Sanskrit VERBS and Declensions -

3
/ " /
2
# # "# $
1
% & &
3
' ' ' ( ( (
Examples 2
' '# '# ( (# ($
1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
) - - - - -" -
*+ 2
- - - -# -"# -$
1
- - - -"/ -% - & - &
3
) ' ' ' ( ( (
*+ 2
' ' ' (# (# ($
Examples 1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
5 - 6/7 8 "
/7# 5 2
< "# $
Order 1
= & &
3
5 ' ' ' ( ( (
6 2
' ' ' (< (# ($
Examples 1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
"-> "-> "-> "-> "-> "->
* > - 2
"-> "># "-># "-> "-># "->$
1
"-> "-> "-> "-> "-> & "-> &
3
'> '> '> (> (> (>
* > 2
'> '># '># (> (># (>$
Examples 1
'> '> '> (> (> & (> &
3
) @ @ @A @ @A @
2
@ @ @ @# @A # @$
1
@A @ @ @A @ & @ &
3
) * * * A @B @BA @B
Examples 2
* * * @B# @BA # @B$
1
* A * * @BA @B & @B &
1
 Table that shows how each subject or pronoun takes the corresponding verb

% % C % % % % % % %

D D C D A A A

* * C * * * EC * E

FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG

FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG
F > F > F > F > F > F > F > F > F >

F F C F F H F EC F E F / F H F /
F F

Lat Lakaar (Present tense) of some verbs that DO NOT conjugate as per the rules

3
5 I I H I J
2
5 # # I I H# I H# K K
1
5 I I H I H L M

3
NH8 NH8H NH8 OP5 OP OP Q85 Q8 QR
2
NH8 NH8H# NH8H# OP5 OP# OP# Q85 Q8# Q8#
1
NH8 NH8H NH8H OP5 OP OP Q85 QR QR
Q8

3
FS FSH FS
2
FS FSH# FSH#
1
FS FSH FSH

2
 Verb declensions of Kri, Bhu and As

To do *+ To be To be
3
5 * * * T T
2
5 # # * * # * # U U
1
5 * * * <
3
) 5 * * * H T
*+ 2
5 * * * H T T
1
* * * <

3
5 5 * * * T T
6 2
* * * % T T
1
8 * * *
3
> > > * > * > * > * > * > * >
* > 2
> ># ># * > * ># * ># * > * ># * >#
1
> > > * > * > * > * > * > * >

3
) A A A * * * A V V V
2
A A A * * * V V V
1
A A A * A * * V V V

W - , , Y*A

ZW NA 7 [ 7A\ | <V NA 7 [ 7A\

- * A B 5 @B Y^ _& ` NHa bc I A aA WA HA dA

( A 5 7 O 7 #A e * *f Z 5 AI A [ B 5[ * >

g h ij ( ( c BHA

3
O k 5 ) ) k) )

Only is used in Vedas and ) form is of two types - ) OH )

- present tense

used in vedas

) past tense

k) past tense

past tense

future tense

k future tense

)-

5 Order / command does not tell the tense

) - order / command tells only the feeling (bhaavam)

OH ) blessings

Shloka to remember the above 10

) ) *+ k| ) T# }
d O 5T | 5 C | C k) * > ~

4
Kri - to do - is the root verb and it will conjugate to the following 10 declensions.

} } )
7# 5 7 5
d 5 # # d 5
_J 5 YJ

} }
7 [ [N [N 7 A A A&
d [ # [N# [N d A& A A
YJ [ -[ [ [ YJ A A A

} k } O
7 5 7 NA NA T NA
d U d NA & NA T NA T
YJ YJ NA NA < NA

} } k)
7 > > > 7
d > ># ># d &
YJ > > > YJ

} 5 } )
7 5 7 > > >
d d N>& > >
YJ 8 YJ > > >

5
 More on Verbs

7EA - ( ) U , , , F , H , , 6 , i , , , , F&H ,
[5 A , Y , b , ( , F A FH , AG / , A
H , & _ , -- Y
NHa + NH a ' + '

7EA ( ) E, E, V, `, HA, >, `, iE, Y c, YK A,

Y A, 7B , f E, YH E, jAH E, E,
& & E

7EA ( ) F ' F ( NH a b 7
i5 b 7 IH YK U
' H

D # 6 } +
I 5 | O i *H } D ( F }
& # 6 } W F&H FG} U F A } [5 B }
& b } [5 E } B HA F }
H ` OA } & F iE FG } W 7B F }
[ + A }I
f E I BH YH E D } Y A ' } D Y# A }

IA 7 F } [W "G } A F FG }
OH YK 7A } + O "G } # b "G "A FH F Y K- }

7A5F
i- D i- D i- D
i- D i- D i- D
i- T i- T i- T

6
U+ - U+ - U+ O - -
H - H - H H - H - H
[ - [ - [

j- HA 7A5F
A5A j 8HA
*5 A5A *5 j *5I HA
6 A5A 6 j 6 HA
A5A j HA
A5A j
A5A j 8HA
' HA / [ HA / b HA / 8HA / [ HA // 8HA
E j 8HA FH ' HA

- Y*A

- ( [ - [

- * A[ A[

h 5

A @B NHa - NHa

> 5 - J

A AI - AI

7 #A - 7 #A

7

- W - # - # - - -
1 What
5 ? A ? ?
2 Where
W W T ? W T? T W ?
3 How
# *5I # T?* / # T? # T?
4 Why / For What
# # c A FG ? W # ' ?
# 8 FG ?
5 When
Y J- /FG ?W NHa ? OA 5 ?
6 From Where
FG ? ? A+A FG# ?
7 How many
W D ? V+ T ?
F& I ?

Y F - Prepositions
7 Y *7 Y
Preposition can change the meaning of the verb see the rules on page 80 of BhashA PraveshaH Part 1, Chapter 23

A X A ( A , H ) & X 7&
Sometimes TWO or THREE can come together also

+Y + +& & 7 + + FG 7E FG
Note that the lang lakaar (past tense) will change with the upasargas - & 7 + & 7&
With Upsargas some parasmaipadi verbs change to aatmanepadi and vice versa

IA + IA IA - 7 -

FG FG FG F 7 FG FG FG FG F FG FG
7E FG FG YG 7EG
& 7& & & & &
A A 78A 8A

8
 also [ - and
b } b } ( [ FG }
# ' } ' D F8 6 [ ' }
I AG } A F > }

" - Y - or
E } [ }" JA } * H D Y [A }
Y J- I " < H ( } * BH D Y A }

% - only
% b } F& % F H} D % "G Z }

therefore " (from here) (to there)

< T} c A FG } (A& & )
A T} F& FG } & " FG } 7 A }
" FG }

A because A - that
Y [ A c% OH} A % O }
5 A V Y T}

( ) - now/ at this time (at present)

H OH

W [ - somewhere/anywhere
W W[ V 8 } & F& % W[ FG } W[ FG

9
 jA Words that do not have linga, vibhakti, and vachana are called jA. Few examples are:

(inside) D & (outside) + H

(daytime) (quiet) <A (self) (no) % (like this, this way) "K
(like this, ilaa in telugu) (enough) # (why) (good) W (everywhere) (night) A
(evening) (again) O (slowly) [ (since long time) [ (once upon a time) Y (up) (down)
& (with) [ (if) Y (loud) ( (low) L (through) (for) # (wasted) # (always) (O) (before)

Examples:

Yc D& [ B * } O BW 8 I } I }
FA -} [ <A FE } % }
" H "K ? # W ' % H }
'} W A T}

[ (if) - 5 [ FG [ T[ T[
* FG [ H[H } * [ I * } 5 [ * YJH8 * }
A T[ F& FG} T F& T[ HA }

You have to use the following jA s in pairs ONLY !! - A (when, then) A - & (if, then)

A - (so long as) A# - # (as, so) Ac - # (even though still). Few Examples:

A V * } A *B * }
A * 5 +I } A A+ T A * B8 Ha 7 O }

A T & FG A A & * FG }
A A O & FG } ( A [ * FG }) Same meaning as above

A & A * & - } 8V A +
I A T}
A LJ5 I I 5

A# I # 7I A# * 7A 5 # 7 5 } A# # % * }

Ac *H 8 I E # A Ac V A O T # FG

Even though Vibheeshana left his older brother, still it is not adharma.

10
 Vibhakti - *
Hindi Telugu English Usage and notes
1 , , , Nominative Who is the doer

2 , , , , Accusative What, whom action/deed which is

5, , done
3 , , , Instrumental By, with what producing or causing
8 , L
4 ( ), Dative To whom, for what
5, %
5 , , Ablative From taking from (separation /
detachment)
6 , , ! ", # , # Genitive Of bound up with, related,
, , connection bet 2 or more persons or
things
7 $% , Locative In, on location
8 , ,
1a &, &', &(, &) Vocative Oh person(s) directly addressed
5 &

1. FG }
2. c A FG }
3. A c A FG }
4. 6 A A c A FG }
5. F& 6 A A c A FG }
6. VW & F& 6 A A c A FG }
7. T &T <H VW & F& 6 A A c A FG }

Shlokas that have all vibhaktis:

5 I 8 IA O *I (, ) I contemplate on Rama, who is - the jewel among the kings, always victorious; Lord of Sita
8 *& O[ [ + A } (, ) I salute Sri Rama who destroys the might armies () of demons
T 7 A8 V 5& (, ) Theres no greater refuge than Rama, I am a humble servant of Sri Rama
[J A * *5 ~ (, ) Let my mind ever meditate on Rama. O Sri Rama, kindly grant me salvation.

iH O 8 T IF F - 8 7 &Z A A }

WV *H *IF V O- * b Ra * iA ~ (~

11
 Vibhakti - *

7# *
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

- C- - - - -

& A - A A+A - * * C* - * H * EC * E

L HA *
2 , , , , Accusative What, whom action/deed which is
5, ,
done

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

," ,Y - " @ " Y -

@ _ @ @ _

& F H H H - H
& H F +

% -% % % % %

Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - / C - /
* * C*
Madhyama purusha
/ - A / - A /
* H * EC * H

F F& O &
[W [W b } A *I } A F H 5& } A c b }
OW F H N } W F G }} ' ' } * H *B &}

1. What is the subject doing ? The answer is in the 2nd vibhakti. (Or it could be for whom ?)
2. When Y F is used then the subject that should be in 7th vibhakti is now appears in 2nd vibhakti
- - and -
BH C - - BH - H - H

12
 F& - F& Z H - - Z H -

< & - - < & & - & - & H

j - j j ( ) W - j W

3. * Y*A - across from, around, on both sides - When using these words * Y*A

the noun that is supposed to be in -H * will now be in L HA * . For example:

* RA ?
& A * RA - Note the use of 2nd Vibhakti instead of 6th vibhakti - & AV
Z * Y O A F& Y*A IA
O H c A Yd T

F& B [5 Y*A B

F Y*A # T F * T LH * T

4. When is used then the corresponding subject is in 2nd vibhakti ( ?/ ?)

& IH | [ O O5* | I IH T}

NOTE: that - " A - Y B8 * Y*A are used with 5th

Vibhakti

& } & }

H A } & A FG }

' ' } A & IH }

& A * RA } BH - }

} ' ' }

* [ } & A }

A c b }

13
 HA *
3 , , , Instrumental By, with what producing or causing
8 , L

H & } & 8* * } * } A F }
YJ O * I } W [ A O5* } *H F A aA } & A I }

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

% , A * % Y -= "* Y*
= "* Y* "* @* Y*

8 & 8 A E c - * 6 -6 *
F 8 - * H* * *
& * F *

A *

% % % A % * % %

A *
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) A *
* * *
Madhyama purusha
A A A *
* E * H * H*

1. " 7V HA * H *> } By what ? or How ? should be answered in 3rd V

2. &, , &
& NHa - OO * & NHa } & FG ?- & & FG }
3. * [ HA * H 7 * - 5 8 A 5 } j &
F 8 } b FG }

8 & 8 FG } 8 bc }

& A Y 8 N } & A c A FG }

W [ A O5* } *H F A aA }

& A I } % A A % * }

& 8* * } V gO & A O 5[ * }

14
 [ # *
4 ( ), Dative To whom, for what
5, %

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

A, % - A, % - A, % -

A - A - A-
F - F E - b
& A -
O 8 -

% % % V% % %

V
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - / C /
* * *
Madhyama purusha
/ -A / - A /
* E* H * H

d 8 A AG } A AG } b W A b b }
A HE j } A &f A * } FH Ra A A+ } (whom)
[ A A+ } c 6 A } D 5[ } 5 5[
F - A8 A - - FCA - iA 7I < T /
< T / OO < T
F5 ( FA FG (or F5 ( F H FG ) & A FG (or & FG )
Note that the above two sentences can be formed with 4th or 2nd vibhaktis.

A 5[ } A A }

& A FG } * A " }

5 5[ } & ' A c A FG }

7I < T}
< T} OO < T} A8 A 5} 5} iA 5}

H A FG }

15
 *
5 , , Ablative From taking from (separation /
detachment)
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

% Y - % A % Y -- % Y - %

& * 5 A bZ + -
& * b H

% -% % V -% % - %

- V - -
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) - - * * *

Madhyama purusha -A - A * E * H * H

B 8 } A WV WV } O b [W }
8 OW [} H8 FG } <F FG }
B } & [5 WV } * *+ i- }

1. Anytime there is a separation, the object takes the 5th vibhakthi to show where from the action took
place. Also note that if it is affecting the verb then the same object will take 3rd vibhakti.
2. Fear usually conforms 5th vibhakti to the subject because of the question - scared of who
3. 5th vibhakthi also shows the distance falling away from the tree
4. Than who ? assumes 5th vibhakti for cases like before, after, better than paraH, pUrvaH,
shreShThaH.

7A5F - these sentences have the same meaning. gives the same meaning given by 5th vibhakti
B 8 } = B 8
D O A F } = D O F }
ObA } = Ob }
* j 7 } = * H 7 }
<E T <H } < H T <H }

16
 " A - Y B8 * Y*A

* 5B 5 }

& F[ } & F } A WV } A WV }

a i- } & [5 WV }

* *+ i- } T & A F&H }

<E T <H } <F FG }

[ &T Y W &T

B F&

ObA } * j 7 }
+
V I + } H Y O + <A [ }

WV 7B I S } F + F& FG}

O 5A A FG F } a i- }

-H *
6 , , ! ", # , # Genitive Of bound up with, related,
, , connection bet 2 or more persons or
things
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

V% Y A % A Y V
8 @8 _8 8 @8 _8 8 @8 _8

V A5 V A5 V A5

% V-% % V -% % V-%

V- V - V-

V & * 5 - A c - V -
8 & H8 * + 8 H H + +

8 8
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - A5 / C - /
* * 5 *
/ - A A5 - A /
Madhyama purusha
* E * E5 * H

17
 A+ V Y A * } c I 7 & } 5 8 H 8} F 5 W ' }
[ A O5* } D H A} } # F * }
% H8 * 8 } F D&g } ` I OH } I Y A A }
D+ F& 8 O } ON [ AV O> } 5 W I}
Y5 V 5A A} W 8} F H8 Ob 8 8} c HA 8}
* Z5 CW I IA } E W F8 } F [ &T }
Ra I i- } W8 D D E } B8 i- }

V W T V ?

V gO & A O 5[ * } c I 7 & }

5 8 H 8} F 5 W ' }

% H8 * 8 } F D&g }

D B8 A} F 8 Ob 8 8}

c HA 8H} I i- }

W8 D D E } B8 i- }

+
V I + } T V ' V 5 }

V OH V O } WV 7B I S }

AN V I FG } bZ NA8V &}

Vb + &T B A} V7# A F }

d & c AV NHa 8 }

- Sixth vibhakti deals with whose whose son, whose work, whose house
- It also addresses who among - Ra I i- }
- Note the following sentences constructed using 2nd and 6th vibhaktis and yet give the same
meaning. Also note the use of single verb in second vibhakti as opposed to split verb use in 6th
vibhakti.

D T H } - D T V dA 5 }
E Y O } - EV Y O 5 }

18
 NA NH8H } - NA V NA8 5 }
OA } V O 5 }
I 7O } I 7O }
HB F8 HB } HB F8V HB 5 }
AOH Y A } AOH V Y A5F 5 }
L } L V 5 }
H8 V } H8 A 5 }
W A Y W A VY 5 }

H *
7 $% , Locative In, on location
8 , ,

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

%"-% Y A A " %"-% Y

" @

& CF C A E / C c /
& F " / C
H

A5 V A5 A5

% -% % V -% % -%

- V - -

Uttama purusha
(sing plu) A- A5 -
* * 5 *
Madhyama purusha
A - A A5 - A
* E * E5 * H

} 8 A } 8 *+ }W Y O } * O C* }
& F } A F E } 8 c } C * } D NHa 8
NHa } FI RA } A *A FA } E } A A F H * }

19
 & Af FG } A * O } * * } (Y O } *+ C 7H * }
&* C # } j 8 T} \- OA} j [ T} I A
7 J * }

Where is the action taking place is what H * tells us. Where are lotuses ? Where are the girls
playing ? etc
Sometimes when is answered in the form of H * - like I am leaving this evening
Sometimes it is used for on I am sitting on the mat - Y O }

O F } O # }

* } d & c AV NHa 8 }

V 5 8 } b H V+ T}

D (Y O } 8 I }

T 7 5- T} +` T}

Yc5 F A A A } A F }

W c A ' } I ( Y O }

8 NA8 7[ } % T 5 }

* A I * } bH 5 }

More examples on *

? O #V W } & }
W FG ? FG }
# FG ? H # FG }
& FG ? H 8 [ & FG } 8 & 8 FG }
V 8 FG ? H A FG }
* 5B 5 ? * 5B 5 }
V W ? O #V W }

20
* W ? - & }
b W T? - b V+ T}
Note: W FG " 7V L HA * % 7 5 } % V 7V - & F& FG
-" * }

5 *
&* &* C&* -&* & * EC & * E

& W OH FG}

21
* * C* * H * EC * E
&* &* C&* &* & * EC & * E
* * C* * H * EC * H
* * * * E * H * H*
* * * * E* H * H
* * * * E * H * H
* * 5 * * E * E5 * H
* * 5 * * E * E5 * H

& A A A+A
C A A
A * A A A *
C A A
A A
A5 C A A5 A
A A5 A A A5 A

C
C
A *
V
V
V A5 V A5 V A5
A5 V A5 A5

C - % % C % - A AC A - C
-% % % -A AA -
% % % A AA

22
 * % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
0 0
0 0
/ / / 0 0

+1
! / / /
$ $
&( / / / &(
* + * + ,

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
,

, ,
+ , ,
, / , & /
/ ,

,
&
,
/
/ & / ,
$ ,
& $ ,
&( /
& / &( , ,
* ,+
& * , ,

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [

$ $
&( &(
* *

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [

$ $
&( &(
* *

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
+

+

$ $
&( &(
* *

23
O 8 O>

A AL[ A [ * O V}

L[ [ * O 8V ~

A + (n) / [ (n) -- A * (f) (A - A // A - // A - // +% )

( D ( CD C ( D

( D T}

& ( D A } ( L HA * )

& ( 8D & FG }

& ( AD A }

& ( D 7 5 }

& ( VD V A } & ( VD V F& FG

( D 8 T} ( D T}

( ( 5 ( ( H # - ( ( H H ( (

( ( j ( ( - ( ( ( ( } ~ ( Ra c ~

YJ D YJ C D C YJ D

YJ D YJ C D C YJ D

YJ 8 D

YJ A D A

YJ D

YJ V D V

YJ D
24
YJ D & <H 5 } YJ V D V & <H 5 }

+
( V [WV HA }

YJ [W T}

& W A } (incorrect)

& W A } (correct)

WH8H W A } (incorrect)

WA W A } (correct)

W A } (correct)

O HO T}- O T}

[A HO T}- T } (or) Y T } (or) [ T}

25
 NA 5

- ) 5 - 8 ) j + HA + O O /
/ * ** ( )++ (H)

+ j HA 8 W * } A# F j ( .) F j (H.) F j ( .) F HA ( .) F HA (H.) F HA

( .)| 5 % O }

** + L + 8 7A5F } + * 7A5F }

++ 7EA- 8* } FG ' "E H }

' ' ' '> ' ' j ' HA ' ' H ' '

