Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1999
Gravel
Roads
Project appraisal
2 Foose
r
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3 Sis Oinge
A tate
1
B sire
I Ch
6 rans a
i
ifn setae 9 FereBiion
‘Comparison of alternatives and
selection of design
+
Refinement of dasign, if required
DESIGN ELEMENTS.
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
Ministry of Workscomments
design of gravel reads a6 constuction
‘secoomy usualy ofa mporance or
‘hese projects,
The gravel wearing course needs tobe
‘regularly shapec and also replaced
‘petoscaly throughout the sence ie of
‘Favel ess. An anu ise of 100 30
Frm of grave! wearing course mate at
snAADT af 10018 corsman,
Pavement and Matetials Design Manual - 1299
11.0 General
Gravel road pavemente are designed for roads where AASV ie lege than
300 atthe time of construction, unless otherwise directed by the Ministry
of Works,
‘nis chapter sets our standards ror pavement design and selection of
saterials for fully engineered gravel roads. In addition, guidelines are
given for design of gravel roads whore budgetary or other constraints do
rot allow constuction ofa fully cugincered gravel road
11.1 Design Principles
44.1.0 General
All-weather access
‘The most essential consideration in the design of gravel roads is to ensure
atlewveather aeurss, This ioyuitcucut places paitivulas camplasis ou die
need for sufficient bearing capacity of the pavement structure and prov
ion of drainage and sufficient earthworks in flood areas,
Surface performance
‘The performance ofthe gravel surface depends on material quality, the
location of the road and the traffic volume using the road, Gravel roads
passing through populated areas in particular require materials that do not
generate excessive dust in dry weather. Steep gradients places particular
demands for gravel wearing course materials that do not become slippery
in wet weather, or erode easily
Maintenance
‘The material requirements for the gravel wearing course include provision
‘ofa gravel surface that is effectively maintainable. Adherence to the limits
se oversize particles in the materials of particular naportanesin tio regard.
11.1.1. Pavement and materials
Depending on the CBR,,,., of the subgrade, improved subgrade layers shall
be constructed as required. on which the gravel wearing course is placed.
14.1.2 Crossfall and drainage
‘The crossfall of carriageway and shoulders for gravel roads shall be 4~
(6%, depending on local eonltions, to prevent potholes developing by
‘ensuring rapid removal of water from the surface and to ensure that
excessive crossfall does not cause erosion of the surface, Provision of
drainage is equally important for the performance of gravel roads as for
‘bitumen surficed roads,
Ministry of WorksPavernent and Materials Design Manual - 1909
411.2 Material Requirements
11.2.0 General
Experience with focal materials
Knowledge about past performance af lacally nerwrring materiale for
gravel roads is essential. One may divert from the material standards to
take advantage of available gravel sources provided they have proved to
sive satistactory performance under similar conditions
Marginal materials
Figure 11./ illustrates the performance characteristics to be expected of
‘materials that do not meet the requirements for gravel wearing course
41174 Earthworke
Materials for improved subgrade lavers and fill shall meet the
requirements in ‘Chapter 5.5/ for class G1S and G7 and ‘Chapter 5.6/
fo clace G3 and avimp rack: (DR).
11.2.2 Gravel wearing course (GW)
Major gravel roads
Materials for gravel wearing course shall comply with the requirements
«given in Table 11.1. The given material requirements are valid for fully
‘engineered gravel roads.
