N11-21113

NASA TEGHNICAL NASA TM X-67846

M E M O R A N D U M

PERFORMANCE OF A BRAYTON-CYCLE POWER CONVERSION

SYSTEM USING A HELIUM-XENON GAS MIXTURE

by Alfred S. Valerino and Lloyd W. Ream

Lewis Research Center
Cleveland, Ohio

TECHNICAL PAPER proposed for presentation at

19"1 Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference
sponsored by the Society of Automotive Engineers
Boston, Massachusetts, August 3-6, 1971
ABSTRACT
A Brayton power conversion system was oper-
a t e d i n an ambient environment w i t h a gas mix-
t u r e of h e i i w , and xecon. The system was oper- .
a t e d a t a compressor i n l e t temperature of 80' F
through a compressor discharge p r e s s u r e range
from 20 to'45 p s i a and through a t u r b i n e i n l e t
temperature range from 1300 t o 1600' F. R e s u l t s
of system and component performances through t h e
o p e r a t i n g range of p a r m e t e r s a r e discussed.
R e s u l t s of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n d i c a t e d a
s e t engine e f f i c i e n c y (excluding h e a t l o s s e s
from t h e h e a t source) of approximately 30 p e r c e n t
a t a compressor discharge p r e s s u r e of 45 p s i a and
a t u r b i n e i n l e t temperature of 1600 F. The
g r o s s power o u t p u t measured a t t h e a l t e r n a t o r
t e r m i n a l s f o r t h i s c o n d i t i o n was 15.2 kW. Good,
agreement was obtained i n a comparison o f t h e
compressor a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y w i t h t h a t ob-
t a i n e d w i t h t h e compressor t e s t e d w i t h argon gas;
compressor e f f i c i e n c i e s of t h e o r d e r o f 79 p e r -
cent were obtained. With t h e blend of helium
and xenon and w i t h high t u r b i n e i n l e t tempera-
t u r e s ( 1 3 0 0 ~t o 1600' F) t u r b i n e s t a t i c e f f i -
ciency was s l i g h t l y lower than w i t h c o l d argon;
t h e values were 87.5 p e r c e n t and 88.8 p e r c e n t
w i t h hot helium-xenon and c o l d argon, r e s p e c t i v e -
l y . The h e a t - t r a n s f e r e f f e c t i v e n e s s of 0 . 9 5 o f
t h e gas-to-gas r e c u p e r a t o r agreed w;th t h e p r e -
d i c t e d v a l u e a t a system p r e s s u r e l e v e l of
45 p s i a . The head r i s e o f t h e l i q u i d c o o l a n t
pump, approximately 193 f t a t a design c a p a c i t y
of 3.7 gal/min, was considerably h i g h e r t h a n t h e
s p e c i f i e d minimum value o f approximately 159 f t .
ZONSIDERABLE EFFORT HAS BEEN expecde a by t h e
;TASA, Lewis Research Center, t o aemoxstra.l;e t h e
c a p a b i l i t i e s of a l o n g - l i f e , space-oriented,
m u l t i - k i l o w a t t Brayton cycle power sysiem. The
3rayton engine was designed t o produce 2 t o 10
kW of e l e c t r i c a l power w i t h a gas mixture of
helium-xenon (molecular weight of 83.8) a s t h e
working f l u i d . The power conversion sy-tcm of
t h e engine employs a r o t a t i n g u n i t ('URU) c l o s e -
coupled t o a h e a t exchanger wit (BIIXU) . 'She
r o t a t i n g u n i t c o n s i s t s of a t u r b i n e , an a . l t e r n a -
t o r and a compressor on a s i n g l e s h a f t which i s
supported a n i r e t a i n e d by journal. and t h r u s t
bearings o p e r a t i n g on a f i l m of t h e systems work-
i n g f l u i d . Design r o t a t i v e speed i s 36,000 rpm.
The h e a t exchanger u n i t c o n s i s t s of a gas-to-gas
recuperator, a g a s - t o - l i q u i d waste heal; exchang-
e r , and a s s o c i a t e d ducting. Much d a t a or: t h e be-
havior of t h e components and of t h e p o y r con- '
v e r s i o n system o p e r a t i n g w i t h e i t h e r arr argon,
or l c r n t o n has been published ( 1 t o IS)*: Few
