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IN
TRANSMISSION LINES
Apparatus
3 Inductors - (0.15 H, 3A)
1 Wattmeter
1 Capacitor Bank
2 Ammeters - (0-3 A)
2 Voltmeters - (0-150-300 V)
1 Variac - (500Ω, 2A)
Rheostats - (200 Ω, 3A)
Calculations
Series Capacitive Reactance
Per Unit Compensation of the Line =
Inductive Reactance
1 (i × 2πf × C )
Per Unit Compensation of the Line =
i × 2πf × L
Sample Calculation
C = 6 µF
L = 0.15 mH
f = 50 Hz
1
Series Capacitive Reactance = = −530.3i
i × 2π × 50 × 6 × 10 −6
Inductive Reactance = i × 2π × 50 × 0.15 = 47.14i
530.3
Per Unit Compensation of the Line = = 11.25
47.14
Series Connection:
This method of connection is not much common. Even though the voltage regulation is
much high in this method, it has many disadvantages. One is that because of the series
connection, in a short circuit condition the capacitor should be able to withstand the high current.
The other is that due to the series connection due to the inductivity of the line there can be a
resonance occurring at a certain capacitive value. This will lead to very low impedance and may
cause very high currents to flow through the lines.
Synchronous Motor
For power factor correction, instead of using a capacitor, it is possible to use an unloaded
synchronous motor. This is referred to as a synchronous condenser. It is started and connected to
the electrical network. It operates at full leading power factor and puts VARs onto the network as
required to support a system’s voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level.
The condenser’s installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. The reactive
power drawn by the synchronous motor is a function of its field excitation. Its principal
advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like an
electrically variable capacitor.
Filters
There are certain situations where capacitors are not connected directly to the supply
lines. The reason for this is the presence of harmonics in the waveform caused by switched mode
power supplies. The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter. It is possible
to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter kills the
harmonic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this
point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required.
This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive.