Professional Documents
Culture Documents
keep castle
The innermost and strongest A fortified group of buildings usually
structure or tower of a medieval dominating the surrounding country and
castle, used as a place of residence, held by a prince or noble in feudal times.
esp. in times of siege. Also called
chapel
-3 tower forming part of a A subordinate or private place of citade!
donjon.
c- structure, frequently worship or prayer within a larger A fortress in a commanding position in or
j some distance above the complex. near a city, used in the control of the
inhabitants and in defense during attack or
siege.
nzan
II overhanging turret on a
; rower, often at a corner or
gateway.
'- .w w J.w . -wi- A I a%a * W f *A .-,- ^ - * * - ^M*. U . -L-
ward
An open space within or
between the walls of a castle.
r/s private chamber in a
cv31 castle. barbican
rn - - . . . s ^ - , - . - . . . . , - . - , . . . . .
An outwork on the a oproach to a castle
II rear door or gate to a fort or town, esp. a watchtower at the gate
pslte. : ,
or drawbridge. Also, barbacan.
enceinte
cessarium
A fortified wall encircling a
: /yofa medieval castle
castle or town, or the place so
rj^astery. Also called
enclosed.
battlement
.,.
crenelated
Having battlements.
' - ; . : - ' : : i
5 ; : ; ^ : :
^ ,
machicolation embrasure
A projecting gallery or parapet at An opening, as a loophole orcrenel,
the top of a castle wall, through which missiles may be
supported by corbeled arches discharged.
and having openings in the floor
through which stones, molten loophole
lead, or boiling oil could be cast A small or narrow o?eningina wall of
upon an enemy beneath. a fortification for t ie discharge of
.. .-. . . . . - . - . . . . . . . . .^. ^ ^ . . . . - . .v.-v.ifj.-.M i i i i ' ; ^ ^ ^ v K
missiles.
* 3*-'
eyelet
^*% A small aperture in the wall of a
medieval castle used as a window or
...:t H^^.
loophole. Also, oillet, oyelet.
hail
rye hall serving as the main or
*
ral gathering space of a
1
I drawbridge
BS*O*
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W.
portcullis *
A strong grating of iron or timber
hung over the gateway of a
fortified place in such a way that AA .v.
-
FOUNDATION
. ' v \
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critical section assumed for shear
- - <age or therma I stresses. 5epa rate or
actual punching shear
footings are required for heavy or
I * *- I
- m
f i t rated loads. Over problem soils, the compression
v must be designed as a mat or raft
. Also called slab on grade. - ft ^ W M __ +r
| tension
course
jyer of coarse granular mate rials placed
_i compacted on undisturbed soil or *<^wW*>v
continuous footing
A reinforced concrete footing extended to
support a row of columns.
grade beam
A reinforced concrete beam supporting a
-w,-.- . . superstructure at or near ground level and
transferring the load to isolated footings,
" 1 y
piers, or piles. Also called ground beam.
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raft mat
A mat providing a footing on yielding soil, A thick, slablike footing of reinforced
usually for an entire building, placed so that concrete supporting a number of columns or
the weight of the displaced soil exceeds the an entire building.
weight of the construction.
ribbed mat
A mat foundation reinforced by a grid of
ribs above or below the slab.
Ttt.rrttttt
-
1O1
FOUNDATION
deep foundation
A foundation system that extends down
through unsuitable soil to transfer building
loads to a more appropriate bearing
anvil
stratum well below the superstructure.
The component of a pile hammer,
pile foundation located just below the ram, that
A system of piles, pile caps, and tie beams transfers the driving force to the pile
for transferring building loads down to a head.
suitable bearing stratum, used esp. when
cushion
the soil mass directly below the
A cap for protecting a pile head as
construction is not suitable for the direct
well as the pile hammer during a
bearing of footings.
driving operation. Also called
cushion block, cushion head.
'iSVii^flmfttf a-MitV>.^:^ r \
J
pile driver
bearing stratum batter pile
p drive band A machine for driving piles, usually
A stratum of soil or rock on which a A
A pile driven at a specified angle A steel band encircling composed of a tall framework
Noting bears, or to which a building to the vertical in order to the head of a timber pile supporting machinery for lifting a pile
load is transferred by a pile or caisson. provide resistance against to prevent it from in position before driving, a driving
lateral forces. splitting when driven. hammer, and vertical rails or leads
Also called pile ring. for guiding the hammer.
pile
A long slender column of wood, steel or
reinforced concrete, driven or
nammered vertically into the earth to
form part of a foundation system.
*?Fm r
end-bearing pile
i
A pile depending principally on the
bearing resistance of soil or rock timber pile
beneath its foot for support The A log driven usually as a friction pile, often
surrounding soil mass provides a fitted with a steel shoe and a drive band to
degree of lateral stability for the long prevent it from splitting or shattering.
compression member. Also called
shoe
point-bearing pile.
The hard, pointed or rounded foot of a
pile or caisson for piercing underlying
allowable pile load
soil Also called drive shoe.
The maximum axial and lateral loads
permitted on a pile, as determined by a precast concrete pile
dynamic pile formula, a static load A precast, often prestressed concrete
test, or a geotechnical investigation of , column having a round, square, or polygonal
the foundation soil. section and sometimes an open core, driver*
into the earth by a pile driver until it meets
pile eccentricity "*" the required resistance.
The deviation of a pile from its plan
J ^ VA'jr'W 1 ^- m m ' ' - ,-. ft- Ti'liih . IOMHHH
location or from the vertical resulting
in a reduction of its allowable load. pipe pile . i_i . . . . . . . . A*- .v
^^ _- f. pivivwr "VWV^B
t -..T.'-J^MW
F ^ -
*
. * '
v
A pile depending principally on the "
- Any of several formulas by which the
-
I-- .
-
ir
I
-
pile hammer to advance the pile foot a
skin friction
-
1
' JT
I specified distance into the subsoil.
The friction developed between the
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. 1 *
i
load on a single pile, usually a fraction of *rt
- -
-
;
the shear strength of the surrounding bad required t o reach a yield point, a point
-i.
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tie beam
A reinforced concrete beam
the horizontal forces from an
loaded pile cap or spread footings
pile caps or footings.
