DUCTILE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN PRECAST CONCRETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES

by Onur Erta B.S., C.E. Boazii Universiy, 1998 M.S., C.E. Boazii Universiy, 2000
Submitted to Institute for Graduate Studies in Science and Engineering in partia
l fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
Graduate Program in Civil Engineering Boazii University 2005
ii
DUCTILE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN PRECAST CONCRETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
APPROVED BY:
Prof. Turan zturan (Thesis Supervisor)

Assist. Prof. evket zden (Thesis Co-Supervisor)

Prof. Cengiz Karako

Assist. Prof. Cem Yaln

Prof. zal Yzgll

DATE OF APPROVAL: 07.07.2005

Make things as simple as possible but no simpler Simplicity that is based on ration
ality is the ultimate sophistication. -attributed to Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I owe special thanks to Assist. Prof. Dr. evket zden of Kocaeli University for his
endless helps, guidance and encouragements. I am also grateful to Prof. Dr. Tur
an zturan of Boazii University to manage TUBTAK project and to Assist. Prof. Dr. Cem
Yaln for his invaluable recommendations. I would like to thank to Structures Labo
ratory research assistants and technicians for their assistance and supports dur
ing the experiments. Especially, I gratefully thank to Osman Kaya to share with
his time and work at weekends and nights for my project. Funding provided by TBTAK
(TAG I589) and The Turkish Precast Association is gratefully acknowledged. The su
pply of materials from SKA Chemicals BETONSA and BEKSA is also gratefully acknowl
edged. I am very thankful to GK naat A.. and AFA Prefabrik for their supports, sugge
stions and encouragements. Finally, I would like to thank to my wife, mom and da
d for their continuous support and patience.
iv
ABSTRACT
DUCTILE BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN PRECAST CONCRETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
Post-earthquake field investigations on precast concrete structures revealed tha
t the level of damage and the poor performance of the buildings during the 1999
Kocaeli and Dzce Earthquakes in Turkey were closely related to the performance of
the precast connections. As a result, a two-phase research program on the perfo
rmance of precast ductile beam-column connections was developed as a PhD Thesis.
In Phase I, four different types of ductile moment resisting precast frame conne
ctions and one counterpart monolithic specimen, designed for high seismic zones,
were tested. Precast specimens of Phase I may be subdivided into three subgroup
s as cast-in-place, composite with welding and bolted connections. Comparisons o
n the performance parameters, such as energy dissipation and comparisons on ease
of fabrication and economy reveals that the modified bolted connection of Phase
I may well be used in high seismic zones.
In Phase II, five hybrid connections with unbonded prestressing tendon and parti
ally bonded mild steel were tested. The main variable in Phase II specimens was
the percent contribution of mild steel to the flexural moment capacity of the co
nnection. Each hybrid connection was compared with the monolithic reference suba
ssembly in terms of connection strength, stiffness degradation, energy dissipati
on and permanent displacement. It is observed that the design philosophy of hybr
id connections is satisfied when the mild steel moment contribution of the conne
ction is around 30 per cent.
Furthermore, a numerical model was developed for Phase II specimens to highlight
the hysteretic behavior under seismic loading.
v
ZET
PREFABRK YAPILARDA MOMENT AKTARABLEN SNEK KOLON-KR BRLEMLER
1999 Kocaeli ve Dzce depremleri sonras yaplan saha gzlemlerinde, prefabrik yaplarn gst
rmi olduu yetersiz performansn nedenlerinden en nemlisinin birleim blgelerinin zayfl
tespit edilmitir. Bu amala, snek kolon-kiri birleimlerinin incelenecei iki aamal bir
ma projesi doktora tezi olarak sunulmutur. almann ilk ayanda, deprem riski yksek blg
gre tasarlanm olan drt adet snek ve moment aktarabilen prefabrik kolon-kiri birleimi
le ahit deney olarak konvansiyonel eleman testi yaplmtr. Test edilen bu detaylar yeri
nde dkml, kaynakl kompozit ve bulonlu birleim olmak zere alt gruba ayrlabilir. Sonu
lonlu birleimin konvansiyonel sisteme kyasla gsterdii yapsal performansn yansra, ucuz
kolay uygulanabilir bir detay olmas nedeniyle deprem blgelerinde kullanlabilecei grlm
almann ikinci aamasnda be adet ard-germeli birleim detay tersinir tekrarl ykler a
edilmitir. Test deikeni, birleim blgesindeki yumuak donatnn eilme kapasitesine katk
k seilmitir. Tm birleim detaylar, dayanm, rijitlik kayb, enerji tketimi, kalc depla
riterleri baz alnarak konvansiyonel sisteme gre kyaslanmtr. Deney sonular gstermiti
umuak donatnn eilme kapasitesine katksnn yzde 30 olmas durumu, ard-germeli sistemler
sarm kiriterleri ile uyumaktadr. Bunlara ek olarak, ard-germeli birleim detaylar iin h
erhangi bir deprem etkisi altndaki davrann aydnlatmak amacyla nmerik bir model de gel
ilmitir.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ABSTRACT .. ZET
.. 2.2.2. Bolted Connection .. 2.2.3. Post-tensioned Conne
DY .......... 3.1. Objective ....... 3.2. Test Spec
n (M) .. 3.6.2. Cast-in-Place in Column Connection (CIPC) .... 3.6.3.
CIPB) .... 3.6.4. Composite Connection (GOK-W) ..
iii iv v viii xvii xviii 1 1 2 6 8 8 10 10 12 14 24 31 31 31 33 33 33 36 38 40 4
1 41 43 43
vii
3.6.5. Bolted Connection (specimen B and specimen Mod-B) 3.6.6. Post-Tensioned Conne
ction (PT) ... 4. TEST RESULTS ... 4.1. Monolithic Speci
in Beam Connection (CIPB) ....... 4.4. Composite Connection (GOK-W) ....
B and specimen Mod-B) ... 4.6. Post-Tensioned Specimens .... 4.6.1.
Effect (PTM0) . 4.6.2. Post-Tensioned Specimen-10 per cent Mild Steel Effect (PTM10
) . 4.6.3. Post-Tensioned Specimen-30 per cent Mild Steel Effect (PTM30) . 4.6.4.
Post-Tensioned Specimen-50 per cent Mild Steel Effect (PTM50) . 4.6.5. Post-Tensi
oned Specimen-65 per cent Mild Steel Effect (PTM65) . 5. EVALUATION OF TEST RESUL
TS .......... 5.1. Strength, Failure Modes and Ductility ...... 5.
IS .......... 6.1. Design Steps of Post-Tensioned Connection ...
ructure with Hybrid Connection . 6.3. Modeling of Hybrid Connections ...........
Theoretical Background of Analysis ..... 6.3.2. Procedure for Moment-Rotation Anal
xperimental Validation for Moment-Rotation Behavior ........ 6.3.4. Hysteretic Mod
eling of Beam-Column Subassemblies .... 6.3.4. Verification of the Proposed Model ...
CLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ....... REFERENCES ...
45 46 53 53 53 59 61 64 64 67 68 72 73 77 80 80 97 100 104 106 106 111 116 116 1
18 122 125 130 139 142
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1.
Flexural column failure at the base Flexural column failure at the 1/3rd column
4
Figure 1.2.
4
Figure 1.3.
An example of common type beam-column connection ...
5
Figure 1.4.
Another example of common type beam-column connection ...
5
Figure 1.5.
Deficiencies in precast structures ......
7
Figure 2.1.
Types of connection ...
10
Figure 2.2.
Typical connection configurations
11
Figure 2.3.
Welded connection at column face
11
Figure 2.4.
Spaced-out thread bar frame ..
13
Figure 2.5.
Front view of beam-column connection
14
Figure 2.6.
Behavior of B-P-Z4 specimen in Phase-I ..
17
Figure 2.7.
Basic details of I-P-Z4 and K-P-Z4 ...
18
Figure 2.8.
Test parameters of Phase-IV-B study
20
Figure 2.9.
Prototype five story precast structure
22
Figure 2.10.
Hybrid connection detail ..
22
ix
Figure 2.11.
Details of PM2 specimen ..
24
Figure 2.12.
Arrangements of precast concrete members .
26
Figure 2.13.
H-shaped precast elements ...
27
Figure 2.14.
Some details of midspan connections ...
28
Figure 2.15.
Details of U channel system .
28
Figure 2.16.
Typical CIP connection detail ..
29
Figure 2.17.
Typical precast concrete frame .
30
Figure 3.1.
Test specimen dimensions ....
32
Figure 3.2.
Stress-strain plot of 10 mm mild steel ......
35
Figure 3.3.
Stress-strain plot of 20 mm mild steel ..
35
Figure 3.4.
Stress-strain plot of prestressing tendon ...
36
Figure 3.5.
Configuration of test setup ...
37
Figure 3.6.
A view from test setup .....
38
Figure 3.7.
Loading history ....
39
Figure 3.8.
Test parameters .
40
Figure 3.9.
Details of the monolithic specimen ......
42
Figure 3.10.
Details of the specimen CIPC ...
42
x
Figure 3.11.
Details of the specimen CIPB ...
43
Figure 3.12.
Details of the specimen GOK-W ..
44
Figure 3.13.
Details of the specimen Mod-B
46
Figure 3.14.
Reinforcing details of post-tensioned specimens .
48
Figure 3.15.
Connection details of post-tensioned specimens ..
49
Figure 3.16.
Assembled post-tensioned connection ..
49
Figure 3.17.
Reinforcement content and orientation of Phase II specimens .
50
Figure 3.18.
Reinforcement and connection details of PTM0 ..
52
Figure 4.1.
Crack distribution of specimen M at 1.75 per cent story drift ..
54
Figure 4.2.
Crack distribution of specimen M at 3.50 per cent story drift ..
55
Figure 4.3.
Load vs. story drift response of Specimen M ..
55
Figure 4.4.
Moment vs. curvature response of specimen M ..
56
Figure 4.5.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen M .....
56
Figure 4.6.
Crack distribution of specimen CIPC at 1.75 per cent story drift
57
Figure 4.7.
Crack distribution of specimen CIPC at 3.50 per cent story drift ....
57
Figure 4.8.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen CIPC ..
58
Figure 4.9.
Moment vs. curvature response of specimen CIPC
58
xi
Figure 4.10.
Crack distribution of specimen CIPB at 1.75 per cent story drift ....
59
Figure 4.11.
Crack distribution of specimen CIPB at 3.50 per cent story drift
60
Figure 4.12.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen CIPB ..
60
Figure 4.13.
Moment vs. curvature response of specimen CIPB ..
61
Figure 4.14.
Crack distribution of specimen CIPB at 1.75 per cent story drift ....
62
Figure 4.15.
Crack distribution of specimen GOK-W at 2.75 per cent story drift
62
Figure 4.16.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen GOK-W .
63
Figure 4.17.
Moment vs. curvature response of specimen GOK-W .
63
Figure 4.18.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen B
65
Figure 4.19.
Crack distribution of specimen Mod-B at 1.75 per cent story drift ..
65
Figure 4.20.
Crack distribution of specimen Mod-B at 3.50 per cent story drift ..
66
Figure 4.21.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen Mod-B
66
Figure 4.22.
Moment vs. curvature response of specimen Mod-B ...
67
Figure 4.23.
Damage level of specimen PTM0 at 1.75 per cent story drift ..
68
Figure 4.24.
Damage level of specimen PTM0 at 3.50 per cent story drift ..
69
Figure 4.25.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen PTM0 .
69
Figure 4.26.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen PTM0 ...
70
xii
Figure 4.27.
Damage level of specimen PTM10 at 1.75 per cent story drift
70
Figure 4.28.
Damage level of specimen PTM10 at 3.50 per cent story drift
71
Figure 4.29.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen PTM10 ...
71
Figure 4.30.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen PTM10 .
72
Figure 4.31.
Damage level of specimen PTM30 at 1.75 per cent story drift
73
Figure 4.32.
Damage level of specimen PTM30 at 3.50 per cent story drift
74
Figure 4.33.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen PTM30 ...
74
Figure 4.34.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen PTM30 .
75
Figure 4.35.
Damage level of specimen PTM50 at 1.75 per cent story drift
75
Figure 4.36.
Damage level of specimen PTM50 at 2.75 per cent story drift
76
Figure 4.37.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen PTM50 ...
76
Figure 4.38.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen PTM50 .
77
Figure 4.39.
Damage level of specimen PTM65 at 1.75 per cent story drift
78
Figure 4.40.
Damage level of specimen PTM65 at 3.50 per cent story drift
78
Figure 4.41.
Load vs. story drift response of specimen PTM65 ...
79
Figure 4.42.
Moment vs. rotation response of specimen PTM65 .
79
Figure 5.1.
Determination of the strains in the tension cord ...
81
xiii
Figure 5.2.
Influence of shear on tension in longitudinal reinforcement
82
Figure 5.3.
Damage level of specimen M ...
86
Figure 5.4.
Damage level of specimen CIPC ......
86
Figure 5.5.
Damage level of specimen CIPB ......
87
Figure 5.6.
Damage level of specimen GOK-W .
87
Figure 5.7.
Damage level of specimen Mod-B ...
88
Figure 5.8.
Damage level of specimen PTM0 .....
88
Figure 5.9.
Damage level of specimen PTM10 .......
89
Figure 5.10.
Damage level of specimen PTM30 ...
89
Figure 5.11.
Damage level of specimen PTM50 .......
90
Figure 5.12.
Damage level of specimen PTM65 ...
90
Figure 5.13.
Definition of ductility ...
92
Figure 5.14.
Backbone curve of specimen CIPC ..
92
Figure 5.15.
Backbone curve of specimen CIPB ..
93
Figure 5.16.
Backbone curve of specimen GOK-W .
93
Figure 5.17.
Backbone curve of specimen Mod-B ...
94
Figure 5.18.
Backbone curve of specimen PTM0 .
95
xiv
Figure 5.19.
Backbone curve of specimen PTM10 ...
95
Figure 5.20.
Backbone curve of specimen PTM30 ...
96
Figure 5.21.
Backbone curve of specimen PTM50 ...
96
Figure 5.22.
Backbone curve of specimen PTM65 ...
97
Figure 5.23.
Representation of secant stiffness and equivalent damping ratio .
98
Figure 5.24.
Stiffness degradation of Phase I specimens ..
99
Figure 5.25.
Stiffness degradation of Phase II specimens
99
Figure 5.26.
Equivalent damping ratio vs. story drifts for Phase I specimens ..
102
Figure 5.27.
Representation of energy dissipation and normalization .
102
Figure 5.28.
Normalized energy dissipation vs. story drift for Phase I specimens
103
Figure 5.29.
Equivalent damping ratio vs. story drift for Phase II specimens ..
103
Figure 5.30.
Normalized energy dissipation vs story drift for Phase II specimen
104
Figure 5.31.
Residual displacement on Phase I specimens ...
105
Figure 5.32.
Residual displacement on Phase II specimens .
105
Figure 6.1.
Rotation at the beam-column interface .....
108
Figure 6.2.
The plan view of structure Type I ....
112
Figure 6.3.
The plan view of structure Type II ...
112
xv
Figure 6.4.
The plan view of Structure Type III .....
112
Figure 6.5.
The algorithm for the moment-rotation behavior .....
119
Figure 6.6 .
Schematic representation of gap opening .
120
Figure 6.7.
Idealized stress-strain behavior of mild steel ...
121
Figure 6.8.
Comparison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of PTM10 ....
Figure 6.9.
Comparison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of PTM30 .......
Figure 6.10.
Comparison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of PTM50 .....
Figure 6.11.
Comparison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of PTM65 ....
Figure 6.12.
Representation of modified Takeda Model ......
126
Figure 6.13.
Representation of flag-shaped model ...
127
Figure 6.14.
Components of the hybrid model .
128
Figure 6.15.
Presentation of the proposed hybrid model ..
129
Figure 6.16.
Calibration of energy dissipation coefficient
130
Figure 6.17.
Calibration of residual displacement coefficient ..
131
Figure 6.18.
Verification of hysteretic model with test result for PTM10
132
xvi
Figure 6.19.
Verification of hysteretic model with test result for PTM30
132
Figure 6.20.
Verification of hysteretic model with test result for PTM50
133
Figure 6.21.
Verification of hysteretic model with test result for PTM65
133
Figure 6.22.
Comparison of test and simulation for energy dissipation values of PTM10
Figure 6.23.
Comparison of test and simulation for energy dissipation values of PTM30
Figure 6.24.
Comparison of test and simulation for energy dissipation values of PTM50
Figure 6.25.
Comparison of test and simulation for energy dissipation values of PTM65
Figure 6.26.
Comparison of test and model for stiffness degradation of PTM10 .
136
Figure 6.27.
Comparison of test and model for stiffness degradation of PTM30 .
137
Figure 6.28.
Comparison of test and model for stiffness degradation of PTM50 .
137
Figure 6.29.
Comparison of test and model for stiffness degradation of PTM65 .
138
xvii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1.
Concrete mix design values .
33
Table 3.2.
Properties of steel
34
Table 5.1.
Capacity predictions and ductility ratios for Phase I specimens .
83
Table 5.2.
Capacity predictions and ductility ratios for Phase II specimens
85
Table 6.1.
Geometric properties of the structures .
113
Table 6.2.
Result analysis and detailing ...
115
xviii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ae Ah Ap Apt As As C c Cc Cms cot d db dv Es E1,2 F fc fcd fg Fh fpi Fpt fpt fpt-ca
l fptu fs Fy fy
Strain energy Dissipated energy Area of hystresis loop Area of tendon Mild steel
area (tension side) Mild steel area (compression side) Compression force Height
of the compression block Compression force due to concrete block Compression fo
rce due to the mild steel Inclination shear angle with horizontal Effective dept
h of beam Bar diameter Effective shear depth Modulus of elasticity of steel Maxi
mum load or moment Instant lateral load at the test 150x300 mm concrete cylinder
compressive strength Design compressive strength of concrete Compressive streng
th of grout Lateral force Initial post-tensioning stress on tendon Post-tensioni
ng force Stress on tendon Calculated stress on tendon Ultimate strength of tendo
n Stress on mild steel Yield lateral force Yield strength of mild steel
xix
fyd fu h He Hu k1 Ki Knorm Kp Kr Ksec Lcant Ln lp Lun lun Mbeam Mc Mc1 Mc2 Mcal-
y Mcal-u Mcol Mms Mpt Mu Nu R Tms Tpt VD, VG Vdy VL, VQ
Design yield strength of steel Ultimate strength of mild steel Height of beam El
astic load level Ultimate load Coefficient of rectangular compression block for
TS500 Initial stiffness on modeling Normalized stiffness Post yield stiffness on
hysteretic modeling Reloading stiffness on hysteretic modeling Secant stiffness
Length of cantilever scheme Clear span length of beam Plastic hinge length Unbo
nded length of tendon Unbonded length of mild steel Probable flexural moment cap
acity of beam Probable flexural moment capacity of connection Moment capacity at
1st connection on beam Moment capacity at 2nd connection on beam Yield flexure
moment Ultimate flexure moment Probable flexural moment capacity of column Flexu
ral moment due to the mild steel Flexural moment due to the tendon Positive bend
ing moment at section Axial load at section Load reduction factor Tension force
due to the mild steel Tension force due to the tendon Shear force due to the dea
d load Shear force due to the gravity load Shear force due to the live load
xx
Vu b 1 v c cnet ct de ms pt r y y c pi pt r sf sh si su u x y
Pro a le ultimate shear
orce at eam or section
Mild steel contri ution ratio
or
lexural moment De onding length coe

icient R
elative energy dissipation ratio Coe

icient o
rectangular compression lock
o
r ACI 318 Vertical displacement at eam Column ase displacement Net column top
displacement Top displacement o
the column De onded length Elongation at steel
Elongation at tendon Residual displacement Yield displacement o
structure Yield
displacement o
mem er Strain at concrete Initial strain at tendon Strain at te
ndon Rupture strain Calculated strain at mild steel Strain hardening level Assum
ed strain at mild steel 90 per cent o
the ultimate strain Ultimate strain Longi
tudinal strain parameter Yield strain Reduction
actor Curvature at eam or colu
mn Yield curvature o
connection Coe

