * summer cooling

absorption refrigeration evaporator m > - m * %


absorber
A refrigeration process that uses a The component of an absorption-
generator and an absorber instead of a water vapor refrigeration system that uses a saline
compressor to transfer heat. solution to draw water vapor from the
evaporator, cooling the remaining watt
heat extracted by means of a
the process.
heat exchanger to produce
chilled wa ter for cooling

aline solution
heat exchanger % . - . - - w - F - _ B . H -& J -* If i t ' A - ^ W^l'P* ** # "A - * % * ! + u r >

A device for transferring the heat of a


fluidflowingon one side of a barrier to
Bfluidflowing on the other.
condenser generator
The component of an absorption-
refrigeration system that uses a heat
waste heat extracted from source to remove excess water vapor
steam as it condenses before from a saline solution.
returning to evaporator

saline solution

124
HEAT
central a - ;;
An ~.m

conditioned air to ^ "

means of fans sr
-
HVAC
Abbreviation for h e a : ^ ,
air conditioning.

.. cooling tower
A structure, usually on the roof of a
building, in which heat is extracted from
water that has been used for cooling.

conditioned air
returner

supply air * 4. return air


The conditioned air delivered The air conveyed from an air-
by sn air-conditioning system . . .. conditioned space back to the
to the served spaces. central plant for processing and
red reunion.

^ ' ^

blower ._.
A fan for supplying sir at a
moderate pressure, as to
supply forced drafts in a damper
heating or air-conditioning A movable plate for regulating the
system. draft in an air outlet, air duct, or
humidifier the throat of a fireplace,
A device for maintaining or
increasing the amount of hating unit .
water vapor in the air of a
room or building. cooling unit - j exhaust air
The air exhausted from an interior
space to the outside.
pump ^ f .. p^r
fresh air
A machine that raises, Outdoor air drawn in for treatment
transfers, or compresses in an air-conditioning system. Also
fluids or gases by the suction
called outside a i r
or pressure produced by a
piston, plunger, or set of
rotating vanes. . air-handling unit
An air-conditioning assembly containing the fans,
filters, and other components iec6S53ry to treat
chilled water plant -
and distribute conditioned air to an entire building
A room containing one or more
or to specific zones within the building,
chillers and pumps forair-
conditjoninga building.
* filter
chiller A porous substa nee or mass, as
A device employing the cloth or 3 laj^tff charcoal, through
compr55ive refrigeration which a gas or liquid is passed to
cycle to chill the water used in remove suspended impurities or to
cooling a building. recover solids.
preheater
A coil for heating air that Is below
32F (OC) to a temperature mechanical equipment room
Mer for producing hot Any room containing permanently
slightly above freezing, in advance
water or steam installed machinery and equipment for
of Other
the mechanical systems of a building.

125
HEAT

all-water system . . ^ ~ ~ - i - - - - -

supply pipe
-- sir-conditioning system in which either A pipe for conveying hot or chilled
hot or chilled water is piped to fan-coil water from the boiler or chilled-
units in the served spaces, where air is water plant to a fan-coil unit.
circulated locally.
return pipe
two-pipe system _- _
A pipe for conveying water from a
An all-water system in which one fan-coil unit to the boiler or chilled-
pipe supplies the hot or chilled water plant
water to fan-coil units, and the
other pipe returns it to the boiler terminal unit
or chilled water plant Any of various devices for delivering a
heating or cooling medium to a space.
four-pipe system - . -. . . * * . _ - - * -

An all-water system in which r .-- .-... UJ * W ^ *V -'

fan-coil unit
separate hot-water and chilled- A terminal unit containing an air filter,
water piping circuits provide for heating or cooling coils, and a centrifugal
simultaneous heating and cooling fan for drawing in a mixture of room air and
as needed in various zones of a outside air
building.
coil
A connected series of pipes or tubing in
all-air system rows or layers, often having fins attached
An air-conditioning system in which central to dissipate heat
fans distribute conditioned air to the
served spaces by means of ductwork.
1
single-duct system m, O -I* - *.

An all-air system in which a


multizone system
single duct conveys conditioned
1 * A central air-handling unit capable of
air to the served spaces,
serving up to eight zones simultaneously.
constant-air-volume
zone
system
A space or group of spaces in a building
An all-air system in which a
L whose temperature and air quality is
master thermostat
automatically regulates the - ~ - -^ regulated by a single control.
quantity of conditioned air ii
supplied to each zone.

variable-air-volume system
An all-air system in which a
thermostatically controlled mixing box
variable-volume box regulates A chamber for proportioning and blending
the quantity of conditioned air cold and warm air under thermostatic
supplied to each zone, control to reach the desired temperature.

