Caribbean Advanced Proficiency

Examination
Caribbean Studies
Internal Assessment

Candidate: Mark Anthony Henry

Candidate Number: 090041_ _ _ _

Centre Name: Queens College, Guyana

Centre Number: 090041

Research topic: The impact of modernization on religion in Industry,

Guyana

Year of Examination: 2017

Name of Teacher: Sir. Roger Small

1 | Page
 Acknowledgement
I would gladly express the greatest of gratitude towards my subject
teacher who took his time and effort to correct and guide us through this
assessment. If it wasnt for his help, this project would not have seen
completion.

I would also like to extend gratitude to my parents and sisters, especially

my older sister who proof-read and corrected any errors in this research.

2 | Page
 Content page
Introduction, Purpose of Research
4

Literature
Review
5

Data Collection
Sources
. 7

Presentation of data

.12

Interpretation of data

.16

Discussion of
Findings
. 19

Conclusion &Limitations of the

Research 21

Recommendations

22

Bibliography
.23

3 | Page
 Appendix
24

Introduction
Religion has become a potent factor in many first world countries, yet
holds a strong root in developing countries. Therefore, the statement of problem
is To what extent does modernization has on religion in Industry, Guyana. The
researcher is of the opinion that the shedding of ones religious cloak is directly
linked to modernization. It is interesting to note that the elderly has a strong
religious culture which opposes the young. Questions that are then risen from
the problem statement are:

1. How does the elderly view modernization on religion as opposed to the young?
2. What are the factors that can increase religious abandonment and is it the same
globally?

Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify the impact modernization

has on religion using the sample area chosen and to conclude the cause of the
problem. This can be achieved by distributing questionnaires to carefully chosen
surveyees.

A value this research communicates is that it can alert religious

worshippers why there is a decline in religious belief. Religion is a community,
gives a sense of belonging and identity. If factors of religious resentment can be
identified -and possibly rectified- then maybe troubled community members can
be counselled and learn to cope with the harsh reality of the world

4 | Page
 Modernization- the progressive transition from a pre-modern
society to a modern society.
Religion- the belief in and worship of a superhuman
entity/power.
Secularization theory-belief that as society progresses through
modernization, religion loses its authority in all aspects of social
life and governance.
Millennials- a person reaching adulthood in the early 21 st
century

Litera
ture
As society and values changes, the world changes with it.

revie
Modernization is impacting the world in both a negative and a
positive light, replacing basic values and reshaping society.

w
This is deemed post-modernization1. (Douglas, 1988) claims,
Modernity has adversely affected religion predominately in
Western culture. Of course, as basic values changes,
primitive values that once governed societies are being
replaced. This societal change is largely seen in the millennials
of society. Argument arises that human rights depict religious
beliefs as impractical and immoral as equality, homosexuality,
science and education become more mainstream. This allows
people to openly criticize and wholly abandon religion
altogether, and consequently, a secularized society is formed 2.
It is largely believed that challenging the supernatural is
characteristically a western phenomenon. However, a
worldwide survey discoveries 13% of the world population is
atheist, with China and Japan contributing more than half of
that actual figure3. Similarly, secularization has impacted the

5 | Page
more politically powerful and industrially driven counties of
South America. The researcher postulates modernization
cannot entirely be blamed for religious abandonment.
Therefore, the researcher aims to pin-point the factors which
can possibly increase religious abandonment in modernizing
societies.

Many authors have achieved to explain thoroughly why

religion has declined but failed to mention why it is still a strong
presence in third-world countries. Modernization has not
necessarily disproven traditional religion, but resulted in the
formation of new cults e.g. evangelical Protestantism-
Pentecostalism4. She theories where one religion may have
fallen, others such as Islam has survived, soared and even
expanded to Africa. In spite of this, (Crabtree, 2014) argues
religious countries have the highest rate of crimes. Some
studies, based on their preferential beliefs, are biased to one
side, predominately the non-religious side while others adapt to
a loosely fair prospective. Whether one is biased or not has
largely to do with their belief 5
. More or less, religion and
modernization are two sensitive words in the present era and
are opened for subjective interpretations. (Hunter & Malik,
2005) defines modernization as a society which cannot be
deemed modern without a democratic government; however,
(Inglehart, 1997) defines modernization is not linear, and it is
a process that increases the economic and political capabilities
of a society.

