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synchronous generator is variable voltage, variable frequency overhead circuits. For LV cable distribution circuits with low
alternating current. Power must be made in fixed voltage and XR ratio, this method does not work. So due to this, only very
fixed frequency for consumption by locals or grid. Line small embedded generation can be connected to LV networks.
commutated inverters are used which are actuated by utility- Tap-changing transformers and complete dynamic voltage
line power. Synchronous inverters (which are line- control is needed to solve this problem [3].
commutated) will stop functioning during a blackout.
B. Power Quality
B. Stand-alone Due to different sources of electricity to grid, power quality
In stand-alone system, wind turbines deliver energy is an important parameter to consider. Generators are obliged
production directly to local community and are not connected to produce adequate voltage waveform (with limited voltage
to national grid. Production of electricity is directly stored in harmonics content) while consumers are bound not to distort
battery banks or turbine runs in parallel with a diesel too much the current waveform (minor harmonics current
generator. From here, electricity will be converted so it can be content) [3].
used by various devices. Good control system and battery Voltage flicker should be avoided as they represent
backup is needed in this configuration for efficient energy presence of harmonics in voltage wave. Bad case for voltage
consumption and storage. flicker is when a fixed speed wind turbine is connected to a
network with low fault levels. Power output of wind turbine
C. Hybrid
varies rapidly due to wind turbulence, and on a system with
Hybrid system with battery backup for emergency power low fault level, this can give voltage fluctuations. Systems
outages works well in remote areas where there are power cuts with good fault levels will suffer less. In addition, a wind farm
and grid is not available 24/7. Wind is strong in winter when with several turbines will cause less flicker, as variations in
less sunlight is available. Peak operating times of solar and power outputs of different turbines will cancel out.
wind occur at different time, so hybrid systems is a good Voltage and current at any point in distribution system
solution. A good power inverter allows solar panels and wind should have a perfect sine, 50Hz waveform. This does not
turbine to charge a battery bank, even when the grid goes happen in reality, as there are various sources of harmonics
down. In addition to that, there is always a generator to make connected to the networks. Inverter-coupled embedded
sure it will work when batteries run low on storage. Modern generation also introduce harmonics into the network. All of
electronic controllers can operate and shift between these these decrease the energy efficiency and must be solved.
systems automatically.
C. Protection and Stability
IV. TECHNICAL PERSPECTIVE Installation of embedded generation must not affect
distribution network and customers in network. So there are
From technical perspective, there are a few things to look and circuit breakers & isolators to isolate embedded generation
discuss when integrating wind power with national grid or from distribution network on both sides of the system. In
local community is trying to use power for themselves. addition to that, there are under and over voltage relays, under
A. Voltage Regulation and Reactive Power and over frequency relays, voltage presence sensors, over
current and voltage controlled relays to give maximum
Grid must supply electricity to customers at a voltage within
protection and stability. Reverse power relay is added to avoid
specific limits. If a generator at wind turbine is generating
the generator to work as a motor [3].
voltage, it will cause voltage level to rise. This rise depends on
many factors:
V. ENERGY EFFICIENT SOLUTIONS
Type and size of generator
Magnitude and direction of reactive power flow on Some balance of system and energy efficient solutions that are
the network. used in all embedded generation systems whether at utility
Network impedance from infinite busbar to generator scale or within homes are:
Power Compensators
Worst-case scenario is when customer load on network is at
Energy Storage
minimum and embedded generator is giving power. On other
Voltage Regulators
hand, if generator is used on-site, it doesnt affect network
HVDC
voltages.
Voltage drop (|V|) in per unit is given as A. Variable Renewable Energy smoothing by Battery
Energy Storage
|V| = (RP+XQ) / E EQ. (1) Wind power and solar PV may quickly ramp down or
increase abruptly. This can have negative effect for systems
So voltage rise may be limited by controlling the reactive voltage levels in distribution network and system stability.
power Q that is given by the generator in EQ. 1 [3]. In Grid cant absorb this extra wind power produced. Batteries
particular, when Q is negative (generator is taking reactive capture the wasted wind power, so operators can access the
power), it is possible to reach |V| = 0. This method is good power that was unavailable to them in past. This system is
for circuits with high XR ratio, such as higher voltage being used for utility scale wind power and for local
3
communities and does not give away any CO2 emissions to the line as well as for voltage fluctuations caused by variations of
environment. Battery backup is a good way to save the energy the load.
that was otherwise going to waste because there was no load
to consume it [5].
If batteries can compensate for changing power levels for
even 20 minutes, this can give grid operator time to ramp up
or turn down power from mainstream power plants. In this
way, large amounts of renewable energy can be added [12].
Figure below shows how batteries are usually connected with
wind power and solar PV panels. Intelligent battery
management system (BMS) makes sure batteries are charged
and discharged efficiently [7].
FIG. 2 [4]
FIG. 1 [9]