icient
or strength degradation
xxi f c rs y eq
Coefficient for residual stor drift Displacement ductilit Friction coefficient
(concrete to concrete) Stor drift Rotation angle at connection Residual stor
drift Yield stor drift Yield stiffness ratio Equivalent viscous damping
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General
Precast concrete structures are ver popular in Europe, North America and Japan
because of man advantages such as low construction cost, high member qualit an
d construction speed, better architectural modularit and climate independent pr
oject scheduling. To validate these items and expand the market of precast concr
ete structure, assembling or connection process becomes ver important. Therefor
e, connector concepts need to be identified as [1]:
Avoiding extensive welding Incorporating adequate tolerances Avoiding large form
ed wet joints Designing joints that minimie crane time
The percentage of the precast concrete frame tpe structures, in the field of in
dustrial construction, such as factor buildings and warehousing is dominantl h
igh in Turke as compared to the cast-in-place reinforced concrete or steel stru
ctures. The speed of construction, the qualit of plant produced members; precis
e dimensioning and the low relative cost of such frames are the main piers of th
e preference for the building owners. On the other hand, two or more stor preca
st concrete shopping malls, school buildings, dormitories, residential buildings
, office spaces and parking lots are rare or none.
Performance and damage level of such structures are mainl determined b the cap
acit and ductile performance of the connections. The premature failure of such
connections prevents the ductile behavior of the adjoining members and the overa
ll load carring frame sstem.
2
1.2. 1999 Marmara Earthquakes and Observations for Precast Structures
On August 17, 1999, a magnitude MW=7.4 earthquake struck Kocaeli and Sakara pro
vinces in northwestern Turke, a densel populated region in the industrial hear
tland. The August 17 earthquake is considered to be the largest event to have de
vastated a modern, industrialied area since the 1923 Toko earthquake. Another
segment at the eastern end of the same fault has ruptured on November 12 produci
ng the MW=7.2 Dce earthquake. The region affected b the earthquake is both geog
raphicall extensive and economicall dnamic. It forms the industrial heartland
of Turke. The four districts, most severel affected, (Kocaeli, Sakara, Bolu
and Yalova) contribute over 7 per cent of the countrs GDP and 14 per cent of ind
ustrial value added. Per capita income is almost double the national average [2]
.
In these regions most of the light industrial facilities are precast concrete st
ructures. The 1999 event was a chance to observe the behavior of these precast s
tructures during such a major earthquake since there are few well-documented cas
es in the literature. Field investigations and analtical evaluations after Koca
eli and Dce earthquakes revealed that a high percentage of such structures did n
ot have satisfactor earthquake safet [3]. Also, it is reported that most heavi
l damaged buildings were designed according to the former Turkish earthquake co
de of 1975 [4].
Single stor buildings, with fixed base sockets columns and pin-connected at the
roof level, are the most favored sstem for precast structures in Turke. Colum
ns are generall fixed at the base b socket tpe foundations because of quick a
nd eas erection and simplified casting with minimum tolerance problem. This tp
e of connection is able to transmit larger moments to foundation more than the o
ther tpes [4]. These footings are cross-tied with grave beams. The most common
structural sstem for these facilities is based on a structural configuration th
at was developed in Western Europe to carr mainl the gravit loads [5]. Turkis
h engineers modified the connection details so that the precast buildings have t
he capacit to resist lateral loads to a certain extend. However, each producer
of precast elements has developed a unique set of connection and reinforcement d
etails, and the details var appreciabl from producer to producer [6]. Pinned c
onnections in such frames ma be constructed either on the column tops with dowe
ls or at points of
3
contra-flexure under gravit loads over the roof girders b joining two member w
ith one or two bolts. On the other hand, it was observed that moment resisting t
pes of connections are not widel used in Turke [3].
Generall, precast structures are rectangular in plan with one to four bas in t
ransverse direction and ten to thirt bas in the longitudinal direction. Transv
erse ba width usuall ranges between 10 and 15 m, and the longitudinal ba widt
h ranges between 6 and 8 m. Column height also ranges between 6 and 8 m with 35/
35 cm to 50/50 cm varing column dimensions.
The seismic load reduction factor (R) to calculate the design base shear for dif
ferent tpes of ductile precast concrete structures ranges from 4 to 6 in the cu
rrent Turkish earthquake code [7]. The R value of structures which the seismic l
oads are full resisted b single stor frames, fixed at the base and pin connec
ted at the roof level, is given as 5 in the Turkish earthquake code [7]. On the
other hand, the seismic reduction factor of such structures is given as 2.2 in t
he UBC97 [8].
For single stor precast concrete structures, two main failure tpes were observ
ed. Namel, the column flexural failure or beam to column connection failure or
the both. The main reason of such a column flexural failure ma be attribituted
to the inadequate strength and stiffness supplied during design and construction
. As shown in Figure 1.1, plastic hinging occurred at the column base but the fl
exural cracks were onl in one direction. This means that column could not be lo
aded under reversal actions. Therefore, no foundation failure was observed. In s
ome cases, plastic hinging occurred at approximatel 1/3rd height of the column
as presented in Figure 1.2. The reason of such a plastic hinge location ma well
be explained b the abrupt change in the amount of column longitudinal reinforc
ement at this level.
4
Figure 1.1. Flexural column failure at the base [9]
Figure 1.2. Flexural column failure at the 1/3rd column height [9]
5
Figure 1.3 and Figure 1.4 show the common tpe of beam-column hinge connections
where onl one or two bolts jointed the precast elements over the corbels. Most
of these tpes of connections were damaged or failed during the 1999 earthquakes
. Although these connections were assumed and designed as hinge connection, the
had ver limited rotation capacit. Furthermore, inadequate rigidit of precast
sstem demanded extra rotation at these connections. As a result, all bolts wer
e ruptured or slipped out.
Figure 1.3. An example of common tpe beam-column connection [9]
Figure 1.4. Another example of common tpe beam-column connection [9]
After 1999 Marmara Earthquakes, some researchers [3, 4, 6, 9, 10] studied on the
reasons of failures with some case studies. The common results of these researc
hes were that the precast structures had ver slender columns and limited stiffn
ess. Therefore, these
6
earthquakes demanded a large drift and caused extra P- e

ect. It was also report
ed that, all the collapsed precast concrete structures were de
icient in satis
y
ing the dri
t limitations. In addition to that, rigid diaphragm detailing at the
roo
level did not exist in these structures. Finally, so
t soil conditions had
a dominant e

ect in the seismic response o
precast structures y increasing t
he dri
t demand o
such structures. Also, these types o
de
iciencies were prese
nted in Figure 1.5.
1.3. Multi-story Precast Concrete Structures
The high rate o
settlement in the ig cities, in
luence the construction practi
ce in Turkey. The so-called tunnel
orm or ox-type cast in place construction is mo
stly
avored in residential or student housing due to the high construction spee
d and low cost. Moreover, the good per
ormance during the 1999 Kocaeli Earthquak
e, promote the growing acceptance o
such structures with in the community. On t
he other hand, the poor modularity o
tunnel
orm o
construction still makes it
possi le to construct precast concrete o

ice uildings and large multi-story c
ondominiums on condition that the seismic resistance and good per
ormance o
suc
h structures, especially the connections, should e studied and proven to the pu
lic.
The main improvement o
precast structures may well e at the eam-column connec
tion region. The 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake showed that ehavior o
the precast con
nection had a major impact on the overall per
ormance o
such structures. There

ore, a new generation connection type should etter e implemented into the constr
uction practice, in order to promote the use o
the precast systems. Besides, th
e new Turkish Earthquake Code1998 [7] punishes the precast design, as compared to
the cast-in-place design, mainly due to its connections, which may not ehave a
s ductile as the monolithic construction. The attempts to make the precast conne
ctions more ductile, promotes the more complicated detailing, hence resulting in
long and expensive on-site construction and quality control process. It was als
o o served that the connections with cor els or with tapered eams could not lea
d the structure to the desired per
ormance level; moreover they result in archit
ectural inconvenience. There
ore, the new generation connection type should etter
satis
y the conditions highlighted elow:
7
Economy and high quality on-site construction Quick installation Adequate streng
th Adequate energy dissipation capacity Less sti

ness degradation under reverse
d cyclic loading Architectural advantages
The la or cost and construction expenses have an increasing trend over the time
a
ter 1999 Kocaeli Earthquake due to the new quality control regulations startin
g
rom the design phase to the construction stage o
the structures in high seis
mic areas. Moreover, the la or cost is expected to increase due to the regulatio
ns o
the European Community. There
ore, the speed o
on-site construction will
e an important
actor during the decision making process
or the uilding inves
tors. As a result, the plant produced precast systems with lower on-site detail
construction may have a etter chance to compete on the market. Besides, the qua
lity control o
on-site construction is very di

icult and costly especially in
the case o
welded connections.
Brie
ly, this may e a good opportunity to introduce new generation connection t
ype, which will lead a more ductile and seismically sa
e structure to the precas
t industry.
No rigid diaphragm
No connection at purlins Poor joint detailing
Slender Column
Figure 1.5. De
iciencies in precast structures [9]
8
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. General
Precast moment resisting
rame connections may e classi
ied in two
undamental
groups such as wet and dry connections [11]. Dry connection type can e construc
ted with olting, post-tensioning or welding while in wet connections, some part
o
the concrete can e placed at the construction site. Wet connections may als
o e called as cast in place (CIP) connections.
The ehavior o
precast concrete structures is greatly in
luenced y the per
orm
ance o
its connections. Recent
ield o servations revealed that the joints at p
recast structures displayed low connection sti

ness. This low sti

ness implies
that a precast
rame structure have a greater lateral de
lection than a compara
le cast-in-place structure. Dolans [12] tests indicated that the load-de
lection
ehavior o
a precast structure exhi ited a response di

erent
rom that o tain
ed y extrapolation o
the ehavior o
a cast in place structure.
Some researches and
ield o servations [13, 14] showed that the reasons o
damag
e at the connection region in the precast structures ecause o
earthquakes may
e listed as
ollows: Continuity o
ottom rein
orcement o
eam is not provided
since the load reversal is not considered. Due to the inadequate rein
orcement
lap splice length or weld length at the connection region, the sti

ness degrada
tion ecomes very rapid resulting high story dri
ts. Some pro lems occur at the
welding zone depending on the quality o
rein
orcement such as high car on conte
nt or workmanship.
The
ew well-documented cases o

ailures are related to gross errors in the con
ceptual design o
the structural system and mainly due to poor connections etwe
en precast concrete mem ers [15]. The structural system must e laterally sti

e
r and stronger
9
than that provided y the rather slender
rame mem ers typically used in the ui
ldings under consideration. This can e attained y using more ro ust columns an
d eams, ut, pre
era ly, y adding sti

ening mem ers such as shear walls or r
aces. Rein
orcement detailing in eams, columns and joints must e improved to a
ttain larger ductilities. In particular, the con
inement o
concrete and longitu
dinal steel in sections o
possi le
ormation o
plastic hinges must e achieved
using closely spaced transverse rein
orcement [16].
When the literature is searched, several types o
precast eam-column connection
details can e
ound
or moment resisting
rames. Widely used joint details may
e listed as welded, olted, cast in place (CIP) and post tensioned connections
. These details can e seen in Figure 2.1. In addition to that, location o
the
connection is o served as another parameter in the design. Connections can e lo
cated at column, column
ace or at the middle o
the eam span. Some o
the popu
lar connection con
igurations in the construction sites are given in Figure 2.2.
Gosh et al. [17] presented a paper a out strong connection concept with 1997 UBC
[8] design provisions o
precast structures in high seismic zones. A strong con
nection is designed to remain elastic while inelastic action takes places away

rom the connection. Because a strong connection must not yield or slip, its desi
gn strength in oth
lexure and shear must e greater than the ending moment an
d shear
orce, respectively corresponding to the development o
pro a le
lexura
l or shear strengths o
nonlinear action location [18]. In addition to the cost
with strong connections, the over strength required in the connectors ecomes qu
ite large as the hinge location is moved away
rom the column
ace. Also, the hi
nge relocation approach is that relocating the hinge away
rom the column
ace i
ncreases the rotational ductility demand to the hinge
or a given story dri
t. G
ood seismic per
ormance requires that a system e a le to sustain a large latera
l de
ormation without signi
icant loss o
strength [19].
10
Figure 2.1. Types o
connection [20]
2.2. Types o
Connection
2.2.1. Welded Connection Welded connections are widely used ecause o
their eas
y application and lower cost advantages. Bhatt & Kirk [21] and Pillai & Kirk [22
] studies showed that the welded precast concrete mem er connections tested in t
hese studies,
rom considerations o
strength, sti

ness, ductility and energy-d
issipating capacity, per
ormed satis
actorily and in a manner compara le to the
per
ormance o
similar monolithic connections. In this
11
detailing as presented in Figure 2.3, T section was used in the column and the a
nchor ars were welded to the horizontal leg o
the T.
Figure 2.2. Typical connection con
igurations [17]
Figure 2.3. Welded connection at column
ace [21]
12
Similar results were o served in Ersoys study [23] with di

erent approaches. In
this study, the columns o
the structure were extended to the
ull height o
the
uilding and had rackets on each
ace at each
loor level. The eams were conn
ected to these rackets y welded steel plates. The joints were intended to prov
ide monolithic ehavior.
Although the ehavior o
the tested connections was satis
actory, the constructi
on o
these specimens requires signi
icant welding o
the eam and column rein
o
rcement. The cost and quality control associated with excessive welding diminish
es some o
inherent advantages o
precast concrete construction. For ideal conne
ction, there
ore, welding especially
ield welding must e minimized [24]. In ad
dition to that, welding is la or intensive and time consuming. The heat generate
d
rom welding can cause damage to ond in steel ars and cracking in the adjace
nt precast concrete. Furthermore, high quality welding requires close supervisio
n and inspection [25].
Furthermore, the use o
welda le rein
orcement and the appropriate weld material
s are essential
or ductility. Even when welda le rein
orcement is used, load ec
centricity should e eliminated where possi le. Some weld plate designs may e p
redicted on the plate yielding e
ore the weld
ails. Overstrength plate steel c
ould then result in welds
ailing
irst, sometimes in a rittle
ashion, when a
ductile
ailure was anticipated [26].
2.2.2. Bolted Connection
Bolted connections are pre
erred ecause o
ease in erection and production. Als
o per
ormance o
the precast connection with threaded re ars is as well as the o
ther type o
connections [20]. When this type o
connection is designed, shear d
egradation at the threaded ars, slippage and inadequate anchorage length pro le
ms should e considered or need to e eliminated [27].
In April 1991, a series o
industry seismic workshops were conducted y the PCI.
The primary o jective o
these workshops was to seek industry input into Concep
t Development and Connection Classi
ication Projects [28]. In this workshop, spa
ced-out thread ar
rames were discussed. In a spaced-out
rame system, longitud
inal strength was o tained y making series o
separate one- ay moment
rames in
which connections were
13

ormed y wrench-tight threaded rods. Drop-in eams using simple connections spa
n etween the
rames. The details o
this connection type can e seen in Figure
2.4. This
raming system had the advantages that each pair o

rames could e re
garded as a strength nucleus so that many uilding con
igurations could e made
up y di

erent arrangements o
the same asic nuclei. The main outcome o
the w
orkshop was the stressed ar system using a dog- one type o
eam. A dog- one e
am had a deeper section at each end to simpli
y the connection through the colum
n.
Figure 2.4. Spaced-out thread ar
rame [28]
Following the PRESS Workshop results, Nakaki et al. [19] designed a ductile link
connector
or precast eam-column joints. Ductile links took di

erent
orms in
various systems. In structural steel and monolithic concrete
rames, the ductil
e link was provided y plastic hinges in the ends o
the eams.
In a monolithic emulation system, the connections etween precast concrete eleme
nts were designed to e stronger than the ductile link. Yielding was then
orced
to occur within the concrete element itsel
. In addition to that, many o
the p
roposed details required a mixing o
trades (i.e., welding, grouting, postension
ing or cast-in-place concrete). This slows the progress o
the project, and as a
consequence, eliminates one o
the major ene
its o
precast concrete: its a il
ity to e erected quickly [19].
In addition to the cost, normally associated with strong connectors, the overstr
ength required in the connectors ecomes quite large as the hinge location is mo
ved away
rom
14
the column
ace. Hinge relocation approach is that relocating the hinge away
ro
m the column
ace increases the rotational ductility demand to the hinge
or a g
iven story dri
t [19].
Under these restrictions, Nakaki et al. [19] proposed a ductile olted connector
and it is illustrated in Figure 2.5. This connector allowed the eams and colum
ns to e cast independently and joined at the column
ace y olting. The ehavi
or o
the ductile connector was accepta le
or high seismic regions.
Figure 2.5. Front view o
eam-column connection [19]
2.2.3. Post-tensioned Connection
Literature review showed that the studies on prestressed and partially prestress
ed eam column joints were started in 1970s y Blakely and Park [26] and then co
ntinued y Park and Thompson in New Zealand [29].
Tests were conducted on ten concrete interior eam-column
rame su assem lies su
jected to monotonically increasing cyclic loading. The
rame mem ers were near

ull-
15
scale and contained a range o
proportions o
prestressing steel and non-prestre
ssed steel [30].
The ehavior o
the
rames emphasized the need
or transverse steel in the plast
ic hinge zone o

lexural mem ers and in the eam-column joint cores to ensure d
uctile ehavior and to avoid diagonal tension
ailure. The ductility o
prestres
sed eams was enhanced y the presence o
non-prestressed rein
orcing ars in th
e compression zone o
the mem ers. A central prestressing tendon at mid-depth in
the eam passing through the joint was shown to e e

ective in contri uting to
joint core shear strength [30].
1971 San Fernando Earthquake o servations showed that,
ailures in precast struc
tures were initiated at the connections. There
ore, studies a out hy rid connect
ions started in 1980s. As a result, a series o
tests was conducted at the Unive
rsity o
Minnesota Structures La oratory to evaluate the construction
easi ilit
y and ehavior o
di

erent types o
moment-resisting connections etween eam a
nd column elements. In late 1980s, French et al. [20] tested
our di

erent conn
ection types. The connection types considered in this study were: post-tensioned
(BMA); threaded re- ar connected (BMB); compositepost tensioned in the ottom o

the eam with a cast in place top (BMC) and welded (BMD) connections.
All
our structures were reported to have exhi ited good ductility characteristi
cs. When the eam plastic hinge was concentrated at a single location (BMA), low
er ductility in terms o
maximum inter story dri
t was o served compared with ca
ses in which hinging was distri uted along the eam (BMB, BMC, BMD). On the othe
r hand, the ratio o
energy dissipated to energy a sor ed was approximately the
same
or all the structures [20].
Towards the end o
1980s, NIST (National Institute o
Standards and Technology)
planned a multi year test program a out post-tensioned hy rid connections. The s
tudy was initiated to provide data
or the development o
a rational design proc
edure
or such connections in seismically active regions.
16
Four one-third scale monolithic concrete eam-to-column connections were tested.
In addition, two precast, post-tensioned concrete eam-to-column connections wi
th similar design to the monolithic Zone 4 specimens were tested within the
ram
ework o
the NIST program [31].
In Phase-I o
NIST study, two monolithic specimens were designed according to UB
C [8] and ACI352 [32] seismic zone 4 criteria. The criterion used in designing t
he Zone 4 precast concrete connections was ased on the strength o
the monolith
ic Zone 4 specimens. Two one inch diameter post tensioning ars were used to con
nect the precast eam to precast concrete column, concrete cover eing 89 mm. Th
e initial normal stress etween column
ace and the eam, which was due to post-
tensioning, was 7 MPa. Also, the post-tensioning ducts were corrugated and
ille
d with a grout having design strength o
41 MPa. The joints were
illed with a

i er-rein
orced grout. The a/d ratio was 2.47
or Phase-I precast specimens [31]
.
Based on the results o
the NIST Phase-I test program, it appeared that a postte
nsioned precast concrete eam-column connection was as strong and ductile as a m
onolithic connection and was a via le connection
or high seismic regions. Howev
er, the energy dissipation characteristics, per cycle and cumulative, o
the pre
cast concrete connections could e improved [31].
In Phase-II o
the NIST study [33], two sets o
precast concrete Zone 4 specimen
s were tested. Post-tensioning ars were used to connect one set o
specimens, w
hile
prestressing strands were used in the other set. In oth sets, the centroid o
t
he longitudinal steel was moved closer to the eam centroid. The
irst set o
sp
ecimens were posttensioned with two post tensioning ars located 140 mm
rom top
/ ottom
aces o
the eams. Post-tensioning with six prestressing strands was us
ed. Steel centroid located 102 mm
rom eam top/ ottom. The Phase-II specimens w
ere designed similarly to Phase-I precast concrete specimens. Similarly, the ini
tial eam prestressing was 7 MPa, and posttensioning ducts were grouted [33]. Th
e clear span to depth ratio
or the specimens (a/d) was 2.4.
17
The emphasis o
Phase-II was to improve the energy dissipation characteristics o

the precast concrete connection that was identi
ied in Phase-I. Comparisons we
re made etween the specimens in this phase and also with Phase-I. The compariso
ns were made ased on strength, energy dissipation, and ductility o
the connect
ion [33]. Ultimate displacement ductility
or the precast specimens was 12. Thes
e values were slightly higher than precast specimens in Phase-I. With re
erence
to the connection strength, precast specimens per
ormed satis
actorily, as well
as the monolithic specimens. Moreover, improved energy dissipation characteristi
cs due to the changes made in this test phase was evident. The per-cycle energy
dissipation was increased y 45 per cent when the posttensioning ars were moved
closer to eam center. An increase o
30 per cent was noted when prestressing s
trands were used instead o
post-tensioning ars.
A concern which arose
rom Phase-I and II tests was the
ormation o
a slip zone
in which the joint exhi ited e

