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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
KEYWORDS Abstract Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) slab using externally bonded plate is
RC slab; found to be the most common and popular in retrofitting of deficient structure. However, prema-
Strengthening; ture failures due to plate end debonding of steel plate and shear could be the major drawbacks of
Debonding; the system to obtain the highest flexural capacities. The aim of this research was to propose a com-
Premature shear; prehensive strengthening technique to eliminate premature failures of flexurally strengthened RC
End anchor; slab. In the experimental programme, five full scale RC slabs including un-strengthened control slab
Embedded connector and flexurally strengthened slabs using steel plates were fabricated and tested. The strengthened
slabs were further strengthened with end anchor and embedded steel bar connector to eliminate pre-
mature end peeling and shear failure respectively. Theoretical and numerical models were also pro-
vided to design and to analyse the structural behaviour of steel plate strengthened slabs. Results
showed that end anchor and embedded connectors prevented premature end peeling and shear fail-
ure of flexurally strengthened RC slabs completely and allowed the slab to fail by flexure with the
maximum strength and ductility, whereas, their corresponding strengthened slabs without end
anchor and embedded connector failed with premature plate end debonding and shear respectively.
Both premature failures were found to be brittle in nature. The proposed theoretical model pre-
dicted the capacities of strengthened slabs satisfactorily. The results based on the numerical analysis
were found to be comparable with the experimental findings.
2016 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria
University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
1. Introduction
Nomenclature
aspects, strengthening of slab is the most acceptable way rather 2. Proposed design model for flexural strengthening of RC slab
than demolish. A significant number of research works have using externally bonded steel plate
been conducted over last decade on strengthening of reinforced
concrete slab using various methods to enhance flexural capac- 2.1. Flexural capacity of un-strengthened control slab
ities of deficient slabs [111]. Amongst the existing methods,
externally bonded plate using steel plate and carbon fibre lam-
The flexural capacity of control slab based on yielding of steel
inate is found to be the most effective and popular method to
bar could be theoretically predicted using Eq. (1) of EC2
strengthen the slab for flexure. It has been investigated that the
(2004):
plate bonding method could achieve the maximum capacity of
strengthened slab. However, premature plate end debonding 0:588As fyk
Ms As fyk d 1
failure was found to be the major weakness of this method fck b
to obtain the highest flexural strength [12]. In most of the cases
where,
the debonding of plate caused premature failure which was
brittle and catastrophic in nature. As fyk As fyk
x 2
Researchers investigated that because of the discontinuity 0:85fck 0:8b 0:68fck b
of the plate, excessive shear and normal stresses developed at
end of the plate which caused cracks [13,14]. Finally the cracks 0:588As fyk
z d 0:4x d 3
lead to debond the plate either at the level of concrete adhesive fck b
interface or at the level of internal flexural reinforcement.
Since, this debonding failure was found to be premature and
brittle in nature, elimination of the plate end debonding failure 2.2. Design flexural strength of strengthened slab
is vital to obtain the full strength and ductility of flexurally
strengthened RC slab. Furthermore, in general the slab is The slab could resist the moment until it fails by crushing of
not critical for shear; however, once the slab is being strength- concrete. Thus, the maximum moment resisting capacity of
ened for flexure, it could fail by premature shear. In that case, slab is as follows:
strengthening of slab for shear would be crucial to avoid pre-
MRC Cz 0:85fck b0:8xd 0:4x 4
mature shear failure to obtain the maximum flexural capacity
of strengthened slab. Although the structural behaviour of As per EC2, the maximum depth of neutral axis, x 0:45d.
flexurally strengthened RC slab using externally bonded plates Thus,
is well known, solutions on preventing those premature fail-
ures are seldom found. The main aim of this research work MRC Cz 0:85fck b0:80:45dd 0:40:45d
was to investigate the performances of end anchor and embed- 0:251fck bd2 5
ded connector to eliminate premature plate end debonding and
shear failures of flexurally strengthened RC slab. Comprehen- If Ms < MRC , in that case the slab can be strengthened for
sive theoretical model is proposed to design and analyse the flexure.
slab for flexural and shear strengthening using externally Since, slab could resist moment as long as it fails by
bonded steel plate and embedded connector respectively. crushing of concrete; thus, the maximum moment resisted by
Finally, the slab specimens were modelled using ABAQUS to concrete could be used as the design moment of strengthened
investigate the structural behaviour numerically. slab.
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
Prevention of premature failures of RC slab 3
As;p
q 6 0:02 13
bd
2.3. Required dimension of steel plate for flexural strengthening
If Vmax > VRd;c , the slab will fail by premature shear. In that
of RC slab
case the slab needs to be strengthened for shear using embed-
ded connector.