;
: shaft with concrete,
"
bell w
sand pile
The base of 3 caisson enlarged to A bastf fora footing in soft 50\l radti r:
ncrease its bearing area, compacting sand in a cavity left b^ 5 : - r :
pile.
bell bucket T7FTT > _
r
' . : . ; ;
V . '*"
rigid frame
A structural frame of linear members rigidly * * * t - '
fixed frame
connected at theirjoints. Applied loads
A rigid frame connected to its supports
produce axial, bending, and shear forces in
with fixed joints. A fixed frame is more
all members of the frame since the rigid
resistant to deflection than a hinged frame
joints restrain the ends of the members
but also more sensitive to support
am rotating freely. In addition, vertical
settlements and thermal expansion and
oads cause a rigid frame to develop
contraction.
horizontal thrusts at its base, A rigid
frame is statically indeterminate and rigid
only in its plane. Also ca lied moment- * sidesway
resisting frame. / The lateral displacement produced in a rigid
5 frame by lateral loads or asymmetrical
\ vertical loading.
hinged frame
Arigid f ra me conn ected to it s s u pports
with pin joints. The pin joints prevent high
bending stresses from developing by
allowing the frame to rotate as a unit when
strained by support settlements, and to
flex slightly when stressed by changes in
temperature.
three-hinged frame
lictural assembly of two rigid sections
:: 'z:Xedtc each other and to its
A-frame
A building constructed with a steep
e^votts with pin joints. While more
triangular frame resting directly on a
to deflection than either the fixed
foundation.
or *irqed frame, the three-hinged frame is
a s ; affected by support settlements and
r\* stresses. The three pin joints also
: : ~$ frame to be analyzed as a
icafty determinate structure.
KM
FRAME
-
knee
The junction of the top and
either of the uprights of a bent
J J
bent portal
A braced or rigid frame designed to carry A rigid frame of two columns an/i s r
} vertical and lateral loads transverse to the defining a single bay, Also cs
length of 3 framed structure. frame.
1 multJbay frame
A rigid frame having 3 continuous beam
supported by and rigidly connected
L._...
fffVHCtt
[
~ '
or more columns.
/trended truss
-amed be^m structure having vertical
~eu members rigidly connected to parallel multistory frame
:;pand bottom chords. A Vierendeel truss A vertical series of superimposed rigid
5 not a true truss since its members are frames.
subject to nonaxial betiding forces. AI50
j led Vlerendeel girder transfer column
A discontinuous column in 3 multistory
frame, supported at some intermediate
level where its load is transferred to
portal method adjacent columns, \
- method for.analyzing a multistory frame
3S a cantilever dominated by shear racking,
"he portal method assumes that 3 point of
-flection occurs at the midlength of all *
1O5
FRAME
framing light frame construction 'See balloon frame
The act, process, or manner of fitting and A system of construction utilizing closely
joining together relatively slender members spaced and sheathed members of
floor framing
to give shape and support to a structure. dimension lumberor light-gauge metal to platform frame
form the structural elements of a building.
framework roof framing
A skeletal structure of parts fitted and
joined together in order to support, define,
or enclose.
skeleton construction -
A system of construction utilizing a
framework of columns and beams to
transmit building loads down to the
foundation.
secondary beam
Any beam that transmits its foad to a
principal beam.
tertiary beam
Any beam that transmits its load to a
secondary beam.
girder
post-and-beam construction *. _
trabeate
Of or pertaining to a system of
construction employing beams or
lintels. Aisatrabeated.
arcuate
Of or pertaining to a system of
construction empioying arches or
arched forms. Also, arcuated.
im
stilt
One of several piles or posts for
supporting a structure above the
surface of land or water.
106
FRAME
braced frame
A building frame employing a heavy,
framework of solid girts mortised irte
posts the ft/I I height of the fra
studs one story hi^h filling the i
principal rafter - Also called full frame.
straining piece -
queen post
plate-
knee brace
" post
girt
A horizonta I timber connecting the posts of
a braced frame at an intermediate level
above the ground floor
- stud
breasts ummer -
A summer supporting a wall over an
opening, Abo called breast beam. - raised girt
trave Aijirt parallel t o and level with the floor
A crossbeam or a bay formed by joists. Also called flush girt,
dropped girt
A girt set; below the floor Joists it supports.
binder
A principal baatn supporting the end
of two sets of floor joists Also ca Wed
binding beam.
half-timber
Having a timber framework with the spaces
filled with masonry or piaster. Also, half-
timbered,
open-timbered
louver * Constructed so that a framework of
A lantern or turret on the roof of a
medieval building having slatted timbers is exposed-
apertures for the escape of smoke a nd -'in
admission of air solar
A room or apartment on an upper floor of a
thatch
medieval English house. Also, sollar. sofler
A material for covering 2 roof, as straw, :
rushes, or palm leaves, fastened jetty
together so as to shed mter and An upper story of a building projecting
sometimes to provide thermal beyond the one below. Also, j u t t y
insulation. Also, thatching. . . . . - -
pan
A major vertical division of a wall esp
a nogged panel of half-timber
construction. -
t
specify the location of a point on a joins a variable point to thefixe^
1
The axis along which ordinates or y- to a fixed figure or system of lines. system.
:
values a re measured in a Cartesian Cartesian coordinate polar angle
coordinate system. Also called axis Any of the coordinates for locating a The angle formed by the polar
'
of ordinates. point on 3 plane by its distance from axis and a radius vector in a
: i
*
each of two intersecting lines, or In polar coordinate system.
- ^^,... , . K -^^*
space by its distance from each of
z-coordinate ;
three planes intersecting at a point. polar axis
A coordinate determine ; ;
The reference axis from which
;
ord mate
z-axis - i ...
A coordinate determined by
The axis along which z-values are % \
vertical parallel
Perpendicular to the Extending in the same
plane of the horizon. direction, equidistant at all
points, and never converging
or diverging.
oblique
Neither parallel nor skew lines
perpendicular to a given Any lines in space that are
line line or surface. neither parallel nor
A geometric element generated by a horizontal intersecting.
moving point and having extension Parallel toor operating in a plane
without breadth or thickness. parallel to the horizon.