Modernization is a source towards secularization and it

promotes loss of faith and religious belief. Currently, more
researches are being done to discover the extent to which
6 | Page
religion has been affected in this rapidly secularizing society 6.
This study correlates with other works by exploring the
damages modernization has inflicted upon religion, while
paying close attention to the young minds of society. It avoids
and therefore overcomes a challenge -biasness- by exploring
both sides of a persons preferential belief.

Data collection
sources
The researcher conducted a quantitative cross-sectional
research. In-order to efficiently gather information on the topic,
a primary source (a questionnaire) and numerous secondary
sources were obtained and analysed.

The questionnaire consisted of a total of fourteen (14)

questions- 4 personal and 10 topic-oriented questions. The
questions were of the forced-choice-type but an option was

7 | Page
available where the respondents could have given their own
perspective. In this way, deeper understanding of the problem
statement was achieved.

Industry, a modernizing village in the vicinity of the capital

Georgetown, Guyana, was chosen as the sample area. Fifty
questionnaires were distributed by stratified random sampling
method and forty-seven questionnaires were collected. Fifteen
questionnaires were distributed to senior teenagers and ten to
junior teenagers from numerous schools, fifteen to adults and
ten to senior citizens. This method of distribution was used
because the researcher had to study the change of perspective
with age.

Numerous e-books from the internet, studies, articles and

educational websites were found and analysed for the
secondary source. These sources framed the backbone of the
research and gave the researcher a better view of the topic on
a global scale.

Lot 4
Industry, Area B,
East Coast Demerara.

8 | Page
Dear participant,

You are kindly asked to participate in this study based on the

impact of modernization in the village Industry, Guyana. I, the
surveyor, who is currently enrolled at Queens College, and
pursuing his final year in the CAPE examinations, am compiling
a study as to how modernization has impacted Guyana and how
religion has been affected by this change

I ask a small fraction of your time to complete this survey and

wish to inform you that the completion of this survey lies solely
in you, and you are free to skip any questions or abandon the
survey at any time. If you wish to partake in this study, I ask
that you answer all question honestly and return the
questionnaire to the researcher once finished.

Your volunteerism in this research is greatly appreciated and

your response will not be put to waste.

Thank you,

Mark. A. Henry

Instruction: Please place a tick in the box provided or, where

prompted, write briefly in the space provided.

9 | Page
1. Age:

13-20 21-34 35-49 >50

2. Sex:
male female

3. Religion:
Christianity Hinduism Islam Other (please
specify) _________

4. Occupation:
Self-employed Unemployed Firm-employed Student
Other

5. Irrespective of whether you attend a place of worship or not,

are a religious person?
Strongly religious Religious Unsure Not religious
Atheist

6. How many times per month do you attend your place of

worship/religious gathering?
Every week 2-3 times per month Less than two times Dont
attend

7. Do you agree the elderly are more involved in religious

activities while the young either avoids or abandons it?
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree

8. Do you believe modernization has contributed to the decrease

in religious activities?

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

disagree

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9. Which age group do you believe are the most affected by this
change?
Young children/teenager (5-15) Senior teenagers (16-19) Young
adults (20-40)

Middle-aged and senior adults (>40)

10. Why do you think this particular age group is the most
affected by modernization?

Greater influence by the media

Exposure to the world-wide web
Peer-pressure
Age group are at particular age where they can learn and
adapt faster than their seniors
All of the above

11. How do you believe this particular age group is mostly

affected by modernization?

Less morals, as seen in their choice of clothes and lifestyle

More disrespectful to elders
More likely to do drugs and involve in harmful
actions/behaviour
All of the above
Other:
________________________________________________________

12. State your opinion on whether you think third-world

countries are more involved in religious activities than first-
world countries.
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree

13. Why do you believe religious involvement has declined?

science has disproven many religious theories and people are

more incline to accept god as a fictional being
11 | P a g e
 Disconnections form family tradition.
Peer-pressure
Modernization- society has become more modern
All of the above

14. Over the years, religion has and is continuing to be

pushed aside and scientific knowledge has replaced many
teachings of religion. As a concerned and avid religious
follower, choose how you would combat this change.

