Homework # 2

Ch.3 # 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 31, 33, 38, 40, 45

Dr. Ray Kwok

SJSU
Fall 2013
3.21 4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2
A causal LTI system has the following system function: H ( z) =
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )
(a) What is the ROC for H(z)?

Poles at z = 0.25 and -0.5.

Causal system implies Right-Sided-Sequence.
So, ROC is |z| > 0.5

(b) Determine if the system is stable or not.

Stable because the ROC contain the unit-circle.

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 2

3.21
(c) Determine the difference equation that is satisfied by the input x[n] and the output y[n].

Y ( z) 4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2

H ( z) = =
X ( z ) (1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 ) 1 + 0.25 z 1 0.125 z 2
Y ( z ) + 0.25 z 1Y ( z ) 0.125 z 2Y ( z ) = 4 X ( z ) + 0.25 z 1 X ( z ) 0.5 z 2 X ( z )

Take the inverse z-transform:

y[ n] + 0.25 y[n 1] 0.125 y[n 2] = 4 x[ n] + 0.25 x[ n 1] 0.5 x[n 2]

y[ n] = 0.125 y[n 2] 0.25 y[ n 1] + 4 x[ n] + 0.25 x[ n 1] 0.5 x[n 2]

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 3

3.21
d) Use a partial fraction expansion to determine the impulse response h[n].

4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 B C
H ( z) = = A + +
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 ) 1 0.25 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1

Term A is there because both polynomials in the numerator and denominator are
the same order. Now cross multiply:
4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 = A(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 ) + B (1 + 0.5 z 1 ) + C (1 0.25 z 1 )
4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 = A + 0.25 z 1 A 0.125 z 2 A + B + 0.5 z 1 B + C 0.25 z 1C
Collect like terms (of z):
4 = A+ B +C
0.25 = 0.25 A + 0.5 B 0.25C
0.5 = 0.125 A 1 1
H ( z) = 4 +
1 0.25 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1
A=4 z > 0.5
B = C h[n] = 4 [n] 0.25n u[n] + (0.5) n u[n]
0.25 = 0.25(4) + 0.5 B 0.25( B )
B = 1
C =1

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 4

3.21
(e) Find Y(z), the z-transform of the output, when the input is x[n] = u[-n-1]. Be sure to specify the
ROC for Y(z).

x[ n] = u[n 1] left-sided-sequence
1
X ( z) = ROC: |z| < 1
1 z 1

4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2
H ( z) = ROC: |z| > 0.5
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z)
4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 1
Y ( z) =
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 ) 1 z 1
4 0.25 z 1 + 0.5 z 2
Y ( z) = ROC: 0.5 < |z| < 1
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )(1 z 1 )

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 5

3.21
(e) Find Y(z), the z-transform of the output, when the input is x[n] = u[-n-1]. Be sure to specify the
ROC for Y(z).

x[ n] = u[n 1] left-sided-sequence
1
X ( z) = ROC: |z| < 1
1 z 1

4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2
H ( z) = ROC: |z| > 0.5
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z)
4 + 0.25 z 1 0.5 z 2 1
Y ( z) =
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 ) 1 z 1
4 0.25 z 1 + 0.5 z 2
Y ( z) = ROC: 0.5 < |z| < 1
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )(1 z 1 )

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 6

3.21
(f) Find the output sequence y[n] when the input is x[n]=u[-n-1].