ectively zero sti

ness upon load reversals o

the precast specimens during the latter stages o
the tests as shown in Figure 2
.6.
Figure 2.6. Behavior o
B-P-Z4 specimen in Phase-I [31] The slip was
elt to e
caused y the yielding o
the pretension (PT) steel. A suggested method to elimi
nate this slip was the use o
partially onded tendons. By using partially onde
d tendons, a reduction o
the tendon strains was expected. As a result,
18
Phase-III specimens were identical to the Phase-II specimens with exception that
the tendons in Phase-III specimens were un onded through the column and
or 381
mm on either side o
the column [34].
The experimental data indicated that the envelope curve
or the Phase-II specime
ns could e approximately a ilinear elastic relationship. There was almost no r
eduction in strength
or this set test. The use o
partially onded tendons elim
inates the slip zone at zero displacement crossing that was characteristics o
t
he Phase-I and Phase-II specimens. However, the partially onded precast specime
ns also dissipated signi
icantly less energy per cycle compared to the
ully on
ded specimens, approximately 50 per cent less [34].
Two methods were used in the Phase-IV-A specimens to delay yielding o
PT steel.
One was to place the PT steel in the middle o
the eam where it would experien
ce less strain and
ully grout it like presented in Figure 2.7. The other was to
have un onded PT steel located at the top and the ottom o
the eam (specimens
J-P-Z4). In oth cases, the mild steel was located at the top and ottom o
the
eam and was
ully onded. A third type specimen L-P-Z4 was tested three times.
The specimen in the
irst two tests, namely L-P-Z4-A and L-P-Z4-B, contained on
ly un onded PT steel. The specimen in the third test, L-P-Z4-C, consisted o
un
onded mild steel and PT steel located at the top and ottom o
the eam [34].
Figure 2.7. Basic details o
I-P-Z4 and K-P-Z4 [34]
19
The results o
Phase IV specimens indicated compara le energy dissipation per
or
mance with monolithic joint details through approximately 2.00 per cent dri
t, w
hich was very promising. Also displacement instrumentation indicated no vertical
slip o
the precast eams with respect to the column at the eam-column joint t
hroughout these tests. This indicated that slip due to the dead load shear was n
ot a
actor and that the previous test results were not compromised. However,
o
r the sake o

urther veri
ication, gravity loads were applied to the specimens
in Phase IV B [34].
From the results o
these tests (Phases I-IV A), improved energy dissipation per
cycle was reported to e achieved y: Including low strength mild steel through
the joint region near top and ottom o
the eams. Locating PT steel closer to
the eam centroid. Having onded PT steel (I
no mild steel is included). Howeve
r, the latter arrangement risks loss o
shear capacity i
the PT yields at large
story dri
ts.
The hy rid connections consisted in the NIST research o
mild steel used as ener
gy dissipaters and post tensioning steel used to provide the required shear resi
stance. The varia le examined in the next phase o
the investigation was the amo
unt and type o
mild steel at the connection [35].
The intent at the eginning o
Phase IV-B was to proportion the mild steel and P
T steels so that the ratios o
moment contri ution
rom the mild steel to that

rom the PT steel would e 10 per cent, 20 per cent and 30 per cent respectively.
The Phase IV-B connections were to have central post-tensioning that was partia
lly onded. The PT steel would consist o
pre-stressing strand and steel angles
would e included at the corners o
the eams at the column
ace. Initial eam s
tress on the column connection was kept at 3 MPa [35].
The
ailure o
Phase IV-A specimens was due to the
racture o
mild steel ars.
There
ore, it was decided to de ond the mild steel ars
or a length equal to 25
mm on
20
either side o
the eam-column inter
ace [35]. The parameters o
Phase-IV study
can e seen in Figure 2.8.
Figure 2.8. Test parameters o
Phase-IV-B study [35]
The results showed that a hy rid connection could e designed to match or exceed
the per
ormance o
a similar monolithic connection in terms o
connection stren
gth, dri
t capacity, energy dissipation, residual dri
t, and damage to the concr
ete. The hy rid connection provides a means o
connecting the precast mem ers
o
r large
orces in severe seismic zones. It takes advantage o
the est
eatures
o
precast construction and com ines the hysteric damping o
a conventional cast
-in place rein
orced concrete structure [35].
21
A similar test that was a out hy rid connections with ungrouted post-tensioned s
trands was per
ormed y Priestly et al. [36]. Two ungrouted post-tensioned, prec
ast concrete eam-to-column joint su assem lies were tested under cyclic reversa
ls o
inelastic displacement in order to determine the seismic response. One su
assem ly represented an exterior joint while the other one was an interior joint
o
a one-way prestressed concrete
rame. The large-scale test units were design
ed with greatly reduced eam and joint shear rein
orcement compared with equival
ent monolithic joints, ut with special spiral con
inement o
the eam plastic r
egions [36].
The 813 x 406 mm eams prestressed with two 1200 kN ungrouted 12 x 13 mm tendons
post-tensioned to 0.55
ptu a
ter looses, providing an axial prestress o
7.2 MP
a. For the exterior joint unit, a 500 mm eam stu was provided at the ack o
t
he joint
or the prestressing anchorages [36].
The interior and exterior joints attained inter-story dri
ts o
2.80 and 4.00 pe
r cent respectively, without signi
icant strength degradation. On the other hand
, very little energy was a sor ed in the hysteresis loops during cycles to that
displacement level. The structural response was very satis
actory, despite the v
ery low levels o
rein
orcement provided in the eams, columns and joints. Based
on these results, the concept o
ungrouted prestressed, precast
rames warrants
a more detailed research investigation [36].
Finally, at the culmination o
the PRESSS research program, a 60 per cent scale

ivestory precast/prestressed concrete uilding as shown in Figure 2.9 was teste
d under simulated seismic loading. The uildings were designed using the direct
displacement ased approach, which was a le to take advantage o
the unique prop
erties o
precast/prestressed concrete using dry jointed construction. The test
uilding incorporated
our di

erent seismic
rame systems in one direction, and
a jointed shear wall system in the orthogonal direction. Pre-topped dou le tees
were used on three
loors; while the other two
loors were constructed using to
pped hollow core sla s. The major o jective o
the test program was to develop d
esign guidelines
or precast/prestressed concrete seismic systems that were appr
opriate
or the use in various seismic zones [37].
22
Figure 2.9. Prototype
ive story precast structure [38]
Test uilding had a two ay y two ay con
igurations, with a ay size o
4.5 m
x 4.5 m. Two di

erent precast
rames, one with prestressed eams, and the other
using mild steel rein
orcing ars across the eam-to-column connections provide
d lateral resistance at opposite sides o
the uilding in one direction o
respo
nse with a central structural wall providing lateral resistance in the other dir
ection [39]. The details o
hy rid connection are shown in Figure 2.10.
Figure 2.10. Hy rid connection detail [40]
23
The structural response o
the PRESSS
ive-story precast concrete test uilding
under simulated seismic testing was extremely satis
actory. The
ollowing summar
izes the response and conclusions availa le at this stage [39]: Damage to the u
ilding in the wall direction was minimal, despite eing su jected to seismic int
ensities 50 per cent a ove design level. Damage to the uilding in the
rame dir
ection o
response was much less than could e expected
or an equivalent rein
o
rced concrete, su jected to the same dri
t levels. The per
ormance o
the prestr
essed
rame was particularly good, with damage eing limited to minor spalling o

cover concrete in the eams immediately adjacent to the columns and some crush
ing o
the
i er grout pads at the eam-column inter
aces. At high levels o
res
ponse displacements, eam rotation a out the longitudinal axis was noted, caused
y the high torsinal moment induced y the vertical load
rom eccentrically sup
ported dou le-tee
loor mem ers, and the reduced torsinal resistance in the eam
-end plastic hinges. The test provided an excellent con
irmation o
the direct d
isplacement- ased design approach used to determine the required strength o
the
uilding. The required aseshear strength using direct displacement ased was o
nly 5 and 60 per cent o
the required y conventional
orce- ased design using U
BC provisions
or wall and
rame directions respectively.
Hy rid precast eam-column connection tests were per
ormed also in METU with the
similar approaches [41]. It is reported that
our, approximately hal
scale spe
cimens were designed and tested under simulated earthquake loads. The
irst spec
imen (MR1) was the re
erence specimen
or the
ollowing precast specimens with a
monolithic connection. The second specimen, which was the
irst original precas
t specimen (PO1), was designed on the asis o
the past practice o
the colla or
ating company, Yap Merkezi, concerning the properties o
the most common types o

precast concrete structures designed earlier using some other connection types.
Low capacity o
PO1 indicated insu

iciency in connection rein
orcement, especi
ally the prestressed rein
orcement. There
ore in the second precast specimen, PM
1, the amount o
connection rein
orcement was increased considera ly. However, i
n this specimen,
ormation o
plastic hinging was
24
o served at an unexpected section in the eam. As a result, this modi
ied precas
t specimen could not attain the aimed capacity. The section detail o
PM2 is giv
en Figure 2.11.
Figure 2.11. Details o
PM2 specimen [41]
Consecutive improvements on test specimens consisting o
medium size mem ers lea
ded to satis
actory connection per
ormance, including su

icient strength and du
ctility and accepta le energy dissipation and sti

ness. The relatively low ener
gy dissipation was the natural consequence o
the elastic ehavior o
the un ond
ed prestressing ca le, which provided the major portion o
the
lexural capacity
. Energy dissipation capacity could o viously e increased considera ly y provi
ding higher amount non-prestressed connection steel at the top and ottom levels
o
the section [41].
2.2.4. Cast-in-Place Connection (CIP)
Cast in Place (CIP) connection type is widely used in Japan and New Zealand. I

the connections etween the precast concrete elements in
rames were placed in c
ritical regions, such as potential plastic hinge regions, the approach was to de
sign and construct connections that possess sti

ness, strength and ductility si
milar to that o
cast-in-place
25
concrete monolithic constructions. In other words, monolithic construction was e
mulated [42].
Arrangements commonly used in New Zealand
or strong column-weak eam designs ar
e shown in Figure 2.12. In System1 o
Figure 2.12, the precast eam elements wer
e placed etween columns, seated on the cover concrete o
the previously cast-in
-place rein
orced concrete column elow, and supported under the precast element
s. This system leaded to a large reduction in the quantity o
site
ormwork nece
ssary. A di

iculty with connection detail that the ottom longitudinal ars o

the eams protruding
rom the precast eam elements was needed to e anchored in
the joint cores [42]. The similar technique was presented y Ohku o et al. [43]
as a Japanese detailing.
In System 2 arrangement that made more extensive use o
precast concrete and avo
ids placement o
cast-in-place concrete in the congested eam-to-column joint co
re regions is shown in Figure 2.12. The rein
orced concrete columns could e eit
her precast or cast-in-place to occupy the clear height etween eams. The preca
st portions o
the rein
orced concrete eams extended
rom near midspan to midsp
an, and, hence, included within precast element over the columns the complex arr
angement o
joint core hoop rein
orcement that was pre
a ricated at the precasti
ng site. The precast portions o
the eams were placed seated on the concrete co
lumn eneath, with suita le material etween, and supported
or construction sta
ility. An advantage o
this system was that the potential plastic hinge regions
in the eams occurred within the precast elements away
rom the joining
aces
etween the precast elements. Also, this system made extensive use o
precast con
crete and eliminated the
a rication o
complex rein
orcing details during const
ruction. A possi le di

iculty was the tighter tolerances necessary when assem l
ing the precast concrete systems [42].
A third possi le arrangement incorporating T or H shaped precast concrete elemen
ts and their site application is shown in Figure 2.12 and Figure 2.13. The verti
cal column ars in the precast T units were connected using grouted steel sleeve
s or ducts. At the midspan o
the eams, the ottom ars could e connected in a
cast-in-place concrete joint. Some details o
midspan connections are presented
in Figure 2.14. An advantage o
System 3 was the extensive use o
precast concr
ete and the elimination o
the
a rication o
complex
26
rein
orcing details during construction. A possi le constraint was that the prec
ast elements were heavy and crane capacity might e an important consideration [
42].
Figure 2.12. Arrangements o
precast concrete mem ers [42]
Another uilding system as illustrated in Figure 2.15 that has ecome popular in
Europe involved the use o
precast concrete eam shells as permanent
ormwork

or eams. The precast eam shells were typically pre-tensioned; prestressed conc
rete U eams were le
t permanently in position a
ter the cast-in-place rein
orce
d concrete has een cast. The precast U- eams supported the sel
-weight and cons
truction loads and acted
27
compositely with the rein
orced concrete core when su jected to other loading in
the completed structure [42].
Figure 2.13. H-shaped precast elements [25]
The precast concrete U- eams were generally not connected y rein
orcement to th
e cast-in-place concrete o
the eam or column. Reliance was normally placed on
the ond etween the roughened inner sur
ace o
the precast U- eam and cast-in-p
lace concrete core to achieve composite action. Occasionally, protruding stirrup
s or ties
rom the U- eams have een used to improve the inter
ace shear strengt
h. During construction, it was very important to ensure that the inside sur
aces
o
the shell eams were clean when the cast in place concrete is cast. Otherwis
e, su

icient ond etween the shell and core cannot develop [42].
Furthermore, Sou ra et al. [44] studied cast in place connection with steel
i e
rs. The eam-column su assem lages consisted o
two precast concrete parts joine
d y a cast-inplace (CIP) connection as shown in Figure 2.16.
28
Figure 2.14. Some details o
midspan connections [42]
Figure 2.15. Details o
U channel system [1]
29
Figure 2.16. Typical CIP connection detail [44]
The specimens were designed to insure plastic hinging action in the CIP connecti
on, away
rom the column
ace, where adequate strength ductility and energy diss
ipation were provided y
i er rein
orced concrete. The presence o
the moment g
radient on the eam part o
the specimen required that sections at or near the c
olumn
ace e stronger than those in the CIP connection in order to maintain ela
stic ehavior at the column
ace and moved the plastic hinge away
rom the colum
n
ace.
The advantages o
using steel
i er rein
orced concrete in CIP connection can e
drawn as [44, 45]: The FRC- ased connection detail was success
ul in making the
connection act as a plastic hinge y spreading yielding
rom the center to inte
r
ace. The use o

i er rein
orced concrete in the CIP connection was very e

ec
tive in improving the displacement ductility o
the specimens. The use o

i ers
in the connection led to slower sti

ness degradation during each cycle o
load
ing when compared to the control specimen. The energy dissipation o
the specime
ns was dramatically improved y use o

i er rein
orced concrete in the CIP conn
ection.
In addition to that, it was possi le to use mechanical connector at cast in plac
e region. In Figure 2.17, the connection details etween the column units and e
tween the
30
column and eam units are illustrated. In this scheme a mechanical connection th
at can develop
ull continuity etween rein
orcing ars greatly enhanced the
le
xi ility in the column-to column joint locations. When these connections were co
m ined with adequate grouting in the joint, the vertical precast concrete column
unit can e joined at the
loor line or at any other convenient location along
the height o
the column to develop continuity.
Figure 2.17. Typical precast concrete
rame [25]
It should e noted that the mechanical connection etween column units can e li
ndly executed; that was, access openings were not needed, thus eliminating the ne
ed
or patching and grouting a
ter the connection was installed. The grout-
ille
d steel sleeve connection was classi
ied as a lind connection that can achieve
u
ll continuity in the steel [25].
31
3. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
3.1. O jective The most important ingredient in the design o
precast concrete s
tructures may e highlighted as the connection detailing. Connections etween pr
ecast uilding elements such as columns, eams, sla s and shear walls must e

ec
tively integrate the individual structural components in
ull continuity with ea
ch other so that the overall uilding structure ehaves monolithically. In this
manner, the structural analysis and ehavior o
a uilding
rame would e identi
cal to that o
a cast-in-place structure except that the
raming system now uses
the precast concrete components which are assem led together to act monolithica
lly [25]. A two phase research program on the per
ormance o
precast ductile ea
m-column connections was developed in Boazii and Kocaeli Universities after the 19
99 earthquakes. This program is funded by The Scientific and Technical Research
Council of Turkey (TBTAK- Project No: TAG I589) and the Turkish Precast Association.
In Phase I, cast-in-place, composite and bolted type of connections were invest
igated and compared with the monolithic counterpart. The Phase I specimens were
chosen from the construction practice as the most widely used types in North Ame
rica, Europe and Japan. In Phase II, post-tensioned hybrid connections with diff
erent mild steel reinforcement ratios were examined. All test specimens in this
research program were detailed according to the prevailing level of information
stated either in the building codes or in the available literature.
3.2. Test Specimens Test specimens were modeled as an exterior joint of a multi-
story office building. A seven-story office building, as a prototype, was analyz
ed and designed according to high seismic regions. The story height of the proto
type moment resisting frame was 3.5 m and the bay width was 7.5 m with 6 bays in
each direction. The beam and column dimensions were determined as 450/700 mm an
d 800/800 mm respectively. Analysis on the prototype
32 frame revealed that the beam reinforcement ratio at the top was 0.009 and 0.0
07 at the bottom for joint regions. All test specimens were designed with strong
column and weak beam design philosophy. The test specimens were scaled down to
approximately 1/2 of the prototype structure in geometry, hence similar scale fa
ctor was observed in flexural moment capacity of the subassembly. The minimum li
mit for the scaling factor is given as 1/3 in the ACI T1.1-01 [46] document. As
a result, the crossectional dimensions of the beam were 300 by 500 mm and clear
span of beam was 1600 mm. Hence the shear span to depth ration (a/d) was 3.6. Th
e reason of such a low a/d ratio is to enforce the precast connection to higher
shear forces. The height of the precast column was 1920 mm with 400 mm square se
ction without corbel. The dimensional detail of the subassembly is given in Figu
re 3.1.
400
300
COLUMN
1920
2500
BEAM
1850 1600
500
400
400
Figure 3.1. Test specimen dimensions
33
3.3. Material Properties
3.3.1. Concrete The concrete compressive strength of precast members was kept co
nstant during the production of the test specimens. The nominal 150x300 mm cylin
der compressive strength of the concrete was around 40 MPa, since precast concre
te member producers generally prefer 40 MPa concrete in their construction pract
ice. In the mix design, maximum aggregate size was 20 mm. Ready mixed concrete s
upplied by BETONSA, was used for Phase I test specimens except the composite con
nection GOK-W and the slump value of mix design was around 13-15 cm. The ready m
ixed and cast-in-place concrete design values were the same as given in Table 3.
1. Cast-in-place concrete of Phase I specimens contained hooked end steel fibers
that had 40 mm length and 0.6 mm diameter with 0.5 per cent volume fraction. Ph
ase II specimens and specimen GOK-W were produced by GOK Construction company pr
oduction plant with similar mix design values, with a nominal compressive streng
th of 40 MPa. Table 3.1. Concrete mix design values Ingredients Cement (PC-42.5)
Fly ash Water Super plasticizer Crushed stone No I (sandstone) Crushed stone No
II (sandstone) Sand (stone powder) Sand (washed sea sand) 3.3.2. Reinforcing St
eel Bars For all specimens, except composite connection detail GOK-W, the same g
rade 20 ars were used as longitudinal and 10 re ars were used as lateral rein
orc
ement that had Amount (kg/m3) 340 80 270 6.30 590 529 286 376
34 20 mm and 10 mm nominal diameters, respectively. The yield and ultimate stren
gth o
20 re ars was 472 MPa and 574 MPa respectively, and the elongation at ulti
mate strength was 14 per cent. For 10 re ars, these values were 500 MPa and 560 M
Pa and elongation at ultimate strength was 13 per cent. To determine mechanical
properties o
rein
orcing ars, three sets
or each type were tested in Kocaeli
University Structures La . The summarized test results and their typical stress-
strain plots are presented in Ta le 3.2, Figure 3.2 and Figure 3.3 respectively.
The properties o
the prestressing strands met the ASTM Standards. The minimum
strength o
the stress relieved type prestressing strand was 1860 MPa (Grade 270
). The yield strength o
the prestressing tendon is de
ined y the 85 per cent o