experimental d a t a , however, have been dbtained o r
published on t h e components afid system perform-
a w e w i t h t h e helium-xenon gas mixture a s t h e
working f l u i d . The experlmental perform,nce o f . a
power conversion system operatin, in a vacuum en-
vironment w i t h helium-xenor. i s re?ort,ed i n
Hef. 14.
This p a p e r p r e s e n t s d a t a obtained w i t h a
power conversion system o p e r a t i n g i n an ambient
envirotment w i t h t h e helium-xenor, g a s mixture a s
t h e wopking f l u i d . T e s t s f v a r i a b l e s include a
t u r b i n e i n l e t temperature range of 1 3 0 0 ~t o
1600' I, a compressor discharge p r e s s u r e range of
2G t o 45 p s i a a t a compressor i n l e t temperature
of 80' F. Performance of t h e t u r b i n e , t h e com-
p r e s s o r , t h e r e c u p e r a t o r , t h e waste h e a t ex-
changer, t h e engine l i q u i d coolant pump, a s well
a s t h e power conversion system, are presented.
GENERAI, DESCRIPTION
A schematic diagram o f t h e Erayton power
conversion system i s p r e s e n t e d m Fig. 1. An
e l e c t r i c h e a t source wag i n s t a l l e d between t h e
BKXU high-pressure s i d e o u t l e t and Lhc Lurblne
i n l e t t o provide t h e thermal energy f o r Lhe sys-
tem. Gas flows from t h e compressor drscharge,
through t h e gas-to-gas r e c u p e r a t o r i n t o t h e h e a t
source. The heated gas passes througn t h e t u r -
b i n e , i n t o t h e BHXLi low-pressure s l d e where i t
g i v e s up some of i t s h e a t content t o t h e gas
umbers i n parentheses designate Ref-
erences a t end of paper.
 cntering cne recuperator from the compressor.
Gas then :Lows i n t o the waste heat exchanger
where s u f f i c i e n t heat i s released t o the l i q u i d
coolant t o maintain a compressor i n l e t tempera-
t u r e of 80 F.
The Dow Corning l i q u i d coolant i s circu-
l a t e d by the coolant pump through the y x t e heat
exchanger v i a a single path and through the al-
t e r n a t o r v i a e i t h e r one and/or two paths. Heat
added t o the coolant i s removed by means of a
refrigeration unit.
Photographs of the BRU, BHXU and the e l e c -
t r i c heat source i n s t a l l e d i n the power conver-
sion f a c i l i t y a r e presented i n Figs. 2 and 3.
The heat source-BHXU i n s t a l l a t i o n i n the system
support frame i s shown i n Fig. 2. The heat
source and i t s i n l e t and o u t l e t piping a r e cover-
ed with a micro-quartz blanket type i n s u l a t i o n .
The i n s t a l l a t i o n of the vertically-mounted BRU,
with tbe turbine end up, a n d a t h e BHXU i s shown
i n Fig. 3.
High gas temperatures were measured with
chromel-alumel type thermocouples; low gas tem-
peratures and l i q u i d temperatures were measured
. w i t h i r o n constantin thermocouples. Strain-gage
type transducers were employed t o measure a l l of
the absolute and d i f f e r e n t i a l pressures required
f o r pressure measurements and f o r gas flow r a t e
computations. Liquid flow r a t e s were sensed by
a turbine-type flow meter.
Rotative speed of the BRU s h a f t was obtained
by means of a capacitance probe l o c a t e d near the
BRU compressor journal bearings and by means of
the a l t e r n a t o r frequency. A speed - c o n t r o l l e r
described i n Ref. 13 was u t i l i z e d t o operate i n a
safe-speed band.
The e l e c t r i c a l power output of the a l t e r n a -
t o r ' s three phases were each measured with root-
mean square instruments.
PROmDURE
During the t e s t , constant values of t u r b i ~ e
i n l e t and compressor i n l e t temperatures were
maintained while the compressor dischmge pres-
sure was varied. Turbine i n l e t temperature was
controlled by a closed-loop contr'oller regulating
the e l e c t r i c a l power t o t h e h e a t source. The
compressor i n l e t temperature was mai'ntained a t
80 F by controlling the l i q u i d coolant flow r a t e
t o t h e waste heat exchanger. Temperature of the
coolant entering the waste heat exchanger was
f i x e d a t approximately 68' F. The compressor
discharge pressure was v a r i e d by varying the gas
system inventory.
The ,?eed c o n t r o l l e ~ "was 110s"roperly tuned
p i i n g t h i s t c s t . The r e s u l t a n t r o t a t l v e speed
ana, therefore, the a l t e r n a t o r frequency l a r e
approximately 101 t o 104 percent above the de-
sign values. Dcsign rotat,lve speed was 36,000
rpm; design a l t e r n a t o r frequency was 1200 Ha.
DISCUSSION
COMPRESSOR - The radial-outflow compressor
was designed f o r a nominal. 6-kW n e t output (1).
A photograph of the compressor vaned d i f f u s e r -
' s c r o l l assembly and the impeller i s shomm. i n
Fig. 4.
The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the BXU cmlpressor
a r e shown i n Figs. 5, 6, and 7, The e f f e c s s of
compressor discharge s t a t i c press.me on the
s t a t i c pressure r a t i o across the compressor and
the adiabatic e f f i c i e n c y a r e presented i n Pig. 5.
A t a constant turbine i n l e t temperature, the
compressor discharge pressure lias no s i g n i f i c a n t
e f f e c t on n e i t h e r the s t a t i c p r e s s i r e r a t i o nor
the efficiency; however, increasing the turbine
i n l e t temperature r e s u l t e d i n s l i g h t increases
i n s t a t i c pressure r a t i o . The s t a t i c pressure
r a t i o increased from approximately 1 . 9 1 'to 1.94
when the turbine i n l e t temperature was illcreased
from 1300 t o 1600 F. The pressure r a t i o ob-
t a i n e d a t 1600' F i s s l i g h t l y higher than i h e
value obtained with argon as reported i n Ref. 8.
The a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y (Fig. 5(6)) i s
e s s e n t i a l l y independent of the turbine i-nlet
temperature. The experimental e f f i c i e n c y of ap-
proximately 79 percent i s i n goo$ agreement with
the 79.5 percent obtained from the argon t e s t of
Ref. 8.
The e f f i c i e n c i e s and the s t a t i c pressure
r a t i o s of the compressor are presented i n Fig. 6
i n the conventional compressor format-viz., pres-
sure r a t i o and e f f i c i e n c y versus equivalent flow
rate.
The e f f e c t of the e q u i v d e n t weight flow on
the temperature r i s e r a t i o i s presented i n
Fig. 7. There i s r e l a t i v e l y good agreemelit bk-
tween the experimental data with helium-xenon
and the .argon data of Ref. 8-approximately 0.38
compared t o 0.37 with argon.
TURaIrjE - Photographs of the r o t o r housing
and the s c r o l l assembly a r e presented i n Figs. 8
and 9, respectively. The radial-inflow tulrbine
was a l s o designed f o r a nominal 6-kW system
e l e c t r i c power ( 2 ) .
The operating c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the turbine
a r e presented i n Figs. 10, U. and 12. E f f e c t s
of the compressor discharge s t a t i c pressure on
the turbine inlet to discharge static pressure
ratio and on thc turbine efficiency are s h m in
Fie. 10. Compressor discharge pressure shows no
significant effect on the static pressure ratio
(Fig. 10(a)). A slight increase in pressure ra-
tio resulted with increasing turbine inlet tem-
perature. Pressure ratios of approximately 1.77
and approximately 1.79 were obtained at turbine
inlet temperatures of 1 3 0 0 ~and 1600~F, re-
spectively.
Increasing compressor discharge static pres-
sure from 25 to 45 psia resulted in a slight in-
crease of approximately 2 percentage points in
turbine efficiency (~ig.10(b)). The data indi-
cates a slightly lower efficiency (87.5 percent
at a compressor discharge pressure of 25 psia)
when compared to the cold argon tests of Ref. 7
(88.8 prcent). The turbine efficiency and the
equivalent inlet-to-discharge static pressure'
ratios are plotted in the conventional manner
against blade-to-jet speed ratio and equivalent
weight flow in Figs. 11 and 12, \respectively.
Scatter exists in the data but, in general, the
data is in close agreement with the' argon data
of Ref. 7.
HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (BW) I. The BHXU,
shown in Fig. 13, consists of a gas-to-gas re-
cuperator, a gas-to-liquid waste heat exchanger
and the interconnecting ducting. The recuper-
ator is a counterflow plate-fin unit with cross-
flow, tri-angular end sections. The waste heat
exchanger is a cross-counterflow, plate-fin unit.
Manifolds are provided for the two units and are
shaped to provide uniform flow. Ducts are
attached to the manifolds for connections to the
heat source and the rotating unit. A more de-
tailed description of the BHXLJ and some perfom-
ance data are presented in Ref. 3.
The performance characteristics of the BHXU
has been determined for the operating conditions
of the power conversion system. The performance
is expressed in terms of the heat srarisfer
effectiveness-i.e., the ratio of the temperature
drop to the difference between the inlet temper-
ature through each heat exchanger passage. To
demonstrate the behavior of the BHXU in relation
to the system operating conditions, the perfom-
ance is presented as a function of the system
pressure level at the compressor discharge.
The variation of recuperator heat transfer
effectiveness with compressor discharge pressure
at turbine inlet temperatures of 1 6 0 0 ~and 1 3 0 0 ~ ~13.2
is shown in Fig. 14. The effectiveness is rela-
zively constant at a turbine inlet temperature
of 1600' F through the compressor discharge pres-
sure range. The expermental effectiveness of
0.95 obtalned at a turbine iliiet temperatue of
1600' F at a compressor discharge prcssurc of
42.5 psla is In agreement with the predicted
value. The effectiveness decreased sllgbtly
wlth increasing compressor discharge pressure
when the turbine inlet teinperaiure was reduced
to 1300' F.
The change in heat transfer cfiec tlveness
of the waste heat exchanger obtained at a turb-
ine inlet temperature of 1600' E wlCh compressor
dlscharge pressure 1s shown in Fig, 15. A small
decrease, from approxmately 0.97 to 0.95, re-
sulted when the compressor aischarge pressure
was increased from 25 to 45 psla. The smalL
drop in effectiveness occurs because of the c m -
bined lncrease of both the heat load m a the
heat transfer coefficient
The variation of overall pressure arop ra-
t ~ across
o the BHXU wlth compressor dlscbarge
pressure at a turbine lnlet tenperatme of
1600' F 1s presented In Fig. 16. 1ncreasl)ig
compressor discharge pressure from 20 to 45 psia
resulted in a decrease In the overall pressure
drop ratio from approximately 3.056 to 0.038.
LIQUID COOLANT PUMP - The mosor dnverl pump,
shown in Flg. 17, 1s an rntegral, hermetically-
sealed unit consisting of a centrrfugal, pimp and
a three-phase 400-Hz motor mounted in a conmon
housing. A complete descx lptlon of the coolant
pump unlt is presented In Ref. 4. Input power
to the pump unit was supplled by a three-pliase,
400-Hz motor-generat~onset. The liomnal speed
of the pump unit is 11,OOC rpn.
The head rise characteristic of the coolant
p'mp is shown in Fig. 18, The opezating charac-
teristics indlcate that the pwnp nead rlse is
well over the specified mxnimum requlrelnent of
159 ft at a flowrate of 3.7 gail/nlin. Experl-
mental value of approximately 192 ft was obtain-
ed at the deslgn flow conalslon,
ENGINE - The effects of compressor discharge
pressure and turblne Inlet temperature on the
power output measured at the alternator terminals
(gross power output) are presenteo ln Flg. 19.
Increasing compressor dlscharge pressure and the
turbine inlet temperature resulted ln Increases
in the gross power output. At turbine inlet
temperatures of 1600' and 140O0 F, at a conlpres-
sor discharge pressure of 45 psla, the gross
electrical power outputs were approxmately
and 10 kW, respectively. At a compressor
drscharge pressure of 20 psla, the gross power
outputs were approximately 4.5 and 3.3 kW, re-
spectlvely.
 The e f f i c i e n c i e s of' tine engine a r e presented
i n Fig. 20. Since t'le e l e c t r i c heat source does
not provide a good exyine-heat-source simulation,
the e f f i c i e n c y of the e l e c t r i c heat source i s not
taken i n t o account i n the computation of the en-
gine efficiency. The thermal input t o the engine
i s defined a s the r a t e of enthalpy addition
across the heater-that i s , ~ ~ $ 2 2 , where w i s
flow r a t e , cp i s s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pres-
sure and AT i s temperature r i s e from recuper- ,
a t o r o u t l e t t o turbine i n l e t .
The engine gross e f f i c i e n c i e s , based on the
gross power outputs, a r e presented a s a function
of tine system pressure l e v e l a t various turbine
i n l e t temperatures i n Fig. 2 0 ( a ) . A t a compres-
sor discharge pressure of 45 p s i a the gross e f f i -
ciency decreased from approximately 33.5 percent
t o approximately 28.5 percent when the turbine
i n l e t temperature was decreased from 16000 t o
1 4 0 0 ~F. A t a l l turbine i n l e t temperatures, de-
creasing the compressor discharge pressure r e -
s u l t e d i n decreases i n gross efficiency.
Since the operation of the Brayton engine i s
self-sustaining, a housekeeping power requirement
f o r engine a u x i l i a r i e s must be considered. This
a u x i l i a r y power requirement i s 1 . 4 k W (5). The
net power o r the u s e f u l engine power therefpre i s
the gross power output minus 1.4 kW.
The e f f e c t s of compressor discharge pressure
and turbine i n l e t temperature on the engine n e t
efficiency i s shown i n Fig. 20(b). The'net e f f i -
ciency i s defined i n the Appendix. A t 1600 and
1 4 0 0 ~F turbine i n l e t temperatures a t a compres-
s o r discharge s t a t i c pressure of 45 psia, t h e net
e f f i c i e n c i e s obtained were approximately 30 and
25 percent, respectively. A t a compressor d i s -
charge pressure of 20 p s i a , the net e f f i c i e n c i e s
were approximately 19 and 1 3 percenr;, respective-
ly.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
The performance c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a Brayton
cycle power conversion system and of i t s compo-
nents were 'obtained with a gas mixture of helium-
xenon as the working f l u i d . Tests were conducted
i n an ambient environment through a compressor
discharge pressure range, a turbine i n l e t temper-
a t u r e range, and a t a constant compressor i n l e t
temperature of 80' F. Results of t h e investiga-
t i o n indicate:
1. A t a turbine i n l e t temperature of 1 6 0 0 ~F
and a compressor discharge pressure of 45 psia, a
system net e f f i c i e n c y of approximately 30 percent
resulted. The system e f f i c i e n c y does not include
the e l e c t r i c heat source efficiency since IC does
not adequately simulate the engine heat source,
2. The compressor a d i a b a t i c e f f i c i e n c y , ap-
proximately 79 percent, i s i n good agreement with
the 79.5 percent value obtained from the compo-
nent t e s t with argon gas.
3 . The t u b i n s dfficioncy el' 87.5 psresnt
was approximately one percentage point lower than
the value obtained when the turbine was t e s t e d
with cold argon gas.
4. The effectiveness of t h e recuperatar
portion of the heat exchanger u n i t was approxi-
mately 95 percent. This value agrees with the
predicted effectiveness.
5. The head r i s e of approxrrnately 1 9 3 ' f t
obtained with the l i q u i d coolant pump f a r ex-
ceeded the specified minimum requirement of
159 f t a t a capacity of 3.7 gd/min.
APPENDIX
APG a l t e r n a t o r gross output power, kG ' .1
s p e c i f i c heat a t constant pressure, f t - l b /
Cp
( l b -OR)
ER recuperator heat t r a n s f e r effectiveness,
(TRI-TR~ / ( T R ~ - T )R ~
Ew waste heat exchanger e f f e c t i v e n e s s (gas
side), (TRz-Tw~)/(TR~"T~z)
g g r a v i t a t i o n a l constant, 32.174 f t / s e e 2 -
&hi i d e a l s p e c i f i c work, ~ t u / l b
J mechj~nicalequivalent of heat, 770.16
f t -lb/Btu
P s t a t i c pressure, p s i a
T t o t a l temperature; OF
Ut blade t i p v e l o c i t y , f t / s e c
V absolute gas velocity, f t / s e c
Vj i d e a l j e t speed corresponding t o s t a t i c
pressure r a t i o across the turbine,
2gJ(Ahi), f t / s e c
w flowrate,lb/sec
y r a t i o of s p e c i f i c heats, 1.667 f o r heliuin-
xenon mixture .
6 r a t i o of i n l e t s t a t i c pressure t o U.S.
standard sea-level pressure P/P3'
E function of y used i n r e l a t i n g parameters
t o those using a i r i n l e t conditions a t
U.S. standard-se - l e v e l conditions,
(
& P( y)
a y/r -?
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TD t u r b i n e discharge' and C. B. Winzig, "Preliminary I n v e s t i g a t i o n of
TI turbine i n l e t a Single-Shaft Brayton Rotating Unit Designed f o r
R1 r e c u p e r a t o r i n l e t low p r e s s u r e s i d e a 2-to-10 Kilowatt Space Power Generatioii'Sys-
tem. " W A TM X-1869, 1969.
R2 r e c u p e r a t o r o u t l e t low p r e s s u r e s i d e ll. D. S. Repas and R . A. Edkin, " P e r f o m -
R3 r e c u p e r a t o r i n l e t high p r e s s u r e s i d e ance C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a 14.3-Kilowatt-Ampere
I14 recuperator o u t l e t high pressure side Modified Lundell A l t e r n a t o r f o r 1200 Hertz
Brayton-Cycle Space-Power System." NASA TN D-
Wl gas o u t l e t s i d e of waste h e a t exchanger ' 5405, 1969.
W2 l i q u i d i n l e t s i d e o f waste h e a t exchanges 12. J . L. KLann, " S t e a d y ~ S t a t eAnalysis of a
Brayton Space-Power System." NASA TN D-5673,
1970. . .
13. B. D. Ingle, H. L. Winner, and R. C.
1. Anon., "Design and F a b r i c a t i o n of t h e Bainbridge, "Steady-State . C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of a
Brayton Cycle High Performance Compressor Re- Voltage Regulator and a P a r a s i t i c Speed Con-
s e a r c h Package." AiResearch Mfg. Co. Rep. APS- t r o l l e r on a 14.3-Kilovolt-Ampere, 1200-Hertz
5269-R, NASA CR-72533, November 29, 1967. Modified Lundell Alternat'or. " NASA TN D-5924,
2. Anon., "Design and F a b r i c a t i o n o f t h e 1970.
Brayton Cycle High Performance Turbine Research 14. R. W . Vernon and T . J. M i l l e r , " E q e r i -
Package." Report APS-5281-R, AiResearch Mfg. mental Performance of a 2-15 Kilowatt Brayton
Co. Rep. APS-5281-R, NASA CR-72478, February 14, Power System Using a Mixture of Helium and
1968. Xenon. ". NASA TM X-52936, 1970.
3 . G. N. Kaykaty, "Design Description and
Performance Test R e s u l t s from Two I d e n t i c a l
Brayton Heat Exchanger Units." NASA TM X-52844,
1970.
 ,-COMPRESSOR