4 0.25 z 1 + 0.5 z 2 A B C
Y ( z) = = + +
(1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )(1 z 1 ) 1 0.25 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1 1 z 1
4 0.25 z 1 + 0.5 z 2 = A(1 + 0.5 z 1 )(1 z 1 ) + B (1 0.25 z 1 )(1 z 1 ) + C (1 0.25 z 1 )(1 + 0.5 z 1 )
4 = A+ B +C
0.25 = 0.5 A 1.25 B + 0.25C
0.5 = 0.5 A + 0.25 B 0.125C

A = B = 1 / 3
C = 10 / 3
1/ 3 1/ 3 10 / 3
Y (z) =
1 0.25 z 1 1 + 0.5 z 1 1 z 1
0.5 < z < 1
1
y[n] = (0.25)n u[n] 1 ( 0.5)n u[n] + 10 u[n 1]
3 3 3

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 7

3.24
Consider an LTI system that is stable and for which H(z), the z-transform of the impulse
response is given by: 3
H ( z) =
1
1 + z 1
3
Suppose x[n], the input to the system, is a unit step sequence.
(a) Determine the output y[n] by evaluating the discrete convolution of x[n] and h[n].

3
H ( z) =
1
1 + z 1
3
n
1
h[n] = 3 u[ n]
3

y[ n] = h[n] x[ n] = h[k ]x[n k ]
k =

k k
1 n
1
y[ n] = 3 u[ k ]u[n k ] = 3
k = 3 k =0 3

y[ n] =
( )
3 1 ( 1 / 3) n +1 9
( )
= 1 ( 1 / 3) n+1 ; ( n 0)
1 ( 1 / 3) 4

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 8

3.24
(b) Determine the output y[n] by computing the inverse z-transform of Y(z).

x[n] = u[n]
1
X ( z) =
1 z 1
3 1 3/ 4 9/4
Y ( z) = H ( z) X ( z) = 1
= + 1
1 + z 1 1 z 1 + z 1 1 z
1 1
3 3

3 1
n
9 9 1 1 n
y[ n] = u[ n] + u[n] = u[ n]1 +
4 3 4 4 3 3

y[ n] =
9
4
( )
1 ( 1 / 3) n +1 u[ n]

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 9

3.26
1 z2
X ( z) = =
Consider a right-sided sequence x[n] with z-transform
( )( )
1 az 1 1 bz 1 ( z a )( z b )

In Section 3.3, we considered the determination of x[n] by carrying out a partial fraction
expansion, with X(z) considered as a ratio of polynomials in z-1. Carry out a partial
fraction expansion of X(z), considered as a ratio of polynomials in z, and determine x[n]
from this expansion.

z2 B C
X ( z) = = A+ +
(z a )(z b ) ( z a ) (z b )
z 2 = A(z a )(z b ) + B(z b ) + C (z a )
z2 a 2 /(a b) b 2 /(a b)
0 = Aab Bb Ca X ( z) = = 1+
(z a )(z b ) (z a ) (z b )
0 = Ab Aa + B + C
1 a 2 z 1 b 2 z 1
1= A X ( z) = 1 +
(
a b 1 az 1 ) (
1 bz 1 )
a2 b2
C=
b 2
x[n] = [n] +
ab
n 1
(
a u[n 1]
ab
) (
b n 1u[n 1] )
ba
a2 x[n] = [n] +
1
ab
( )
a n +1 b n +1 u[n 1]
B=
a b

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 10

3.27
Determine the unilateral z-transform, including the ROC, for each of the following sequence.

a) [n]

X ( z ) = x[n]z n = [n]z n = 1 ROC: all z
n=0 n =0

b) [n-1]

X ( z ) = x[n]z n
= [n 1]z n = z 1 ROC: z 0
n =0 n =0

c) [n+1]

X ( z ) = x[n]z n
= [n + 1]z n = 0 ROC: all z
n =0 n =0

d) (1/2)nu[n]
n n
1 1 1
X ( z ) = x[n]z n = u[n]z = =
n
ROC: |z| >
n =0 n =0 2 n =0 2 z 1 0.5 z 1

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 11

3.27
e) -(1/2)nu[-n-1]
n
1
X ( z ) = x[n]z n
= u[n 1]z n = 0 ROC: all z
n =0 n =0 2

f) (1/2)nu[-n]
n
1
X ( z ) = x[n]z n
= u[n]z n = 1 ROC: all z
n =0 n=0 2

g) [(1/2)n + (1/4)n]u[n]