its ultimate strength. Two di

erent tests were done to clari
y mechanical pro
perties o
the prestressing tendons. The
irst one was done in the direct tensil
e machine with using extensometer in the mid portion o
the tendon and measuring
the elongation etween grips at the same time. For the second one, three strain
gages were installed on the wires and tested with posttensioning grips. Summari
zed properties and stress-strain plot o
prestressing tendons can e seen in Ta
le 3.2 and Figure 3.4. Ta le 3.2. Properties o
steel Pre.Tendon Type Diameter (
mm) X-area (mm2)
y (MPa)
u (MPa) Es (MPa) y (mm/mm) sh (mm/mm) u (mm/mm) r (mm/mm)
Mi St 10 78.5 500 560 200000 0.0025 0.04 0.130 0.185 Mi St 20 314 472
574 200000 0.0024 0.023 0.140 0.200 (with strin ggs) 13 98.7 1530 1800 20000
0 0.0076 0.011 0.011 Pr.Tnon (with xtnsomtr) 13 98,7 1530 1800 200000 0.0
297 0.054 0.054
35
600
500
400 Strss (MP)
300
200
100
0 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 Strin (mm/mm)
Figur 3.2. Strss-strin pot of 10 mm mi st
600
500
400 Strss (MP)
300
200
100
0 0 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 Strin (mm/mm)
Figur 3.3. Strss-strin pot of 20 mm mi st
36
2000 1800 1600 1400 Strss (MP) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 St
rin (mm/mm) 0.04 0.05 0.06 Dirct Tnsi Tst-Strin Gg Rmbrg-Osgoo
Figur 3.4. Strss-strin pot of prstrssing tnon
3.4. Tst Stup A tsts wr prform t Structurs Lbortory in th Civi E
nginring Dprtmnt of Boazii University. Figure 3.5 and Figure 3.6 presents the
test set-up and the location of deformation measurements and the test set-up wa
s adapted from the work of ACI.T1.01 [46]. Precast column was supported on a pin
connection at the base and the column top was free to move and rotate. A roller
supported beam free end was designed; hence the point of contra flexure for bot
h beam and column was achieved within the setup. An axial load of approximately
10 per cent of the column compressive capacity was applied to the columns in all
specimens by using a closed frame and a hydraulic ram mounted on top of the col
umn as shown in Figure 3.5. Gradually increased lateral load was applied in orde
r to achieve the predetermined story drifts. Several LVDTs were mounted on the t
est specimens in order to measure the net story drift, joint rotation, gap openi
ngs and shear deformations. The net column top displacement (cnet) was calculated
y su tracting the column ase lateral displacement and the vertical eam tip r
igid ody displacement
rom the lateral displacement measurement o tained at the
column top. Top
37
displacement o
the column (ct) was measured y using two 200 mm capacity LVDTs m
ounted at the level o
the hydraulic actuator. Column ase displacement (c ) was
measured at the pin support level. At this level lateral displacement readings s
hould e zero in the ideal test rig. Also, the vertical displacement ( v) o
the
eam tip should e zero. There
ore, these displacement readings were monitored c
ontinuously and the net column top displacement, which will yield the level o
s
tory dri
t, was calculated according to Equation 3.1 where 1920/1800 ratio is us
ed due to the geometric compati ility. For Phase II specimens, a load cell was i
nstalled at the end o
the eam to measure the initial e

ective
orce
or post-
tensioning. Also, y using this load cell, average stress changes on the prestre
ssing strands were monitored during cycling loading.
1920 cnet = ct c v 1800
(3.1)
_
1920 mm
+
Hydraulic Ram
1800 mm
Actuator
Figure 3.5. Con
iguration o
test setup
38
Figure 3.6. A view
rom test setup
3.5. Test Procedure Test was per
ormed according to ACI T1.1-01 [46] document. r
equirements o
the test procedure can e summarized as
ollows: Test modules sha
ll e su jected to a sequence o
displacement-controlled cycles representative o

the dri
ts expected under earthquake motions
or that portion o
the
rame rep
resented y the test module. Cycles shall e predetermined dri
t ratios. Three

ully reversed cycles shall e applied at each dri
t ratio. The initial dri
t rat
io shall e within the essentially linear elastic response range
or the module.
Su sequent dri
t ratios shall e values not less than one and one-quarter times
, and not more than one and one-hal
times the previous dri
t ratio. I
steps ar
e too large, the dri
t capacity o
the system may not e determined with su

ici
ent accuracy. I
the steps are too small, the system may e unrealistically so
t
ened y loading repetitions, resulting in arti
icially low maximum lateral resis
tance and arti
icially high maximum dri
ts. Also, when steps are too small, the
rate o
change o
energy stored in the system may e too small compared with the
change occurring Minimum
39 during a major event. Results, using such small steps, can mask undesira le
rittle
ailure modes that might occur in the elastic response range during a maj
or event. Testing shall continue with gradually increasing dri
t ratios until dr
i
t ratio equals or exceeds 0.035 Data shall e recorded
rom the test such that
a quantitative, as opposed to qualitative, interpretation can e made o
the pe
r
ormance o
the module. As continuous recording shall e made o
the test modul
e, dri
t ratio versus column shear
orce, and photographs shall e taken that sh
ow the condition o
the test module at the completion o
testing
or each sequen
ce o
three cycles. There is no requirement
or axial load to e applied on the
column simultaneously with the application o
the lateral load displacements. It
is conservative not to apply axial load ecause, in general, the axial load wil
l e less than the alanced load
or
rames
or which this standard will e used
. The lateral load was applied ased on the a ove criteria. Be
ore starting load
ing cycles, constant axial load was applied. The level o
axial load was 10 per
cent compressive strength o
the column. Figure 3.7 shows the loading pattern th
at was taken
rom the ACI T1.1 [46] document. First cycles (0.15 per cent and 0.
20 per cent) were generally in the elastic range. Three
ully reversed cycles we
re applied at each dri
t level.
5 4 3 Stroy Dri
t (%) 2 1 0 -1 0 -2 -3 -4 -5 Cycle #
0.15 0.20 0.25 0.35 0.50 0.75 1.00 2.20 1.40 1.75 2.75 3.50 4.00
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
Figure 3.7. Loading history
40 All data were collected with a 50 Hz. data acquisition system. Cracks, gap op
enings and
ailures were monitored in successive three cycle intervals. All test
specimens were loaded ultimately until the 4.00 per cent inter-story dri
t rati
o. The test was terminated e
ore the 4.00 per cent dri
t level in case o
a pre
mature
ailure o
the connection, mainly due to the rupture o

lexural re ars.
3.6. Specimen Details Test was per
ormed in two phases as presented in Figure 3.
8. In Phase I,
our types o
ductile moment resisting precast
rame connections
and one counterpart monolithic connection, designed
or high seismic zones were
tested.
Specimens
Monolithic (M) Precast
CIP
CIPB
CIPC
Bolted (B) (Mod_B) Composite (GOK_W)
Post-Ten. (PT)
PTM0
PTM10
PTM30
PTM50
PTM65
Figure 3.8. Test parameters Per
ormance o
precast connections under reversed cy
clic loading was compared with that o
the monolithic su assem ly (M). Precast s
pecimens o
the current presentation may e su divided into three groups, namely
cast-in-place, composite with welding and
41 olted connections. The location o
cast-in-place connections in precast su a
ssem lies was either in the eam (CIPB) or in the column (CIPC). The composite c
onnection (GOK-W) tested within this study was a common detail in the Turkish pr
ecast concrete industry. Two olted specimens (B and Mod-B) without cor els were
also tested. In Phase II, the main varia le was the contri ution o
mild steel

or
lexural moment capacity o
the connection. The range o
this contri ution w
as changed
rom 0 to 65 per cent and these test specimens were called PTM0, PTM1
0, PTM30, PTM50 and PTM65 depending on the mild steel moment contri ution.
3.6.1. Monolithic Specimen (M) Monolithic re
erence specimen (M) was designed ac
cording to the regulations
or high seismic regions. The column longitudinal rei
n
orcement ratio was 2.00 per cent and the spacing o
the closed stirrups was ap
proximately 100 mm at the eam-column joint region
or the monolithic and the pr
ecast specimens. As shown in Figure 3.9, 420 and 320 re ars were placed at the top
and the ottom o
the eam respectively, where designates the re ar diameter in
millimeters. The ottom rein
orcement o
the eam was taken less than the top r
ein
orcement due to the gravity load e

ect. The compressive strength o
the con
crete
or specimen M was 40 MPa.
3.6.2. Cast-in-Place in Column Connection (CIPC) In the CIPC detail, there was a
gap at the mid-height o
the precast column as presented in Figure 3.10. The he
ight o
the gap which was 500 mm, was equal to the eam depth. In the precast e
am, 320 U shaped re ars, due to anchorage considerations, were installed as
lexu
ral rein
orcement at the connection region. This application was adopted accordi
ng to Japanese detailing that was developed y Mikame et al. [47]. Additionally,
there were 320 re ars at the top and the ottom o
the eam ody as main rein
or
cement. In assem ly process, the precast eam was seated through the gap at the
precast column. The compressive strength o
the concrete
or precast mem ers was
52 MPa. In order to eliminate or delay the ond pro lem in limited joint region
where U shaped rein
orcing ars were used, concrete with 40 mm hooked steel
i
ers (volume
raction o

i er = 0.5 per cent) was placed in the joint region. Co
mpressive strength o
the cast-in-place concrete
42 in the wet connection was 53 MPa. Due to the existence o
U shaped re ars, cl
osed stirrups could not e installed; instead single leg ties were used in the c
olumn joint region.
Figure 3.9. Details o
the monolithic specimen (M)
Figure 3.10. Details o
the specimen CIPC
43
3.6.3. Cast-in-Place in Beam Connection (CIPB) A design concept similar to the C
IPC specimen was also applied to the CIPB connection. The di

erence was the loc
ation o
the connection region that was 500 mm length and located at the joining
end o
the precast eam as shown in Figure 3.11. Again U shaped re ars protrudi
ng
rom column (420) and
rom the eam (320)
or
lexure were com ined in this reg
ion. Compressive strength o
precast elements was 40 MPa. During the assem ly pr
ocess, precast eam re ars were located etween the ars protruding
rom the pre
cast column at an interlocking position. Steel
i er concrete with 0.5 per cent
volume
raction was placed at the connection region and the compressive strength
was 49 MPa. Single leg ties were used in the connection region.
Figure 3.11. Details o
the specimen CIPB
3.6.4. Composite Connection (GOK-W) GOK-W was a composite connection type where
the continuity o
the eam ottom rein
orcement was supplied y welding and the
top rein
orcement was y cast-in-place concrete through the gap in the column. G
OK-W is a common connection type
or the Turkish precast producers. This test sp
ecimen was designed and produced y GOK
44 Construction Company. The square crossectional dimension o
the precast eam
was 300 mm. A region with a height o
200 mm along the precast eam and the gap
in the middle o
the column was the cast-in-place section o
the su assem ly as
presented in Figure 3.12. There were 320 re ars as main rein
orcement at the ott
om o
the eam and these re ars were welded to a steel plate which had 300 x 250
x15 mm dimensions. Additionally 220 re ars at 20 degrees angle with horizontal t
hrough the eam, were welded to the same plate in order to secure the anchorage
o
the steel plate to precast eam as shown in Figure 3.12. This detailing also
created additional
lexural moment capacity. Moreover, two rows o
20 U shaped
l
exural ars were installed through the gap in the column as top rein
orcement o

the eam during the assem ly process. The distance etween these two rows was 3
6 mm. Main re ars o
the precast cor el were welded to a steel plate which will
later e welded to the ottom plate o
the eam
or continuity. Cast-in-place co
ncrete was placed to the upper part o
the eam and to the gap o
the column. Al
l 20 re ars were welda le steel and the yield and ultimate strengths were 503 MPa
and 662 MPa respectively. The elongation o
20 re ars at ultimate strength was 1
3 per cent. The compressive strength o
precast elements was 57 MPa and the comp
ressive strength o
the cast-in-place concrete was 55 MPa
or specimen GOK-W.
2 x 220
320
CIP
Steel Plate 320
220 320
Welded
Figure 3.12. Details o
the specimen GOK-W
45
3.6.5. Bolted Connection (specimen B and specimen Mod-B) The aim o
the olted t
ype o
connection was to minimize the
ield work during the assem ly process. In
proposed olted connection detail, rectangular steel oxes were used instead o

steel pipes
or through holes. As a result o
steel oxes more dimensional tole
rances
or compensating the production errors and more spaces
or multiple olts
were o tained. This connection type is more suita le especially
or low level g
ravity induced shear
orces, where precast sla s, such as dou le-T and hollow co
re sla s, were oriented parallel to the eam axis. The rein
orcement detail and
the overall view o
the precast mem ers
or the olted connection type is as sho
wn in Figure 3.13. The precast eam had a reservation channel at the top and the
ottom o
the eam crossection in order to install the connecting olts during
the assem ly process. The length o
the reservation channel was 1000 mm with a c
rossectional dimension o
150 x 100 mm. Also, 500 mm long rectangular steel oxe
s with crossectional dimensions o
120 x 60 mm were located at the joining end o

the eam and through the column along the same axis. In this region o
the ea
m, closed stirrups were installed with 70 mm spacing. Moreover, steel plates wer
e placed at the top and the ottom o
the eam crossection in order to delay the
crushing o
eam concrete adjacent to the column
ace. These steel plates were
also connected to each other y two 10 ars welded to either plate. In the constr
uction process, the precast mem ers were produced with a 28 MPa concrete. During
the assem ly process, the 15 mm gap etween the precast eam and the column was

illed with SIKA Grout 210 that was sel
-leveling, non-shrink grout. The compre
ssive strength o
the grout was 58 MPa. A
ter 24 hours, 320 re ars were placed in
to the steel oxes located at the top and the ottom o
the connection and a pre
tensioning
orce y a torque wrench was applied. Initially 35 Nm torque was appl
ied then this level was increased up to 120 Nm resulting a 1.4 MPa clamping stre
ss at the eam-column inter
ace. The distance o
olts
rom top and ottom
i er
o
the eam was around 70 mm. Finally, steel oxes were
illed with the same gr
out.
46 In the
irst test, steel oxes were attached directly to the precast eam she
ar rein
orcement and this type o
connection was called as Bolted (B). During th
e test, sliding o
the steel oxes with respect to the eam concrete was o serve
d. In order to solve this pro lem, steel ars were welded around the steel oxes
serving as ri s. In addition to that, rods passing through the ox crossection
were mounted into the steel ox in order to eliminate any possi le sliding o
th
e in
ill grout with respect to the steel ox itsel
. The connection type a
ter t
hese modi
ications is called Modi
ied Bolted (Mod-B). In this detail, compressiv
e strength o
concrete in precast mem ers was 30 MPa and the compressive strengt
h o
the grout was 36 MPa.
Anchor Ri s Steel Box
Mortar 320 Reservation Channel
Steel Plate
Figure 3.13. Details o
the specimen Mod-B
3.6.6. Post-Tensioned Connection (PT) All the precast eam and columns were prod
uced in a precast concrete mem er production plant. The main varia le investigat
ed in the post-tensioned specimens was the mild steel content at the connection
region. In the
irst specimen o
the precast set, no mild steel was used in the
connection and the
lexural moment was carried solely with the prestressing stra
nds. This specimen was called PTM0. For the second specimen, the contri ution o

mild steel
or the
lexural moment capacity was 10 per cent and the specimen wa
s called PTM10. This 10 per cent ratio is the minimum level o
mild steel in
47 precast connections stated in the Turkish Precast/Prestressed Design Standard
[48] and the Turkish Earthquake Code [7]. The mild steel contri ution to
lexur
e was increased to 30 per cent (specimen PTM30) and 50 per cent (specimen PTM50)
as third and
ourth design respectively. The
ourth specimen had the upper limi
t
or mild steel contri ution according to ACI T1.2-03 [49] design code. In the
last specimen, the mild steel contri ution on the
lexural moment capacity o
th
e connection was 65 per cent (specimen PTM65) and this mild steel ratio exceeds
the upper limit o
ACI T1.2-03 [49] design recommendations. The geometry and rei
n
orcement details o
the precast eams, except PTM0, were the same as shown in
Figure 3.14. All precast eams had a reservation channel at the top and the ott
om o
crossection to install mild steel during the assem ly process. The length
o
the reservation channel was 1000 mm with a crossectional dimension o
150 x 1
00 mm. Also, there was a plastic (PVC) pipe with 100 mm diameter at the center o

the eam crossection
or installing prestressing strands. 4 20 longitudinal re
ars were placed at the top and ottom o
the precast eam ody as main rein
orce
ment and the detail is shown in Figure 3.14. The crossectional dimension o
the
precast eams at the connection region was the same as that o
the monolithic sp
ecimen. For precast mem ers ( eams and columns), rectangular steel oxes were in
stalled in the connection region as illustrated in Figure 3.15. The reason o
us
ing steel oxes instead o
steel pipes was to create more dimensional tolerances
to compensate the production errors and reserve spaces
or multiple olts. The
500 mm long rectangular steel oxes installed the connection region had crossect
ional dimensions o
120 x 60 mm, and they were located along the same axis on th
e eam and the column. In order to prevent the sliding o
steel oxes relative t
o the eam concrete, steel rods that served as ri s were welded around. Moreover
, steel anchors passing through the ox crossection were mounted to prevent any
possi le sliding o
the in
ill grout with respect to the steel ox itsel
as sho
wn in Figure 3.15. Besides, steel plates were placed at the top and ottom o
th
e eam crossection at the connection in order to delay the crushing o
concrete
in the precast eam. These plates were also connected to each other y two 10 re
ars welded to either o
the steel plate and steel plates were anchored to eam c
oncrete. In this region, closed stirrups were installed with 70 mm spacing.
48 In the assem ly process, initially, 15 mm gap etween the precast eam and th
e column was
illed with SIKA Grout-210 that was sel
-leveling and non-shrink wi
th 60 MPa compressive strength. As a second step, a
ter 24 hours, mild steels we
re placed throughout the steel oxes and the threaded ends o
the mild steel re
ars were
ixed. In order to determine the yielding point during the test, strain
gages were attached to the mild steel re ars. Steel plates were placed on oth
sides o
the steel oxed as washers and the mild steels were locked with nuts to
prevent slip as shown in Figure 3.16. A
ter that, steel oxes were
illed with
the same sel
-leveling and non-shrink grout. Finally, prestressing strands that
had 13 mm nominal diameter and 1860 MPa ultimate strength were placed at the mid
-depth o
the eam and post-tensioning was applied. The net e

ective
orce was
measured y using a load cell located at the tip o
the eam and monitored until
the test day. The un onded length o
the tendons was approximately 2700 mm.
Connection
Section A-A 300
Section B-B 75 150 75 100
500
PT
500
Mild St.
A
B
20
A
B
Stirrups are not shown
or clarity
Figure 3.14. Rein
orcing details o
post-tensioned specimens
49
Anchor
Ri s Steel Box
PVC Pipe
Steel Plate
Figure 3.15. Connection details o
post-tensioned specimens
Steel Plate
Mild Steel
PT Tendons
Figure 3.16. Assem led post-tensioned connection
The mild steel rein
orcement and prestressing tendons content are illustrated in
Figure 3.17 and the speci
ic connection details
or each connection were presen
ted as
ollows: PTM0: The geometry and rein
orcement detailing o
PTM0 was a sli
ghtly di

erent
rom the other post-tensioned specimens as illustrated in Figure
3.18. It did not have
50 reservation channels at the top and the ottom o
the eam since no mild stee
l at the connection region was used. The dimension o
the precast eam was the s
ame as the monolithic su assem ly. 6 x 13 mm prestressing strands were located a
t the middepth o
the eam. The e

ective post tensioning
orce level was approx
imately 40 per cent o
the ultimate strength o
the strands according to the rec
ommendation given in ACI T1.2-03 [49] document and this
orce resulted in a 3 MP
a normal stress at eam-column inter
ace. Additionally, 2 20 re ars were placed a
t the top and ottom o
the eam ody
or
lexural rein
orcement o
the precast
eam as main re ars. The compressive strength o
the precast elements was 60 MPa
.
PTM0
PTM10
110
6x13mm
6x13mm
PTM30
120
6x13mm
PTM50
220
PTM65
220
6x13mm
3x13mm
Figure 3.17. Rein
orcement content and orientation o
Phase II specimens PTM10:
In this specimen detailing, the contri ution o
mild steel to the
lexural momen
t capacity was kept at 10 per cent. There was one 10 mild steel inserted at the t
op and the ottom o
the connection with a 50 mm un onded length. The cover thic
kness
or this re ar was 65 mm. Post-tensioning was applied y using 6 x 13 mm t
endons and 3 MPa normal stress was created on the eam-column inter
ace. The com
pressive strength o
the concrete in precast mem ers was 67 MPa.
51 PTM30: The post-tensioning
orce created y the prestressing strands was the
same as PTM0 and PTM10 in this specimen. In order to increase the contri ution o

mild steel to the
lexural capacity o
the connection, one 20 re ar was located
on the top and the ottom o
the crossection through the steel oxes. The cover
thickness was 62 mm and the un onded length o
the mild steel at the connection
region was 80 mm. The concrete compressive strength o
the precast mem ers was
measured as 52 MPa. PTM50: 2 20 re ars were located to the top and the ottom o

the eam crossection to increase the contri ution o
mild steel to the
lexural
strength o
connection up to 50 per cent. The post-tensioning level in PTM50 was
the same as previous specimens. The un onded length o
the mild steel was 80 mm
and the compressive strength o
concrete was 52 MPa. The cover thickness o
the
mild steel was around 60 mm. PTM65: 2 20 re ars with 80 mm un onded length were
installed in the connection as in specimen PTM50. In contrary 3 x 13 mm strands
were placed at mid-depth o
the eam and the post-tensioning
orce was around 40
per cent o
ultimate strength o
tendons and resulted 1.5 MPa normal stress on
the eam- column inter
ace. The cover thickness
or the mild steel was 66 mm and
the concrete compressive strength
or the precast mem ers was measured as 43 MP
a
52
Steel plate 220
PVC Pipe
str:10/100
Figure 3.18. Rein
orcement and connection details o
PTM0
53
4. TEST RESULTS
4.1. Monolithic Specimen (M)
The response o
specimen M was nearly elastic during the
irst two successive cy
cles. At 0.25 per cent story dri
t level, minor
lexural cracks were o served on
the eam located at a distance o
25 cm
rom the column
ace. At 0.75 per cent
story dri
t level,
irst hairline diagonal crack was o served on the column at t
he eam-column joint core. The
irst diagonal cracking in the eam was o served
at the 1.40 per cent story dri
t level and the crack distri ution at 1.75 per ce
nt which was approximately design level can e seen in Figure 4.1. The spalling
o
concrete at the eam joining end started at 3.50 per cent level as shown in F
igure 4.2 and the eam top
lexural re ars were uckled at 4.00 per cent story d
ri
t level. The cracks were well distri uted over the eam end region. The later
al load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen M is presented in Figure 4.3. Also,
moment vs. curvature and moment vs. rotation relations were presented in Figure
4.4 and Figure 4.5 respectively. Behavior o
the monolithic specimen was good i
n terms o
ductility and energy dissipation. No pinching e

ect was o served on
the reversed cyclic response and there was no signi
icant strength degradation u
ntil the 4.00 per cent story dri
t level. The ultimate lateral load capacities o

the specimen
or
orward and ackward cycles were 114 kN and -149 kN respectiv
ely.
4.2. Cast in Place in Column Connection (CIPC)
First
lexural crack in specimen CIPC was o served at 0.25 per cent story dri
t
level at the eam column inter
ace. No diagonal cracking was o served at the joi
nt core throughout the test ecause o
the steel
i er concrete and most o
the
cracks were concentrated on the eam near the column
ace. The overall ehavior
o
CIPC was very similar to that o
monolithic specimen up to the 2.75 per cent
story dri
t level. The yielding load level in oth specimens was reached around
at 1.00 per cent dri
t level. A
ter that level, the strength degradation was mor
e pronounced and accelerated as compared to the monolithic specimen M. Around 1.
75 per cent story dri
t, cracks were well distri uted over the precast eam as s
hown in Figure 4.6. The reason o
that rapid degradation was due to
54
the crushing o
concrete at the top and ottom o
the eam crossection and due t
o the uckling o
re ars. The reduction in the eam crossection due to the spall
ing o
concrete resulted in sliding o
precast eam relative to the precast colu
mn. This type o
response was
irst o served at 2.20 per cent story dri
t level
and rapidly increased up to 15 mm at 3.50 per cent dri
t level as illustrated in
Figure 4.7. No ond pro lem was o served throughout the test. The maximum later
al load attained was 107 kN in
orward and -111 kN in ackward cycles. Plastic h
inging took place on the eam near the column
ace. The load vs. story dri
t and
moment vs. curvature responses were presented in Figure 4.8 and Figure 4.9 resp
ectively.
Figure 4.1. Crack distri ution o
specimen M at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
55
Figure 4.2. Crack distri ution o
specimen M at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.3. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen M
56
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 Curvature
(rad/km) 0 50 100 150 200
Figure 4.4. Moment vs. curvature response o
specimen M
400 300 200 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400 Rotation (ra
d) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Moment (kNm)
Figure 4.5. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen M
57
Figure 4.6. Crack distri ution o
specimen CIPC at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
Figure 4.7. Crack distri ution o
specimen CIPC at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
58
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.8. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen CIPC
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 Curvature
(rad/km) 0 50 100 150 200
Figure 4.9. Moment vs. curvature response o
specimen CIPC
59
4.3. Cast in Place in Beam Connection (CIPB)
The
irst visi le cracks were o served along the cast-in-place concrete and the
precast element inter
ace oth in eam and column at 0.25 per cent story dri
t l
evel. Generally, the
lexural cracks were concentrated at these two inter
aces.
The hairline diagonal crack at eam-column joint core was
irst o served at 1.75
per cent story dri
t as shown in Figure 4.10. When the story dri
t level reache
d 2.75 per cent, the gap opening etween column
ace and the CIP inter
ace reach
ed approximately at 8 mm. A
terwards, the crack concentration relocated to the
eam-to-CIP inter
ace and widening o
this crack accelerated at higher dri
ts lea
ding to the
ailure o
specimen. The CIP part that was 50 cm in length ehaved l
ike a linear link element that is presented in Figure 4.11 at 3.50 per cent stor
y dri
t level throughout the successive load cycles. The lateral load vs. story
dri
t response o
specimen CIPB is shown in Figure 4.12 and it was very similar
to specimen M. No pinching e

ect was o served throughout the reversed cyclic re
sponse o
specimen CIPB. The recorded maximum lateral load was 142 kN and -151 k
N
or
orward and ackward cycles respectively. Furthermore, Figure 4.13 illustr
ated moment-curvature relation under cyclic loading.
Figure 4.10. Crack distri ution o
specimen CIPB at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
60
Figure 4.11. Crack distri ution o
specimen CIPB at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.12. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen CIPB
61
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 Curvature
(rad/km) 0 50 100 150 200
Figure 4.13. Moment vs. curvature response o
specimen CIPB
4.4. Composite Connection (GOK-W)
During the assem ly process, the cast in steel plates o
cor el and eam were we
lded to each other in order to secure the continuity o
the eam ottom rein
orc
ement. It was o served that, the ond o
approaching rein
orcing ars in the vic
inity o
the weld location was damaged resulting hairline cracks parallel to ar
axes. The
irst
lexural crack on the eam was o served at the 0.50 per cent st
ory dri
t level located 25 cm away
rom the precast column. This distance corres
ponds to the tip o
the precast cor el. Flexural cracks on the eam were distri
uted evenly. At the 1.40 per cent story dri
t level, a diagonal crack was o serv
ed at the cor el-column region and Figure 4.14 presents the crack distri ution a
t 1.75 per cent story dri
t. Moreover, the diagonal cracking at eam-column join
t core was
irst o served at 2.20 per cent story dri
t. The
ailure o
specimen
GOK-W occurred suddenly with the rupture o
eam ottom rein
orcement at 3.50 pe
r cent story dri
t level. The damage level at 2.75 per cent story dri
t that was
prior to
ailure was illustrated in Figure 4.15. Figure 4.16 and Figure 4.17 sh
ows the lateral load versus story dri
t and moment-curvature response o
GOK-W s
u -assem ly. The ductility o
the specimen GOKW was smaller than that o
the pre
vious test specimens. The early rupture o
re ars may well e explained with the
changing mechanical properties o
the material due to the
62
welding done during the preparation o
steel cages prior to molding. The ultimat
e load was 226 kN
or
orward and -209 kN
or ackward cycles.
Figure 4.14. Crack distri ution o
specimen CIPB at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
Figure 4.15. Crack distri ution o
specimen GOK-W at 2.75 per cent story dri
t
63
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.16. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen GOK-W
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 Curvature
(rad/km) 0 50 100 150 200
Figure 4.17. Moment vs. curvature response o
specimen GOK-W
64
4.5. Bolted Connection (specimen B and specimen Mod-B)
The cyclic response o
olted connection (B) was unsatis
actory as shown in Figu
re 4.18. Although the
lexural cracks at the eam-column inter
ace were
irst o
served at the 0.50 per cent story dri
t level, the sliding o
steel ox relative
to the precast eam was accelerated eyond this level. There
ore, the olts cou
ld not e
orced up to their yielding load level. The de
iciencies o
specimen B
were highlighted during and a
ter the test, hence specimen Mod-B was designed a
nd constructed. During the test o
specimen Mod-B, no relative slip etween the
steel oxes and the eam concrete was o served. The
lexural cracks were concent
rated to the eam-column inter
ace and there were no o servation
or diagonal cr
ack at the joint core as shown in Figure 4.19 and Figure 4.20. Steel plates at t
he
ace o
the eam prevented the crushing o
concrete at lower dri
t levels. At
3.50 per cent story dri
t level, top olts were ruptured and the experiment was
terminated. The ehavior o
specimen Mod-B may well e considered as satis
acto
ry and the response o
the specimen is presented in Figure 4.21 and Figure 4.22.
The overall per
ormance o
the Mod-B connection was etter than that o
monolit
hic and the other type o
connections. Due to the pre-tensioning applied to the
olts, initial sti

ness was greater in specimen Mod-B and the olts were yielde
d at smaller dri
t levels as compared to the other su assem lies. Mod-B connecti
on ehaved similar to a
riction damper. On the other hand, at higher story dri

t levels, sliding were o served etween the precast eam and the column. The max
imum recorded lateral load was 110 kN and -116 kN during the last
orward and a
ckward cycles.
4.6. Post-Tensioned Specimens
Post-tensioned connections had predetermined crack location at the eam-column i
nter
ace ecause o
the imposed cold joint. During the load cycles, a predetermi
ned crack opening/closing type o
response was o served at the connection region
and minor cracks were o served on the precast eams and columns. Specimens PTM0
, PTM10 and PTM30 ehaved as sel
-centering systems while the ehavior o
PTM50
and PTM65 approached the response o
monolithic su assem ly.
65
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Stroy Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.18. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen B
Figure 4.19. Crack distri ution o
specimen Mod-B at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
66
Figure 4.20. Crack distri ution o
specimen Mod-B at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.21. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen Mod-B
67
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -200 -150 -100 -50 -100 -200 -300 -400 Curvature
(rad/km) 0 50 100 150 200
Figure 4.22. Moment vs. curvature response o
specimen Mod-B
4.6.1. Post-Tensioned Specimen-No Mild Steel E

ect (PTM0)
No
lexural or diagonal cracks were o served until 0.35 per cent story dri
t cyc
le. At this level, a hairline crack was initiated at the eam-column inter
ace a
nd this crack widened at increasing story dri
t levels. No cracking or crushing
was o served at the precast elements. At the end o
the test, there were no visi
le cracks and no residual displacement at the su assem ly. In order to compare
damage level o
post-tensioned specimens with other classical connection types,
some photos were presented in the
ollowing
igures. Figure 4.23 and Figure 4.24
shows the damage level at 1.75 per cent and 3.50 per cent story dri
t respectiv
ely. The ehavior o
specimen PTM0 was like a ilinear spring as shown in Figure
4.25. The maximum lateral load was 92 kN
or
orward and -89 kN
or ackward cy
cles. Also, the average maximum stress on the strands was measured as 65 per cen
t o
the ultimate capacity throughout the loading history. The ehavior o
postt
ensioned specimens is di

erent
rom the monolithic system due to the pre-cracke
d section there
ore moment-rotation ehavior is illustrated in Figure 4.26 inste
ad o
momentcurvature relation.
68
Figure 4.23. Damage level o
specimen PTM0 at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
4.6.2. Post-Tensioned Specimen-10 per cent Mild Steel E

ect (PTM10)
The
irst visi le crack was o served at 0.25 per cent story dri
t level at the
eamcolumn inter
ace. At 0.75 per cent story dri
t, a
lexural crack was o served
near the reservation channel and the mild steel at the connection was yielded a
ccording to the strain gage readings. The 10 mild steel re ars at the connection
were ruptured at 2.20 per cent story dri
t cycle due to the insu

icient un onde
d length. There was not any indication on the ond deterioration around 10 steel
ars at the end o
the test. A
ter the rupture o
mild steel, the specimen ehav
ed like PTM0. No signi
icant damage o served at the precast mem ers as shown in
Figure 4.27 and Figure 4.28. The e

ect o
small amount o
mild steel content wa
s minor
or the overall hysteretic ehavior as presented in Figure 4.29 and Figu
re 4.30. The maximum load
or the
orward and ackward cycles were 97 kN and -10
1 kN and the maximum average stress on prestressing tendons was 68 per cent o
t
he ultimate capacity. The residual displacement at the end o
the test was less
than 1 mm.
69
Figure 4.24. Damage level o
specimen PTM0 at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri
t (
%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
-5
Figure 4.25. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen PTM0
70
400 300 200 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400 Rotation (ra
d) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Moment (kNm)
Figure 4.26. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen PTM0
Figure 4.27. Damage level o
specimen PTM10 at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
71
Figure 4.28. Damage level o
specimen PTM10 at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.29. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen PTM10
72
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400
Rotation (rad) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Figure 4.30. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen PTM10
4.6.3. Post-Tensioned Specimen-30 per cent Mild Steel E

ect (PTM30)
A minor
lexural crack on the eam was o served around 50 cm away
rom the colum
n
ace at 0.75 per cent story dri
t level. Also, the damage levels and minor cra
cks can e seen in Figure 4.31 and Figure 4.32
or 1.75 and 3.50 per cent story
dri
t cycles respectively. When the
lexural contri ution o
mild steel was incr
eased, the load vs. story dri
t response o
the test specimen was improved as sh
own in Figure 4.33. The e

ect o
mild steel on the hysteretic loops at high dri

ts was dominant as shown in Figure 4.34, and the residual displacement was negl
igi le. At 4.00 per cent story dri
t level, 7 mm permanent displacement at test
su assem ly was o served. The maximum lateral loads were 124 kN and -133 kN
or

orward and ackward loadings respectively. The prestressing tendons were
orced
up to 63 per cent o
their ultimate capacity indicating an elastic response.
73
Figure 4.31. Damage level o
specimen PTM30 at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
4.6.4. Post-Tensioned Specimen-50 per cent Mild Steel E

ect (PTM50)
Minor
lexural cracks were o served at the mid length o
the precast eam at 0.5
0 per cent story dri
t level. Mild steels were yielded at the 0.75 per cent dri

t cycle. The
irst diagonal crack at the joint core was o served at the 3.50 per
cent story dri
t level. There were more
lexural cracks at the precast eams th
an the
irst three post-tensioned specimens as presented in Figure 4.35 and Figu
re 4.36. The hysteretic ehavior o
PTM50 approached to the response o
monolith
ic specimen as illustrated in Figure 4.37 and Figure 4.38. The maximum measured
lateral load was 158 kN
or the
orward cycle and 174 kN
or the ackward cycle.
The maximum average stress on the prestressing strands was 60 per cent o
their
ultimate value and the residual displacement at column was 35 mm. This permanent
displacement was greater
or minimum damage criteria despite this mild steel co
ntent was within the limits o
ACI T1.2-03 [49] recommendations.
74
Figure 4.32. Damage level o
specimen PTM30 at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.33. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen PTM30
75
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400
Rotation (rad) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Figure 4.34. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen PTM30
Figure 4.35. Damage level o
specimen PTM50 at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
76
Figure 4.36. Damage level o
specimen PTM50 at 2.75 per cent story dri
t
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.37. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen PTM50
77
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400
Rotation (rad) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Figure 4.38. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen PTM50
4.6.5. Post-Tensioned Specimen-65 per cent Mild Steel E

ect (PTM65)
A hairline crack appeared at the reservation channel location on the precast ea
m at 0.50 per cent story dri
t level. In addition to that, some
lexural cracks
were o served at these regions at higher dri
ts as shown in Figure 4.39 and Figu
re 4.40. Top mild steels at the connection were ruptured at the second and third
cycles o
the 4.00 per cent story dri
t level. The response o
PTM65 was very s
imilar to the monolithic specimen as shown in Figure 4.41 and Figure 4.42 due to
the high content o
mild steel. The permanent displacement at column was 50 mm
and the measured maximum lateral load was 117 kN and 124 kN
or
orward and ackw
ard cycles respectively. The tendons were loaded up to 63 per cent o
their ulti
mate strength at 4.00 per cent loading cycles.
78
Figure 4.39. Damage level o
specimen PTM65 at 1.75 per cent story dri
t
Figure 4.40. Damage level o
specimen PTM65 at 3.50 per cent story dri
t
79
250 200 150 100 Load (kN) 50 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 Story Dri

t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 4.41. Load vs. story dri
t response o
specimen PTM65
400 300 200 Moment (kNm) 100 0 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 -100 -200 -300 -400
Rotation (rad) 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
Figure 4.42. Moment vs. rotation response o
specimen PTM65
80
5. EVALUTION OF TEST RESULTS
Monolithic, CIPC, CIPB, GOK-W and Mod-B test specimens were grouped as Phase I s
pecimens and they were compared according to their strength predictions, ductili
ty, sti

ness degradation and energy dissipation properties. The discussion on s
pecimen B is omitted due to its poor per
ormance and also due to the existence o

redesigned companion specimen Mod-B.
Post-tensioned specimens (PTM0, PTM10, PTM30, PTM50 and PTM65) were called as Ph
ase II specimens. Experimental capacities o
these test specimens were compared
with the capacity predictions ased on ACI T1.2-03 [49] design procedure. Beside
s, ductility, sti

ness degradation, energy dissipation characteristics and resi
dual displacements o
the hy rid specimens were compared with that o
the monoli
thic specimen like Phase I specimens.
5.1. Strength, Failure Modes and Ductility
Prior to testing, yield (Mcal-y) and ultimate (Mcal-u) moment capacities o
each
connection were calculated
or the
orward (+) and ackward (-) cycles
or Phas
e I specimens. The experimental results and predicted capacities are given in Ta
le 5.1. The predictions are very important to de
ine the connection per
ormance
in terms o

lexural strength. When comparing the calculated yield moment and t
est result, yield moment calculation was o served a it greater than testing in
Phase I except Mod-B specimen. The reason o
it can e explained with moment-she
ar (M-V) interaction that was de
ined in ASCE-ACI 445 committee report [50].
Most codes o
practice use sectional methods
or design o
conventional eams un
der ending and shear. They assume that
lexure and shear can e handled separat
ely
or the worst com ination o

lexure and shear at a given section. The inter
action etween
lexure and shear is addressed indirectly y detailing rules
or

lexural rein
orcement cuto

points. [50].
81
The shear stress that the crossection o
a eam can resist is a
unction o
the
longitudinal straining in the crossection. The larger this longitudinal strainin
g ecomes, the smaller the shear stress required to
ail. For design calculation
s, x can b approximatd as th strain in th tnsion chord of th quivalnt tru
ss as givn Equation 5.1.
x =
( M u / d v ) + 0.5 N u + 0.5Vu cot Es As
(5.1)
Whr As = r of nonprstrss ongituin rinforcmnt on th fxur tn
sion si of th mmbr; Mu = momnt t th sction, tkn s positiv; n Nu =
xi o t th sction, tkn s positiv if tnsi n ngtiv if comprs
siv. Th trmintion of x for  nonprstrss bm is iustrt in Figur 5
.1. Th ongituin strin prmtr (x) ccounts for th infunc of momnt, 
xi o, n mount of ongituin rinforcmnt on th shr strngth of  s
ction [50]. Th incintion ngs of shr crcks (cot) wiy r ffct fro
m untity of stirrups, concrt strngth n v of shr strsss.
Figur 5.1. Dtrmintion of th strins in th tnsion cor [50]
Shr cuss tnsi strsss in th ongituin rinforcmnt s w s in th
 stirrups. If  mmbr contins n insufficint mount of ongituin rinforc
mnt, its shr strngth my b imit by yiing of this rinforcmnt. Figu
r 5.2 iustrts th infunc of shr on th tnsi forc ruir in th 
ongituin rinforcmnt. Whrs th momnt is zro t th simp support, th
r sti ns to b consirb tnsion in th
82