"..

dual-duct system - . v . -w . . . - . * .

An all-air system in which separate


cold-air and warm-air supply ducts
meet at a mixing box where the air
is blended before distribution to
each zone.
- reheat coil
An electric or hot-water coil f o r raising the
temperature of the air in t h e supply duct
an air-conditioning system.
JO
. . . . . . . . .-__ ____-^.-_.
rb^=P~
ir -4k
terminal reheat system *
An all-air system in which a reheat
coil regulates the temperature of
the air being furnished to each . ^* - - - - ~
individually controlled zone.
induction unit
A terminal unit in which primary air draws'*
room air through a filter and the mixture
passes over coils that are either heated or
chilled by secondary water from a boiler or
chilled water plant.
air-water system
1
" ;;'r-conditioning system in which high-
. ..
high-velocity duct
velocity ducts supply conditioned air from a A small duct capable of conveying
: -.V plant to each zone where it mixes primary air at a velocity of 2,400 ft.
: ' : : ^ 3 i r a n d is further heated or (730 m) per minute or higher.
: ; ; z:> n dr\ induction or fan-coil unit. primary air
The conditioned air supplied at a high
pressure and high velocity by a
central air handling unit.

_:
HEAT

vent ventilate
An opening as in a wall, serving as an To provides re;
outlet for air, smoke, fumes, or the like replace air thattosbeer,
contaminated,
.
natural ventilation
The process of vent^rKj 3 space
the natural movement of air rat
than by mechanical

I
I
I
"
.

I
I _ .--''
:
chimney effect
The tendency of air or gas in a
- shaft or other vertical space to
rise when heated, cresting a
draft that draws in cooler air or
air change gas from below,
The replacement of the volume of air
contained within a room with an equivalent
volume of fresh air within a given period of
time. The terin air changes-per-hour
often used to specify ventilation
standards

cross ventilation
The circulation of fresh air through
open windows, doors, or other
openings on opposite sides of a room.

ventilator attic ventilator


A lowered opening or motor-driven fan A wind- or motor-driven fan for
for replacing stagnant air with fresh air. assisting the natural air flow
through an attic space,
whole-house ventilator
A motor-dri/en fan for pulling stale air
from the KKIng areas of a house and
ing ft through attic vents.
- r ^ w - . ^._ ^ - y\ , __.

t-_ L L 1

I I
11
mechanical ventilation
The process of supplying fresh air to a
building or removing stale air from it by
mechanical means, as with fans.

M B M M + M J L a-.-x-r::: r:v-:-H*4M
I J- _! |t

fan
A device that rotates an array of blades
or vanes about an axis In order to produce
/ / Y/SA
a current of air.
WA
plenum ventilation exhaust fan :

A system of mechanical ventilation in A fa n for ventilating an interior space by


which fresh air is forced into the space to drawing air from the Intdriorand expefiing
be ventilated from a chamber (plenum it outside.
chamber) at a pressure slightly higher
centrffiujalfan _._. , - - - - - - - - - - . - . . -
than atmospheric pressure, so as to
expel stale air. A fa n that receives air along its axis
and discharges it radially.

127
HISTORY
A systematic, often chronological
narrative of significant events as
Mesopotamia Sumerian architecture Egyptian Architecture
relating to a particular people, An ancient region in western Asia The architecture developed by the The architecture of the ancient civilization
country, or period, often including between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerians who dominated southern that flourished along the Nile River in
an explanation of their causes. comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of northwest Africa from before 3000 B.C. to
and occupied successively by the the 3rd millennium B.C., characterized by its annexation by Rome in 30 B.C.,
civilization Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and monumental temples of sun-dried brick characterized esp. by the axial planning of
An adva need state of h u ma n society Persians: now part of Iraq. faced with burnt or glazed brick, often massive masonry tombs and temples, the
marked by a relatively high level of cultural, built upon the ruins of their use of trabeated construction with precise
Fertile Crescent predecessors. stonework, and the decoration of battered
technical, and political development An agricultural region arching from the walls with pictographic carvings in relief, A
society eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea Sumer preoccupation with eternity and the
An enduring and cooperating large-scale in the west to Iraq in the east: the An ancient region in southern afterlife dominated the building of these
community of people having common location of humankind's earliest cultures. Mesopotamia, where a number of funerary monuments ar\d temples, which
traditions, institutions, and identity, independent cities and city-states were reproduced the features of domestic
whose members have developed collective established as early as 5000 B.C. A architecture but on a massive scale using
interests and beliefs through interaction number of its cities, as Eridu, Uruk, and stone for permanence-
with one another Urp are major archeologicaI sites.