FG FG FG F > F FG F j F HA FG FG H F F

> E j HA H

NHa NHa NHa NH a> NH NHa NH a j NHa HA NHa NHa H NH a NH a

> Y^ j [ HA [ [ Y

D D D V HA D j HA D D H H

26
 Sanskrit VERBS and Declensions -

3
/ " /
2
# # "# $
1
% & &
3
' ' ' ( ( (
Examples 2
' '# '# ( (# ($
1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
) - - - - -" -
*+ 2
- - - -# -"# -$
1
- - - -"/ -% - & - &
3
) ' ' ' ( ( (
*+ 2
' ' ' (# (# ($
Examples 1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
5 - 6/7 8 "
/7# 5 2
< "# $
Order 1
= & &
3
5 ' ' ' ( ( (
6 2
' ' ' (< (# ($
Examples 1
' ' ' ( ( & ( &
3
"-> "-> "-> "-> "-> "->
* > - 2
"-> "># "-># "-> "-># "->$
1
"-> "-> "-> "-> "-> & "-> &
3
'> '> '> (> (> (>
* > 2
'> '># '># (> (># (>$
Examples 1
'> '> '> (> (> & (> &
3
) @ @ @A @ @A @
2
@ @ @ @# @A # @$
1
@A @ @ @A @ & @ &
3
) * * * A @B @BA @B
Examples 2
* * * @B# @BA # @B$
1
* A * * @BA @B & @B &
1
 Table that shows how each subject or pronoun takes the corresponding verb

% % C % % % % % % %

D D C D A A A

* * C * * * EC * E

FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG

FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG FG
F > F > F > F > F > F > F > F > F >

F F C F F H F EC F E F / F H F /
F F

Lat Lakaar (Present tense) of some verbs that DO NOT conjugate as per the rules

3
5 I I H I J
2
5 # # I I H# I H# K K
1
5 I I H I H L M

3
NH8 NH8H NH8 OP5 OP OP Q85 Q8 QR
2
NH8 NH8H# NH8H# OP5 OP# OP# Q85 Q8# Q8#
1
NH8 NH8H NH8H OP5 OP OP Q85 QR QR
Q8

3
FS FSH FS
2
FS FSH# FSH#
1
FS FSH FSH

2
 Verb declensions of Kri, Bhu and As

To do *+ To be To be
3
5 * * * T T
2
5 # # * * # * # U U
1
5 * * * <
3
) 5 * * * H T
*+ 2
5 * * * H T T
1
* * * <

3
5 5 * * * T T
6 2
* * * % T T
1
8 * * *
3
> > > * > * > * > * > * > * >
* > 2
> ># ># * > * ># * ># * > * ># * >#
1
> > > * > * > * > * > * > * >

3
) A A A * * * A V V V
2
A A A * * * V V V
1
A A A * A * * V V V

W - , , Y*A

ZW NA 7 [ 7A\ | <V NA 7 [ 7A\

- * A B 5 @B Y^ _& ` NHa bc I A aA WA HA dA

( A 5 7 O 7 #A e * *f Z 5 AI A [ B 5[ * >

g h ij ( ( c BHA

3
O k 5 ) ) k) )

Only is used in Vedas and ) form is of two types - ) OH )

- present tense

used in vedas

) past tense

k) past tense

past tense

future tense

k future tense

)-

5 Order / command does not tell the tense

) - order / command tells only the feeling (bhaavam)

OH ) blessings

Shloka to remember the above 10

) ) *+ k| ) T# }
d O 5T | 5 C | C k) * > ~

4
Kri - to do - is the root verb and it will conjugate to the following 10 declensions.

} } )
7# 5 7 5
d 5 # # d 5
_J 5 YJ

} }
7 [ [N [N 7 A A A&
d [ # [N# [N d A& A A
YJ [ -[ [ [ YJ A A A

} k } O
7 5 7 NA NA T NA
d U d NA & NA T NA T
YJ YJ NA NA < NA

} } k)
7 > > > 7
d > ># ># d &
YJ > > > YJ

} 5 } )
7 5 7 > > >
d d N>& > >
YJ 8 YJ > > >

5
 More on Verbs

7EA - ( ) U , , , F , H , , 6 , i , , , , F&H ,
[5 A , Y , b , ( , F A FH , AG / , A
H , & _ , -- Y
NHa + NH a ' + '

7EA ( ) E, E, V, `, HA, >, `, iE, Y c, YK A,

Y A, 7B , f E, YH E, jAH E, E,
& & E

7EA ( ) F ' F ( NH a b 7
i5 b 7 IH YK U
' H

D # 6 } +
I 5 | O i *H } D ( F }
& # 6 } W F&H FG} U F A } [5 B }
& b } [5 E } B HA F }
H ` OA } & F iE FG } W 7B F }
[ + A }I
f E I BH YH E D } Y A ' } D Y# A }

IA 7 F } [W "G } A F FG }
OH YK 7A } + O "G } # b "G "A FH F Y K- }

7A5F
i- D i- D i- D
i- D i- D i- D
i- T i- T i- T

6
U+ - U+ - U+ O - -
H - H - H H - H - H
[ - [ - [

j- HA 7A5F
A5A j 8HA
*5 A5A *5 j *5I HA
6 A5A 6 j 6 HA
A5A j HA
A5A j
A5A j 8HA
' HA / [ HA / b HA / 8HA / [ HA // 8HA
E j 8HA FH ' HA

- Y*A

- ( [ - [

- * A[ A[

h 5

A @B NHa - NHa

> 5 - J

A AI - AI

7 #A - 7 #A

7

- W - # - # - - -
1 What
5 ? A ? ?
2 Where
W W T ? W T? T W ?
3 How
# *5I # T?* / # T? # T?
4 Why / For What
# # c A FG ? W # ' ?
# 8 FG ?
5 When
Y J- /FG ?W NHa ? OA 5 ?
6 From Where
FG ? ? A+A FG# ?
7 How many
W D ? V+ T ?
F& I ?