O O O Q O OQGESDE)
angle angle
The space between two lines '* vertex The amount of rotation neeot
diverging from a common point, or The point at which the sides of to bring one line or plane into
within two planes diverging from a an angle intersect. coincidence with another,
common line: the figure so formed. measured in radians or in
degrees, minutes, and
radian
A unit of angular measure eor
to the central angle subtend*
an arc equal in length to the
radius; 360/2n or approx. 57 ?
degree
A unit of angular measure, eagtd
to V360th of a complete angle or
- T
turn, or of the circumference
circle.
m . > * * -f
right angle
An angle of 9Oformed by the minute
perpendicular intersection of The 60th part of a degreem
angular measure.
two straight lines.
\
second
acute angle
The 60th part of a minute of
An angle less than 90,
angular measure.
obtuse angle
An angle greater than 90, but
less than 160
106
GEOMETRY
" ,
GEOMETRY
circle - 1 - - - eccentric
A closed plane curve every point of Not having the same center or center
which is equidistant from a fixed - arc line.
point within the curve. Any part of the circumference of a circle.
off-center
- radius
Not centered or at the center point
A straight line extending from the center of
a circle or sphere to the circumference or
bounding surface,
concentric
* sector Having a common center, as circles or
A plane figure bounded by two radii and the spheres.
included arc of a circle.
centerline
. * * - - -n*
diameter An imaginary line that bisects a plane
A straight line extending through the figure,
center of a circle or sphere and meeting the
* quadrant
circumference or bounding surface at each
An arc of 90, or any of thefour
end.
quarters into which a plane figure is
* center divided by two perpendicular lines,
The point within a circle or sphere equally numbered counterclockwise from the
distant from all points of the circumference upper right
circumference ' or surface, or the point within a regular
The boundary line of a closed curvilinear polygon equally distant from the vertices.
figure, esp. the perimeter of a circle.
curve
P A continuously bending line, without
The symbol n denoting the ratio between angles,
the circumference of a circle and its
diameter, a consta nt equal to 3.14159+.
. concave
Curved inward like the interior of a
circular arc or hollow sphere.
chord - inflection
The straight line segment between A change of curvature from convex to
two points on a given curve. concave or vice versa.
- convex
Curved or rounded outward like the
exterior of a circle or sphere.
* major
The axis passing through the two foci of an cusp
ellipse. A point where two branches of curve
- minor axis meet, end, and are tangent
ellipse
A closed plane curve generated by a point The axis of an ellipse that is perpendicular tangent
moving in such a way that the sums of its to the major axis at a point equidistant Touching at a single point, as a straw"
distances from two fixed points, the foci, is from the foci. line in relation to a curve, or in conta:'
a constant along a single line, as a plane with a
cylinder
%
spiral e volute
A plane curve generated by a The locus of the centers of curvatu'f
point moving around a fixed of, or the envelope of the normals Xc
point while constantly receding another curve,
from or approaching it.
involute
A curve traced by a point on a string i
it is kept taut and unwound from a
parabola stationary cylinder.
iane curve generated by a point so
moving that it remains equidistant from a
line and a fixed point not on the line.
- asymptote
- helix
A three-dimensional curve tracer r
A straight line limiting a curve such that
cylinder or cone by the rotation of a
the perpendiculardistancefrom the curve
point crossing its right sections 5 ; ;
to the line approaches zero as the curve is
constant oblique angle.
extended to infinity.
hyperbola , * * * * w - w H
cycloid
tone curve generated by a point so A curve generated by a point on the
Moving that the difference of the distances circumference of a circle as it rolls
t ; ^xed points in the plane remains along a straight line.
GEOMETRY
" J
Old solid geometry
"ftetowheft
step? to 3 sphere, as an ellipsoid. solid figures and three-dimensional $p*te.
cube
generator A solid bounded by six equal square
An element that generates a sides, the angle between any two
geometric figure, esp, a straight line adjacent faces being a right angle.
cone _ that generates a surface by moving * hexahedron
A solid whose surface Is In a specified fashion, Also called A regular polyhedron having six faces.
generated by a straight line,
the generator, passing through prism
directrix A polyhedron having ends that are
a fixed point, the vertex, and
A fixed line used in the description of parallel congruent polygons and sides
moving along the intersection
a curve or surface that are parallelograms.
with a closed plane curve, the
directrix,
" Platonic solid
right circular cone center One of the five regular polyhedrons:
A cone generated by rotating a The point within a regular polygon tetrahedron, hexahedron, octahedron,
right triangle about one of Its equally distant from the vertices, dodecahedron, or icosahedron.
legs.
edge
A line at ivhich a surface terminates ... * octahedron
at which two surfaces of a solid meet.
A regular polyhedron having e
vertex faces.
A point in a geometric solid common to
three or more
111
CLASS
A hard, brittle, usually transparent
or translucent substance, produced annealed glass
by fusing silica together with a flux Glass that is cooled slowly to relieve
internal stresses.
and a stabilizer into a mass that
noHing molten glass into a plate (rolled Sheet glass having a thickness of
V& in. (3.2 mm). heat and pressure to interlayers of
glass) that is subsequently ground and
polyvinyl butyral resin that retains the
polished after cooling,
- fragments if the glass is broken. Also caller
float glass * safety glass,
A fiat, soda-lime-silica glass that is
security glass
extremely smooth and nearly distortion-
Laminated glass having exceptional tensi!f
free, manufactured by pouring molten _ V
and impact strength, consisting of multiple
glass onto a surface of molten tin --""*~~~
plies of glass bonded under heat and
and allowing it to cool slowly. Float glass
pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral
s the successor to plate glass and
resin.
accounts for the majority of flat-glass 1
bedding -
A thin layerof putty or glazing compound glazing tape
i?id in the rabbet of a window sash to give A preformed ribbon of synthetic rubber
pane of glass an even backing. having adhesive properties and used in
glazing to form a watertight seaf I****
glazier's point glass and frame.
A small, pointed piece of sheet metal for
-oiding a glass pane In a wood sa&h until cap sealant
the face putty has hardened. Also called An adhesive liquid of synthetic rublrer
glazing brad, sprig. injected into the joint between a glass
or unit and a window frame, curing tofarrr 3
putty watertight seal. Also called cap head.
