UC®8QUAKECENTRE UC® Basics of Soil Mechanics in Christchurch A series of five seminars supported by: ec mec AZCOM URS coffey> @Pas., Seminars £8, Ground Floor Civil Engineering a University of Canterbury ee Mondays 6 - 7:30pm 50 September october october 21 October ‘November ! i \ | oo oo \ \ Nea eae | \ em Gabe \ \ ae Sy \ \ X\ ae10/16/2013 VO#QLAKECENTRE Besos of Sal Mechanics in Cnnstenuren Liquefaction Phenomeno: Assessment : Process and Coote on tcctantesacat Tin Weworan @ Civ enderson Golder alder Associates 13 NZ [Associates Outing "= Whats Iquefaction (process)? The eyesc behaviour of saturated sand = Defition 1 Loss of stfness ene strength = Manifestation in the fold 1 The process of assessing the risk of iquetaction = Is the sol iqueteble? 1 Triggering of iquetection 1 Evelustion of fquefactonincuced ground deformation (setiement and ‘steel spreading) 1 impacto quefection on exuctures (overview) LvovQUAKECENTRE Ost,Definition What Is liquefaction? 1 A process of converting @ substance omits sold cr gas phase into is Tiuid phase, . : 1A process by which water-saturated cohediontess granular colle (ands, sendy sits), poorly dreined, omporariy lose strength and Sires and éct as 6 fluid as e result of a monotonic or cycle loading. 1 Ugustecton resus from the combination ofthese 3 parameters However, hating hose 2 pevameters combined DOES NOT necossarty lead te iquefecon, —— E> —— = ovat sKceNTne Oo, ‘What is liquefaction? nee 5 bices © Example ofa cycle undained tena test on a setureted sand sample vecwouanricentn: Gn. 10/16/2013What Is liquefaction? Definition = A process of converting a substance from ts sod or gas phase nt ts guid phrase, 1 Arocess by which water-saturated coheeloniexs granular sotle (canes), pooty drained, tempore loses strengt and sifness and 2cis 26a uid 9s & resut of @ monotone or eyele leeing 1 iquafaetinn erasing fom the combintion of hese 2 parameters However, having those 3 patemeters combined DOES NOT necessarily Jed 9 Iquefecton, LvOWQLAKECENTRE Ox, What is liquefaction? Darra queen mm |, I upward tow Bhs, 10/16/201310/16/2013 Wanita? _Why Is the pore preesure increasing ? = When grenuer sols ee sheared they wl change in volume within the shearing zone. 1 Depenelng on thei! void rato and the confsng stress (or overburden pressure Le. depth), they wit either have a DILATANT or CONTRACTIVE. Dereviour i= What is liquefaction? Definition = DILATANT behaviour scl skeleton fs tying t increase in vou ‘= CONTRACTIVE behaviour sll skeleton i trying to reduce in vaume. In undrained coneitons, this resus In 2 build up of pore pressure = Granulr seis thet ty to CONTRACT in volume curing undrained ‘hoarng atoh co occur in rong EQ eyalio motion CAN LIGUEFY because ofthe poseibe ould up in pore pressure that can le to a total loss of strength Dene pasraarone CORKAKECESTIE vance gem ne rest10/16/2013 Whatiis liquefaction ? Consequences ‘= Lossofsitiness and strength | [2 ae eo | ee g [iow ainaetze | “ee sess [Etecihe mean srese end sheer eress decrease , leventualy crops 1. 