ongituin rinforcmnt nr this support. Th ruir tnsion, T, t  simp

 support cn b trmin from th fr-boy igrm s shown in Figur 5.2 [
50].
Figur 5.2. Infunc of shr on tnsion in ongituin rinforcmnt [50]
Athough fiur typ of  connction ws fxur, high shr forcs wr occu
rr t th connction u to ow / rtio. Whn crck orinttions wr xmin
, shr crcks wr obsrv for  tst spcimns xcpt Mo-B spcimn in P
hs I. Unr ths circumstncs, ongituin rinforcmnt my b yi r
ir unr owr fxur momnts. Bsis tht, t high rift vs, bottom co
vr concrt of th bm sp off n bottom fxur rbrs wr buck. Th
rfor, th rtios of utimt momnt cpcitis to th prict vus wr s
mr. Th cpcity priction for th bckwr cyc of spcimn GOK-W ws s
s thn th xprimnty msur vu u to th xistnc of corb, which s
rvs s  hunch bm n. In ition, th yi cpcitis of spcimn Mo-
B wr th sm s th prict vus. Morovr, th utimt cpcity of th
connction is fiv pr cnt grtr thn th xpct. This my b u to th xi
stnc of st pts oct t th crossction surfc of th bm n u
to th confining ffct of cos stirrups oct in th bm t th connction
rgion.
83
Tb 5.1. Cpcity prictions n uctiity rtios for Phs I spcimns Spci
mn fc(MP) fy (MP) fu (MP) As (mm ) As (mm2) My (kNm) Mu (kNm) Mc-y (kNm)
2
M (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 40 472 574 942 1256 176/-243 195/-255 4+ 1
88/-248 221/-279 0.94/0.98 0.88/0.91
CIPC 52 472 574 942 942 168/-183 183/-190 4 190/-190 221/-221 0.88/0.96 0.83/0.8
6
CIPB 49 472 574 942 942 172/-178 175/-186 4 188/-188 221/-221 0.91/0.95 0.79/0.8
4
GOK-W 55 503 662 1570 942 309/-313 326/-357 2 340/-262 379/-328 0.91/1.19 0.86/1
.09
Mo-B 30 472 574 942 942 171/-180 188/-199 5 173/-173 190/-190 0.99/1.04 0.99/1.
05
Mc-u (kNm) (10) (6)/(9) (7)/(10) (11) (12)
Pstic momnt cpcitis n utimt strss vus t prstrssing tnons for
ch post-tnsion connction wr ccut ccoring to ACI T1.2-03 [49] t
4.00 pr cnt story rift v. Tru priction of th gp opning in ccut
ing th fxur strngth of th connction is of prim importnc. Thrfor, c
officint of th ffctiv ition bon ngth (b) hs to b chosn ccor
ingy. Athough this cofficint ws propos to b 5.5 by Chok t . [51], R
ynor t . [52] rcommn  vu of 2 for th sm mi st rinforcmnt
. In th sign of prcst spcimns of th currnt invstigtion, n thir ut
imt momnt cpcity ccutions th b vu ws chosn s 3, n it ws obsrv
 in xprimnts tht b=3 yi th bst prictions for th Phs II spcimn
s. Prict cpcitis, tst rsuts n th xprimnt ovr ccut rtio
s r givn in Tb 5.2. Sinc th mount of top n bottom mi st t th c
onnction ws u within ch spcimn, ccut fxur strngth (Mc) n
 strss on th prstrssing strns (fpt-c) wr th sm for th forwr n
bckwr cyc. Th strngth prictions r biv to b vry importnt in 
fining th connction prformnc in trms of tr o cpcity. A tst
connction typs pproch to nry thir ccut fxur yi n utim
t momnt cpcitis. It is obsrv in Tb 5.2 tht xprimnt rsuts
84
for th momnt cpcity wr nry th sm s ccut vus (Mc). This r
vs tht,  connctions h ut cpcitis. Strss prictions on th
prstrssing strns (fptc)
wr vry cos to th tst rsuts for spcimns PTM0, PTM10 n PTM30. On th
othr hn, th stimtion of strss on tnons ws grtr thn th msur v
us for PTM50 n PTM65. This my u to th chnging bhvior of th hybri co
nnction towrs tht of th monoithic subssmby with incrsing mi st c
ontnt n rsuting prmnnt ispcmnts. Th rtion btwn th story ri
ft ng n th gp opning ng msur on th bm-coumn intrfc is in
r unti th o point t which th bm boy strts crcking. This rtion is
importnt for cpcity ccutions s fin by Chok t . [51].
Fiur typ n oction of connctions is importnt for sismic rgions, thr
for mgs n fiur mos r prsnt from Figur 5.3 to Figur 5.12. In
ths figurs, photos r givn bfor n ftr tsting th spcimns to visu
iz n compr th v of mg. In ition to tht, sign phiosophy of p
ost-tnsion spcimns bs on th mg v of connction ccoring to ACI
T1.02-03 ocumnt [49]. This mns tht ftr  mjor sismic vnt, tht momn
t frm cn b xpct to xhibit minim mg in bm-coumn rgions n ng
igib prmnnt ispcmnts [49].
Figur 5.3 prsnts th rfrnc spcimn crck propgtions. Th pstic hing
s occurr t th n of th bm n crcks usuy w istribut ovr th b
m. At high story rifts, concrt covr ws sp of n ongituin rinfo
rcmnt ws buck. This mns tht th connction cnnot b rcovr gin. S
imir commnts cn b si for CIPC connction. Pstic hinging ws occurr t
th tip of prcst bm s iustrt in Figur 5.4. Thr ws no igon cr
ck t th joint cor bcus of th st fibr rinforc concrt. On th oth
r hn, fiur ws occurr t th prcst bm n 50 cm wy from th coumn
fc for CIPB connction s shown in Figur 5.5. Cst-in-pc prt ws sign
ccoring to strong connction concpt; thrfor  mgs wr concntrt
in ths rgions. Spcimn GOK-W show th highst mg v s compr to
th monoithic spcimn, s prsnt in Figur 5.6. Fiur ws occurr t th
 n of th corb with ruptur of bottom ongituin rinforcmnt with fxu
r-shr fiur.
85
Tb 5.2. Cpcity prictions n uctiity rtios for Phs II spcimns Spc
imn fc(MP) fy (MP) fu (MP) As (mm ) As (mm ) Fpt (kN) Mc (kNm) fpt/ fptu (%)
2 2
PTM0 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 60 450 158/-152 68/66 5+ 164/-164 66/66
0.96/0.93 1.03/1.00
PTM10 67 472 574 78.5 78.5 450 166/-173 67/69 6+ 183/-183 66/66 0.91/0.95 1.02/1
.05
PTM30 52 472 574 314 314 450 212/-228 62/64 6+ 228/-228 65/65 0.93/1.00 0.95/0.9
8
PTM50 52 472 574 628 628 450 271/-298 60/61 5+ 296/-296 64/64 0.92/1.00 0.94/0.9
5
PTM65 43 472 574 628 628 225 200/-212 59/64 5 223/-223 68/68 0.90/0.95 0.87/0.94
Mc-c (kNm) (10) fpt-c/fptu (%) (11) (7)/(10) (8)/(11) (12) (13)
Th pstic hinging ws occurr t th bm-coumn intrfc for Mo-B conncti
on. A crcks wr concntrt t th fiur zon. No concrt crushing n b
ucking of rbrs ws obsrv. Th tst ws stopp whn ongituin rbrs w
r frctur. As shown in Figur 5.7,  mg oct t th bm-coumn int
rfc. Aso, siing of prcst bm with rspct to coumns with yiing of mi
 st ws obsrv.
Th mg v n th istribution in post-tnsion spcimns wr wiy i
ffrnt thn th othr prcst connctions n th monoithic spcimn. Gnr
y,  fw minor crcks wr obsrv on th prcst bm n coumn. Pstic hing
ing ws concntrt t bm-coumn intrfc for  post-tnsion spcimns.
86
Figur 5.3. Dmg v of spcimn M
Figur 5.4. Dmg v of spcimn CIPC
87
Figur 5.5. Dmg v of spcimn CIPB
Figur 5.6. Dmg v of spcimn GOK-W
88
Figur 5.7. Dmg v of spcimn Mo-B
As prsnt in Figur 5.8, no igon or fxur crcks n siing ws obsr
v t spcimn PTM0. Aso, no rsiu ispcmnt t th bm-coumn conncti
on ws monitor. In ition to tht, th mg prformnc of PTM10 ws th s
m s PTM0 s iustrt in Figur 5.9. Athough th mi st rinforcmnt
ws ruptur in spcimn PTM10, th ffct of mi st ws ngigib.
Figur 5.8. Dmg v of spcimn PTM0
89
Figur 5.9. Dmg v of spcimn PTM10
Dmg v n crck istribution in spcimn PTM30 ws sighty iffrnt th
n th first two post-tnsion spcimns s shown in Figur 5.10. Som minor f
xur crcks wr obsrv in th spcimn unr oing n ths crcks cos
whn th oing ws finish.
Figur 5.10. Dmg v of spcimn PTM30
Figur 5.11 n Figur 5.12 show crck pttrns on spcimns PTM50 n PTM65. Mo
r fxur crcks n connction mg ws obsrv s compr th othr post
tnsion spcimns. Dspit th rspons of spcimns PTM50 n PTM65 ws simi
r to tht of th monoithic spcimn,  mgs cou b rpir siy.
90
Figur 5.11. Dmg v of spcimn PTM50
Figur 5.12. Dmg v of spcimn PTM65
Thr r som rgutions bout prcst momnt rsisting connctions in th Tur
kish rthuk co. Th first on, momnt rsisting connctions sh b prov
n through nytic mthos with pproprit rfrncs from th itrtur or
tsts tht momnt rsisting connctions of prfbrict buiing frms possss
strngth n
91

uctiity tht r uivnt to th monoithic bhvior unr cycic n rpt
 oing u to rthuks. Th scon on, connctions sh possss suffici
nt strngth to trnsfr momnts, shr forcs n xi forcs to b vop
t th utimt strngth v without ny ruction in strngth n uctiity.
Th st on, connctions must b rrng in sufficint istnc from th potn
ti pstic hings tht cn vop within th mnts connct [7]. Thrfor
, tr o vs. story rift bckbon curvs of ch connction with rspct
to monoithic spcimn r prsnt th foowing figurs. A bckbon curvs
wr normiz ccoring to thir yi o v, sinc th ongituin rin
forcmnt rtio t th connction is somwht iffrnt in ch spcimn. Disp
cmnt uctiity comprison is so iustrt. Dispcmnt uctiity fctor w
s fin s th mximum formtion ivi by th corrsponing formtion w
hn yiing tks pc. Th us of uctiity fctors prmits th mximum for
mtions to b xprss in non-imnsion trms s inics of instic form
tion for sismic sign n nysis [53]. Yi ispcmnt ws ccut by
using Figur 5.13 for Phs I spcimns. At post-tnsion spcimns xcpt PTM0
, yiing point is trmin from strin ggs tht wr inst on th mi
sts. As shown in Figur 5.14 n Figur 5.15, th bhvior of CIPC n CIPB
connction is intic to th monoithic spcimn M up to 2.75 pr cnt story 
rift. Thrfor, th ispcmnt uctiity of ths spcimns ws simir. Th
yi point of ths thr spcimns ws roun 1.00 pr cnt story rift. On th
 othr hn, GOK-W spcimn h th owst uctiity vu tht ws 2 s iust
rt in Figur 5.16. Th first rson of such  ow uctiity my b ttribut
ry fiur of GOK-W spcimns t th forwr cyc. Th scon is th yii
ng point of w sction, which ws roun 1.75 pr cnt story rift. Bot c
onnction show th bst prformnc mong Phs I spcimn. Th ovr bhvi
or of Mo-B is vry simir to th monoithic connction. Th initi stiffnss
of Mo-B is grtr thn th convntion systm s prsnt in Figur 5.17. Du
 to th prtnsion bots, yiing point ws roun 0.50~0.75 pr cnt story r
ift, thrfor uctiity ws roun 5.
92
Lo Hu H Hu: Utimt Lo H: 0.75xHu
Dispcmnt y
Figure 5.13. De
inition o
ductility [53]
1.5
M CIPC
1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.14. Back one curve o
specimen CIPC
93
1.5 M CIPB 1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.15. Back one curve o
specimen CIPB
1.5
M GOK-W
1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.16. Back one curve o
specimen GOK-W
94
1.5
M Mod-B
1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.17. Back one curve o
specimen Mod-B
The ehavior o
post-tensioned specimens was di

erent than the monolithic speci
men depending on the level o
contri ution o
prestressing tendon on
lexure. As
presented in Figure 5.18, the initial sti

ness and ductility o
PTM0 was great
er than that o
the re
erence specimen. Initial yield displacement was de
ined a
s signi
icant changing point on the curve. As seen in Figure 5.19, the response
o
PTM10 was similar to the PTM0. This means that the e

ect o
small amount mil
d steel was negligi le. With increasing mild steel content in the connection, th
e ehavior o
post-tensioned connection approached the conventional monolithic s
pecimen as given in Figure 5.20. The yielding point o
PTM30, PTM50 and PTM65 wa
s around 0.50~0.75 per cent story dri
t. As a result, the ductility level o
the
se three specimens was greater than monolithic specimen. The ack one curve o
P
TM50 and PTM65 was approximately the same as monolithic specimen response especi
ally up to the yielding point as shown in Figure 5.21 and Figure 5.22.
95
2 M PTM0 1.5 1 0.5 F/Fy 0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 Story Dri
t (%) 0 1 2 3
4 5
Figure 5.18. Back one curve o
specimen PTM0
2 M PTM10 1.5 1 0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 Story Dri
t (%) 0 1 2 3 4 5
Figure 5.19. Back one curve o
specimen PTM10
96
1.5 M PTM30
1
0.5
0
F/Fy
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1 -0.5
0
1
2
3
4
5
-1
-1.5
-2 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.20. Back one curve o
specimen PTM30
1.5 M PTM50 1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.21. Back one curve o
specimen PTM50
97
1.5 M PTM65 1
0.5
F/Fy
0 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 -0.5 0 1 2 3 4 5
-1
-1.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.22. Back one curve o
specimen PTM65
5.2. Sti

ness Degradation
Sti

ness degradation o
test specimens was discussed ased on the secant sti

n
ess changes. Secant sti

ness (Ksec) calculated at the last cycle o
each succes
sive story dri
t level was used
or the comparison o
sti

ness degradation amon
g the test specimens. The secant sti

ness is de
ined as the slope o
the straig
ht line etween the maximum dri
t levels o
that speci
ic load cycle. It is also
called peak-to-peak sti

ness and illustrated in Figure 5.23. Each secant sti


ness value o
a speci
ic specimen was normalized (Knorm) with respect to the sec
ant sti

ness measured at 0.15 per cent story dri
t level
or a possi le compari
son etween the test specimens. Sti

ness value
or specimen GOK-W was computed
up to 2.75 per cent story dri
t level since it
ailed during the 3.50 per cent d
ri
t cycle. Besides, the sti

ness o
specimen Mod-B was calculated
or the
irs
t cycle o
3.50 per cent story dri
t since connection was
ailed during the seco
nd cycle o
this load step.
It is o served that the sti

ness degradation o
specimens M, CIPC and CIPB are
very similar, especially at higher dri
t levels. The loss o
initial sti

ness

or these three connections was approximately 75~80 per cent at the end o
the la
st cycle as shown in Figure 5.24. On the other hand, there was no signi
icant st
i

ness degradation in specimen
98
GOK-W up to the 1.00 per cent story dri
t. At 2.75 per cent story dri
t, approxi
mately 50 per cent o
the initial sti

ness was reserved in specimen GOK-W. The
initial sti

ness o
Mod-B connection was greater as compared to the other speci
mens, however its sti

ness degradation was more pronounced due to the gap openi
ng at the column sur
ace.
Initial sti

ness o
the post-tensioned specimens was greater than that o
the m
onolithic specimen. Figure 5.25 presents the sti

ness degradation o
monolithic
and post-tensioned test specimens. The secant sti

ness o
the post-tensioned s
pecimens was signi
icantly degraded with the gap opening at the eam-column inte
r
ace. The sti

ness o
PTM0 and PTM10 decreased tremendously, and the loss o
s
ti

ness at 4.00 per cent dri
t level was approximately 90 per cent. There
ore,
displacement ased design methodology may e more rational to e
ully utilized
[54]. With the addition o
mild steel to the connection, the sti

ness degradati
on response changed signi
icantly and approached to that o
the conventional mon
olithic specimen M.
Load E1
Ae
2
K s
c
1 Story Drift
Ap
E2
Figur 5.23. Rprsnttion of scnt stiffnss n uivnt mping rtio
99
1.2 M CIPB CIPC GOK-W Mo-B
1
0.8
Knorm
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Story Drift (%) 3 3.5 4 4.5
Figur 5.24. Stiffnss grtion of Phs I spcimns
1.2 M PTM0 PTM10 PTM30 PTM50 PTM65
1
0.8
Knorm
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Story Drift (%) 3 3.5 4 4.5
Figur 5.25. Stiffnss grtion of Phs II spcimns
100
5.3. Enrgy Dissiption
In orr to iscuss th nrgy issiption chrctristics of th tst spcimns
, two wiy us mthos wr chosn. Th first on, th uivnt viscous m
ping rtio (q), was plottd against th story drift as illustratd in Figur 5.2
6 for Phas I spcimns. Enrgy dissipation of tst spcimn was computd from t
h last cycl of ach succssiv story drift lvl. Th quivalnt viscous dampi
ng ratio was dfind by Chopra [55] as quating th nrgy dissipatd in a vibra
tion cycl of th actual structur to an quivalnt viscous systm. For an actua
l structur th rsisting forc displacmnt rlation obtaind from an xprimn
t undr cyclic loading is illustratd in Figur 5.23. Th nrgy dissipatd in t
h actual structur is givn by th ara Ap nclosd by th hystrsis loop. A i
s th strain nrgy that is calculatd from th assumd linar lastic bhavior
of th sam spcimn. This dfinition is formulatd in Equation 5.2 [55].
q (%) =
1 Ap 100 2 Ae
(5.2)
In general, equivalent viscous dam
ing increased with the increasing story drift
as shown in Figure 5.26 for Phase I s
ecimens. The trends of M, CIPC, CIPB and
GOK-W were very similar. The res
onse of Mod-B connection in terms of energy dis
si
ation was more satisfactory as com
ared to the monolithic s
ecimen, M. At 2.0
0
er cent story drift, which may be called as design drift level, the equivalen
t viscous dam
ing ratio of s
ecimen Mod-B was around 20~25
er cent while the ot
her connections were ex
eriencing 10 to 15
er cent dam
ing. Also, the dam
ing r
atio of s
ecimen Mod-B reached 35
er cent at 3.50
er cent story drift level.
The second method was defined in ACI T1.1-01 as acce
tance criteria for such sub
assemblies [46] as illustrated in Figure 5.27. The dissi
ated energy can be meas
ured as the hatched area (Ah) in the third cycle of a given story drift level. N
ormalization of this value is done with res
ect to the elasto-
lastic behavior o
f s
ecimen at this s
ecified load cycle. The initial stiffness (K and K) values a
nd
eak loads (E1 and E2) may be different for the forward and backward cycles i
n the elasto-
lastic behavior. The relative energy dissi
ation ratio is defined
as the hatched area divided by the area of the effective circumscribing
arallel
ograms. This definition is formulated and given in Equation 5.3. As
101
an acce
tance criterion according to the ACI T1.1-01 [46] document, the relative
energy dissi
ation ratio of a subassembly must be equal to or exceed 1/8 at the
third cycle of the 3.50
er cent story drift.
(%) =
Ah 100 ( E1 + E2 ) (1 + 2  )
(5.3)
In orr to highight th nrgy issiption chrctristics of th tst spcim
ns, th rtiv nrgy issiption rtio () was plotted against the story dri
t
level as shown in Figure 5.28
or the Phase I specimens. The ehavior o
the nor
malized energy dissipation depending on story dri
t was similar to the equivalen
t damping ratio trend. All values
or Phase I specimens exceeded 1/8 ratio at 3.
50 per cent story dri
t.
For Phase II specimens, equivalent damping and energy dissipation ratio was calc
ulated at each story dri
t as shown in Figure 5.29 and Figure 5.30 respectively.
While the damping ratios o
PTM0, PTM10 were less than
ive per cent, this valu
e
or the other post-tensioned specimens was similar to the monolithic specimen.
Furthermore, the relative energy dissipation ratio enhances with the increasing
the story dri
t level as shown in Figure 5.30, except PTM0 and PTM10. The energ
y dissipation characteristics o
PTM50 and PTM65 were similar to the monolithic
re
erence specimen at high dri
t levels. On the other hand, PTM0 and PTM10 had w
idely di

erent characteristics when compared with the monolithic specimen, M. T
he energy dissipation o
specimen PTM10 increased up the point o
the rupture o

the mild steels at the connection. A
ter that, its ehavior was very similar to
the specimen PTM0. At 2 per cent story dri
t level, which may e adopted as pos
si le design level, values were around 2~7 per cent
or PTM0 and PTM10, while th
ese values reached up to 20~25 per cent
or PTM50 and PTM65. PTM30 could e loca
ted in the midpoint o
these specimens
or energy dissipation per
ormance. Furth
ermore, PTM30, PTM50 and PTM65 test specimens satis
ied the acceptance criteria

or relative energy dissipation ratio at 3.50 per cent story dri
t level accordi
ng to ACI T1.101 [46]. The calculated values
or these test modules exceeded =1/8
value. It may e concluded that approximately 20 to 30 per cent mild steel cont
ri ution
or
lexural strength may e adequate to create damping on the precast,
post-tensioned structures.
102
40 35 30 25 q(%) 20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Story Drift (%) 3 3.5 4 4.5 M C
IPB CIPC GOK W Mod B
Figur 5.26. Equivalnt damping ratio vs. story drift for Phas I spcimns
E1 K Ah 2 2 Ksc 1 1
K E2
Figur 5. 27. Rprsnttion of nrgy issiption n normiztion
103
60 M CIPB CIPC GOK-W Mo-B
50
40 (%)
30
20
10
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Story Dri
t (%) 3 3.5 4 4.5
Figure 5.28. Normalized energy dissipation vs. story dri
t
or Phase I specimens
40 35 30 25 M PTM0 PTM10 PTM30 PTM50 PTM65
q (%)
20 15 10 5 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Drift (%)
Figur 5.29. Equivalnt damping ratio vs. story drift for Phas II spcimns
104
60 M PTM0 PTM10 PTM30 PTM50 PTM65
50
40
(%)
30
20
10
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.30. Normalized energy dissipation vs. story dri
t
or Phase II specimen
s
5.4. Residual Displacements
Residual displacements o
Phase I specimens were identical with monolithic speci
mens as presented in Figure 5.31. Permanent displacements and damage were direct
ly related and these
actors were expected due to the design mentality o
ductil
e conventional systems. On the other hand, post-tensioned connections are design
ed as sel
-centering systems. In the design philosophy o
hy rid systems, the mo
ment resisting
rame is expected to exhi it minimal damage in eam-column connec
tion regions and negligi le residual displacements a
ter a major seismic event.
The residual displacements o
the test specimens are presented in Figure 5.32. U
p to 30 per cent mild steel contri ution level
or
lexural moment capacity, the
permanent displacement was negligi le. At 4.00 per cent story dri
t level, 7 mm
residual displacement was recorded
or specimen PTM30. Prior to yielding o
mil
d steels in specimens PTM50 and PTM65, residual displacements were at a minor le
vel. A
ter that point, the permanent displacements uilt up and reached to 35~50
mm at the end o
the test.
105
60 M CIPB CIPC GOK-W Mod-B
50
Residual Disp. (mm)
40
30
20
10
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.31. Residual displacement on Phase I specimens
60 M PTM0 PTM10 PTM30 PTM50 PTM65
50
Residual Disp. (mm)
40
30
20
10
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 5.32. Residual displacement on Phase II specimens
106
6. NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
This chapter descri es the design criteria and the analysis steps o
post-tensio
ned connections with a case study on the design o
a multi-story precast concret
e uilding. A new hysteretic model
or hy rid connections is also proposed and i
llustrated.
In the
irst part o
the study, per
ormance criteria o
post-tensioned eam-colu
mn connections which were explained in ACI T01-2-03 [49], are discussed. In the
second part o
this chapter, plastic analysis equations that were taken directly