Moment needs to be resisted by strengthening plate:
3.2. Design of flexurally strengthened slab for shear using
0:588As fyk
Mp Md Ms 0:251fck bd2 As fyk d 6 embedded connector
fck b
Ap 9 Shear span
fyk;p t 0:18d
16
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
4 M.A. Alam et al.
2.7 mm x 100 mm x 150 mm steel anchor Total shear resisting capacity of embedded connector is
16 mm diameter connector
dcot45 d
2.7 mm x 50 mm x 1200 mm steel plate Vec fbd t2prNc fbd t2pr fbd t2pr 19
s s
140 mm x 500 mm x 1500 mm concrete slab
Required dimension of connector (single row) is
r V V
p Rd;c
20
s 2ptfbd d
4. Experimental investigations
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
Prevention of premature failures of RC slab 5
(e) Strengthened slab with embedded connector and end anchor (SS-A-C)
Embedded connectors were also provided at end of plates in tension face of each of the slab for flexural strengthening using
slab SS-C. The details of all specimens are shown in Table 1. Sikadur-30 normal adhesive. The plates were positioned prop-
erly and were forced gently on the plates until the adhesive
4.2. Fabrication of specimens and properties of materials came out from both sides of the plates to eliminate entrapped
air. After fixing the plates the specimens were left seven days
The slabs were fabricated using four 8 mm diameter steel bars for curing.
as main flexural reinforcement as shown in Fig. 1. It had
420 MPa yield and 500 MPa tensile strengths. All slabs were 4.4. Shear strengthening of slab using embedded connector
cast with 20 (cube strength) grade concrete. The steel plates
that were used for flexural strengthening and anchoring had To eliminate premature shear failure of flexurally strengthened
275 MPa yield and 320 MPa tensile strengths respectively. slab, steel bar embedded connectors were used in shear span of
The flexural reinforcement (8 mm) was also used to prepare slab. Before fixing the plates, the slab was drilled for 16 mm
the embedded connector. The bar with 140 mm length was hole with the spacing of 100 mm centre as shown in
inserted in 16 mm diameter adhesive filled embedded connec- Figs. 2 and 3(b). The holes of the connectors were properly
tor. The properties of materials are summarized in Table 2. cleaned to remove dust and loose particles. The holes were
then filled by Sikadur-30 adhesive and 8 mm steel bars were
4.3. Flexural strengthening of slabs inserted into the adhesive filled holes. The connectors were
fixed prior to fix the steel plates and end anchors.
Before strengthening of slabs SS, SS-A, SS-C and SS-A-C, the
greasy and loose particles were removed from the bonding 4.5. End anchoring
faces of the concrete using scaling hammer. The dust and loose
particles were finally removed by compressed air. In addition, In slabs SS-A and SS-A-C, the flexural steel plates were end
the bonding faces of steel plates were sand blasted according to anchored using 2.7 mm 100 mm 150 mm steel plates as
Swedish standard Sa 2.5 to make sure the accurate bond shown in Figs. 2 and 3. The dimensions of steel anchor plates
of plates can be achieved. Once the surfaces of steel plate were arbitrarily chosen. The surfaces of concrete to fix the
and concrete had been prepared, two steel plates with the anchor plates were scrubbing using scaling hammer to expose
dimension of 2.7 mm 50 mm 1200 mm were fixed on the the coarse aggregate for strong bonding between anchor plate
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
6 M.A. Alam et al.
(a) Load vs mid span deflection (b) Load vs flexural bar strain
(c) Load vs concrete compressive strain (d) Load vs flexural plate strain
and concrete. The surface of steel anchor plate was sand Strain gauges were also fixed on the strengthening steel plates
blasted using same standard of flexural plate. The anchor and at top of the slab to record the tensile strain of strengthen-
plates were then fixed on the flexural plates using Sikadur-30 ing plate and compressive strain of concrete respectively.
adhesive. LVDT was used at mid span of slab for measuring mid-span
deflection. All specimens were tested under four points loading
4.6. Instrumentation and test procedure with the shear span of 450 mm as shown in Fig. 4. The support
distance of the slab was 1300 mm. The loads were applied
Before casting of concrete, two strain gauges were fixed on the through the loading frame using hydraulic jack. The Data Log-
flexural reinforcements of each slab to record strain of bar. ger recorded all the required data for analysis of the results.