Y F - Prepositions
7 Y *7 Y
Preposition can change the meaning of the verb see the rules on page 80 of BhashA PraveshaH Part 1, Chapter 23

A X A ( A , H ) & X 7&
Sometimes TWO or THREE can come together also

+Y + +& & 7 + + FG 7E FG
Note that the lang lakaar (past tense) will change with the upasargas - & 7 + & 7&
With Upsargas some parasmaipadi verbs change to aatmanepadi and vice versa

IA + IA IA - 7 -

FG FG FG F 7 FG FG FG FG F FG FG
7E FG FG YG 7EG
& 7& & & & &
A A 78A 8A

8
 also [ - and
b } b } ( [ FG }
# ' } ' D F8 6 [ ' }
I AG } A F > }

" - Y - or
E } [ }" JA } * H D Y [A }
Y J- I " < H ( } * BH D Y A }

% - only
% b } F& % F H} D % "G Z }

therefore " (from here) (to there)

< T} c A FG } (A& & )
A T} F& FG } & " FG } 7 A }
" FG }

A because A - that
Y [ A c% OH} A % O }
5 A V Y T}

( ) - now/ at this time (at present)

H OH

W [ - somewhere/anywhere
W W[ V 8 } & F& % W[ FG } W[ FG

9
 jA Words that do not have linga, vibhakti, and vachana are called jA. Few examples are:

(inside) D & (outside) + H

(daytime) (quiet) <A (self) (no) % (like this, this way) "K
(like this, ilaa in telugu) (enough) # (why) (good) W (everywhere) (night) A
(evening) (again) O (slowly) [ (since long time) [ (once upon a time) Y (up) (down)
& (with) [ (if) Y (loud) ( (low) L (through) (for) # (wasted) # (always) (O) (before)

Examples:

Yc D& [ B * } O BW 8 I } I }
FA -} [ <A FE } % }
" H "K ? # W ' % H }
'} W A T}

[ (if) - 5 [ FG [ T[ T[
* FG [ H[H } * [ I * } 5 [ * YJH8 * }
A T[ F& FG} T F& T[ HA }

You have to use the following jA s in pairs ONLY !! - A (when, then) A - & (if, then)

A - (so long as) A# - # (as, so) Ac - # (even though still). Few Examples:

A V * } A *B * }
A * 5 +I } A A+ T A * B8 Ha 7 O }

A T & FG A A & * FG }
A A O & FG } ( A [ * FG }) Same meaning as above

A & A * & - } 8V A +
I A T}
A LJ5 I I 5

A# I # 7I A# * 7A 5 # 7 5 } A# # % * }

Ac *H 8 I E # A Ac V A O T # FG

Even though Vibheeshana left his older brother, still it is not adharma.

10
 Vibhakti - *
Hindi Telugu English Usage and notes
1 , , , Nominative Who is the doer

2 , , , , Accusative What, whom action/deed which is

5, , done
3 , , , Instrumental By, with what producing or causing
8 , L
4 ( ), Dative To whom, for what
5, %
5 , , Ablative From taking from (separation /
detachment)
6 , , ! ", # , # Genitive Of bound up with, related,
, , connection bet 2 or more persons or
things
7 $% , Locative In, on location
8 , ,
1a &, &', &(, &) Vocative Oh person(s) directly addressed
5 &

1. FG }
2. c A FG }
3. A c A FG }
4. 6 A A c A FG }
5. F& 6 A A c A FG }
6. VW & F& 6 A A c A FG }
7. T &T <H VW & F& 6 A A c A FG }

Shlokas that have all vibhaktis:

5 I 8 IA O *I (, ) I contemplate on Rama, who is - the jewel among the kings, always victorious; Lord of Sita
8 *& O[ [ + A } (, ) I salute Sri Rama who destroys the might armies () of demons
T 7 A8 V 5& (, ) Theres no greater refuge than Rama, I am a humble servant of Sri Rama
[J A * *5 ~ (, ) Let my mind ever meditate on Rama. O Sri Rama, kindly grant me salvation.

iH O 8 T IF F - 8 7 &Z A A }

WV *H *IF V O- * b Ra * iA ~ (~

11
 Vibhakti - *

7# *
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

- C- - - - -

& A - A A+A - * * C* - * H * EC * E

L HA *
2 , , , , Accusative What, whom action/deed which is
5, ,
done

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

," ,Y - " @ " Y -

@ _ @ @ _

& F H H H - H
& H F +

% -% % % % %

Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - / C - /
* * C*
Madhyama purusha
/ - A / - A /
* H * EC * H

F F& O &
[W [W b } A *I } A F H 5& } A c b }
OW F H N } W F G }} ' ' } * H *B &}

1. What is the subject doing ? The answer is in the 2nd vibhakti. (Or it could be for whom ?)
2. When Y F is used then the subject that should be in 7th vibhakti is now appears in 2nd vibhakti
- - and -
BH C - - BH - H - H