0=> fauefecton UOVQUAKECENTHE What is liquefaction ? Consequences * Redistribution of groundwater pressures, upward ground water flows, higher water ‘able fear ne teed Ejecta ent sand bois ‘= Seepage of weer through ground cracks => Flooded sie, = sinkholes 1 Ground erecking Settement Diferentl Stierent. Ting, Sinking of heey strep of buoyant buried rtres “=F Bearing fale UOWOLIKECENTI ag inthe vicnty ote faces Prete.10/16/2013 ‘What is iquetaction 7—_—~ Manifestations in the field What is eiietaction? — Manifestations in the flelct Bai Ejeate ‘Sand bois Sinknoies a 5 Lateral sprescing WOWQUAKECE Pn,10/16/2013 Underground structures ptt DMforentia! Sattoment UuewauakrceNTne Ot, 1s Tguetaciion ? Manifestations In the fleld a Lateral spreeding LOBQUAKECENTRE Cet.10/16/2013 irate Tiquetacton 7 Manifestations in the field vowatakrcesnn Ox, ‘What Ts liquefaction 7 Manifestations in the field10/16/2013 Positive side of liquefaction VoRQUAKECENTHE Ora, Liquefaction Assessment = Sol susceptibity 1 Triggering ‘= Ground éeformation 1 Impact on stuctaes/oundations 1 aigation measures10/16/2013 |p the soll liquefiable? "© Sol ype? In situ conitions? 1 SAND-tke soit can be Nighy susceptible depen (Oi) and confining stress, © CLAY. Be soil (st and ciay with P27): ow sucsptbiity but cen ster soneantraunon in sha modus (eye scing) 19 on Relative Density ar) Nene) UvowQuakecrrne Ox, Triggering of liquefaction OyeleSreee Rao CER) Cycle Resistance Rae (RR) + Unto ote shes sessed = CSR requed to ach Src cloawe comin ueteclon na ected Bes umber fleecing oes (CR 1 Upetaionoteccoadsontcan Te NS) Deltgersby fo ORR creases wh nceae Sees mumearat * CRF sess wih nea icecng le sce 1 ORR depends onthe fective refning eves, wich recs ‘he fect that the tendency of ‘sad to date or contract ‘depends on confning evess aac Or 101016/2013 VORQUAKECENTHE Oot, pering of liquefaction "= Compare CSR trom design eerthquake withthe CRR of he soll 1 FoSpq = CRRICSR ‘eohenien 1 FoSyq< 1.2: potently iquetable csr + Ieriss & Boulanger 2008: simpitied procedure to edimate the earfhquake- Induced maxamum shear stress is presented and the method proposed by Seed anc lees (£7) is suggested fercalsated anthquske-incicad csr. + Ste spect response computed from ‘equivalent near or nonlinear 10 dynamic analysas (SHAKE, QUAKEMW, ee.) UCWQUIKECENTHE "10/16/2013 “Triggering of liquefaction ~~ _____ Seml-emplrical relationship to determine CRR. RR + Laboratory testing of et sarnpes + Numerical modeling + Undertake in-situ testing io measure the penetration resistence of the sol (1)y and use empircal corelaons developed by comping ace histories in which evidence of iquetacton has or has not Dean ‘observed, SPT, OPT, shear wave velocty are mest commen + Cemmonly estimeiod incectifrem penetration resist tests such as SSPTs of CPT with correctons fer earthquake magnitude M, overburden rsssure and static cheas tess). vowQuaKrcENTRE Ox, MBIE 2012 recommended methodology + [Ose re menoaciogy oined nes Boulanger 20080 sass quetacton ‘ogenng ate eest Haar the {ellowing mecineatons ae tobe eppied to aa S Fine content FC daod 6 OPT analy 1) ei becsimeted using Robetsen end Wie ——— __—_ E + [Postlquetacion aumeriedelarmaton = See abe caleleed usng Zhang a! 2002 = + Forssface cust atsestmentreferto = shire 1085, jf ss has boon suo testa at SLS use PGA condone! ‘median contour rm Bacay and Highs 2072, vowQUAKECENTHE - * 1210/16/2013 GRR from SPT and CPT data SPT. CR rsane- nam” el ne + (Midas =a 4 (Aida —2 3) CRR from SPT and CPT data epi Ada 5 Many Dany Oa SPT CRB tn ot eo Ay ay oi -29 oe 4 FER =e «iam =expl EE + (E2) ° Psa 7 (SEE 4 I YS ee 3) 14 Pr: (Wadena Wn Ca Cu Cp Cy" C+ Aer VON Mezsured blow overburden counts 00m Comecton forine Conecton ‘acer Covet Corecton factor for tstng procedure cmems (Gp energy 13800518) = UvowQuAKECENTRE Oi. 1310/16/2013 CRR from SPT and CPT data SPT CRRyarspne-tan™ ei Way my may + Oe (Oey Mae 2y 140 RR einer ven emp BE MEM GAN (IN, corr, PRR HR (HEY | CHESS 3) opt: © ences (He Cy) + Ate Correction fr fine Measred cone content (FC) based