rom the ACI T01-2-03 [49], are presented with proposed some equations
or the
Turkish design standards ased on ACI T01-2-03 approach. In the third part, mode
ling o
moment-rotation ehavior o
post-tensioned connections with mild steel i
s explained with a simple algorithm. Finally, the proposed hysteretic ehavior m
odel o
post-tensioned connections is illustrated.
6.1. Design Steps o
Post-Tensioned Connection
The design philosophy o
post-tensioned connections is di

erent than the monoli
thic structures. In the post-tensioned connections, most o
the de
ormations o

the
rame occur
rom the opening and closing o
the connection at the inter
ace
etween the precast eam and the column. In contrary, monolithic
rames may su


er signi
icant cracking, crushing and spalling in the plastic hinging regions o

the eam, the eam-column joint or the oth. A
ter a major seismic event, post-
tensioned moment
rame can e expected to exhi it minimal damage in eam-column
regions and negligi le permanent displacements. Such post-tensioned moment
rame
s do not satis
y the prescriptive requirements o
ACI 318 [56] which
or is the

rames o
monolithic construction. The acceptance o
such precast
rames require
s demonstration y experimental evidence and analysis that the
rames have stren
gth and toughness equal to or exceeding those provided y compara le monolithic

rames [49].
In order to validate the per
ormance criteria mentioned a ove, the post-tensioni
ng tendons should e un onded
rom anchor to anchor and concentrically located w
ithin the cross section o
the eam and designed to remain elastic during a majo
r earthquake. The
107
upper ound o
initial post-tensioning may e set to 40 per cent o
tendons ulti
mate strength in order to ensure the predicted ehavior. The role o
such a post
-tensioning level may e summarized as creating a shear resistance etween the
eam and the column inter
ace in order to resist the gravity or earthquake induce
d shear
orces. The central posttensioned tendons and mild steel re ars located
at the top and the ottom o
the crossection mainly creates the ase o
moment c
apacity o
the connection. Besides, mild steel re ars enhance the energy dissipa
tion properties o
the hy rid connections. These re ars are grouted in ducts and
deli erately de onded
or a short length in the eam adjacent to the eam-colum
n inter
ace in order to reduce the high cyclic strains.
In order to reach the expected per
ormance level o
hy rid connections the
ollo
wing equations which are mainly taken
rom ACI T1-02-03 [49] need to e satis
ie
d. The equation num er su

ix a in the
ollowing equations indicates that the equa
tion taken directly
rom ACI T1-02-03 [49] while indicates that it is the propos
ed version
or the Turkish designer y considering the sa
ety
actors and load c
om inations.
The minimum post-tensioning
orce created y the tendons should e equal to the
gravity load induced shear
orce at the eam-column inter
ace which is calculate
d according to the
actored loads as shown in Equation 6.1. The main di

erence

or the Turkish standard is the
actored gravity load level (Equation 6.1 ).

A pt
pi =
A pt
pi =
1.4V D + 1.7V L
f
(6.1)
1.4V G + 1 .6V Q 0.85 f
(6.1b)
In th sign of hybri connctions, th owr boun for th mount of th mi
st rinforcmnt is chosn such tht th unfctor grvity o inuc sh
r forcs t th intrfc is crri by th mi st. Th shr strngth of th
 mi st cn b tkn s th hf of th yi strngth s givn in Eution
6.2 whr th tnsion n comprssion st is ssum to b u. In Eution
6.2b, th sign yi strngth of th mi st which is ivi by th mtr
i fctor, 1.15 issu. At th sm tim, th mount of th mi st t th c
onnction rgion shou b stisfi nrgy issiption rtio. On th
108
othr hn, th ffct of mi st on fxur strngth of th connction shou
 b imit with 50 pr cnt or ss sinc high mi st rtio incrss th
rsiu ispcmnts.
As f y + As f y 2 = As f y = VD + VL

(6.2a)
As
yd + As
yd 2
= As
yd = VG + VQ
(6.2 )
The calculation o

lexural strength o
the connection is ased on the rotation
at the eam-column inter
ace at the ultimate strength o
the mild steel as shown
in Figure 6.1.
ms = (lun + b  b ) su
As fu
Apt fpt h/2 1.25 As fy 1c d
d
c
pt = ms
h/2c d c
U nb ond 
Mild S
tl
c
Mild S
d T ndo
n
tl
Figur 6.1. Rotation at th bam column intrfac
Th longation in mild stl rinforcmnt is calculatd according to Equation 6
.3 whr b is  cofficint pning on th bon triortion of th rbr n
it rngs btwn 2 n 5.5.
ms = (l un + b  b ) su
(6.3)
109 su is tkn s 90 pr cnt of th utimt strin (u) tht mi st cn rc
h t its utimt strngth. Th rson of using such  ruction fctor is to 
imint th possibiity of frctur of mi st brs bfor rching th rui
r ispcmnt v. Th ongtion of prstrssing tnons cn b ccut
siy by using simir trings s iustrt in Figur 6.1 n s givn in
Eution 6.4. Th tot strin vop in th prstrssing tnon u to th r
ottion of th connction n u to th initi prstrssing is ccut by E
ution 6.5 whr Lun shows th unbon tnon ngth.
pt = ms h/2c d c
(6.4)
pt =
pt Lun
+ pi
(6.5)
By using th Equation 6.6 and Equation 6.7, th contribution of mild stl and p
rstrssing strands on th flxural momnt capacity of connction can b calcula
td rspctivly. In proposd Equations 6.6b and 6.7b, dsign yild strngth of
mild stl and dsign comprssiv strngth of concrt ar usd as 1.15 and 1.40
rspctivly for calculating momnt capacity and comprssion block dpth.
c c M ms = As
u d 1 As 1.25 f y d 1 2 2
k c k c M ms = As
yd d 1 As f yd d 1 2 2
h 1c M pt = Apt
pt 2
h k1 c M pt = A pt
pt 2
(6.6a)
(6.6 )
(6.7a)
(6.7 )
The total
lexural moment capacity o
the connection, Mc can e calculated y su
mming up the contri utions o
mild steel, Mms and prestressing tendon, Mpt. The
110
e

ective depth o
the compression lock is calculated y
orce alance as shown
in Equation 6.8.
1c =
A pt
pt + As
u As 1.25 f y ' b (0.85 f c )
(6.8a)
A pt
pt + As
yd As f yd k1 c = b ( 0 .85 f cd )
(6.8b)
In th calculation of flxural strngth of th connction, th following conditi
ons must b satisfid: Th bhavior of prstrssing strands must b in th last
ic rgion and should satisfy th Equation 6.9. Th fpt is dfind as th strss
in th prstrssing tndon throughout th loading history.
f pt f ptu < 0.80
(6.9)
Th contribution of mild stl on th flxural momnt capacity of th connction
should not xcd 50 pr cnt of th ovrall capacity as givn in Equation 6.10
[49]. Bsids, this flxural contribution should not b lss than 10 pr cnt o
f th ovrall capacity according to th Turkish standard TS3233 [48]. It should
b rcalld th rsults prsntd in Chaptr 5 and it may b concludd that this
10 pr cnt limit is not adquat for a dsird rspons of th hybrid conncti
on.
M ms 0.50 Mc
(6.10)
In ordr to rach th 3.50 pr cnt story drift, th rotation at bam column int
rfac should b around 0.035 radians as givn in Equation 6.11.
c =
ms 0.0 35 d c
(6.11)
111 Gravity load inducd shar forc at th bam column intrfac should b limi
td with th Equation 6.12, whr C dsignats th comprssiv forc cratd at
th comprssion block.
Vu = 0.75(1.4V D + 1.7V L ) +
Vu = V dy +
M c1 + M c 2 =f C Ln
(6.12)
M c1 + M c 2 = 0.85 f C Ln
(6.12b)
6.2. Cs Stuy for Muti-Story Prcst Structurs with Hybri Connctions
In th stuy, prsnt unr this subhing, thr simir buiings with chn
ging spn ngths in on irction wr nyz n sign with prcst mmb
rs connct vi hybri connctions. Th buiing h 60 m x 20 m foot-print im
nsions n four storis. Th story hight ws 3.20 m. It is ssum tht ths
buiings wr construct s stunt ormitory in th first rthuk zon wit
h Z3 soi typ ccoring th Turkish Erthuk Co [7]. Th prcst frm ws
chosn s momnt rsisting frm with n rthuk o ruction fctor (R) of
6. Th structurs wr mo with inr stic mtri n nyz by usi
ng SAP2000 V.8 computr progrm.
In this cs stuy, th min vrib ws chosn s th bm spn ngth s 5, 7
.5 n 10 m for th ong irction of buiing. For th trnsvrs irction, sp
n ngth ws kpt constnt t 5 m s iustrt from Figur 6.2 to Figur 6.4.
In th nysis, os wr tkn from TS500 [57], TS3233 [48] n th Turkish
Erthuk Co [7]. Dpning on th spn ngth, th prcst bm n coumn 
imnsions wr chng. At th fountion v, th tot crossction r of
th coumns ws kpt pproximty u for  th structurs. Th gomtric
proprtis of th structurs r givn in Tb 6.1.
112
30/60
4@5m 4@5m
80/80
50/80 6 @ 10 m
x
Figur 6.2. Th pn viw of structur Typ I
4@5m
30/50
70/70
40/65
8 @ 7.5 m
x
Figur 6.3. Th pn viw of structur Typ II
30/50 4@5m 4@5m 60/60 30/50 12 @ 5 m
x
Figur 6.4. Th pn viw of structur Typ III
113
Tb 6.1. Gomtric proprtis of th structurs Typ I Typ II Typ III Spn 
ngth in X irction (m) Spn ngth in Y irction (m) Bm imnsions in X ir
ction (cm) Bm imnsions in Y irction (cm) Coumn imnsions (cm) 10 5 50/8
0 30/60 80/80 7.5 5 40/65 30/50 70/70 5 5 30/50 30/50 60/60
Th rson of choosing thr iffrnt spn ngths ws to invstigt th rng
of shr forcs occur unr grvity oing t th bm-coumn intrfc n to
prsnt th bounry mount of mi st n prstrssing strns. For th pr
cst mmbrs, th concrt css ws chosn s C40. Th mi st ws S420 n
th mchnic proprtis wr tkn from TS500 [57]. Th post-tnsioning forc
ws ppi with prstrssing strns tht h 13 mm nomin imtr n 1860
MP utimt strngth. Th cofficint of bon triortion (b) ws tkn s 3.
In th tiing prt, th worst cs ws chosn from th o combintions cco
ring to Turkish stnrs n  connctions wr ti n prsnt in T
b 6.2 ccoring to ths rsuts. In this tb, first four coumns r fin
 th oction of th connctions. Ths coumns prsnt th typ of th structu
r, story numbr, connction irction n typ of joint. Ony som critic joi
nts tis wr givn in Tb 6.2 to crify rngs of post-tnsioning tii
ng. Fifth n sixth coumns shows th rinforcmnt tiing of th connctions
n th nxt thr coumns givs unbon ngth on th mi st, unbon 
ngth of prstrssing tnon n post-tnsioning v rspctivy. Unbon n
gth of th tnons cn b tkn s hf of th spn ngth.
Two iffrnt cpcity n prformnc ccutions wr prform ccoring to
ACI T01-2-03 pstic nysis n propos Turkish stnrs rspctivy n pr
snt t st four coumns in Tb 6.2. Thy wr fxur momnt cpcity of
th connction, mi st contribution, mximum strsss on th tnons n co
nnction rottion cpcity. In th tiing prt, mi st contribution on th
 momnt cpcity rngs from 28 pr cnt to 48 pr cnt. This conition stisfi
s th ruirmnts of ACI T1-1-01. Bsis tht,
114
th rottion cpcity of connction is grtr thn 0.035 rins. On th othr
hn, this rottion cpbiity is chosn ss 0.04 rins in orr to imint
scon orr ffcts. Whn signing of hybri connctions, firsty, mi st
contribution on th fxur cpcity shou b ci n scony th mount
of prstrssing tnons n th posttnsioning forc v shou b optimiz.
Th trmintion of unbon ngth of mi st cn b foun  tri n rr
or with pning on th mi st ffct n th rottion imits.
Th bhvior of post-tnsion connctions consirs not ony strngth-bs s
ign but so prformnc bs critri; thrfor, st thr coumns r vry
importnt. Whn compring th propos Turkish stnr n pstic nysis con
cpt, foowing concusions my b rwn: In propos Turkish Stnr, th cont
ribution of mi st for fxur strngth is ss thn pstic nysis rsu
ts. This mns tht, in r bhvior, th ffct of mi st on momnt cpci
ty my b grtr thn 50 pr cnt Strss ccutions t tnons ccoring to pr
opos ution r ss thn th ACI rsuts. This my b cus tht th prst
rssing strns bhvior might b t noninr rgion. Thr is iffrnc btw
n rsuts of rottion ccutions. By contrst, nysis rsut ccoring to t
h Turkish stnr is grtr thn ACI T1-02-03 vus. Th rsut ircty ff
cts th cision of unbon ngth on th mi st.
Brify, thr is  consistncy btwn ACI procur n xprimnt rsuts.
Du to th consiring th mtri fctor of sfty, th strngth cpcitis of
th connction tht wr ccut ccoring to propos utions, r ss t
hn th ACI rsuts s xpcty. This sitution is not  probm bcus th p
stic nysis is consrvtiv si. On th othr hn, prformnc critri c
coring to propos stnr ivrg from th pstic nysis. Thrfor; prfo
rmnc critri chcks shou b on with pstic nysis mtho. Finy, th
hybri connction systm my b suitb for mium rng spn ngth bcus t
h numbr of strns incrss trmnousy with incrsing spn ngth.
Tb 6.2. Rsut nysis n tiing # of Strn (13 mm) (6)
Structur
Loction
# of Mi St (5) 2 24
lun (mm) (7)
Lun (m) (8)
Story
Axis

pi/
ptu
Code
Mc (kNm) (11) 1042 886 539 440 633 530 373 302 185 161
Mms/Mc

pt/
ptu
c (%)
(1) Typ I
(2)
n
(3)
(4) Mi
(9)
(10) ACI
(12) 0.28 0.24 0.48 0.43 0.31 0.27 0.40 0.35 0.33 0.30
(13) 0.68 0.65 0.72 0.68 0.76 0.72 0.73 0.68 0.77 0.75
(14) 3.8 4.2 3.8 4.5 3.5 4.0 3.7 4.3 3.6 3.8
2
X
18
120
5
0.5 Prop. TS ACI
Typ I
2n
Y
Eg
3 24
9
25
2.5
0.5 Prop. TS ACI
Type II
2
nd
X
Middle
3 18
12
80
3.75
0.6 Prop. TS ACI
Type III
2nd
X
Middle
3 18
9
40
2.5
0.6 Prop. TS ACI
Type III
4th
Y
Edge
1 20
4
60
2.5
0.5 Prop. TS
116
6.3. Modeling o
Hy rid Connections
6.3.1. Theoretical Background o
Analysis
Well-known classical section analysis rules cannot e applied directly to the pr
ecast hy rid connections due to the existence o
un onded prestressing tendon an
d partially onded mild steel. In the proposed section analysis elow, moment-ro
tation ehavior o
the connections was developed y providing an additional de o
nding length
ormulation
or the mild steel. In the literature some numerical ap
proaches are reported
or similar precast concrete or steel
rames and precast w
alls [58-69].
In the theoretical ackground o
the modeling o
moment-rotation response
or po
sttensioned connections, state o
the art o
such models need e discussed.
Firstly, a simple tri-linear idealization o
un onded post-tensioned connection
was developed y Priestly and Tao in 1993 [68]. There were three key points at t
he de
inition o
the
orce-displacement relation o
the connection. They were de
compression, linear limit and proportionality limit o
steel. The
irst point wa
s de
ined as the precompression stress at the extreme
i er was lost and crack s
tarted to propagate. The second point was the end o
the elastic ehavior and th
is point was approximately two times o
the
irst point. The last point was the
limit o
proportionality on the steel-strain stress curve, since it was reasona
le to assume at this stage that concrete ultimate conditions were approached [68
].
Secondly, a parametric study was per
ormed y Cheok et al. a out the hy rid conn
ections [58] y using IDARC [70] that is capa le o
nonlinear structural analysi
s. The proposed model was characterized y seven unique
eature parameters that
were developed
rom experimental o servations. Hysteretic parameters were identi

ied
or
ive di

erent connections types. The parameters were cali rated using
the experimental loadde
ormation data which was scaled using similitude requirem
ents to account
or the reduced scale o
test specimens [58].
117
Another study a out modeling the post-tensioned precast concrete connections was
developed y El-Sheikh [62, 63]. This study was ased on spring and
i er model
on DRAIN-2DX [71] so
tware. In the content o
this model, limit state points we
re de
ined. The
irst point de
ined was the estimation o
the linear ehavior li
mit. The linear limit moment was considered to e the smaller o
the two values;
the
irst value accounted
or concrete so
tening and the second value accounted

or the geometric so
tening due to the gap opening. The linear limit rotation w
as calculated assuming the eam was uncracked. The second point was the de
initi
on o
yield limit state with several assumptions, given elow: The elastic
lexu
ral de
ormations over the length was negligi le The center o
rotation at the e
am-column inter
ace was at the neutral axis The cover concrete was spalled
The last point o
the moment-rotation curve de
ined y El-Sheikh was the estimat
ion o
the ultimate limit state. In this state, ultimate moment was equal to the
yield moment and the ultimate rotation capacity o
the connection was calculate
d
rom the ultimate strain o
the con
ined concrete and critical
ailure length
[62, 63].
The modeling o
un onded post-tensioned connections with mild steel was discusse
d y Pampanin et al. in 2001 [67]. The reported model provided an iterative sect
ion analysis method, incorporating, an analogy with equivalent cast-in-place sol
ution named monolithic eam analogy, as an additional condition on the mem er glo
al displacement [67]. A similar approach was presented
or post-tensioned steel

rame connections y Christopoulos [60].
A
lag-shaped model and hysteretic rules were de
ined y Christopoulos
or sel
c
entering post-tensioned connections [59]. In this model, loading, unloading and
reloading sti

ness values were de
ined and a parametric study a out post-yield
sti

ness and energy dissipation characteristics were presented. The details o


lag-shaped hysteretic ehavior will e discussed
urther in the
ollowing pages
under the su heading o
cyclic modeling.
118
6.3.2. Procedure
or Moment-Rotation Analysis
In the previous part, the ehavior o
hy rid connections and some o
the availa
le numerical approaches are discussed. There is some complexity in the section a
nalysis o
un onded post-tensioned connections, since the classical analysis pro
cedures o
monolithic rein
orced concrete
or moment-curvature relationship is n
ot directly applica le. In this part o
the study, de
inition o
the moment-rota
tion ehavior o
a post-tensioned section with mild steel will e discussed. The
hy rid connection concept is de
ined as un onded strands in the mid-depth o
th
e crossection and mild steel at the top and the ottom o
the eam crossection w
ith partially un onded length as de
ined in ACI-T1.02 [49]. For the analysis o

such type o
connections, a simple and iterative procedure using the equili rium
equations was previously de
ined y Pampanin et al. [67]. The current procedure
was ased on this approach and a new de onding length estimation
ormula
or th
e mild steel, which is in the steel duct with high-strength grout, is incorporat
ed.
The
low chart to calculate the moment-rotation response o
a hy rid connection
is presented in Figure 6.5. In the
irst step, the gap opening angle (rotation a
ngle, c) btwn bm n coumn is impos. Scony,  nutr xis pth (c) f
or th crossction is ssum. Th ppiction of monoithic bm nogy for pr
cst mmbrs tht ws fin by Pmpnin t . [67] is us to fin th concr
t comprssion fibr strin (c) (Eutions 6.13 n 6.14). Pmpnin cims tht,
if two bms, which on of thm ws hybri n th othr on ws monoithic con
nction h intic gomtry n rinforcmnts th stic formtions wou
b th sm n, whn imposing th sm tot ispcmnt, th pstic contrib
utions cn b ut [67]. Th pstic hing ngth (p) my b ccut cco
ring to Puy t . [72].
 p = 0.08 Lcnt + 0.022  b f y
(6.13)
Lcnt rprsnts th ngth of th cntivr n b n fy is th br imtr
n yi strngth of th rinforcmnt rspctivy. Th concrt strin t th
hybri connction cn b fin s:
c =
c c
p
(6.14)
119
Figur 6.5. Th gorithm for th momnt-rottion bhvior
Eution 6.14 is  simpifi iustrtion for th rtion btwn strin in co
ncrt n th rottion t th connction. Th iffrncs btwn th ccurt
ccution s fin in Eution 6.15 n th pproximt on (Eution 6.14)
for prcst mmbrs wr rport t  minor v by Pmpnin t . [67].
120
( c Lcnt ) + c c = y l Lcant p l p 2
(6.15)
In th fourth stp, as shown in Figur 6.6, by using similar triangls and using
Equation 6.16 and Equation 6.17, th longation at strands (pt) and mild steel (m
s) can e calculated easily.
h pt = c c 2
(6.16)
ms = c ( c )
(6.17)
Figur 6.6. Schmatic rprsntation of gap opning
In th fifth stp, thr is a scond assumption which is about th strain lvl
of th mild stl (si). By using Figur 6.7, that is tri linar idaliation of m
ild stl, th strss on th mild stl (fs) is calculatd. Othr constitutiv 
quations wr rportd by Rstrpo [73] for modling stl bars but th first mo
dl was chosn sinc tri linar idalid bhavior was simpl spcially for ds
ignrs. During th tsts of th currnt study, th strain lvl at th mild st
ls and th gap opning at th connction rgion was monitord. Ths tsts show
d that th longation of mild stl was not only rlatd to th initially
121
imposd unbondd lngth (lun). Whn th comparisons with strain lvl and th l
ongations wr mad, strain pntration towards to th stl ducts was obsrvd.
In ordr to dtrmin th lngth of th additional dbondd lngth (de ), some e
xperimental test data taken
rom the ond tests which were per
ormed in Bogazici
and Kocaeli Universities [7477] were used. These researches showed that the de
onded length was directly related with stress and strain level on the mild steel
. In these tests, de onding length was increased even i
the steel was in the yi
eld plateau. The other
actors were the concrete or grout compressive strength (

g), ar diameter (d ) and the cover thickness. The similar approaches were repo
rted y Raynor et al.
or ond-slip response o
rein
orcing ars grouted in duct
s [52]. In the current proposed model in Equation 6.18, the cover thickness para
meter is not considered ecause the mild steels are in the steel ducts and the s
train penetration is occurred in two sides- to the column and to the eam.