12
 F& - F& Z H - - Z H -

< & - - < & & - & - & H

j - j j ( ) W - j W

3. * Y*A - across from, around, on both sides - When using these words * Y*A

the noun that is supposed to be in -H * will now be in L HA * . For example:

* RA ?
& A * RA - Note the use of 2nd Vibhakti instead of 6th vibhakti - & AV
Z * Y O A F& Y*A IA
O H c A Yd T

F& B [5 Y*A B

F Y*A # T F * T LH * T

4. When is used then the corresponding subject is in 2nd vibhakti ( ?/ ?)

& IH | [ O O5* | I IH T}

NOTE: that - " A - Y B8 * Y*A are used with 5th

Vibhakti

& } & }

H A } & A FG }

' ' } A & IH }

& A * RA } BH - }

} ' ' }

* [ } & A }

A c b }

13
 HA *
3 , , , Instrumental By, with what producing or causing
8 , L

H & } & 8* * } * } A F }
YJ O * I } W [ A O5* } *H F A aA } & A I }

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

% , A * % Y -= "* Y*
= "* Y* "* @* Y*

8 & 8 A E c - * 6 -6 *
F 8 - * H* * *
& * F *

A *

% % % A % * % %

A *
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) A *
* * *
Madhyama purusha
A A A *
* E * H * H*

1. " 7V HA * H *> } By what ? or How ? should be answered in 3rd V

2. &, , &
& NHa - OO * & NHa } & FG ?- & & FG }
3. * [ HA * H 7 * - 5 8 A 5 } j &
F 8 } b FG }

8 & 8 FG } 8 bc }

& A Y 8 N } & A c A FG }

W [ A O5* } *H F A aA }

& A I } % A A % * }

& 8* * } V gO & A O 5[ * }

14
 [ # *
4 ( ), Dative To whom, for what
5, %

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

A, % - A, % - A, % -

A - A - A-
F - F E - b
& A -
O 8 -

% % % V% % %

V
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - / C /
* * *
Madhyama purusha
/ -A / - A /
* E* H * H

d 8 A AG } A AG } b W A b b }
A HE j } A &f A * } FH Ra A A+ } (whom)
[ A A+ } c 6 A } D 5[ } 5 5[
F - A8 A - - FCA - iA 7I < T /
< T / OO < T
F5 ( FA FG (or F5 ( F H FG ) & A FG (or & FG )
Note that the above two sentences can be formed with 4th or 2nd vibhaktis.

A 5[ } A A }

& A FG } * A " }

5 5[ } & ' A c A FG }

7I < T}
< T} OO < T} A8 A 5} 5} iA 5}

H A FG }

15
 *
5 , , Ablative From taking from (separation /
detachment)
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

% Y - % A % Y -- % Y - %

& * 5 A bZ + -
& * b H

% -% % V -% % - %

- V - -
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) - - * * *

Madhyama purusha -A - A * E * H * H

B 8 } A WV WV } O b [W }
8 OW [} H8 FG } <F FG }
B } & [5 WV } * *+ i- }

1. Anytime there is a separation, the object takes the 5th vibhakthi to show where from the action took
place. Also note that if it is affecting the verb then the same object will take 3rd vibhakti.
2. Fear usually conforms 5th vibhakti to the subject because of the question - scared of who
3. 5th vibhakthi also shows the distance falling away from the tree
4. Than who ? assumes 5th vibhakti for cases like before, after, better than paraH, pUrvaH,
shreShThaH.

7A5F - these sentences have the same meaning. gives the same meaning given by 5th vibhakti
B 8 } = B 8
D O A F } = D O F }
ObA } = Ob }
* j 7 } = * H 7 }
<E T <H } < H T <H }

16
 " A - Y B8 * Y*A

* 5B 5 }

& F[ } & F } A WV } A WV }

a i- } & [5 WV }

* *+ i- } T & A F&H }

<E T <H } <F FG }

[ &T Y W &T

B F&

ObA } * j 7 }
+
V I + } H Y O + <A [ }

WV 7B I S } F + F& FG}

O 5A A FG F } a i- }

-H *
6 , , ! ", # , # Genitive Of bound up with, related,
, , connection bet 2 or more persons or
things
Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

V% Y A % A Y V
8 @8 _8 8 @8 _8 8 @8 _8

V A5 V A5 V A5

% V-% % V -% % V-%

V- V - V-

V & * 5 - A c - V -
8 & H8 * + 8 H H + +

8 8
Uttama purusha
(sing plu) / - A5 / C - /
* * 5 *
/ - A A5 - A /
Madhyama purusha
* E * E5 * H

17
 A+ V Y A * } c I 7 & } 5 8 H 8} F 5 W ' }
[ A O5* } D H A} } # F * }
% H8 * 8 } F D&g } ` I OH } I Y A A }
D+ F& 8 O } ON [ AV O> } 5 W I}
Y5 V 5A A} W 8} F H8 Ob 8 8} c HA 8}
* Z5 CW I IA } E W F8 } F [ &T }
Ra I i- } W8 D D E } B8 i- }

V W T V ?