1 n 1 n

1 1
n n
1 1
X ( z ) = x[n]z = + u[n]z = + =
n n
1
+ 1
n=0 n = 2 4
n = 0
2 z 4 z
1 0. 5 z 1 0. 25 z
1
2 0.75 z
X ( z) =
( )(
1 0.5 z 1 1 0.25 z 1 ) ROC: |z| > 1/2

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 12

3.27
h) (1/2)n-1 u[n-1]

n 1 n

1
1 z 1
X ( z ) = x[n]z n
= u[n 1]z = 2 =
n
ROC: |z| >
n=0 n =0 2 n =1 2 z 1 0.5 z 1

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 13

3.29
For each of the following difference equations and associated input and initial conditions,
determine the response y[n] for n 0 by using unilateral z-transform
a) y[n] + 3 y[n 1] = x[n]
n
1
x[n] = u[n]
2
y[1] = 1
n
1
y[ n ] + 3 y[ n 1] = u [ n ]
2
{
Y ( z ) + 3 y[ 1] + z 1Y ( z ) = } 1
1 0 .5 z 1
1
Y ( z ) + 3 + 3 z 1Y ( z ) =
1 0 . 5 z 1
(1 + 3 z )Y ( z ) = 1 01.5 z
1
1
3

1 3 1/ 7 6/7 3 1/ 7 15 / 7
Y (z) = = + =
( )(
1 0 . 5 z 1 1 + 3 z 1 ) (
1 + 3 z 1 ) (
1 0 .5 z 1 ) (
1 + 3 z 1) ( ) (
1 + 3 z 1 ) (
1 0 . 5 z 1 1 + 3 z 1 )
1
y[ n ] = (0 .5 ) u [ n ]
7
n 15
7 7
[ ]
( 3 )n u[ n ] = 1 (0 .5 )n 15 ( 3 )n u[ n ] n0

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 14

3.29
b) 1 1
y[n] y[n 1] = x[n] x[n 1]
2 2
x[n] = u[n]
y[1] = 0

1 1
y[n] y[n 1] = u[n] u[n 1]
2 2
1
2
{ }
Y ( z ) y[1] + z 1Y ( z ) =
1
1 z 1
1
u[1] + z 1
2
1

1 z 1
1 0.5 z 1
( 1
)
1 0.5 z Y ( z ) =
1 z 1
1
Y (z) =
1 z 1
y[n] = u[n] n0

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 15

3.31
Determine the inverse z-transform of each of the following. 1
1 z 1
a) Long division: (x[n] is a right-sided sequence) X ( z) = 3
1
1 + z 1
3
2 1 2 2
1 z + z ...
3 9
1 1
1 + z 1 1 z 1
3 3
1
1 + z 1
3
2
0 z 1 n
2 1 2 2 1
X ( z ) = 1 z + z ... = 2 z n 1
3
n =0 3
2 2 3 9
0 z 1 z 2
3 9 n
1
2 x[n] = 2 u[n] [n]
0 + 0 + z 2 3
9

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 16

3.31 X ( z) =
3
b) Partial fraction: (x[n] is stable) 1 1 1
z z
4 8

3z 1 3z 1 A B
X ( z) = = = +
1 z 1 z 2 1 z 1 1 + z 1 1 z 1 1 + z 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 8 2 4 2 4
1 1
3z 1 = A1 + z 1 + B1 z 1
4 2
0= A+ B
3 = A/ 4 B / 2
A=4
B = 4

4 4
X ( z) =
1 1 1 1
1 z 1 + z
2 4

Poles at z = and -1/4. 1

n
1
n
1 n 1 n
x[n] = 4 u[ n] 4 u[n] = 4 u[n]
Stable. z > . 2 4 2 4

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 17

3.31
c) Power Series: (|z| < 1/4) X ( z ) = ln(1 4 z )