Encourage friends and family to attend religious gatherings

weekly and/or frequently.
Encourage family-time and keep closer contact with family
members.
Limit the time children spends on television and the internet
and encourage religious activities.
Educate your juniors on why religion is important.
Not a religious follower/none of the above.
Other:
________________________________________________________

12 | P a g e
 Prese
Pie chart showing the frequency of religious people vs non-religious in the sample area
ntatio
n of
Religion data
Non-religious Unsure Atheist

Fig 1

Bar chart showing the effect of age on the religiosity of respondents

>50

35-49
Religious Unsure Non-religious Atheist

21-34

13-20

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Figure 1 showing the degree of religiosity in the sample population. 79%

of respondents are religious, 9% are unsure, 9% are unreligious and 4%
are atheist.

Fig 2
Figure 2 showing how age affected the religious believe in the sample
population. It shows respondents at the age of >50 who are very religious
(26%); middle-aged adults who are religious (19%); young adults aged 21-

13 | P a g e
34 who are religious (4%), unsure (4%), non-religious (9%) or atheist (4%);
and teenagers aged 13-20 who are religious (30%) or unsure (4%).

Clustered graph showing the religious belief of students and respondents of different population
25

20

15

10

0
Religious Unsure Non-religious Atheist

Student Other

Fi
g3

Clustered chart showing the factors which have decreaced religion

21

14

2
1 1
Science and eduction Disconnection from family tradition
Peer pressure Mondernization
All of the above

Figure 3 showing how education in the post-modern world affects the religiosity
on respondents based on the respondents job i.e. student or other. The graph
concludes 34%, 9%, 9% and 4% of respondents are religious, unsure, non-
religious or atheist respectively while 45% of other (unemployed, firm-employed)
are religious.

Fig 4

14 | P a g e
Figure 4 shows that education and science (45%) are the major factor to be
blamed for a decline in religious believe. The other factors are disconnections
from family tradition (2), peer pressure (4%), modernization (19%) and all of the
above (all of the listed factors combined) (30%).

3-D bar graph showing the respondents' answers on the effect of modernization on religion.

24
25
19
20

15

10
2 2 1
5

Strongly agree Agree Disagree

Strongly disagree

Fig 5

Doughnut chart showing the respondent's views on which age group is the most affected by modernization

4%2%

Young children/teenagers
(5-15)
38% Senior teenagers (16-19)
Young adults (20-40)
middle age and senior
adults (>40)

55%

Fig
ure 5 shows the respondents perspective on the effect on modernization on
religion. The majority of the sample population strongly agreed or agreed- 41%
and 51% respectively 4 that modernization negatively affected religion- while 4%
disagreed and 4% strongly disagreed.

Fig 6

15 | P a g e
Figure 6 shows the respondents answers on which age group are the most
affected by modernization. Many respondents (18) chose young
children/teenagers; the majority chose senior teenagers (26); 2 respondents
chose young adults and 1 respondent chose middle-aged and senior adults.

Question Options choice Frequenc

of y percen-
answer- tage (%)
Frequen
cy
10) Why do you Greater influence by the media 12 26
think this Exposure to the world-wide-web 2 4
particular age Peer-pressure 2 4
group is the Age group at an age where they can 5 5
most affected learn and adapt faster
by All of the above 26 55
modernization?
11)How do you Less morals 21 45
believe this Disrespectful to elders 5 11
particular age More likely to be involved in dangerous 1 2
group is mostly activities
affected by All of the above 17 36
modernization? Other 3 6
12) Do you Strongly agree 24 51
believe third- Agree 16 34
world countries Neutral 5 11
are more Disagree 2 4
involved in Strongly disagree 0 0
religion than
first-world
countries?
14) How would Encourage associates to attend religious 19 40
you combat the gatherings/activates
decline in Encourage family time and keep closer 7 15
religion? contact with family members
Limit time children spend on television 14 30
and the internet
Educate juniors on why religions is 5 11
important
Not a religious follower 2 4
Table summarizing the results obtained from the
experiment

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 Interp
retati
Figure 1 shows religion is still highly valued in the

on of
modernizing village, Industry, but they are some signs of
uncertainty (9%), non-religiousness (9%) and atheism (4%).

data
Age was a crucial factor in a respondent personal believe- as
present by figure 2. Of the 79% of religious people, 26% are
over fifty years, 19% are between the age group 35-49-year-
old, 4% of respondents are 21-34 years old and 30% of
respondents are 13-20 years. A clear trend occurs in that as the
age of the respondents decreased, their believe in religion
evidently dropped, i.e. atheism was 4% and non-religious belief
was 9%. The age group 21-34 had the most variation in
religious belief but the largest religious age group was 13-20
years-old (30%). One reason for this was because of the large
number of questionnaires distributed to them. The results from
figure 1 and 2 were obtained because it provided an essential
backbone to quantify the religiousness in Industry, Guyana and
to study how age affected religious believe.

17 | P a g e
 Figure 3 shows how education in a post modernized
society affects religion. The choice other was a general
grouping for occupations besides student. The graph shows
that students who are being educated in a post modernized
world are greatly affected in their religious belief (9%, 9% and
4% are unsure, non-religious or atheist respectively) while only
34% of the students sample population are religious. In
comparison, respondents who are working or unemployed are
very religious (45%). To further explore other factors that
promoted a decline in religious believe, figure 4 was
constructed. The most popular choice (45%) was education and
science, which agreed with figure 3. The other factors are
disconnections form family tradition (2%), peer pressure (4%),
modernization (19%) and the last was a combination of all the
listed factors (30%). A pattern that arose was that from figure
3, the respondents who chose student chose education and
science as the cause of religious abandonment in figure 4.

The 3-D bar graph, figure 5, shows were obtained to

express the respondents believe on whether modernization has
affected religious belief. The findings mirror previous analysis
(i.e. figure 4) and the majority of respondents either strongly
agreed (41%) or agreed (51%) that modernization has
negatively affected religious believe. It is intriguing to note,
respondents who claimed they were atheist or non-religious
strongly disagreed or disagreed that modernization was a cause
of religious decline. Of the 4% of atheist sampled, all 4%
strongly disagreed that modernization affected their religious
belief in any way; the 9% of non-religious respondents
disagreed (4%). Many respondents have agreed that

18 | P a g e
modernization has affected particular age groups in certain
ways- as seen in figure 6. Figure 6 exhibits the respondents
answers on which age group are the most affected by
modernization. The mass of the sample population chose the
age groups 5-15 (38%, young children/teenagers) or 16-19
(56%, senior teenagers). Surprisingly one respondent (2%)
chose middle aged and senior adults. One reason for this could
have been a misinterpretation of the topic or of the question.

Finally, figure 7, displays a comprehensive statistical table

that shows the remaining questions, the choice chosen and the
frequency percentage for each. Question 10-11 on the table
seeks to answer the questions how and why modernization
has affected the chosen age group.

In figure 7, an interesting pattern occurred with the elderly

(>50). Of the 26% sampled population (>50), all of them
adapted a pessimistic perspective as to how the chosen age
group would be affected and chose all of the above. The
choice all of the above tallied to a percentage of 36%, and the
remaining percentage came from the middle-aged adults (35-
49). Nevertheless, the most popular choice was a decrease in
morals which accumulated a total of 45% of the sample
population. A general pattern was seen throughout the analysis
with the elderly (>50) and mature adults (35-49). Not
surprisingly, many of the answers with these particular age
groups mirrored each other and there were negligible
discrepancies. The young adults (21-34) and teenagers showed
a greater deal of anomalitys in their choices and they
gravitated towards different answers.

19 | P a g e
 The data was yielded to find a link between the decline of
religious believe of the young and modernization and from the
results obtained, it is without a doubt modernization has
negatively affected the religious believe of millennials and the
ever-newer generation.

Discu
ssion
The research can decipher from the data obtained that religion has
drastically declined in the village, Industry, Guyana between the millennials and
of
the younger generations of society but yet a strong presence in the elderly (>50)

findin
and middle-aged adults (35-49). There is no doubt that as the young moves
away from religion, society and societal values will change indefinitely 7. This is

20 | P a g e
gs
reinforced by the fact that the loss of morals (i.e. societal values) was the most
popular choice among respondents (45%) in question eight (8).

Though they were an increase in religious abandonment, religion is still

an integral part of society in the sampled population. This was suggested by
(Douglas, 1988) who claim modernization has not necessarily eradicated
religion but resulted in the formation of new cults. Not surprisingly, this is quite
true because the sampled area is dominated by protestant religion (seventh-day
Adventists and the Gospel church) derived from the Roman catholic.

Religion has been affected by modernization, predominately in Western

culture, and of this effect, the millennials are the major targets 8. From the data,
within the age group 21-34 where 4% are religious, 4% are unsure,9% are non-
religious and 4% are atheists, the researcher can deduce that she is accurate in
her deduction. Nevertheless, this does not mean the age group 21-34 are the
only groups affected. The age group 13-20 which has 4% uncertainty in their
religious belief cannot be entirely overlooked. At this sensitive age, they are
adapting to the world. The beliefs they possess can be moulded by other people
and external forces as they age e.g. some are religious either out of fear or being
forced to be religious. The researcher can predict that has they age and learn,
some can question their beliefs and can branch off into the category of non-
religiousness or atheism.

Other factors that contribute to the decline in religious belief besides age
are science and education. From the research, it was found that science and
education (45%) are the main cause of religious abandonment. The second
most popular choice was all of the above (30%) that included disconnections
from family tradition (2%), peer pressure (4%), modernization (19%) and
science and education. This has been supported by (Crabtree, Human religions,
2002) who states human rights depict religious beliefs as impractical and
immoral as equality, homosexuality, science and education become more
mainstream. Yet, besides these factors listed in the questionnaire, they are

21 | P a g e
numerous other physiological conflicts and factors that can reduce a persons
religious belief.

Con
clusi
This research was conceived and made possible due to the researcher studying
the extent to which religion has been affected by modernization, and to an

on
extent, religion has been severely affected by modernization. It has been shown
that age, science, education, and other factors all contributes to an upsurge in
non-religiousness and atheism. However, this does not those are the only factors
that may alter religious belief.

22 | P a g e
 Limita
tions
Size of the sampled population- to effectively conclude how religion has been
affected, a very large sample population was needed to discover more trends
and patterns. The resources, time and manpower was not available to sample a
large number of people and consequently, the data obtained was doubtful.

The research failed to address an in-depth view and analysis of the

surveyees perspective. Also, a strong religious believe in the elderly doesnt
mean the entire worlds elderly are religious. Hence, the research failed to
address why this is such.

Reco
mmen
Religion plays an important part on our everyday lives and
moulds us into who we are. Due to modernization, there is an
datio
upsurge of non-religiousness and atheism. Hence, systems
need to be put in place so that the religious, non-religious and
ns
atheist can co-exist and live peacefully:

1. In third world countries, there is little room for the odd

ones out and due to dogmatism, society criticizes and
scrutinizes people of different believe, i.e. of no believe.
23 | P a g e
 People need to respect ones choice and they should
accept this societal change in religious perspective as a
consequence of modernization. Awareness of this situation
should be encouraged and can be spread by educating the
masses on atheism This will benefit those people who
chose the path of atheism and will help them live a
carefree and discrimination-free life.
2. Since religion is still a strong presence, young teenagers
and children can be introduced to religious activities so
they can choose a religious path (or not) at a young age.

Bibliography
Crabtree, V. (2002, August 23). Human religions. Retrieved from
http://www.humanreligions.info/secularisation.html
Crabtree, V. (2014, October 03). Retrieved from Do we need religion to have
good morals?: http://www.vexen.co.uk/religion/ethics.html
Douglas, M. (1988). The effects of modernization on religious change. Retrieved
from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025187
Gilani, S. I., Shahid , R., & Zuettel, I. (2012). Global index of religiosity and
atheism. Retrieved from
http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf
Hunter, S. .., & Malik, H. (2005). Modernization, democracy, and Islam. 88 Post
Road West, Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.

24 | P a g e
Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic
and political change in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton
University Press.
Marcotte, A. (2013, July 11). The 6 Types of Atheists and Non-Believers in
America. Retrieved from Alternet: http://www.alternet.org/belief/6-types-
atheists-and-non-believers-america
Menhas, R. U. (2015). Impact Of Modernization On Religious Institution: A Case
Study Of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. European Review Of Applied
Sociology, https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eras.2015.8.issue-
10/eras-2015-0003/eras-2015-0003.xml. Retrieved from European Review
Of Applied Sociology.
Mohammed, J. (2015). Caribbean studies for CAPE examinations (Vol. second
edition). 4 Crinan Street, London: Macmillian Publishers limited.

Appen
Lot 4 dix
Industry, Area B,
East Coast Demerara.

25 | P a g e
 Dear participant,

You are kindly asked to participate in this study based on the

impact of modernization in the village Industry, Guyana. I, the
surveyor, who is currently enrolled at Queens College, and
pursuing his final year in the CAPE examinations, am compiling
a study as to how modernization has impacted Guyana and how
religion has been affected by this change

I ask a small fraction of your time to complete this survey and

wish to inform you that the completion of this survey lies solely
in you, and you are free to skip any questions or abandon the
survey at any time. If you wish to partake in this study, I ask
that you answer all question honestly and return the
questionnaire to the researcher once finished.

Your volunteerism in this research is greatly appreciated and

your response will not be put to waste.

Thank you,

Mark. A. Henry

Instruction: Please place a in the box provided or, where

prompted, write briefly in the space provided.

1. Age:

13-20 21-34 35-49 >50

26 | P a g e
2. Sex:
male female

3. Religion:
Christianity Hinduism Islam Other (please
specify): Atheist

4. Occupation:
Self-employed Unemployed Firm-employed Student
Other

5. Irrespective of whether you attend a place of worship or not,

are a religious person?
Strongly religious Religious Unsure Not religious
Atheist

6. How many times per month do you attend your place of

worship/religious gathering?
Every week 2-3 times per month Less than two times Dont
attend

7. Do you agree the elderly are more involved in religious

activities while the young either avoids or abandons it?
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree

8. Do you believe modernization has contributed to the decrease

in religious activities?

Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

disagree

9. Which age group do you believe are the most affected by this
change?

27 | P a g e
 Young children/teenager (5-15) Senior teenagers (16-19) Young
adults (20-40)

Middle-aged and senior adults (>40)

10. Why do you think this particular age group is the most
affected by modernization?

Greater influence by the media

Exposure to the world-wide web
Peer-pressure
Age group are at particular age where they can learn and
adapt faster than their seniors
All of the above

11. How do you believe this particular age group is mostly

affected by modernization?

Less morals, as seen in their choice of clothes and lifestyle

More disrespectful to elders
More likely to do drugs and involve in harmful
actions/behaviour
All of the above
Other: They are not affected.

12. State your opinion on whether you think third-world

countries are more involved in religious activities than first-
world countries.
Strongly agree Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly
disagree

13. Why do you believe religious involvement has declined?

science has disproven many religious theories and people are

more incline to accept god as a fictional being
Disconnections form family tradition.
Peer-pressure
Modernization- society has become more modern
28 | P a g e
 All of the above

14. Over the years, religion has and is continuing to be

pushed aside and scientific knowledge has replaced many
teachings of religion. As a concerned and avid religious
follower, choose how you would combat this change.

Encourage friends and family to attend religious gatherings

weekly and/or frequently.
Encourage family-time and keep closer contact with family
members.
Limit the time children spends on television and the internet
and encourage religious activities.
Educate your juniors on why religion is important.
Not a religious follower/none of the above.
Other:
________________________________________________________

Notes

29 | P a g e
1 Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic and political
change in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press.

2 Crabtree, Vexen. 2002. Human religions. 23 August.

http://www.humanreligions.info/secularisation.html.

3 Gilani, Shafi Ijaz, Rushna Shahid , and Irene Zuettel. 2012. Global index of religiosity and
atheism. http://www.wingia.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf.

4 Douglas, Mary. 1988. The effects of modernization on religious change.

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20025187.

5 Marcotte, Amanda. 2013. The 6 Types of Atheists and Non-Believers in America. 11 July.
http://www.alternet.org/belief/6-types-atheists-and-non-believers-america.

6 Menhas, R., Umer, S., Akhtar, S., et al. 2015. Impact Of Modernization On Religious Institution: A
Case Study Of Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. European Review Of Applied Sociology
https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/eras.2015.8.issue-10/eras-2015-0003/eras-2015-0003.xml.

7 Inglehart, R. (1997). Modernization and postmodernization, cultural, economic and political change
in 43 societies. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press.

8 (Douglas, 1988)