A compound of whiting and Unseed oil of
doughlike consistency when fre$h, used in -. glazing bead
securing windowpanes or patching A wood molding or metal section secured
woodwork defects. heel bead *~- against the edge of a glass pane or unit to
An adhesive l^ufd of synthetic rubber hold It in place. Also called glazing stop.
glazing compound injected between a glass pane or unit and a
An adhesive compound used as putty, glazing bead, curing toform an airtight seal
formulated so as not to become brittle
-vith age.
bfte ** ' i
"1 *-mmm*~ --|" structural sealant
The amount of overlap between the edge A high-strength silicone sealant capable
of a glass pane or unit and a window adhering glass to 3 supporting frame.
frame, stop, or lock-strip gasket.
edge clearance *
The distance between the edge of a glass
pane or unit and a windowframe,
measured in the plane of the glass.
tt3
HARDWARE
""He metal tools, fastenings, and
fittings used in construction.
mail slot
A small opening in an exterior door or wall,
- often with a hinged closer, through which
JMa3 V
kick plate * HV * - - - - r-' "
mail is delivered. Also called letter slot.
A protective metal plate fastened to
the bottom of a door to resist blows
d scratches.
114
HARDWARE
hinge
A jointed device, usually consisting of two
hinge * - .- ^. leaves joined together by a pin, on which a
A butt hinge mortised into the door, gate, or shutter swings, turns, or
abutting surfaces of a door and moves,
door\arr\b.
leaf
half-mortise hinge - - - A hinged, sliding, or otherwise rtwabte
A hin^e having one leaf mortised into part of a door, hinge, or tabletop.
the edge of the door and the other
gain
surface-mounted on the doorframe.
A notch cut in to a surface to receive a
half-surface hinge ^ I of a hinge. Also called sinking,
A hinge having one leaf mortised into knuckle
the doorframe and the other surface- ^ The cylindrical projecting joint of a
mounted on the face of the door.
1 through which the pin passes.
flap hinge . ,__N
A hinge having two leaves surface-
mounted to the adjacent faces of a
door and doorframe. Also called
backflap hinge, full-surface hinge,
butt hinge
A hinge composed of two plates secured
to the abutting 5urfaces of a door and
template hinge Fi doorjamb. Also called butt,
A mortise hinge manufactured to fit
the recess and match the arrangement
of holes of hollow metal doors and - strap hinge
frames. A hinge having two long leaves for
securing to the adjacent fates of 3 door
ball-bearing hinge * anddoorjamb.
A hinge equipped with ball bearings
between the knuckles to reduce friction cross-garnet
a nd ensu re ease of opera tion. A shaped strap hinge with the
crosspiece as the stationary member and
fast-pin hinge the long stem being the movable leaf. Also
A hinge having a nonremovable pin. called T-hinge.
parliament hinge
An H-shaped hinge having a protruding
knuckle so that a door can stand away
loose-joint hinge .. _ _ _ __ _ _ -_._. ^ from the wall when fu lly opened.
A bin^e having a knuckle formed from
half of each leafr with the tipper haff
removable from the pin. Also called
liftoff hinge,
pintle - - paumelle
A pin or bolt on which something turns, A hinge having a Single, pivoting joint.
as the gudgeon of a hinge.
gudgeon
A socket for the pintle of a hinge.
115
HARDWARE
lock lockset latch *
i" * - cylinder
A device for securing a doort draper, or An assembly of parts making up a A device for holding a door A cylindrical device for retaining
lid in position when closed, consisting of complete locking system, including closed, consisting essentially the bolt of a lock until the tumblers
a bolt or combination of bolts propelled knobs, plates and a locking of a bar that falls or slides have been pushed out of its way.
and withdrawn by a key- or combination- mechanism. into a groove or hole.
ope rated mechanism, tumbler
An obstructing part in a lock that
rim lock * prevents a bolt from being
A lock fastened to the face of propelled or withdrawn until it is
a door, as opposed to one moved by the action of a key,
built into its edge. key I" . ^ . < J - - - -
keyway
A slot in a lock for receiving and
doorknob - ., ,, .- * - , s^ guiding a key.
unrt lock The knob-shaped handle ward
A lock housed within a by which a door is A projecting ridge of metal in a
rectangular notch cut into the opened or closed- lock or keyhole that prevents
eAqeofadoor. the insertion of any key that
keyhole ~
mi A hole in a lock case
or escutcheon for
does not have a corresponding
notch.
inserting a key.
rose >"" -- -
faceplate - , A.
doorknob, draper pull, the knob stern, keyhole, or lock deadbolt reversible lock
or light switch. Also, cylinder^ A lock bolt having a square head that A lock having a latchbolt that can
scutcheon. * is moved into position by the turning be reversed for installation in
t
of a knob or key rather than by spring either a right-hand or left-hand
action. Also called deadlock, door
bevel beve!
The oblique end of a latch bolt The side of a lock facing in the
that hits a strike plate. same direction as the bevel at the
end of the latchbolt
spindle *->-* regular bevel
The bar or shaft The bevel of a bolt or lock on a dor
that carries the opening into the building or roovr
knobs and to which the doorway leads.
actuates the latch
or bolt of a lock. "* i r t
reverse bevel
The bevel of a bolt or lock on a door
opening outward from the building
V- or room to which the doorway
latchbolt
A lock bolt having a beveled head leads.
- '
A flush bolt fitted into a mortise in a
door, sliding into a socket in the head or
p The projecting tdofi or run of a the sill.
TOrtzontal bar that spans the strike.
or of an emergency exit door at
coordinator
.' - ; mi that opens the latch box strike A device for ensuring that the inactive
::pl\&L Also A metal box recessed into a leaf of a pair of doors is permitted to
- ic bcrft panic hardware doorjamb to receive the end of a close before the active leaf.
lock bolt when the door *s closed (
116
HEAT
temperature A form of energy associated with t t e
A measure of the warmth or random motion of atoms or
coWness of a substance, object, or 212 100 373 molecules, capable of being
environment with reference to transmitted by convection,
some standard value, 194 90 363 conduction, or radiation and CAL? -.;
thermometer 176 30 353 substances to rise in temperature,
An instrument for measuring fuse, expand, ore^aporase
tempera hire, consisting typically 158 70 343
of a glass tube with a numbered
scale and a bulb containing a liquid, 140 60 333
35 mercury, that rises and falls -
7,0
with changes in temperature. 122 50
u
104 40 313
30 303
British thermal unit -
The quantity of heat required 63 20 293
to raise the temperature of one
pound (0.4 kg) of water 1F. -*
50 10 233
kelvin
Abbr: fttu
52 273 The base &i unit of temperature equal to
therm 7273.16 of the triple point of water.