X ( z ) = ln(1 4 z ) = (4 z )
(4 z ) (4 z ) (4 z )
2
+
3

4
+ ... =
(4z)
n
( 1)n +1
2 3 4 n =1 n

X ( z ) =
( 4 z )n
( 4 z ) n
( 4) n z nu[n 1]
n =1 n
=
n = 1 n
=
n = n
n
1 1
X ( z ) = u[n 1]z n
n = n 4
n
1 1
x[n] = u[n 1]
n 4

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 18

3.31 X ( z) =
1
-1/3
d) Any method: (|z| > 3 ) 1
1 z 3
3
Use long division

n
1 1 3 1 6
z 3
X ( z) = = 1 + z + z + .... =
1 3 3 9 n=0 3
1 z
3
n m/3
1 1
X ( z ) = u[n]z =
3n
u[m / 3]z m
n = 3 m = 3
n/3
1
x[n] = u[n / 3] n=0, 3, 6, 9.
3

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 19

3.33
Determine the inverse z-transform of each of the following. You should find the z-transform
properties in Section 3.4 helpful.
3 z 3
X ( z) =
a) (x[n] is a left-sided sequence) 1 1
2

1 z
4
dX ( z )
nx[n] z
dz
no
x[n no ] z X ( z )
d 1 1
n

1 z n u[ n 1] LSS
z 2 dz 1 1 z 1 4
d

1
= 4
4
dz 1 z 1 1 1 2
1
1 z
4 4 n2
d 1 1
z z
2
(n 2) u[(n 2) 1]
1 1 dz 1 1 4
d 1 z 1 z
z = 4 4
dz 1 1 z 1 1 1 2
1 z
4 4 n2
d 1 1
12 z z
2
12( n 2) u[ n + 1]
dz 1
1 z
1 4
3z 3
d 1 4
12 z 2 z = 2
= X (z)
1 1
1 z 1 z 1
dz n2
1 1
4 4 X ( z ) 12( n 2) u[n + 1]
4

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 20

3.33
b) (ROC includes |z| = 1)
(1) k 2 k +1
sin( z ) = z
X ( z ) = sin( z ) k = 0 ( 2k + 1)!

z m [ n m]

(1) k 2 k +1 (1) k

k =0 ( 2 k + 1)!
z
k =0 ( 2 k + 1)!
[n + 2k + 1]

(1) k
sin( z ) [n + 2k + 1]
k =0 ( 2 k + 1)!

c) (|z| > 1) z7 2
X ( z) =
1 z 7

z7 2 1
X ( z) = 7
=z
7
7
= z z 7m
7

1 z 1 z m =0

z m [ n m]

X ( z ) [ n + 7 ] [ n 7 m]
m=0

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 21

3.38 o
Im

Let the sequence with the pole-zero plot shown in Figure.

Sketch the pole-zero plot for: Re
x
1
n 1/2
a) 1
y[n] = x[n]
2 o
Pole at z = , zeros at z = j & -j

z2 + 1
X ( z) =
z 1/ 2
zo x[n] X ( z / zo )
n

n
1 4z2 + 1
x[n] X (2 z ) = Im
2 2 z 1/ 2

j/2 o
Re
Pole at z = 1/4, zeros at z = j/2 & -j/2 x
1/4 1
-j/2 o

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 22

3.38 o
Im

Let the sequence with the pole-zero plot shown in Figure.