culture tell
The integrated pattern of human An artificial mound accumulated from the ::
knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors built up by remains of one or more ancient
S
a group of human beings and transmitted settlements: often used in the Middle s
from one generation to the next.
CatalHuyuk East as part of a place name. . 5rr'

A Neolithic settlement in Anatolia, dated


style 6500-5000 B.C. One of the world's earliest
A particular or distinctive form of artistic cities, it had mud-brick fortifications and
expression characteristic of a person, houses, frescoed shrines, a fully developed
people, or period. agriculture, and extensive trading in
obsidian, the chief material for tool-making. Mi no an architecture
expression The architecture of the Bronze Age
The manner in which meaning, spirit, or Anatolia civilization that flourished on Crete from
character is symbolized or communicated in A vast plateau between the Black,
about 3000 to 1100 B.C., named after the
the execution of an artistic work. Mediterranean, and Aegean Seas,
legendary King Minos of Knossos and
synonymous with the peninsula of Asia characterized by the elaborate palaces at
Minor: today comprises most of Turkey. Jfc-
, KnossusandFhaetus.

prehistoric Bronze Age 3OOO BC # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # #


Of, pertaining to, or existing in the time A period of human history that began
Harappa
prior to the recording of human events, C4O00-3000 B.C., following the Stone
A Bronze Age culture that flourished in the
knowledge of which is gained mainly Age and preceding the Iron Age,
Indus valley C2300-1500 B.C.
through archaeological discoveries, characterized by the use of bronze
study, and research. implements.

Stone Age
T
heearliest known period of human
culture, preceding the Bronze Age and
the Iron Age and characterized by the
use of stone implements and weapons,

Neolithic
Of or relating to the last phase of the
Stone Age, characterized by the
cultivation of grain crops, Yang-shao Xia Chinese architecture
domestication of animals, settlement A Neolithic culture in China centered A legendary dynasty in China, 2205- The indigenous architecture of a vast
of villages, manufacture of pottery and around the fertile plains of the Yellow 1766 B.C. Also, Hsfa. country in eastern Asia whose civilization
textiles, and use of polished stone River, characterized by pit dwellings and has continually evolved and survived longe*
implements: thought to have begun 5 hang than any other nation in the world. Despite
fine pottery painted in geometric
zeOOO-dOOOB.C. A Chinese dynasty, C1600 B.C-1030 B.C.,
designs. the marked diversity in the architecture ;
marked by the introduction of writing, the
various regions caused by differences in
development of an urban civilization, and a
geographic and climatic conditions, a unicpr
mastery of bronze casting. Also, Yin.
system of wood frame construction
gradually took shape over several millenri
of innovation and synthesis and exerted 5
profound influence over the architecture of
Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

Preclassic
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerican culture
J3
- Tfe* from 2200 B.C.tO A.D. 100.
Ws

Lasca ux Cave
-. - ^3zC3tix, France, containing

;- :oo-6500 5.c.
HISTORY

Hrttrte architecture Assyrian architecture Neo-Pabyioruan architecture architecture


5 architecture of the H itttte Empire The MesopotamJan architecture developed The Mesopotamian architecture that The architecture deveopsd under the
which dominated Asia Minor and northern under the Assyrian king-emperors of the developed after the decline of the Assyrian Achaemenid dynasty of kings who ruled
Syria from about 2000 to 1200 fr. 9th to 7th centuries &. Within city walls Empire, deriving mych from Assyrian ancient Persia from 550 B.a until its
characterized by fortifications ofcyclopesn strengthened by towers with crenelated architecture and enhanced by figured conquest by Alexander the Great in 331 B.C..
stone masonry and gateways with portal battlements, palaces took precedence over designs of heraldic animals in glazed characterized by a synthesis of
sculptures. religious buildings. Vaulting played a brickwork. architectural elements of surrounding
greater role than in southern Mesopotamia Hanging Gardens of Babylon cou ntrles. as Assyria. Egypt, and Ionian
and polychrome glazed brickwork showed Greece.
A series erf irrigated ornamental gardens
the influence of Egyptian decoration.
planted on the terraces of the Citadel, the Persian
Code of Hammurabi palace complex in ancient Babylon; regarded A telamon portrayed in Persian dress.
A Babylonian legal code Instituted by as one of the Seven Wonders of the World.
Hammurabi In the mid-16th century Parthian architecture
based on principles absorbed from
The architecture developed under Parthian
Sutnerian culture.
rule in Iran and western Mesopotamia, from