K EAT
UCHANGER
UNIT (BHXCII

Figure 1. - Schematic of power conversion system.

 TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,

(A)STATIC PRESSURE RATIO.

C-69-3758
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE STATIC
PRESSURE, PC PSlA
Figure 4. - Compressor scroll and impeller. D'
(BI EFFICIENCY.
Figure 5. - Effect of compressor dis-
charge pressure on compressor
static pressure ratio and o n com-
pressor efficiency.
 TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,
TTIJ
OF

TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,
A 1300 TTII
@ REF. 8 OF

70 Ref. 8
(A) STATIC PRESSURE RATIO.

EQUIVALENT WEIGHT FLOW,

~ $ 1 6 , LBlSEC
.80 85 90 Figure 7. - Variation of cornpres-
EQUIVALENT WEIGHT <LOW, sor temperature rise ratio with
wJe,lbC, LBlSEC equivalent flow rate.
(B) EFFICIENCY.
Figure 6. - Variation of
compressor static pres-
s u r e ratio and efficiency
with equivalent flow rate.
 TURBINE INLET
TUVIPERATURE,
TT
OF

.8 u (A) STATIC PRESSURE RATIO.

1. 9r

10 20 30 40 50
COMPRESSOR Dl SCHARGE STATIC
PRESSURE, P PSIA
C D'
(B) EFFICIENCY
Figure 10. - Effect of compressor dis-
charge pressure on t u r b i n e static
pressure ratio and on efficiency.

TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,
TT
OF

C
o 1600
1500
o 1400
100 A 1300
1 @ (REF. 71

70
.6
u .7 .8 .9
BLADE-TO-JET SPEED RATIO, V
Figure 11. - Variation of
t u r b i n e efficiency with
blade-jet speed ratio.
 TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,

OF

1600
1500

'tu
1
.3
e

.4 .5
REF. 7

.6
.

EQUIVALENT WEIGHT FLOW,

wCR/6
Figure 12. - Variation of tur-
bine static pressure ratio
with equivalent flow rate.

Figure 13. - Brayton heat exchanger unit.

 o TURBINE INLET TEMPERATIIRE, 1 6 0 0 ~F
A TURBINE INLET TEMPERATIIRE, 1300' F
@ DESIGN POINT
m

cd

COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE, PSlA

Figure 14. - Effects of t u r b i n e i n l e t temperature and pres-
s u r e level o n t h e recuperator effectiveness.

0 TURBINE INLEI TEMPERATURE,

1600' F

COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE, PSlA

Figure 15. - Effect of pressure level o n heat s i n k exchanger
effectiveness.

o TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,
1600' F

.031 1 I 1
0 10 20 30 40 50
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE, PSlA
Figure 16. - Effect of pressure level o n BHXU pressure
drop.
 TURBINE INLET
TEMPERATURE,
TT
o?
0 1600
TURBINE INLET - r 1MO
TEMPERATURE,
TT

(A) GROSS EFFICIENCY.

--
COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE,
P C D (PSlA)
Figure 19. - Effect of system pressure COMPRESSOR DISCHARGE PRESSURE,
level o n t h e alternator gross power P PSlA
output. C D'
( B ) NET EFFICIENCY
Figure 26. - Effect of system pressure
level on t h e engine gross and net
efficiencies.