A unit of heat equal to 100.000 14 -10 263 Symbol: K
Sritish thermal units.
-4 -20 255 triple point
The particular temperature and pressure at
which the liquid, qaseous, and solid phases
of a substance can exist In equilibrium.
heat capacity - ,
The quantity erf heat required to i gaseous phaes (steam)
125
raise the temperature of a j
substance by one deqree. | l
WO
specific heat latent heat
Heat capacity per unit mass of
3 substance: the number of Btu
-
4
i
The quantity of heat absorbed or released
l?ya substance during a change In phassat
required to rai5 the constant temperature and pressure.
temperature of one pound of a liquid phase (water)
substance tF,or the number of sensible heat
calories per $ ram per decree i
The quantity erf heat absorbed or released
centigrade. by a substance during a change in
I
temperature without a change in phase.
time
117
HEAT
conduction
The transfer of heat from the warmer to
the cooler particles of a medium or of
two bodies in direct contact, occurring
without perceptible displacement of the
particles themselves. * ** \
radiation '
The process in which energy in the form of
waves or particles is emitted by one body,
passed through an intervening medium or
space, and absorbed by another body.
-~e
thermal break ~
An element of low thermal
conductivity placed in an assembly to
reduce the flow of heat between highly
conductive materials. Also called a jji i ii^M^i^^MM^*^W^
weather strip . -
thermal barrier A strip of metal, felt, vinyl, or foam rusrf *
infiltration placed between a door or window sasH and
- The flow of outside air into an Interior space its frame to provide a seal against
- -
through cracks around windows and doors windblown rain and air infiltration. Also.
or other openings in the envelope of a weather stripping.
building.
118
HEAT
airway thermal insulation
The passageway required for the A material providing high resists nee to
circulation of air between batt heat flow, as mineral wool, vermicuftte.
mineral wool insulation and roof sheathing. foamed plastic, fabricated In the form of
Any of various lightweight Jnorganic, batts, blankets, boards, or loose
fibrous materials used e$p. for thermal
and sound Insulation, as glass woo! and
rock wool.
glass wool battinsuiation K weatherize
Spun glass fibers resembling wool and Flexible, fibrous thermal insulation of * To make a house or building secure
used for thermal insulation and air glass or mineral wool made In various against cold or stormy weather, as by
filters. thicknesses and lengths and in 16-ii. adding thermal Insulation or storm
(406 mm) or 24-in. (610 mm) widths to windows, or by sealing joints.
fiberglass fit between studs, joists, and rafters in
A material consisting of extremely fine light wood frame construction,
f ifament5 of glass, woven into fabric, sometimes faced with a vapor retarder
massed for use as a thermal and of kraft paper, metal foil, or plastic
acoustical insulator or embedded to sheet. Batt insulation is also as a
reinforce various materials. component in sound-insulating
Fibcrglas construction. Also called blanket
insulation.
Trademark for a brand of fiberglass
extruded polystyrene
A rigid polystyrene foam having a
closed-cell structure and used as insulation -
_J
119
HEAT
thermal comfort
Human comfort as determined by the
ability of the body to dissipate the
effective temperature
heat and moisture it produces by
A temperature representing the combined
metabolic action.
effect of ambient temperature, relative
humidity, and air movement on the
sensation of warmth or cold felt by the 200
human body, equivalent to the dry-bulb
temperature of still air at 50% relative
humidity which induces an identical
sensation, * *
' WO
wet-bulb temperature
The temperature recorded by the
wet-bulb thermometer in a
psych ro meter.
-120
dew point * humidity ratio
The temperature at which air The ratio of the mass of water
becomes saturated with water vapor to the mass of dry air in a
vapor Also called dew-point mixture of air and water vapor.
temperature. Also called mixing ratio.
comfort zone - ~
The range of dry-bulb
temprature, relative humidity,
mean radiant temperature,
and air movement judged to be
comfortable by a majority of enthalpy
Americans and Canadians A measure of the total heat
tested. This comfort zone contained in a substance, equal
varies with climate, the to the internal energy of the
sea son of the yea r, the type of substance plus the product of its
clothing worn, and the activity volume and pressure. The
level of the individual Also 0 enthalpy of air is equal to the
called comfort envelope. sensible heat of the air and the
40F
i
water vapor present in the air
plus the latent heat of the water
J
psychrometric chart dry-bulb temperature '- relative humidity *- vapor, expressed in 3tu per pound |
A chart relating the wet-bulb and dry-bulb The temperature recorded by the dry- The ratio of the amount of water vapor (kilojoules per kilogram) of dry a -
readings from a psych rometer to relative bulb thermometer in a psychrometer actually present in the air to the maximum Also called heat content.
humidity, absolute humidity, and dew point. amount that the air could hold at the same
psychrometer temperature, expressed as a percentage.
An instrument for measuring Abbr.: rh
atmospheric humidity, consisting of
two thermometers, the bulb of one absolute humidity
being dry and the bulb of the other The mass of water vapor present in a unit
being kept moist and ventilated so that volume of air
the cooling that results from
evaporation makes it register a lower
specific humidity
temperature than the dry one, with the The ratio of the mass of water vapor in air
difference between the readings being a to the total mass of the mixture of air and
water vapor.
measure of atmospheric humidity.
hygrometer adiabatic heating
Any of various instruments for measuring A rise in temperature occurring without 'rt
the humidity of the atmosphere. addition or removal of heat, as when excess
water vapor in the air condenses and the
latent heat of vaporization of the water
vapor is converted to sensible heat in the
air.
mean radiant temperature
The sum of the temperatures of the
surrounding walls, floor and ceiling of a
room, weighted according to the solid angle
subtended by each at the point of
measurement. Mean radiant temperature is
important to thermal comfort since the
human body receives radiant heat from or
loses heat by radiation to the surrounding
surfaces if their mean radiant temperature
is significantly higher or lower than the air
temperature.
evaporative cooling
A drop in temperature occurring without
the addition or removal of heat, ae whe^
water evaporates and the sensible heato
radiant heat " '"""
the liquid is converted to latent heat to tl
Heat energy transmitted by the radiation
vapor. Also called adiabatfc cooling
of electromagnetic waves in contrast to
heat transmitted by conduction or
convection.
