Department of Electrical Engineering University of Moratuwa

Starting methods of induction motors

Name: Ratnayaka S.R.M.C.D.

Index No: 050374R
Date of Submission:
Field: Electrical Engineering
7) Advantages and disadvantages of the 3 types of single phase induction motors

Advantages

Split-phase induction motor- Available in different powers and speeds so can be use
for relevant applications
Produces a high power factor at full load

Capacitor induction motors- Can be run in different speeds

Produces a high starting torque and low starting current
Cost effective and small in size

shaded-pole motor- Cheap and reliable

Disadvantages

Split-phase induction motor- Produces a low starting torque

Capacitor induction motors-Produces a huge noise
Shaded pole induction motor-Has a low power factor and a low efficiency

8)Application of Single Phase motor

Agricultural Equipment
Small scale Industrial machinery
Water Pumps
Used in washing machines and fans

9)Advantages and disadvantages of Induction motors over other motors

Advantages

More reliable
Produces relatively enough efficiency
Simple Construction
Cost effective
 Disadvantages
Has a lower power factor
Has a lower efficiency over other motors

Experiment
In this practical we were taught why the starting methods for induction motors are
important and what the starting methods are and how desired goal is achieved using
starting methods. Here we have started different motors which are use different types
of methods for starting. Then we were noted down the name plate date of the motors
as observations. In addition all the motors were coupled with a load because if there is
no load the motor runs to saturation region and leads uncontrollable.
Discussion
Here in this practical what we have done is observing the starting methods of three
phase induction motors. We need starting methods for these motors because when
these motors are starting their stator winding takes high power. As a result of that the
motor pulls high current from the supply. If it takes that much current it can be
harmful for both motors and building’s installations. So for protect the installation
from heating and cause hazards starting methods are very important. As there are
number of starting methods for starting induction motors here are short description
about those methods.
Rotor resistance starting
By adding eternal resistance to the rotor circuit any starting torque up to the
maximum torque can be achieved; and by gradually cutting out the resistance a high
torque can be maintained throughout the starting period. The added resistance also
reduces the starting current, so that a starting torque in the range of 2 to 2.5 times the
full load torque can be obtained at a starting current of 1 to 1.5 times the full load
current.
Name plate data
Voltage(V) Current (A) r.p.m Power factor
245/425 14.5/8.3 1395 0.81

Direct-on-line starting
 This is the most simple and inexpensive method of starting a squirrel cage
induction motor. The motor is switched on directly to full supply voltage. The initial
starting current is large, normally about 5 to 7 times the rated current but the starting
torque is likely to be 0.75 to 2 times the full load torque. To avoid excessive supply
voltage drops because of large starting currents the method is restricted to small
motors only. To decrease the starting current cage motors of medium and larger sizes
are started at a reduced supply voltage. The reduced supply voltage starting is applied
in the next two methods.
Star-Delta starting
This is applicable to motors designed for delta connection in normal running
conditions. Both ends of each phase of the stator winding are brought out and
connected to a 3-phase change -over switch. For starting, the stator windings are
connected in star and when the machine is running the switch is thrown quickly to the
running position, thus connecting the motor in delta for normal operation.
The phase voltages & the phase currents of the motor in star connection are reduced to
1/ 3 of the direct -on -line values in delta. The line current is 1/3 of the value in
delta. A disadvantage of this method is that the starting torque (which is proportional
to the square of the applied voltage) is also reduced to 1/3 of its delta value.
Name plate data
Voltage (V) Current (A) Power (kW) Power r.p.m. Frequency
factor (Hz)
Automatic star delta motor
415 66 50 0.87 2910 50
Manual star delta motor
245/425 13.8/7.6 - 0.88 2835 50
Manual star delta motor 2
220/380 3.8/2.2 1 0.85 2860 50

Auto-transformer starting
This method also reduces the initial voltage applied to the motor and therefore
the starting current and torque. The motor, which can be connected permanently in
delta or in star, is switched first on reduced voltage from a 3-phase tapped auto
-transformer and when it has accelerated sufficiently, it is switched to the running (full
voltage) position. The principle is similar to star/delta starting and has similar
limitations. The advantage of the method is that the current and torque can be adjusted
to the required value, by taking the correct tapping on the autotransformer. This
method is more expensive because of the additional autotransformer.