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
Prevention of premature failures of RC slab 7
5. Experimental results had shown elastic behaviour as shown in Fig. 6(b) and (d),
the deflection of that slab was also found to be elastic. It
5.1. Effects of end anchors was observed that the end anchored slab failed at shear span
rather than mid-span before yielding of bar and steel plate at
mid span of slab. It could be the reason to have elastic mid-
Strengthened slab with end anchors had failed with shear with-
span deflection behaviour of end anchored slab.
out debonding of steel plate as shown in Fig. 5(c). It had
Result also showed that slab with end anchor had 64.2 kN
shown flexural failure followed by shear failure, whereas, un-
failure load which was found to be 15.5% and 77% higher as
anchored strengthened slabs had shown debonding of plate
compared to strengthened slab without end anchor and un-
followed by shear failure (Fig. 5(b)). The end anchored
strengthened control slab respectively (Table 3). Since, end
strengthened slab failed by shear because of enhancement of
anchored prevented premature debonding of steel plate, had
flexural capacity. The failure mode of that slab was found to
shown higher failure load. The ductility factor of end anchored
be bit ductile in nature rather than brittle and catastrophic fail-
strengthened slab was higher as compared to that of un-
ure, whereas, un-anchored strengthened slab had shown brittle
anchored slab. It was noticed that the number of cracks of
and catastrophic failure. The mid span deflection of end
end anchored slab was higher than un-anchored slab. Since,
anchored strengthened slab was found to be elastic in nature
the number of crack increased, the crack width of end
as shown in Fig. 6(a). Since, the flexural bar and steel plate
80
80
70 70
60 60
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
50 50
CS
40 40
SS-C
30 30
SS-A CS
20 20
SS-A-C SS-C
10 10 SS-A
SS-A-C
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 500 1000 1500
Deflection (mm) Bar strain (micro)
(a) Load vs mid span deflection (b) Load vs flexural bar strain
80 80
70 70
60 60
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
50 50
40 40
30 30 SS-C
CS
20 SS-C 20 SS-A
10 SS-A 10 SS-A-C
SS-A-C
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 0 400 800 1200 1600
Concrete strain (micro) Plate strain (micro)
(c) Load vs concrete compressive strain (d) Load vs flexural plate strain
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
8 M.A. Alam et al.
Figure 8 Details of reinforcement, steel plates, anchor and embedded connector of specimens in numerical model.
Figure 9 Mesh distribution of strengthened slab with plate and end anchor in numerical model.
anchored strengthened slab was reduced. The end anchored nectors and control slab respectively as shown in Table 3. The
slab had higher concrete strain at failure load as compared connectors assisted to have the highest strength of strength-
to un-anchored slab as shown in Fig. 6(c). ened slab as shown in Fig. 7(a) and (b). Fig. 7(d) shows that
at failure load the strain of flexural steel plate of embedded
5.2. Effects of embedded connector to eliminate premature shear connector strengthened slab exceeded the yield strength of
failure of flexurally strengthened slab plate, which indicated the maximum capacity of the slab. Fur-
thermore, before failure, the concrete strain of slab with
Results showed that the embedded connectors completely pre- embedded connector was found to be higher as compared to
vented premature shear failure of strengthened slab as shown others (Fig. 7(c)). It could be due to higher capacity of embed-
in Fig. 5(e). The connectors increased the shear resisting capac- ded connector strengthened slab. Although the concrete strain
ity of flexurally strengthened slab; thus, it failed by flexure of that particular slab was found to be higher at failure load, it
rather than premature shear. The failure mode of that slab was found to be lower as compared to the crushing strain of
was found to be ductile in nature. The strengthened slab with concrete (3500 micro). It could be due to under-design of slab
embedded connector had shown higher deflection after around rather than balanced design. Moreover, it was noticed that the
68 kN load as shown in Fig. 7(a). It could be due to yielding of slab (SS-A-C) failed at loading point rather than mid-span
steel bar and steel plate as shown in Fig. 7(b) and (d) respec- which had effects on mid-span concrete strain as well.
tively. Since, the bar and plate yielded before failure of the
slab, had shown higher ductility, whereas, end anchored 5.3. Comparison between theoretical predictions with
strengthened slab without embedded connector showed brittle experimental results
premature shear failure before yielding of steel bar and plate
(Fig. 7(b) and (d) respectively). The theoretical flexural capacities of un-strengthened control
The embedded connectors enhanced 10% and 109% slab and flexurally strengthened RC slab using externally
strength of slab as compared to strengthened slab without con- bonded steel plate could be obtained based on the proposed
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
Prevention of premature failures of RC slab 9
ABAQUS
whereas, Eqs. (23) and (24) are proposed to predict the shear
19,769
capacity of flexurally strengthened slab and shear strengthened
3510
892
939
slab with embedded connector. All the equations of this
Plate strain (l)
research are based on EC2.