Sketch the pole-zero plot for: Re
x
1
n 1/2
b) w[n] = cos x[n]
2
o
Pole at z = , zeros at z = j & -j

zon x[n] X ( z / zo )
e j o n x[n] X ( ze j o )
n 1
( ) 1
( ) 1
cos x[n] = e jn / 2 + e jn / 2 x[n] X ( ze j / 2 ) + X ( ze j / 2 ) = ( X ( jz ) + X ( jz ) )
2 2 2 2
z2 + 1
X ( z) = Im
z 1/ 2
n 1 z2 + 1 z2 + 1 1 z2 1
cos x[n] + = 2
2 2 jz 1 / 2 jz 1 / 2 2 z + 1 / 4 j/2 x
Re
o o
-1 1
Poles at z = j/2, -j/2 zeros at z = 1 & -1 -j/2 x

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 23

 3.40 1
n 1

If the input x[n] to an LTI system is x[n] = u[n], the output is y[ n] = u[n + 1].
2
(a) Find H(z), the z-transform of the system impulse response,
and plot its pole-zero diagram.

1
X ( z) = x[n]z
n =
n
= u[n]z
n =
n
=z
n =0
n
= ( z 1 ) n =
n =0 1 z 1
(| z |> 1)

n 1 n
1 1 2z 4z
Y ( z) = y[n]z
n =
n
=
n = 2
u[n + 1]z n
= 2 = 2
n = 1 2 z
=
1 (2 z ) 1 1 (2 z ) 1
(| z |> 1 / 2)

Im
Y ( z ) 4 z (1 z 1 )
H ( z) = = (| z |> 1 / 2)
X ( z ) 1 (2 z ) 1

Zeros: |z| = 0, 1
Poles: |z| = 1/2
X Re
0 1/2 1

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 24

3.40
(b) Find the impulse response h[n].
4 z (1 z 1 ) 4z 4
H ( z) = = (| z |> 1 / 2)
1 (2 z ) 1 1 (2 z ) 1 1 (2 z ) 1

x[n no ] z no X ( z )
4z 4
H ( z) = 1
1
4(0.5) n +1 u[n + 1] 4(0.5) n u[n]
1 0.5 z 1 0.5 z
n +1
h[n] = 4(0.5) u[n + 1] 4(0.5) n u[n]
h[1] = 4
1 1
h[0] = 4 1 = 4
2 2
1 2 1 1 1
h[1] = 4 = 4
2 2 2 2
1 3 1 2 2
1 1
h[2] = 4 = 4
2 2 2 2
n
1
h[n] = 4 [n + 1] 2 u[n]
2

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 25

3.40
(c) Is the system stable?

From part (a), ROC includes the unit circle. So, its stable.

(d) Is the system causal?

From part (b), h[n] starts from n = -1. So, it is NOT causal.

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 26

3.45 1
n

When the input to an LTI system is x[n] = u[n] + 2n u[ n 1],

2
n n
The output is y[n] = 6 1 u[n] 6 3 u[n].
2 4

(a) Find the system function H(z). Plot the poles and zeros of H(z), and indicate the ROC.

1 1
X ( z) = 1 < |z| < 2
1 z 1 1 2 z
1
2
6 6
Y ( z) = |z| >
1 3
1 z 1 1 z 1
2 4 Im
(3 / 2)z 1
1 1 3 1
1 z 1 z
Y ( z ) 2 4 1 2 z 1
H ( z) = = = Re
X ( z) (3 / 2)z 1 3
1 z 1
x o
3/4 1 2
1 1
(
1 z 1 2 z )1 4
|z| >
2

Pole at z = , zero at z = 2.

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 27

3.45
b) Find the impulse response h[n] of the system.

1 2 z 1 1 2 z 1
H ( z) = =
3 1 3 1 3
1 z 1 z 1 z 1
4 4 4
n n 1
3 3
h[n] = u[n] 2 u[n 1]
4 4

c) Write the difference equation that characterizes the system.

Y ( z ) 1 2 z 1
H ( z) = =
X ( z ) 1 3 z 1
4
3
Y ( z ) z 1Y ( z ) = X ( z ) 2 z 1 X ( z )
4
3
y[n] y[n 1] = x[n] 2 x[n 1]
4

d) Is the system stable? Is it causal?

It is stable because ROC includes the unit circle.

It is causal because h[n]=0 for all n<0.

Dr. Ray Kwok Homework # 2 28