Direct On Line
From several ways of starting methods of induction motors the simplest form
of motor starter for the induction motor is the Direct on Line starter. The DOL starter
comprises a switch and an overload protection relay.

Supply

The switch may be a manually operated load break switch, but more
commonly it would be an electromagnetic contactor which can be opened by the
thermal overload relay. Typically, the contactor will be controlled by separate start and
stop buttons, and an auxiliary contact is used as a hold in contact. I.e. the contactor is
electrically latched closed while the motor is operating.
To start, the contactor is closed, applying full line voltage to the motor
windings. The motor will draw a very high inrush current for a very short time, to
establish the magnetic field in the iron, and then the current will be limited to the
Locked Rotor Current of the motor. The motor will develop Locked Rotor Torque and
begin to accelerate towards full speed. As the motor accelerates, the current will begin
to drop, but will not drop significantly until the motor is at a high speed, typically
about 85% of synchronous speed. The actual starting current curve is a function of the
motor design, and the terminal voltage, and is totally independent of the motor load.
The motor load will affect the time taken for the motor to accelerate to full speed and
therefore the duration of the high starting current, but not the magnitude of the
starting current.
 Provided the torque developed by the motor exceeds the load torque at all
speeds during the start cycle, the motor will reach full speed. If the torque delivered
by the motor is less than the torque of the load at any speed during the start cycle, the
motor will stops accelerating. If the starting torque with a DOL starter is insufficient
for the load, the motor must be replaced with a motor which can develop a higher
starting torque. The acceleration torque is the torque developed by the motor minus
the load torque, and will change as the motor accelerates due to the motor speed
torque curve and the load speed torque curve. The start time is dependant on the
acceleration torque and the load inertia.
The shortcoming which is involved in this is DOL starting results in maximum
start current and maximum start torque. This may cause an electrical problem with the
supply, or it may cause a mechanical problem with the driven load. So this will be
inconvenient for the users of the supply line, always experience a voltage drop when
starting a motor. But if this motor is not a high power one it does not affect much.
When we have a power guard (which are used in refrigerators to protect it from over
loads) gets off (at low voltages also) and will take some time to start it again. These
kinds of problems are can be experienced in these cases.
To reverse the direction of rotation of an induction motor can be done by
interchanging any two phases. Here for example we can interchange Y phase with G
one or B one. Like this we can interchange the phase wires and reverse the direction
of rotate. This may also causes reduces life time of electrical equipments.
Also this can cause high wear in mechanical components connected to it. And
as a result it reduces life time of components like drivers and chains also.
Here seeking for what is the suitable method star delta method or auto
transformer method we have to concern about several parameters. Let’s see what the
advantages are in the star delta method. This method is low cost and simple in
operation. In here the disadvantages are in this method if the torque delivered is very
high, it can cause snatch. If it delivers low torque it cause stalls the motor. And also
motor can stall in transient. In auto transfer method it is also simple in operation. But
this has lots of disadvantages than previous methods this is very poor in controlling
and bulky as well as very expensive. So we can say star delta method is better than
auto transformer method.
To start a wound rotor induction motors we can use several methods but rotor
resistance method is much reliable because by adding eternal resistance to the rotor
circuit any starting torque up to the maximum torque can be achieved; and by
gradually cutting out the resistance a high torque can be maintained throughout the
starting period. The added resistance also reduces the starting current, so that a
starting torque in the range of 2 to 2.5 times the full load torque can be obtained at a
starting current of 1 to 1.5 times the full load current.

To reverse the direction of rotating of a three phase induction motors we have

to interchange any two phase supply line wires. For example we can interchange Y
wire with the B wire or R wire. And by doing interchanging other lines also we can
reverse the direction of rotation.
As in other induction motors the rotating part is a squirrel cage rotor. All single-phase
motors require a means of producing a rotating magnetic field for starting. In the
shaded-pole type, a part of the face of each field pole carries a copper ring called a
shading-coil. Currents in this coil delay the phase of magnetic flux in that part of the
pole enough to provide a rotating field. The effect produces only a low starting torque
compared to other classes of single-phase motors. This implies the torque is always
produced in the direction of unshaded portion to shaded portion.

Motor Advantages Disadvantages

shaded-pole motor, Cheap and reliable Deliver low torque
Capacitor starting motor Can be run in different Expensive due to
speeds capacitance used
Split phase induction Available in different Take bit time to start due to
motors powers and speeds so can method of starting
be use for relevant
applications