I
the 3r^ century &. to the 3rd century A.P..
combining classical with indigenous
,
features.

Greek architecture Hellenic Etruscan architecture


The architecture of the civilization that Of or pertaining to ancient Greek history, The architecture of the Etruscan people in
flourished on the Greek peninsula, in Asia culture, and art, esp. before the time of west-centra I Italy from the 6 th to 3rd
Minor on the north coast of Africa, and fn Alexander the Great. centuries B.C.. before theriseof Rome. Its
the western Mediterranean until the construction methods, esp, that of the
Mycenaean architecture establishment of Roman dominion in A.D, Hellenistic true stone a re hH influenced later Roman
The architecture of the Aegean civilization 146, characterized by a system of Of or pertaining to Greek history, culture, architecture-
th3t spread its influence from Mycenae in construction based on rules of form and and art from the time of Alexander the
southern Greece to many parts of the proportion. Temples of post-and-tlntel Greats death in 323 B.C. through the 1st
Mediterranean region from about 1600 to construction were continually refined In a century &,t during which Greek dynasties . :
WO 3.Crt characterized by shaft graves, quest for perfection and their design were established in Egypt. Syria, and
monumental beehive totrtbs, and palaces Influenced a wide range of secular, civic Persia, and Greek culture was modified by
fortified with cyclopean walls. buildings. foreign elements. *

4BC
Indian architecture Maurya
The 3 rchitecture of the Indian A member of an ancient Indian people who
subcontinent, from the Indua valley culture united northern India and established an
of the Harappa to the Mauryan era, and empire c520frC:architecture from this
later to periods of foreign domination and period shows the cultural influence of
Indigenous rule, characterized esp. by Hindu Achaemenid Persia and the first use of
and Buddhist monuments, sometimes dressed stone.
sharing the same site, and rhythmic,
stratified multiplication of motffs and

7 profuse carved ornamentation, often


combining the religious &nd the sensuous.

Zhou Taoism Great Wai! of China Qin


A Chinese dynasty, ci030 3.C.-256 B.C.. Chinese philosophy and religion considered *311 commenced under th# Zhou A dynasty In China, 221- 206 frC, marked by
marked by the division of China into next to Confucianism in importance. Based protect China against nomads the emergence of a centralized government
separate feudal states and the emergence on the teachings of the Chinese from the north and serve as a means of and the construction of much of the Great
of Confucianism and Taoism, which gave philosopher, Lao-tzu, C604-531 &./\$ cwfniurticatior. Various sections were built Wall of China. Also, ChJin.
thrust to all subsequent Chinese culture. emphasizes a life of simplicity and and connected until during the Ming
AlsoPChou. noninterference with the course of natural dynasty. 1365-1644, it extended for )300
events in order to attain a happy existence miles (415 km), from southern Kansu
Confucianism in harmony with theTao. Ass religion : province to the coast east of Peking. A
A philosophy that dominated China until dates from AD. 143, becoming popular Rebuilt and refaced repeatedly, it is the Y . T ,
the early 20th century; an ethical system
*.
during the decline of the Harr dynasty and onfy human-made construction visible from
based on the teachings of the Chinese the introduction of Buddhism %o China. outer space.
philosopher, Confucius, C55K470 5
emphasizing lov& for humanity, harmony in Tao
thought and conduct, devotion to family, The Way: the creative principle that Orders
and reverence for parents, including the the universe.
spirits of one's ancestors. *

Olmec architecture Chavin Mochica


The architecture of the Mesoamerican A Peruvian culture lasting from A pre-lncan culture that flourished on the
civilization which flourished cMOO-500 &. tocZOO E-Cn baeed on the worship of the northern coast of Peru from cZOQ B. to
In the tropical lowlands of the Mexican Guff jaguar god and characterized by exceflent A.D. 700, noted for its fine pottery and the
Coast, characterized by temple-pyramids stone sculpture, elaborate qo\A work, and colossal Temple of the Sun. a terraced
and large ceremonial centers. remarkable ceramics: named after the town pyramid made entirely of adobe bricks. Also
of that name in central Feru, where a called Moche.
complex of massive stone bul Wings with
subterranean galleries surround formal
:

courtyards.