overburden . renstance SOON Seo ip nce UUowOUAKECENTRE Oe. Earthquake parameters Penk around acceleration (p98) = Atequation: 1 Grourd meions terd te recuce wih epicentral cisance 1 Duration of shaking (C3) 1 Tends to increase with magnitude ‘Damage’ usually greater rom larger magnitude earthquakes = Mactude Sedna of PGA eocourts for this effect = NZS1170.5 incorporates megnitude scaling to M75 # Model assumes that all contributing earthquakes have M=7.5 1 Deterministic lquefaction assessments can assume sraller or larger magnitude earthquakes Ox, 1“10/16/2013 CRRyey= CRRieergereiain Ker x MSF x Ka = ORR mutipzed by Overburden Correction Factor Ka ‘= ORR Is normeizod to the reference earthquake magnitude using = MSF =6.9 exp (-M/4)0.058 1» CRR mutipiet by Stic Shear Bias Creection Facioe Ka vowQuaKECEN Gee. CRR from SPT & CPT data 1 Discroto data with SPT counts can make it dificlt to easily identy thickness of lquefiable ayers. Importance ef logging se fll depth and sempling for ab testing 1 CPT provides a near continous profie of penetration resistance in 2 fast end relatively chesp way. No eisposal ef cutings. But NO samples cbtainec end the soi ‘ype is inferred 1 Also premature reuse! ch obstructions or gravel ayers VowQLAKECENTRE Orse., 1510/46/2013 “Case study: Tquefaction triggering analyses based on SPT data. ee RT gy LosQUAKECENTHE 'a60 study: liquefaction triggering analyses besed on CPT data eT ey Hl VOwQLAKE10/16/2013, ‘ground deformation: ‘sferal spreeding Orxte, Liquefaction-induoed ground deformation: ‘Settlement, cracking, subeldsnce, lateral spreading 1 Liquefacion.induoed settements ae vertical deformation caused by the ensficaton and the compaction of loose sol iyers folowirg ceartzquake leasing. Bao Laataten Pate 1 Semternpricei metnods uewatnKrcns ri Ox. 710/16/2013 Liquefaction iexioced ground deformation: seioment, ccting, euteidance, teal epreading 1 Postiquetection cetiement ‘Me tintunra ere we es (Zhang et el. 2002) Etios dare = Besed on field toting (CFTe) 1 Limitations to the method (tis suggested thatthe proposed ‘method may be used estimete iquetection-incuned 1 Level ground & notre face: volumetie sain = vertical train UO#QUAKECENTHE Liquefaction-ncliced ground deformation: 1 Postiquetacion settement (hang et. 2002) ~ UMITATIONS: Total settiement ve itecental vette oi uneven ground nt 1 Limiting strain Tobe competed VOwQUAKECENTRE 1810/16/2013 = Lateral ciplacemanspreading: semi-emplical methods or simsliied ‘ethods such as fhe Newmark sig block anaiees Peoudosiatic anaiyses 1 Numerical medsing (2D ground response analyses) ' Full evaluaton ofthe Iquetacton process incusng tiggering, (found ceferraton and ilerecion with structures In ros! Ue VOVQUAKECENTRE, Piette. Liquefaction-induced ground deformation Deformed mesh ita Om) 1910/16/2013 Impact of liquefaction on structures "= Loss of bearing capacity = Settenent Lester eeds LvowQLAKEECENTE Oot. 20tovt6/2013 Thank you Appendix 240/16/2013 RR from SPT data Ni =CeC2 Cn Cs Ny yy Gy corection factors for estng stupeent Or, RRiom sPTand CPT data Overburden Correction Factor Cy = SPTdata 1 CPT dete = Wile = Cy Nop = Pel qn where: m= 0786-0821 0, fd, Dy (Nha) P #9565, recommends Cnn Peyomezenanaase voRQLAKECENTIE, Btn 2tori6/2013, “GRR trom SPTE OPT data__~ — = Correction for Fine Content (FC) SPT cpr © (aan «(Miho + he 8 ana * Gan Sem ; He eri rear — Agar G44 as) LosQuaKecENTHE CRR from CPT data "Correction for fine content: FC is estimated rom the soll behaviour type index | tom Robertson and Wels 1998 vONQUAKEECENTHE Ox, 23