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field parameters for the description of the terrestrial gravity field as well as for
Essentially, the accuracy of the final results depends on the accuracy of the
availablesatellite orbits.
Fundamental Theory: Two-Body Problem
For artificial satellites the mass of the smaller body (the satellite) usually
can be neglected compared with the mass of the central body (Earth).
The two-body problem can be formulated in the following way:
Given at any time the positions and velocities of two particles of know mass
moving under their mutual gravitational force calculate their positions and
velocities at any other time.
Under the assumption that the bodies are homogeneous and thus
generate the gravitational field of a point mass the orbital motion in the
two-body problem can be described empirically by Keplers laws. It can
also be derived analytically from Newtonian mechanics.
Keplers laws of planetary motion
Johannes Kepler (15711630) formulated the three laws of planetary
motion associated with his name from an empirical study of
observational data collected by Tycho Brahe (15461601)
The three laws give a description of the planetary motion but not an
explanation.
They provide a very good approximation to the real motion within the
solar system because the planetary masses can be neglected when
compared to the mass of the sun, and because of the fact that the sun
can be considered a point mass due to the large distances involved.
Kepler, through his three laws, provided the major breakthrough for
Copernicuss heliocentric hypothesis.
Keplers laws of planetary motion
1st Law: The orbit of each planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one focus
Keplers laws of planetary motion
2nd Law: The line from the Sun to any planet sweeps out equal areas of
space in equal lengths of time
Keplers laws of planetary motion
3rd Law: The cubes of semi-major axes of the planetary orbits are
proportional to the squares of the planets periods of revolution
ai3
2
= Contant
Ti
3 a is semi-major axis
a iGM T is periods of revolution
= 2 2 G is universal constant
T i 4 M is masses
Implikasi praktis hukum Kepler 3
Contoh Hukum Keppler 3
Contoh Hukum Keppler 3
Newtons laws of motions
In the first book of Principia Newton introduced his three laws of motion:
F = ma
3. To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newtons law of gravitation
Newtons famous law of universal gravitation (1687) as stated in the third
book, section I of the Principia:
Every particle of matter in the Universe attracts every other particle of matter
with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them
Mm
F = G 2
r
G = (6.67259 0.00085) . 1011m3kg1s2
JENIS ORBIT SATELIT
ORBIT PROGRADE
ORBIT RETROGADE
ORBIT GEOSTATIONER
ORBIT GEOSTATIONER
ORBIT GEOSTATIONER
ORBIT GEOSTATIONER
ORBIT GEOSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT SUNSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT SUNSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT SUNSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT SUNSYNCHRONOUS
ORBIT SUNSYNCHRONOUS
JEJAK SATELIT
PERTUBASI PERGERAKAN SATELIT
PERTUBASI PERGERAKAN SATELIT
EFEK KETIDAKSIMETRISAN BENTUK BUMI
EFEK KETIDAKSIMETRISAN BENTUK BUMI
GAYA GRAVITASI MATAHARI DAN BULAN
PASANG SURUT BUMI DAN LAUT
PASANG SURUT BUMI DAN LAUT
ATMOSPHERIC DRAG
ATMOSPHERIC DRAG
ATMOSPHERIC DRAG
DENSITAS UDARA
SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE
SOLAR RADIATION PRESSURE
GAYA PERTUBASI LAINNYA
BESARNYA GAYA PERTUBASI
EFEK PERTUBASI PADA ORBIT SATELIT
PENENTUAN ORBIT
PENENTUAN ORBIT
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