12O
HEAT
mechanical system
Any of the systems that provide essen:;
services to 3 building, as water supply,
thimble sewage disposal, electric power, heating
A protective sleeve of sheet ventilation, air-condittoning, vertical
metal passing through the wall transportation, or fire fighting.
of a chimney, for holding the
end of d stovepipe. r?
stovepipe I
A pipe, usually of sheet metal, . 1
serving 35 a stove chimney or I I
connecting a stove with a space heating
chimney flue. The heating of a limited area, as a room,
vent *
A pipe by which products of
combustion ar& carried from a
furnaceorotherappllanceto the
outside.
- heating medium
A fluid substance as warm air, hot water,
or st&am. capable of conveying heat from 3
to the space being heated.
thermostat
A device that automatically responds
to changes in temperature and
activates switches controlling such
equipment as furnaces, refrigerators,
and air conditioners.
combustion air -
The air quired for thermocouple
combustion of fuel In a A device for measuring temperature In
furnace. which 3 pair of dissimilar metals, as
copper and iron, a re Joined so that a
potential drfference#nerated between
the points of contact is a measure of
the temperature difference between
the points,
bimetallic element
A material made by bonding two
metallic strips having different
coefficients of expansion, used in
temperature-Indicating and
i i i i . . . A ' L V . L A V / A : ' _" .
temperature-controlling devices. * - -
In a low attic or crawl space. produced, as for heating a house or enclosed space, expressed In EHu per
producing steam. hour and used as the basis for &
selecting a heating unit or 5y$tem.
dec trie furnace
A furnace in which the heat required is heating degree day
s produced through electricity.
gas furnace
A degree-day below the standard
temperature of 65F (I^C), used in
estlmatlmj fuel or power
I
A furnace using gas as a fuel. consumption by a heating system.
oil burner degree day
A furnace or boiler that burns fuel oil. A unit that represents one degree of
-
conversion burner departure in the mean daily outdoor
A burner design^ for installation \n a temperature from a given standard
wall furnace
furnace that originally used another temperature.
A furnace recessed in or mounted on a
wall and supplying heated air directly fuel.
to 3 space without the use of ducts.
121
HEAT
forced warm-air heating
A system for heating a building by
means of air heated in a furnace and
n 1 *
duct
A pipe or conduit of sheet metal or
fiberglass for conducting heated or
distributed by a fan through conditioned air. Also called air duct,
ductwork to registers or diff users. -
ductwork
A system of ducts, connectors, and
dampers for conveying air in a heating,
extended plenum system * - return grille ventilating, or air-conditioning system
A perimeter heating system in *:>%>:;- A grille through which return Also called ducting.
which a main duct conveys warm ! air is withdrawn from an air-
air to a number of branch ducts, conditioned space.
each serving a single floor
register - cold-air return
A duct for conveying cool air
back to a furnace for reheating.
. . - . . . - .
' - : ' / "
stack
bonnet A vertical duct for conveying
A chamber at the top of a hot- warm air from a leader to a
air furnace from which the register on an upper floor.
leaders emerge. Also called
plenum. chase
A continuous space or recess
leader * built into a wall or through a floor
A duct for conveying warm air for pipes or ducts.
from a furnace to a stack or
branch duct. Also called main,
trunk.
manifold
,
, . . .- flexible duct
A pliable, airtight fitting installed
between two ducts, or between a fa n
and a duct, to prevent the
transmission of noise and vibration
along the ductwork.
perimeter heating perimeter loop system perimeter radial system duct liner
A heating system that distributes A perimeter heating system in which a A perimeter heating system in A fiberglass blanket for lining the in5K
warm air to registers placed in or loop of ductwork, usually embedded in which a leader from a centrally of a duetto reduce noise and server
near the floor along exterior walls. a concrete ground slab, distributes located furnace carries warm air thermal insulation. * I
warm air to each floor register. directly to each floor register.
Yiyi
<
,y
* *
-EAT
hot-wster heating
.
venturi tee A system for hea:' j 3
A special fitting used in 3 one-pipe system water heated In a toteranc ; - ; * by?
to Induce the flow of water from a return pump through pipes to radiators or
branch into the supply main. convectors. Also called hydronic
steam heating
bucket trap A system for heating a building bj wu
steam generated in a boil --
A valve for eliminating afr and
condensed moisture from a radiator through pipes to radiators.
UML without allowing steam to escape.
Also called steam trap.
radiator one-pipe system
A heating device consisting of a bleeder A hot-water heating system in which a
series or coil of pipes through A valve for draining a pipe, radiator, single pipe supplies hot water from a barter
Mch hot water or steam passes. or ta nk. Also called bleeder valve. to each radiator or converter in sequence.
direct return *
A two-pipe hot-water system in
which the return pipe from each
radiator or corrector takes the
shortest route back to the boiler
dry return
A return pipe in a steam-heating
system that carries both air and
water of condensation.
fi
contractor fin tube safety valve
A heating unit in which afr heated A type of radiator having horizontal A relief valve that opens when actuated
by contact with a radiator or fin tubes with closely spaced vertical by a gas or vapor pressure above 3
tube circulates by convection. fins to maximize heat transfer to predetermined We!, allowing the gas or
the surrounding air. vapor to escape until its pressure is
reduced to a safe or acceptable level
relief valve
A valve that opens when actuated by
static pressure above a predetermined
level In order to reduce the pressure to ft,
boiler *
baseboard heater petcock * A closed vessel or arrangement of vessels
A long, narrow hydranic or electric A small faucet or valve for draining or and tubes in which water is heated or
con vector designed for installation releasing compression in pipes, radiators, steam is generated to supply heat or
along the base of a wall. and boilers. power,
electric heat
Heat generated by the resistance of a
conductor to the flow of electric current.
panel heating
Th radiant heating of a room or building by
means of wall( floor, baseboard, or celling
panels containing electrical conductors,
hot-water pipes, or hot-air ducts.
unit heater
A self-contained electric or gas-fired space
heater, consisting of a heating element, fan,
and a directional outlet-
space heater
A device for heating the space in which it is
located, esp- a unit that has no externa
heating ducts or connection to a chimney.
quartz heater
An electric space heater having heating radiant heating
elements sealed in quartz-glass tubes that A system for heating by radiation from a
produce infrared radiation in front of a surface, esp. one that Is heated by
reflective backing. of electric resistance or hot water.