Experimental
0:588As ftk
Mcs As ftk d 21
fck b
1036.6
1293.2
1225
1504
0:588As ftk Ao ftk;p
Mss As ftk d
ABAQUS
fck b
24,560
12,756
0:588As ftk Ap ftk;p
1461
2182
As ftk t 22
935
Steel bar strain (l)
fck b
Experimental
Vss 0:12k100qfck 1=3 bd 23
1321.9
1070.6
1266.6
649.9
d
730
Vss 2fbd t2pr 0:12k100qfck 1=3 bd 24
s
The theoretical flexural failure load of control slab was
found 8% lower as compared to those of experiment shown
in Table 4. The shear capacity of control slab was higher as
ABAQUS
respectively. Since, that slab failed by debonding of steel plate,
it had shown lower failure load compared to theoretical predic-
1.03
0.77
0.85
0.96
0.94
tions. Results also showed that the experimental failure load of
end anchored strengthened slab was close to theoretical shear
ABAQUS
capacity rather than flexural capacity as shown in Table 4,
whereas, the experimental failure load of embedded connector
slab was found to be almost similar with the theoretical flexu-
35
72
73
67
80
Failure load (kN)
ral failure load. The slab with connector failed by flexure thus
Experimental
64.2
75.5
show premature shear failure.
62
Comparison between numerical and experimental results.
6. Numerical modelling
1.59
1.58
1.6
6.1. Discretization
ABAQUS
First crack load (kN)
SS-A-C
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
10 M.A. Alam et al.
5 0.8
SS-A
Stress (MPa)
SS-A SS
3
SS 0.4
2
0.2
1
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 40 0 600 800
-1 -0.2
Distance from Support (mm) Distance from Support (mm)
Figure 10 Interfacial normal and shear stress (numerical) along the length of soffit plate.
2nd Connector
150
Slab Depth (mm)
100
50 SS-A-C
SS-A
0
-0.5 0 0.5 1
Concrete Shear Stress (MPa) at 67
kN
Figure 11 Concrete shear stress (numerical) at 2nd connector, 250 mm from edge of slab (comparison between SS-A and SS-A-C).
Figure 12 Shear stress comparison (numerical) between steel connector and concrete for SS-A-C at 67 kN.
modelled similar to reinforcement bars as solid elements. The between steel plates and anchor with the concrete surface of
reinforcement elements were embedded in the concrete using the slab along with connectors and surrounding concrete. Tie
embedded region constrain, and its strains are computed constraints are used to tie two surfaces together for the dura-
from the displacement field of the concrete elements surround- tion of a simulation. For a structural analysis this means the
ing it. In this study, perfect bond was assumed between the translational degrees of freedom are constrained. In this
internal steel reinforcement and the surrounding concrete as research, the steel plates, anchors, and connectors acted as
bond failure had not been observed during the experimental the master surfaces while the concrete surface of the slab acted
tests. Tie constrains were utilized to model the bond area as the slave surface.
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
Prevention of premature failures of RC slab 11
100
60
50 80
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
40 60
30 CS-ABAQUS SS-C-ABAQUS
SS-ABAQUS 40
20 SS-A-ABAQUS SS-A-C-ABAQUS
CS-Exp SS-A-C-Exp
10 20
SS-Exp SS-C-Exp
SS-A-Exp
0 0
0 5 10 15 0 10 20 30
Deflection (mm) Deflection (mm)
(a) Load vs mid span deflection (CS, (b) Load vs mid span deflection (SS-C,
SS, SS-A) SS-A-C)
80
CS-ABAQUS 100
70 SS-ABAQUS
60 SS-A-ABAQUS 80
CS-Exp
Load (kN)
50
Load (kN)
SS-Exp
SS-A-Exp 60
40
SS-C-ABAQUS
30 40 SS-A-C-ABAQUS
20 SS-A-C-Exp
20
10 SS-C-Exp
0 0
0 2000 4000 0 5000 10000 15000
Bar strain (micro) Bar strain (micro)
(c) Load vs flexural bar strain (CS, SS, (d) Load vs flexural bar strain (SS-C,
SS-A) SS-A-C)
70 80
60 70
60
50
Load (kN)
Load (kN)
50
40
40
30 30
SS-ABAQUS SS-C-ABAQUS
20 SS-A-ABAQUS 20 SS-A-C-ABAQUS
SS-Exp SS-A-C-Exp
10 SS-A-Exp 10
SS-C-Exp
0 0
0 400 800 1200 1600 0 400 800 1200 1600
Plate strain (micro) Plate strain (micro)
(e) Load vs flexural plate strain (SS, (f) Load vs flexural plate strain (SS-
SS-A) C, SS-A-C)
A damaged plasticity model for concrete available in ABA- A mechanical Displacement/Rotation boundary condition is
QUS/CAE served as the basis for the constitutive model of used in ABAQUS/CAE to model the supports of the RC slab.