V gO & A O 5[ * } c I 7 & }

5 8 H 8} F 5 W ' }

% H8 * 8 } F D&g }

D B8 A} F 8 Ob 8 8}

c HA 8H} I i- }

W8 D D E } B8 i- }

+
V I + } T V ' V 5 }

V OH V O } WV 7B I S }

AN V I FG } bZ NA8V &}

Vb + &T B A} V7# A F }

d & c AV NHa 8 }

- Sixth vibhakti deals with whose whose son, whose work, whose house
- It also addresses who among - Ra I i- }
- Note the following sentences constructed using 2nd and 6th vibhaktis and yet give the same
meaning. Also note the use of single verb in second vibhakti as opposed to split verb use in 6th
vibhakti.

D T H } - D T V dA 5 }
E Y O } - EV Y O 5 }

18
 NA NH8H } - NA V NA8 5 }
OA } V O 5 }
I 7O } I 7O }
HB F8 HB } HB F8V HB 5 }
AOH Y A } AOH V Y A5F 5 }
L } L V 5 }
H8 V } H8 A 5 }
W A Y W A VY 5 }

H *
7 $% , Locative In, on location
8 , ,

Masculine (sing plu) Feminine (sing plu) Neutral (sing plu)

%"-% Y A A " %"-% Y

" @

& CF C A E / C c /
& F " / C
H

A5 V A5 A5

% -% % V -% % -%

- V - -

Uttama purusha
(sing plu) A- A5 -
* * 5 *
Madhyama purusha
A - A A5 - A
* E * E5 * H

} 8 A } 8 *+ }W Y O } * O C* }
& F } A F E } 8 c } C * } D NHa 8
NHa } FI RA } A *A FA } E } A A F H * }

19
 & Af FG } A * O } * * } (Y O } *+ C 7H * }
&* C # } j 8 T} \- OA} j [ T} I A
7 J * }

Where is the action taking place is what H * tells us. Where are lotuses ? Where are the girls
playing ? etc
Sometimes when is answered in the form of H * - like I am leaving this evening
Sometimes it is used for on I am sitting on the mat - Y O }

O F } O # }

* } d & c AV NHa 8 }

V 5 8 } b H V+ T}

D (Y O } 8 I }

T 7 5- T} +` T}

Yc5 F A A A } A F }

W c A ' } I ( Y O }

8 NA8 7[ } % T 5 }

* A I * } bH 5 }

More examples on *

? O #V W } & }
W FG ? FG }
# FG ? H # FG }
& FG ? H 8 [ & FG } 8 & 8 FG }
V 8 FG ? H A FG }
* 5B 5 ? * 5B 5 }
V W ? O #V W }

20
* W ? - & }
b W T? - b V+ T}
Note: W FG " 7V L HA * % 7 5 } % V 7V - & F& FG
-" * }

5 *
&* &* C&* -&* & * EC & * E

& W OH FG}

21
* * C* * H * EC * E
&* &* C&* &* & * EC & * E
* * C* * H * EC * H
* * * * E * H * H*
* * * * E* H * H
* * * * E * H * H
* * 5 * * E * E5 * H
* * 5 * * E * E5 * H

& A A A+A
C A A
A * A A A *
C A A
A A
A5 C A A5 A
A A5 A A A5 A

C
C
A *
V
V
V A5 V A5 V A5
A5 V A5 A5

C - % % C % - A AC A - C
-% % % -A AA -
% % % A AA

22
 * % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
0 0
0 0
/ / / 0 0

+1
! / / /
$ $
&( / / / &(
* + * + ,

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
,

, ,
+ , ,
, / , & /
/ ,

,
&
,
/
/ & / ,
$ ,
& $ ,
&( /
& / &( , ,
* ,+
& * , ,

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [

$ $
&( &(
* *

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [

$ $
&( &(
* *

* % [ L [ D [ * % [ L [ D [
+

+

$ $
&( &(
* *

23
O 8 O>

A AL[ A [ * O V}

L[ [ * O 8V ~

A + (n) / [ (n) -- A * (f) (A - A // A - // A - // +% )

( D ( CD C ( D

( D T}

& ( D A } ( L HA * )

& ( 8D & FG }

& ( AD A }

& ( D 7 5 }

& ( VD V A } & ( VD V F& FG

( D 8 T} ( D T}

( ( 5 ( ( H # - ( ( H H ( (

( ( j ( ( - ( ( ( ( } ~ ( Ra c ~

YJ D YJ C D C YJ D

YJ D YJ C D C YJ D

YJ 8 D

YJ A D A

YJ D

YJ V D V

YJ D
24
YJ D & <H 5 } YJ V D V & <H 5 }

+
( V [WV HA }

YJ [W T}

& W A } (incorrect)

& W A } (correct)

WH8H W A } (incorrect)

WA W A } (correct)

W A } (correct)

O HO T}- O T}

[A HO T}- T } (or) Y T } (or) [ T}

25
 NA 5

- ) 5 - 8 ) j + HA + O O /
/ * ** ( )++ (H)

+ j HA 8 W * } A# F j ( .) F j (H.) F j ( .) F HA ( .) F HA (H.) F HA

( .)| 5 % O }

** + L + 8 7A5F } + * 7A5F }

++ 7EA- 8* } FG ' "E H }

' ' ' '> ' ' j ' HA ' ' H ' '

FG FG FG F > F FG F j F HA FG FG H F F

> E j HA H

NHa NHa NHa NH a> NH NHa NH a j NHa HA NHa NHa H NH a NH a

> Y^ j [ HA [ [ Y

D D D V HA D j HA D D H H

26