123
HEAT
air conditioning air conditioner load
A system or process for simultaneously Any device or apparatus for controlling, The demand placed on a heating, ventilating,
controlling the temperature, humidity, esp. lowering, the temperature and or air-conditioning system in order to
purity, distribution, and motion of the air humidity of a space. maintain the desired conditions of thermal
in an interior space, esp. one capable of comfort in a building.
cooling. packaged air conditioner
A factory-assembled air conditioner having cooling load
a fan, filters, compressor, condenser, and The hourly rate of heat gain in an enclosed
evaporator coils for cooling. For heating, space, expressed in f3tu per hour and used
the unit may operate as a heat pump or as the basis for selecting an air-
contain auxiliary heating elements. conditioning unit or system.
cooling degree-day
co mpressive refrigeration expansion valve A degree-day above the standard
A refrigeration process in which cooling A valve that reduces the pressure and temperature of 75F (24c), used in
is effected by the vaporization and evaporation temperature of a refrigerant estimating energy requirements for air-
expansion of a liquid refrigerant. as it flows to the evaporator ;.- conditioning and refrigeration.
cooling medium
A fluid substance, as chilled water or cool
^^. ^^^^^^^^^^rfflpp^^p* ^^*^^^w* ^F air, for removing heat, as from the interior
spaces of a building.
heat sink
A medium or environment for the
absorption or dissipation of unwanted
heat pump heat
A device that uses a compressible indoors outdoors indoors outdoors-
refrigerant to transfer heat from one
reservoir to another, with the process
being reversible so that it ca n be used for
both heating and cooling a building. .
compressor compressor
aline solution
heat exchanger % . - . - - w - F - _ B . H -& J -* If i t ' A - ^ W^l'P* ** # "A - * % * ! + u r >
saline solution
124
HEAT
central a - ;;
An ~.m
means of fans sr
-
HVAC
Abbreviation for h e a : ^ ,
air conditioning.
.. cooling tower
A structure, usually on the roof of a
building, in which heat is extracted from
water that has been used for cooling.
conditioned air
returner
^ ' ^
blower ._.
A fan for supplying sir at a
moderate pressure, as to
supply forced drafts in a damper
heating or air-conditioning A movable plate for regulating the
system. draft in an air outlet, air duct, or
humidifier the throat of a fireplace,
A device for maintaining or
increasing the amount of hating unit .
water vapor in the air of a
room or building. cooling unit - j exhaust air
The air exhausted from an interior
space to the outside.
pump ^ f .. p^r
fresh air
A machine that raises, Outdoor air drawn in for treatment
transfers, or compresses in an air-conditioning system. Also
fluids or gases by the suction
called outside a i r
or pressure produced by a
piston, plunger, or set of
rotating vanes. . air-handling unit
An air-conditioning assembly containing the fans,
filters, and other components iec6S53ry to treat
chilled water plant -
and distribute conditioned air to an entire building
A room containing one or more
or to specific zones within the building,
chillers and pumps forair-
conditjoninga building.
* filter
chiller A porous substa nee or mass, as
A device employing the cloth or 3 laj^tff charcoal, through
compr55ive refrigeration which a gas or liquid is passed to
cycle to chill the water used in remove suspended impurities or to
cooling a building. recover solids.
preheater
A coil for heating air that Is below
32F (OC) to a temperature mechanical equipment room
Mer for producing hot Any room containing permanently
slightly above freezing, in advance
water or steam installed machinery and equipment for
of Other
the mechanical systems of a building.
125
HEAT
all-water system . . ^ ~ ~ - i - - - - -
supply pipe
-- sir-conditioning system in which either A pipe for conveying hot or chilled
hot or chilled water is piped to fan-coil water from the boiler or chilled-
units in the served spaces, where air is water plant to a fan-coil unit.
circulated locally.
return pipe
two-pipe system _- _
A pipe for conveying water from a
An all-water system in which one fan-coil unit to the boiler or chilled-
pipe supplies the hot or chilled water plant
water to fan-coil units, and the
other pipe returns it to the boiler terminal unit
or chilled water plant Any of various devices for delivering a
heating or cooling medium to a space.
four-pipe system - . -. . . * * . _ - - * -
fan-coil unit
separate hot-water and chilled- A terminal unit containing an air filter,
water piping circuits provide for heating or cooling coils, and a centrifugal
simultaneous heating and cooling fan for drawing in a mixture of room air and
as needed in various zones of a outside air
building.
coil
A connected series of pipes or tubing in
all-air system rows or layers, often having fins attached
An air-conditioning system in which central to dissipate heat
fans distribute conditioned air to the
served spaces by means of ductwork.
1
single-duct system m, O -I* - *.
variable-air-volume system
An all-air system in which a
thermostatically controlled mixing box
variable-volume box regulates A chamber for proportioning and blending
the quantity of conditioned air cold and warm air under thermostatic
supplied to each zone, control to reach the desired temperature.
"..
dual-duct system - . v . -w . . . - . * .
_:
HEAT
vent ventilate
An opening as in a wall, serving as an To provides re;
outlet for air, smoke, fumes, or the like replace air thattosbeer,
contaminated,
.
natural ventilation
The process of vent^rKj 3 space
the natural movement of air rat
than by mechanical
I
I
I
"
.