si d b de = 2 0.40 s fg
mm
(6.18)
Figure 6.7. Idealized stress-strain ehavior o
mild steel In the next step, the
calculated
inal strain in the mild steel (sf) by using Equation 6.19 should b
chckd with th assumd initial strain (si). Until convrgnc of assumd and fi
nal strains, itration is to b prformd on th assumption. In th nxt stp, f
orc balanc condition at th crossction should b chckd. Initially, strain a
t th strands (pt) is calculatd from Equation 6.20 whr pi is th initial strain
du to post tnsioning and
122
Lun is th unbondd lngth of th strands. At this point, strain distribution al
ong th unbondd lngth of th tndons is assumd uniform. Aftr that, by using
Rambrg Osgood formulation as prsntd in Equation 6.21 for low rlaxation tnd
on, th strss on strand (fpt) is found.
sf =
pt =
ms lun + de
pt Lun + pi
(6.19)
(6.20)
1860 MPa 0.10
0.975 f pt = 200 10 3 pt 0.025 + 10 1 + (118 pt )
[
]
(6.21)
Mandr confind concrt modl [78] for rctangular hoops may b chosn for th
strss strain rlation sinc th connction rgion is havily confind by high a
mount rctangular closd stirrups and stl plats at th bam column intrfac.
This configuration dlays th concrt crushing hnc, confind modl is mor a
ppropriat instad of unconfind modl. Strain distribution on th comprssiv b
lock is assumd linar. Using this modl, comprssion forc componnt du to th
concrt block (Cc) is calculatd. Finally, until sction quilibrium that is d
find in Equation 6.22 is satisfid, th assumption of nutral axis dpth is it
ratd.

T pt + Tms = C c + C ms
(6.22)
Tpt, Tms ar th tnsion forc componnts du to th strand and mild stl rsp
ctivly, whil Cms is th comprssion forc rsultant du to th mild stl. Wh
n two assumptions ar satisfid, th flxural momnt capacity of crossction is
calculatd with considring contribution of prstrssing strand (Mpt) and th mi
ld stl (Mms, Mms).
6.3.3. Ex
erimental Validation for Moment-Rotation Behavior
The ex
erimental
rogram that was
erformed on
ost-tensioned connections with d
ifferent mild steel ratio yielded envelo
e curves of s
ecimens having different
flexural moment contributions from the mild steel (PTM10, PTM30, PTM50, and PTM6
5). The
123
details and the behavior of test s
ecimens were discussed in the
revious cha
te
rs. The com
arisons on the
ro
osed numerical and ex
erimental results in terms
of momentrotation behavior of the hybrid connections, are
resented in Figure 6.
8 to Figure 6.11. Generally, the numerical moment-rotation behavior coincided wi
th the backbone curve of the ex
erimental results. For s
ecimen PTM10, the
redi
cted ru
ture of mild steel was a bit later than the ex
erimental result. In s
ec
imen PTM10, a smaller mild steel diameter was used in the huge steel duct as com

ared to the other s

ecimens. Therefore, the debonded length
rediction was
rob
ably a bit longer than the ex
erimental value. Hence ru
ture of mild steel in th
e simulation was delayed. The numerical res
onse was the same as ex
erimental re
sult in both elastic and inelastic region for PTM30 and PTM50 with only minor di
fference for the ultimate flexural moment ca
acity around 0.04 radian. When the

redicted elastic res

onse of PTM65 was com
ared with test result, numerical cur
ve was slightly stiffer.
Figure 6.8. Com
arison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of
PTM10
124
Figure 6.9. Com
arison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior of
PTM30
Figure 6.10. Com
arison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior o
f PTM50
125
Figure 6.11. Com
arison test result vs. the model for moment-rotation behavior o
f PTM65
6.3.4. Hysteretic Modeling of Beam-Column Subassemblies
In the current
art of the study, a hysteretic res
onse model is
ro
osed by con
sidering the residual dis
lacements measured in the hybrid connection subassembl
ies. The
ro
osed model will be com
ared with the reversed cyclic test results a
nd energy dissi
ation values of the current investigation. Three hysteretic mode
ls which are bilinear self-centering s
ring model, modified Takeda model and fla
g-sha
ed model are considered in the establishment of the hybrid connection cycl
ic res
onse model. Bilinear selfcentering s
ring model is suitable for re
resent
ing the behavior of unbonded
osttensioned s
ecimens [68]. The Takeda model [79]
is widely acce
ted for the modeling of monolithic reinforced concrete structure
s as
resented in Figure 6.12. In the Takeda model Ki and K
are the initial and

ost yielding stiffness values of R/C structures, while Kr is the unloading sti
ffness value with considering the stiffness degradation that can be calculated b
y using Equation 6.23. The value of is iven as 0.3 for pure R/C system as discu
ssed by Christopoulos et al. [61] and rprsnts th ispcmnt uctiity v
 of th tst hystrtic o cyc.
126
Kr =

Ki
(6.23)
Fiure 6.12. Representation of modified Takeda model
The fla-shaped hysteretic model as illustrated in Fiure 6.13 was developed for
the self-centerin post-tensioned structures. In this model, post yield stiffne
ss ratio of and an enery dissipation coefficient value of depending on the stre
ss-strain ehavior o
mild steel and the mild steel contri ution to the
lexural
moment capacity is issued. value ranges
rom 0 to 1.0 [59]. Also, the clear spa
n and the depth o
the eam a

ects the postyielding sti

ness in
lag-shaped mo
del. Christopoulos et al. proposed and values as 0.10 and 0.70 respectively
or
typical post-tensioned connection to represent
lag-shaped models [61]. Flag-sha
ped model does not consider the residual displacements ecause o
the sel
-cente
ring concept o

ully post-tensioned connections. On the other hand, when mild s
teel content contri ution
or
lexural strength was more than 30 per cent, resid
ual displacements are o served. There
ore,
lag-shaped hysteretic models may not
e su

icient
or such specimens.
The proposed model within in the
ramework o
this study can e de
ined as the c
om ination o
ilinear spring model and the modi
ied Takeda model as shown in Fi
gure
127
6.14. The
irst step in the proposed overall model is to calculate and draw the
ack one curve o
the test su assem ly. All damage and nonlinear action is assum
ed to accumulate in the connection region
or hy rid su assem lies and the ehav
ior structural o
elements is assumed in the elastic response range oth in the
design and the analysis o
hy rid connections. Hence, y using the virtual work
theorem that is
ormulated in Equation 6.24, lateral
orce (Fh) and the top disp
lacement (top) o
the column in the experimental su assem ly o
this study can ea
sily e calculated and the lateral load-lateral displacement response o
specime
ns can e reproduced.
Fh top = M c c + M beam eam + M col col
(6.24)
Mc, M eam, Mcol: Flexural moment at connection, eam and column respectively eam
, col : The curvature value at eam and column respectively
Figure 6.13. Representation o

lag-shaped model
128
Figure 6.14. Components o
the hy rid model The cyclic response o
the experimen
tal su assem lies
ollows the calculated ack one curve which is created y usin
g the Equation 6.24 and the procedure de
ined in Figure 6.5. The response curve
may e divided into two according to the relative contri utions o
mild steel an
d prestressing tendons
or the
lexural strength. The ehavior o
un onded stran
d is simulated y ilinear sel
centering spring system. The remaning part o
th
e response curve ehaves like monolithic rein
orced concrete mem ers. There
ore,
this type o
structure may e called as partially a R/C structure. The similari
ties o
the hy rid system to classical R/C mem ers are directly related to the l
evel mild steel content at the connection and this relation is derived
rom the
test results and represented with the square root o
mild steel contri ution to
the moment capacity o
the connection (0.5), whr is ccut s prsnt in
Eution 6.25.
=
M ms Mc
(6.25)
In th propos mo, th oing brnch cn b fin s th summtion of th
ffcts of th post-tnsion n R/C prts tht r prsnt ik biinr sp
ring n Tk mos rspctivy. Th unoing brnch is bs on th fg-s
hp mo n th Tk mo s shown in Figur 6.15. Th unoing stiffnss
is ccut simir to th Tk mo, but value is calculated based on the
mild steel contribution to the flexural capacity (Euation 6.26).
= 0 . 3 0 .5
(6.26)
129
Figur 6.15. Prsnttion of th propos hybri mo In Eution 6.26, whn th
 mi st contribution is 1, is 0.3 and that is purely RC structure. On the o
ther hand, if the mild steel contribution is 0, is 0 and this represents purely
the post-tensioned system. In the next step, the definition of the enery dissip
ation coefficient () was made. By using the test results with depending on the mi
ld steel content, is changed
rom 0.3 to 0.75 as shown in Figure 6.16. Again, th
e tests showed that, this unloading ranch was depended not only the value and y
ield
orce level (Fy) ut also displacement ductility at the current hysteretic
load cycle with increasing residual strain in the mild steel. Another critical p
oint was to de
ine the residual displacement or the residual story dri
t level (r
es). The 1996 Japanese seismic desin code for brides defined the residual disp
lacement (r) tht ws rport by Kwshim [80] n prsnt in Eution 6.27 w
hr y is th yi ispcmnt n cr is  fctor pning on th stiffnss r
tio. Bs on this pproch,  rsiu story rift ution (Eution 6.28) ws
fin n cibrt by th tst rsuts. This cibrtion vu () chngs fr
om 0.1 to 1.0 pning on mi st contnt n iustrt in Figur 6.17. Fo
r ow mi st contribution, th ccution of rsiu story rift is minor
or ngigib v.
r = c r 1

Kp ( 1) y Ki
(6.27)
130
res = 0.5 1

y represents the yield story drift.

Kp ( 1) y Ki
(6.28)
The last critical point
or the cyclic modeling is the lateral load value at zer
o story dri
t level. Due to the sel
-centering e

ect, pinching ehavior was o s
erved during the tests. The reason was that when the story dri
t was zero, the c
ontri ution o
strand was zero ecause o
ilinear model. As a result, the later
al load is directly calculated
rom Takeda model ecause o
sole mild steel cont
ri ution.
Figure 6.16. Cali ration o
energy dissipation coe

icient
6.3.5. Veri
ication o
the Proposed Model
Four di

erent hy rid connection test results were used to veri
y the current mo
del. As discussed earlier, the ehavior o
post-tensioned connections with di

e
rent mild steel content was investigated in this study. Brie
ly, the overall eh
avior o
the numerical studies showed good agreement with the test results at in
itial loading, unloading and reloading parts o
the response curve with minor er
ror. In the test results, the ehavior o

orward and ackward cycles were not s
ymmetrical there
ore, the current model results
131
generally coincided with the ackward cycle. For PTM10 as presented in Figure 6.
18, the proposed model ehavior estimation up to rupture o
mild steel can e ac
cepta le when comparing the test results.
Figure 6.17. Cali ration o
residual displacement coe

icient
A
ter that point, the system ehavior was simulated with ilinear spring. Figure
6.19 and Figure 6.20 illustrates the comparisons o
test results and cyclic mod
eling
or PTM30 and PTM50.These specimens yielded that this model has good estim
ation
or residual story dri
t and sel
-centering e

ect. Although the ehavior
o
PTM65 was widely similar to the monolithic ehavior, the model also predicts
specimen PTM65 relatively good as shown in Figure 6.21. Another comparison was d
one according to cumulative energy dissipation values o
the specimens. Loading
cycles were repeated three times at each story dri
t level during the test hence
energy dissipation value
or the speci
ic story dri
t level was calculated y t
aking average o
cumulative value o
these three cycles and compared the test re
sults. The energy per
ormance values o
numerical model and test results are ide
ntical with negligi le errors except PTM10. Until the rupture o
mild steel in P
TM10, the energy dissipation values o
the model and the tests resulted similar
values as presented in Figure 6.22. A
ter that point, due to the ilinear sel
-c
entering model, there was no
132
additional energy dissipation at the connection and error in prediction is o ser
ved. Figure 6.23 to Figure 6.25 illustrate the energy dissipation values o
nume
rical and experimental studies and the analysis results have excellent cali rati
on
or these comparisons.
Figure 6.18. Veri
ication o
hysteretic model with test result
or PTM10
Figure 6.19. Veri
ication o
hysteretic model with test result
or PTM30
133
Figure 6.20. Veri
ication o
hysteretic model with test result
or PTM50
Figure 6.21. Veri
ication o
hysteretic model with test result
or PTM65
134
Figure 6.22. Comparison o
test and simulation
or energy dissipation values o

PTM10
Figure 6.23. Comparison o
test and simulation
or energy dissipation values o

PTM30
135
Figure 6.24. Comparison o
test and simulation
or energy dissipation values o

PTM50
Figure 6.25. Comparison o
test and simulation
or energy dissipation values o

PTM65
136
Also, the last comparisons were done according to secant sti

ness estimations i
n model and test results as shown
rom Figure 6.26 to Figure 6.29. In this compa
risons, generally up to 0.50 per cent story dri
t level the estimation o
the se
cant sti

ness some di

erent. The reason o
that, in the test part, the ehavio
r o

orward and ackward cycles was di

erent at the initial cycles. On the oth
er hand, the secant sti

ness estimation o
the current model works properly in
the high story dri
t level. Furthermore, this model has good agreement
or the P
TM10 and PTM65 test specimens at the initial cycles as illustrated in Figure 6.2
6 and Figure 6.29. For the PTM30 and PTM50 test specimens, the ratio o
calculat
ed sti

ness to experimental one at the initial cycles is nearly dou led as illu
strated in Figure 6.27 and Figure 6.28.
20000 Model Test 15000 Ksec (kN/m)
10000
5000
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 6.26. Comparison o
test and model
or sti

ness degradation o
PTM10
137
20000 Model Test 15000 Ksec (kN/m)
10000
5000
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 6.27. Comparison o
test and model
or sti

ness degradation o
PTM30
20000 Model Test 15000 Ksec (kN/m)
10000
5000
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Story Dri
t (%)
Figure 6.28. Comparison o
test and model
or sti

ness degradation o
PTM50
138
20000 Model Test 15000 Ksec (kN/m)
10000
5000
0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Stroy Dri
t (%)
Figure 6.29. Comparison o
test and model
or sti

ness degradation o
PTM65
139
7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the test results, assem ly process o
connection, o servations made dur
ing the reversed cyclic test and comparisons etween proposed modeling and test,
the
ollowing conclusions may e drawn: Specimen Mod-B yielded the est per
orm
ance in terms o
strength, ductility and energy dissipation in addition to easy
and speed construction process among the Phase I specimens o
this study. All Ph
ase I connections are suita le
or high seismic zones in terms o
strength prope
rties and energy dissipation. The hystresis ehavior o
cast-in-place and olted
connections is similar to monolithic specimen. Composite connection with weldin
g yielded an in
erior per
ormance on displacement ductility as compared to the o
ther type o
connections tested. The Phase I precast connections reached nearly
their calculated yield and ultimate
lexural moment capacities. All o
them had
adequate strength capa ilities. Except GOK-W connection, all Phase I specimens c
ould sustain up to 3.50 per cent story dri
t. This means that, they have enough
ductility level
or seismic loads. Equivalent damping ratios o
the Phase I conn
ections are similar or etter than the conventional systems. Pinching e

ect and
excessive ond deterioration was not o served at cast-in-place connections due
the use o
steel
i er concrete and U shaped ars. For olted connection, there
is a risk a out sliding o
steel ox or pipe with respect to eam concrete. Ther
e
ore, designers should consider the detailing o
steel ox or pipe which will e
liminate the sliding pro lem. For the assem ly process, cast-in-place connection
s need extra on-site
ormwork resulting increase in time and cost. For the case
o
composite specimen GOK-W, high quality control must e supplied
or welding.
On the other hand, assem ly process o
olted connection is relatively rapid.
140 All post-tensioned test specimens have adequate
lexural strength and could
sustain up to 4.00 per cent story dri
t level without major strength degradation
. Generally the calculation o

lexural strength and stress on the prestressing
strands according to ACI T1.2-03 coincide with the experimental results. In addi
tion to that, test results show that assumption o
=3 is rational. The hysteret
ic ehavior o
hy rid connections approaches to that o
the monolithic su assem
ly with increasing mild steel content at the connection. On the other hand, dama
ges on the precast eam and column are very small or negligi le. The initial sti


ness o
the post-tensioned specimens is greater than the monolithic re
erence
test, ut the value o
sti

ness changes signi
icantly with the opening o
the p
recracked inter
ace in hy rid su assem ly. There
ore, displacement ased design
methodology may e more reasona le
or seismic design o
hy rid precast concrete

rames. The energy dissipation characteristics o
PTM50 and PTM65 are very simi
lar to that o
the monolithic specimen. On the other hand, PTM0 and PTM10 did no
t satis
y energy dissipation criteria at 3.50 per cent story dri
t level accordi
ng to the ACI T1.1-01 document. Test results showed that the permanent displacem
ent depends on the contri ution o
mild steel to the moment capacity at the conn
ection. Up to 30 per cent mild steel contri ution to
lexural strength, residual
displacements are negligi le while these displacements
or PTM50 and PTM65 reac
hed around 35~50 mm. The optimum level mild steel contri ution
or the
lexural
strength is in the ranged o
20 to 30 per cent
or the est connection design i

the adequate strength, ductility and relative energy dissipation ratio, and the
minimum permanent displacement criteria are considered. The moment-rotation mod
eling showed good correlation with the test results. This means that the monolit
hic eam analogy, the calculation algorithm and simulation o
ond-slip ehavior
worked properly. The com ination o
ilinear sel
-centering and Takeda modeling
to develop proposed hy rid model had excellent agreement as compared to the tes
t results. Energy dissipation coe

icient is directly related with the square ro
ot o
the mild steel contri ution
or the
lexural strength. The similar approac
h may e concluded
or the
141
residual dri
t. There is a linear relation etween the permanent de
ormation coe


icient and mild steel contri ution. For a speci
ic load cycle in post-tensione
d hy rid connection specimens, the unloading sti

ness value and energy dissipat
ion characteristics and permanent de
ormations are dependent on displacement duc
tility ratio at this level. Hysteretic model ehavior demonstrated similar resul
ts with the test results. The estimation o
residual dri
t coincided with the te
st results. Furthermore, the cumulative energy dissipation values were similar t
o experimental values
or all specimens. For the
uture experimental research,

irstly, inner joint test could e per
ormed in order to highlight the ehavior o

post-tensioned connections. In these specimens, joint shear de
ormations can
e more important depending on mild steel content. Furthermore, post-tensioning l
evel and a/d ratio can e chosen as test parameters in these specimens. Another
experimental research may e idirectional loading to o serve torsional ehavior
o
post-tensioned connection that was the weakest point under seismic loading.
In order to clari
y non-linear hysteretic ehavior, di

erent loading pattern ca
n e chosen as parameter
or a typical post-tensioned connection
142
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