Table 11.1 Material requirements ~ gravel wearing course (GI)
[Material propertios Requirements: [ome
test
Climatic zones mata
Wet Moderate or dry
Joan (x) at 05% of MoD (as | TIN 25 afer i
Heavy compaction) gaye 0 Jin 26 at owe |1.11
56 passing 37.5 mm min 96) 12
[Shrinkage product, SP a 1.4 and
SP =LS x (Ohpass, 0.426mm) danas 7
[Grading Coettcient CO” 10-34
Field dry density (% of WDD] aes fa
[(BS-Heavy compaction)
> hn but wp aroas 2 maximum Shrekage Prodct of 270 8 desirable to
reduce dust posters
SC=T0¢ pabsing 23m) -(% passing 0425re) 1% passing Sem) (100
Minor gravel roads
‘The CBR requirements in Zable 11.1 can be reduced to 15% for minor
gravel roads, however the given material standards shall be aimed for
wherever itis economically possible
‘imate zones: gure 2.1
Ministy of Works:comments
Methods to prevent excessive oversize
bavicles nt oratlwearna couree may
‘luge remors at soiree) eoreenng
Use of specll compaction eauipment,
suchas grdrolers Is oflen cost eect
ation wih conventional removal
‘Treatment of unfavourable subgrade
ondttons sich as exoarsie sai, sate
sols of cispersive sols are normally
fst soope nthe constustion of grav
Should bo ton as issussedin Copter
{Probar Sale
Performance characteristics of gravel wearing courses
Figure 11.1 shows the effect of the Shrinkage Product and Grading
Coofficiont on the expected performance of gravel wearing conrse materi-
als. Excessive oversize material in the gravel wearing course affects the
riding quality in service and makes effective shaping of the surfuce
difficult at the time of maintenance,
Shrinkage Fr, 8?
2.
SP = (Linear Shrinkage) x (e passing 0.425 mm)
GC =[(% passing 28 mm) (%e passing 2 mm] x(% passing 6 mn) 100
Figure ILL Expected performance of gravel wearing course materials
11.3 Improved Subgrade and
Pavement Design
11.3.1. Subgrade CBR
‘The CBR... forthe subsrade shall be determined according to /Chapter 5
— Subgraile"and classified into subgrade classes S15, $7 and $3
‘Treatment of unfavourable subgrade conditions shall be caried out
according to {Chapter 6 ~ Problem Soils in respect of issues directly
related to bearing capacity of the subgrade
11.3.2 Major gravel roads
Pavement and improved subgrade for major gravel roads shall be
constructed in accordance with Figure 11.2
Ministry of Works:Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1968
s3” rama 138 ear
so feed sso feta
vest vo bead
7 Gassontonssbgans anise 53, 67 Set Gle ara aqTaTaTs OGY ans GIs me ae gue Chapter S = Subgade™
2 Mawr eso ua ea wea ay tg hen nade wt area
Figure 11.2 Pavement and improved subgrade — major gravel roads Clint zones: igure 2.17
14.9.9 Minor gravel roads
General
‘This chapter provides guidelines for design of pavement and improved
subgrade for minor gravel roads where budgetary constraints or other
reasons do not allow construction of a fully engineered gravel road. This
design shall be limited to roads with AADT maximum 50,
Improved subgrade and pavement design ~ minor gravel roads
Pavement and improved subgrade for minor gravel roads shall be
constructed im accordance with Figure 11 3
“Subgrade classes
S15 0S7 | wosgaiesray | Wat
| ‘limits zones: gure 2.1/
lpr i
isver ae}
TT Gacitaron Ste SY and Sard omalereis GF natnvas wn pee hapter = Sunoaae™
Figure 11.3 Pavement and improved subgrade — minor gravel roads
The desired properties ofthe gravel wearing course, GW, are given in
Jable 11.1, however the CK can be reduced f0 13% tor minor roads,
Ministy of Works =Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1909
References
Wea
2
AUSTRALIAN ROAD RESEARCH BOARD LIMITED (Mav 1993)
Trsealed roads manual
COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 12
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COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 13
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COMMITTEE OF STATE ROAD AUTHORITIES. Draft TRH 20
(199%: Siructrel design, consructon and maintenance of gravel
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CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
‘ASSOCIATION (1988). Zatriten road Pavements. Special
Babliaton 19. DIA, London, UE.
JONES TE, R ROBINSON and MS. SNAITH (1988). 4 eld say
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sume sirens Pre Sih Regional Conference for fica on Soil
‘Mechanics snd Foundation Enginering, Harare, Zab
ROAD DESIGN MANUAL (1987). Part Il. Materials and Pavement
asian for New Roads. Minis of Tanspar and Comm, Roads
Deparioat. Republic of Kenya
WEINERT, HH (1980), The natural rad consrction materials of
Southern Africa Academica, Pretoria, Republic of South Ain
Ministry of Works
Paper No. TRB #01-3486 Development of Testing Procedures To Determine The Water-Cement Ratio of Hardened Portland Cement Concrete Using Semi-Automated Image Analysis Techniques