Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter discusses pertinent information about the study. This

information is in the form of literature of foreign and local. Similarly, studies with

bearing on the topic are also presented to give light on topic for investigation.

Related Literature

Aid to Recovery
An important aspect in when the disaster has passed according to Walsh

(2010) is the time to deal with the aftermath and get back to normal. Not only will

there be damaged equipment to repair, there will be contamination to deal with,

hidden or silent failures, new hazards associated with old equipment, and the

usual startup risks and problems.

An individuals recovery and recommissioning plan must be as

comprehensive as the initial start-up of a new facility, perhaps even more

rigorous. The risks will be very similar except with one extra twist things that may

have worked properly before the disaster may not work after it but one might not

know that until something goes drastically wrong. Do not assume that past

performance will be repeated.

After the critical emergency repairs are made, begin to compile and

categorize the other damages that must be repaired before restart. Some

damages will be obvious, but some will not. Consider dividing the repairs into

categories such as obvious physical/mechanical damage, potential hidden

damages, contamination, support services impairments, electrical outages,

electronic/signal failures, and computer issues. Assign appropriate teams to

ferret out the extent of the damages and make repair decisions. Remember that

some repairs may require code stamps and/or worker certification of some type.

Other repairs may have to conform to national codes (national electrical code, for

instance) or standards (ISA is one example) and others may require

conformance to company standards. Be sure those making repairs are qualified

to do so and do not forget to do the paperworkwhich might include getting a

certified inspector to approve the repair (Zamore, 2011).

This may be the time to make some of the upgrades previously planned. If

done, (this decision should not be made without serious consideration), be sure

that they are properly reviewed using your management of change procedure

and process, including training where needed and a risk assessment is made to

validate that it is appropriate to do so at this time.

This thesis of Bailey (2011) discusses the initial impacts of Hurricane

Katrina on the New Orleans area, addresses the historical background of the

area to give context for many of the racial disparities post-Katrina, and focuses

on the traumas experienced by survivors, particularly how those traumas vary by

race. Hurricane Katrina survivors experienced Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

(PTSD) and cultural trauma, both of which are anxiety disorders, after the storm.

However, the experiences of PTSD and cultural trauma manifested differently for

whites and blacks. After Katrina, there were widespread incidents of

posttraumatic stress for survivors. There was also a breakdown of social

networks and extensive dislocation of survivors due to evacuation and

destruction of housing, which shattered collective identities and caused New

Orleanians to experience cultural trauma. However, there have been disparities

in the prevalence of PTSD for survivors based on race. The findings conclude

that the high PTSD rates, as well as the discrepancies in PTSD rates between

races are due to cultural trauma, which is rarely acknowledged or discussed as a

separate anxiety disorder.

A research of Richardson (2009) examines educational outcomes among

displaced children and teens in Colorado in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.

Specifically, the thesis investigates the following research questions: (1) What

have displaced childrens and youths experiences been with schooling in the

aftermath of Hurricane Katrina?; (2) How have their experiences impacted their

grades in school?; (3) What benefits have children found in their new schools

and environment? Through an analysis of in-depth interviews with students who

relocated to the Denver Metro area after Hurricane Katrina, the study shows that

there were several factors that had a negative impact on these childrens grade

outcomes. These factors included the trauma of the disaster itself, difficulties

adjusting to life in Colorado, challenges finding new friends, and delays in

becoming acquainted with the new scholastic environment. Although children

faced many challenges upon relocating, they were also resilient and were able to

identify many benefits of going to school in their new environment in Colorado.

During three weeks of October 2002 Mitchell (2007) explained that

millions of citizens across the Washington, DC metropolitan area were terrorized

by sporadic, unexplained, horrific shootings at the hands of the Snipers. In what

came to dominate national headlines, the 2002 Washington, DC Sniper

Shootings paralyzed citizens with fear and disrupted many peoples lives,

relationships, and community functions. Through a detailed content analysis and

the use of in-depth interviews, this thesis focuses on the Washington, DC area

newspaper reporting during the period of the shootings in an effort to understand

the effects of media on citizen behavior and response. This research examines

the relationship between media coverage and its influence on perceptions, levels

of fear, daily behavior, and feelings regarding the shootings through ten

qualitative interviews with residents of the Maryland/Virginia area. The thesis

concludes by describing the various factors that influence citizens perceived

levels of risk during disaster events like these shootings. These factors include

levels of media consumption, geographic location in respect to the disaster,

demographic characteristics including age and gender, as well as personal ties, if

any, to the victims of a disaster.

Related Studies

Aid to Recovery

The study by Santos (2010) focused on the capabilities of Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council in the municipality of Odiongan, Romblon.