the reinforced concrete slabs. This model uses concepts of iso- The slab was designed to be simply supported with one side
tropic compressive and tensile plasticity in combination with pinned by restricting its movement on the Y and Z directions
scalar damage to describe irreversible reductions in stiffness and the other side as a roller support by restricting its move-
during the fracturing process; these values were obtained from ment on the Y direction, where the supports are 100 mm from
the compressive and tensile tests in the laboratory. The elastic the edge of the slab. In addition, the whole slab is restricted to
modulus and Poissons ratio are the two basic parameters to move on the X axis to avoid any displacement in that direction.
define the elastic mechanical behaviour of concrete. An A pressure load is used to simulate the two point loads on the
elastic-perfectly plastic stressstrain model was adopted for RC slab as it is the most similar to the real loading in the lab-
the internal steel reinforcement, steel plates, anchors, as well oratory. The load is applied proportionally by ABAQUS/CAE
as connectors. For steel reinforcement and connector a to simulate the actual load increase. An appropriate
420 MPa yield stress is specified, while for steel plates and incremental-iterative procedure was adopted to solve the non-
anchor have yield stress of 275 MPa and Poissons ratio is 0.3. linear equations. The vertical loads were applied as pressure
Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
12 M.A. Alam et al.
load, and for each increment, general static analysis step was of strengthened slab with embedded connector was found to
implemented with 1 s of time and 0.01 as initial increment. be 109% and 10% higher as compared to control slab and
Convergence was successfully achieved at the end of each load end anchored slab without connector respectively. The end
step using this procedure. anchor could prevent premature debonding of steel plate and
had shown ductile mode of failure rather than brittle. It had
7. Numerical results enhanced 77% and 15.5% ultimate flexural capacity of slab
as compared to un-strengthened control and strengthened slab
The results of specimens obtained from numerical analysis are without end anchors respectively. In general, steel plate
summarized in Table 5. The numerical model predicted crack- strengthened slabs had shown better structural performances
ing loads, failure loads, deflection and strain or stress beha- in terms of crack loads, failure loads, ductility, deflection beha-
viour of all slab specimens. It also investigated the effects of viour and crack patterns as compared to un-strengthened con-
end anchors and embedded connectors in strengthening sys- trol slab. The proposed theoretical models predicted the
tems. Results showed that end anchors reduced the interfacial capacities of slab which were found to be comparable with
shear and normal stresses as shown in Fig. 10. The patterns of the experimental findings. The numerical analysis predicted
predicted interfacial stresses were found to be similar with the capacities of strengthened slabs and investigated the effects
existing researches. In general the interfacial stresses are high of anchor and connectors. The results obtained from numeri-
near the end of the plate which one is agreeable with the find- cal analysis were found to be comparable with experimental
ings of numerical results. Since, anchor reduced the interfacial findings. Further research work is required to predict the
stresses, it could delay or eliminate debonding failure of plates. capacity of embedded connector. A comprehensive guideline
The numerical analysis also predicted the shear stresses of con- of connector systems to prevent premature shear failure of slab
crete near the embedded connector shown in Fig. 11. The slab could also be focused on future research.
with connector showed higher shear stress at concrete as com-
pared to that without connector. Because of connector, the Acknowledgements
concrete could resist higher shear stress and, thus, could pre-
vent premature shear failure of slab. Results also showed that The authors would like to express their gratitude to the Min-
the connectors are effective near the load points (Fig. 12). Near istry of Higher Education (MOHE) for providing research
the support the concrete stress was higher as compared to grant (Grant No. 08012012ERGS) to carry out the project.
embedded connector; however, near the load point the stress Thanks are also due to the Department of Civil Engineering
of embedded connector was found to be higher. and Research Management Centre, Universiti Tenaga
Nasional and those who contributed directly or indirectly.
8. Comparison between experimental and numerical results
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Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018
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Please cite this article in press as: M.A. Alam et al., Prevention of premature failures of plate bonded flexurally strengthened RC slab using end anchor and connector,
Alexandria Eng. J. (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2016.09.018