129
HISTORY

Classical architecture Medieval architecture


*>e architecture of ancient Greece and The architecture of the European Middle
Rome, on which the Italian Renaissance and Ages, comprising the architecture of the
f .^sequent styles, as the Baroque and the Byzantine, pre-Romanesque, Romanesque,
Classic Revival, based their development and Gothic periods.

Roman architecture Early Christian architecture Middle Ages


The architecture of the ancient Roman The final phase of Roman architecture, The time in European history between
people, characterized by massive brick and following the adoption of Christianity as classical antiquity and the Renaissance,
concrete construction employing such the state religion by Constantine in A.D. 313 often dated from A.D. 476 when Romulus
features as the semicircular arch, tha and lasting until the coronation of Augustulus, the last Roman emperor of the
barrel and groin vaults, and the dome, a Charlemagne in A.D. 800 as emperor of the Western Roman Empire, was deposed, to
simplicity and grandeur of massing often Holy Roman Empire, characterized by about 1500,
combined with elaborate detailing, the .,.., ...,. .... ...........+,-,., ...._ . . . . ...
churches planned for congregational
elaboration of the Greek orders as purely worship, esp. the basilica: coincident with Dark Ages
decorative motifs for the adornment of and related to the rise of Byzantine The early part of the Middle Ages,
facades and interiors, and the use of marble architecture. from about A.D. 476 to c1100.
linings, mosaics, and molded stucco in
interiors. Sassanian architecture Byzantine architecture
The architecture prevalent in Persia under The architecture of the eastern sphere of
Rome the Sassanian dynasty that ruled A.D. 226 the later Roman Empire, developing from
A city in the central part of Italy which, 651, forming a link between the older late Roman and early Christian
according to tradition, was founded by Mesopotamian traditions and the antecedents in the 5th century and
Romulus and Remus in 755 &.C.: ancient Byzantine, and characterized by palaces influencing church building in Greece, Italy,
capital of the Roman Empire and site of with elliptical vaults and domes set on and elsewhere for more than a thousand
Vatican City, the seat of authority of the squinches and stuccoed masonry walls years: characterized by masonry
Roman Catholic Church. articulated by pilasters and cornices. construction, round arches, shallow domes
earned on pendentives, and the extensive
use of rich frescoes, colored glass mosaics,
and marble revetments to cover whole
interiors.

AD1OO##
Gupta Pa I lava Dravidian
The dynasty of the Mauryan empire In A Hindu state established in southern India A style of Indian architecture in the Pallava
northern India, A.D. 320-540, whose court about A.D, 350; contributed to the period, named after the language spoken in
was the center of classical Indian art and expansion of Indian culture into Southeast southern India.
literature: the earliest substantial Asia.
architectural remains are from this period.

Pre-Columbian
Of or pertaining to the Americas
before the voyages of Columbus. '1 > "" f- - L - - - | L -^*j

Me5oamerica
The area extending from central
Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula to
Honduras and Nicaragua in which pre-
Columbian civilizations flourished.
These cultures excelled in astronomy
and the measurement of time, and
shared temple-pyramids and a
pantheon of deities including sun,
wind, and rain gods.
Classic Mayan architecture Zapotec architecture
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerican The architecture of the Mesoamerican The eclectic architecture of the Amerindis'
s from A.D. 100 to 900. civilization of the Yucatan Peninsula. civilization which flourished c500 B.C -
Guatemala, and part of Honduras, from the A.D. 1000 in the highland valley of Oaxaca in
let century A.D to its peak in the dth southern Mexico, assimilating influences
century, characterized by magnificent from the Olmecs and from Teotihuacan
ceremonial centers with temple-pyramids, during the Classic period.
ritual ball courts, spacious plazas, and
palaces with sculptured facades. Tiahuanaco
A pre-lncan culture existing from about
300 e.C. t o AD. 900, chiefly in Peru and
Bolivia, characterized by monolithic stone
carving, polychrome pottery, and bnonze

\: :

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