The needed data were collected using the survey questionnaire. The statistical

tools such as weighted mean and t-test were used in the study. The respondents

involved 462 interviewees; 72 of them were barangay officials completely

enumerated and 390 constituents chosen by stratified random sampling.

Findings on the capabilities of disaster risk reduction and management council in

the municipality of Odiongan, Romblon indicated that there is a need to enhance

more their capabilities in terms of equipment used, response level and

contingency approach because they did not reach the rating of very capable as

perceived by the barangay officials and constituents. Keywords: Capabilities,

disasters, disaster risk reduction, contingency approach and response level.

Guevarra (2007) made an assessment of disaster preparedness in

selected public schools in Luzon, Philippines aimed to describe the status of

disaster preparedness of selected public schools. this study also described the

school's disaster preparedness plan and determined awareness of key school

personnel on disaster preparedness programs (both national and local) and

department of education (DpEd) disaster related policies.

Methodologies include that from January to March 2006, 37 key personnel

from elementary and secondary schools were interviewed using an interview

guide. a written permit was secured from the department of education (DepEd)

division superintendent and informed consent form was obtained from the

respondents prior to the interview. the school profile and data on each school's

disaster preparedness were collected. the data was analyzed using descriptive

statistics.
Findings revealed that of the 37 schools covered in the study, most (59%)

of them came from the national capital region and most of them were elementary

schools. thirty five schools (95%) reported to have formed disaster committees.

however, less than one third (30%) of the respondent schools had disaster

preparedness plans. the majority (95%) of the public schools conducted drills
once a year. fire and earthquake drills were the most common type of drill

conducted in these schools. fifty-one percent (51%) were not used as centers of

evacuation during the disasters that occurred in the last five years. the majority

(95%) of the public school key personnel were aware of the national local

disaster management programs. all respondents were aware of disaster-related

DepEd policies.
It was concluded that a glimpse of the efforts that teachers and students

are preparing in times of emergencies and disasters. Specific hazards that affect

schools may have to be addressed. Examples of these are "chemical spills" food

poisoning and infectious disease outbreaks. Theses may also be considered the

preparation of the school's preparedness plans.

It was recommended that a comprehensive training program on disaster

preparedness in schools (natural and health related) is highly recommended for

school officials, personnel and students. special emphasis should be given on

how to prepare a comprehensive school disaster preparedness plan and an

assessment of vulnerabilities and risks (for possible emergencies / disasters) so

that the drills and training can be made more focused. It is recommended that

these schools be re-oriented on the management of evacuation camps (for

schools) since they serve as evacuation centers during emergencies. Studies on

common vulnerabilities, hazard mapping for schools and knowledge and skills

assessment on emergency and disaster planning may also be beneficial.

The process by which the affected communities/areas or damaged public

infrastructure are restored to their normal level or their actual condition prior to

the occurrence of the disaster or calamity.

 In the Philippines climate change is about impacts. The contribution to the

problem is miniscule because of the scale in the economy, but we are at the

forefront of the country that will suffer most from the climate change. The

agriculture and food security will be affected. Public health epidemics are likely to

increase. Existing threats to marine and coastal resources and our already

stressed natural resources in forest

The creation of plans through which communities reduce vulnerability to

hazards and cope with disasters. Disaster management does not avert or

eliminate the threats; instead, it focuses on creating plans to decrease the effect

of disasters. Failure to create a plan could lead to damage to assets, human

mortality, and lost revenue.

Process of ensuring that an organization has complied with the preventive

measures, is in a state of readiness to contain the effects of a forecasted

disastrous event to minimize loss of life, injury, and damage to property, can

provide rescue, relief, rehabilitation, and other services in the aftermath of

disaster, and has the capability and resources to continue to sustain its essential

functions without being overwhelmed by the demand placed on them.

Preparedness for the first and immediate response is called emergency

preparedness. Disaster risk reduction is the concept and practice of reducing

disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal

factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened

vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the

environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.

 In addition, Kirton (2013) that education and awareness programs are an

important element in developing a culture of preparedness and safety in the

region. Since the intensity and frequency of disasters in the region continues to

rise, it is recommended that disaster management be placed on the curricula at

all levels of the education system in the Caribbean. It is also recommended that

disaster awareness programs be integrated into community activities to mitigate

the impact of disasters on the lives of the citizens. NGOs and civil society can

also enhance the process of public awareness by transmitting policies developed

at the national levels to the grass-roots levels of Caribbean societies.

The studies presented above are connected to the present study because

it discussed the effective planning process of what to know and what to expect in

times of disaster.