I
I _ .--''
:
chimney effect
The tendency of air or gas in a
- shaft or other vertical space to
rise when heated, cresting a
draft that draws in cooler air or
air change gas from below,
The replacement of the volume of air
contained within a room with an equivalent
volume of fresh air within a given period of
time. The terin air changes-per-hour
often used to specify ventilation
standards
cross ventilation
The circulation of fresh air through
open windows, doors, or other
openings on opposite sides of a room.
t-_ L L 1
I I
11
mechanical ventilation
The process of supplying fresh air to a
building or removing stale air from it by
mechanical means, as with fans.
M B M M + M J L a-.-x-r::: r:v-:-H*4M
I J- _! |t
fan
A device that rotates an array of blades
or vanes about an axis In order to produce
/ / Y/SA
a current of air.
WA
plenum ventilation exhaust fan :
127
HISTORY
A systematic, often chronological
narrative of significant events as
Mesopotamia Sumerian architecture Egyptian Architecture
relating to a particular people, An ancient region in western Asia The architecture developed by the The architecture of the ancient civilization
country, or period, often including between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerians who dominated southern that flourished along the Nile River in
an explanation of their causes. comprising the lands of Sumer and Akkad Mesopotamia from the 4th to the end of northwest Africa from before 3000 B.C. to
and occupied successively by the the 3rd millennium B.C., characterized by its annexation by Rome in 30 B.C.,
civilization Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, and monumental temples of sun-dried brick characterized esp. by the axial planning of
An adva need state of h u ma n society Persians: now part of Iraq. faced with burnt or glazed brick, often massive masonry tombs and temples, the
marked by a relatively high level of cultural, built upon the ruins of their use of trabeated construction with precise
Fertile Crescent predecessors. stonework, and the decoration of battered
technical, and political development An agricultural region arching from the walls with pictographic carvings in relief, A
society eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea Sumer preoccupation with eternity and the
An enduring and cooperating large-scale in the west to Iraq in the east: the An ancient region in southern afterlife dominated the building of these
community of people having common location of humankind's earliest cultures. Mesopotamia, where a number of funerary monuments ar\d temples, which
traditions, institutions, and identity, independent cities and city-states were reproduced the features of domestic
whose members have developed collective established as early as 5000 B.C. A architecture but on a massive scale using
interests and beliefs through interaction number of its cities, as Eridu, Uruk, and stone for permanence-
with one another Urp are major archeologicaI sites.
culture tell
The integrated pattern of human An artificial mound accumulated from the ::
knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors built up by remains of one or more ancient
S
a group of human beings and transmitted settlements: often used in the Middle s
from one generation to the next.
CatalHuyuk East as part of a place name. . 5rr'
Stone Age
T
heearliest known period of human
culture, preceding the Bronze Age and
the Iron Age and characterized by the
use of stone implements and weapons,
Neolithic
Of or relating to the last phase of the
Stone Age, characterized by the
cultivation of grain crops, Yang-shao Xia Chinese architecture
domestication of animals, settlement A Neolithic culture in China centered A legendary dynasty in China, 2205- The indigenous architecture of a vast
of villages, manufacture of pottery and around the fertile plains of the Yellow 1766 B.C. Also, Hsfa. country in eastern Asia whose civilization
textiles, and use of polished stone River, characterized by pit dwellings and has continually evolved and survived longe*
implements: thought to have begun 5 hang than any other nation in the world. Despite
fine pottery painted in geometric
zeOOO-dOOOB.C. A Chinese dynasty, C1600 B.C-1030 B.C.,
designs. the marked diversity in the architecture ;
marked by the introduction of writing, the
various regions caused by differences in
development of an urban civilization, and a
geographic and climatic conditions, a unicpr
mastery of bronze casting. Also, Yin.
system of wood frame construction
gradually took shape over several millenri
of innovation and synthesis and exerted 5
profound influence over the architecture of
Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia.
Preclassic
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerican culture
J3
- Tfe* from 2200 B.C.tO A.D. 100.
Ws
Lasca ux Cave
-. - ^3zC3tix, France, containing
;- :oo-6500 5.c.
HISTORY
4BC
Indian architecture Maurya
The 3 rchitecture of the Indian A member of an ancient Indian people who
subcontinent, from the Indua valley culture united northern India and established an
of the Harappa to the Mauryan era, and empire c520frC:architecture from this
later to periods of foreign domination and period shows the cultural influence of
Indigenous rule, characterized esp. by Hindu Achaemenid Persia and the first use of
and Buddhist monuments, sometimes dressed stone.
sharing the same site, and rhythmic,
stratified multiplication of motffs and
courtyards.
129
HISTORY
AD1OO##
Gupta Pa I lava Dravidian
The dynasty of the Mauryan empire In A Hindu state established in southern India A style of Indian architecture in the Pallava
northern India, A.D. 320-540, whose court about A.D, 350; contributed to the period, named after the language spoken in
was the center of classical Indian art and expansion of Indian culture into Southeast southern India.
literature: the earliest substantial Asia.
architectural remains are from this period.
Pre-Columbian
Of or pertaining to the Americas
before the voyages of Columbus. '1 > "" f- - L - - - | L -^*j
Me5oamerica
The area extending from central
Mexico and the Yucatan Peninsula to
Honduras and Nicaragua in which pre-
Columbian civilizations flourished.
These cultures excelled in astronomy
and the measurement of time, and
shared temple-pyramids and a
pantheon of deities including sun,
wind, and rain gods.
Classic Mayan architecture Zapotec architecture
Of or pertaining to Mesoamerican The architecture of the Mesoamerican The eclectic architecture of the Amerindis'
s from A.D. 100 to 900. civilization of the Yucatan Peninsula. civilization which flourished c500 B.C -
Guatemala, and part of Honduras, from the A.D. 1000 in the highland valley of Oaxaca in
let century A.D to its peak in the dth southern Mexico, assimilating influences
century, characterized by magnificent from the Olmecs and from Teotihuacan
ceremonial centers with temple-pyramids, during the Classic period.
ritual ball courts, spacious plazas, and
palaces with sculptured facades. Tiahuanaco
A pre-lncan culture existing from about
300 e.C. t o AD. 900, chiefly in Peru and
Bolivia, characterized by monolithic stone
carving, polychrome pottery, and bnonze
\: :