Pavement and Materiais Design Manual -1008 Environment Project appraisal -— Comparison of alternatives and selection of design a Refinement of design, itrequited | Ministy of Works 2 | aso a ‘Shoulders and Drainage _} q|[4 Tae a z | [5 Seoace a ct ie a 6 Pete lz | fermen pesr- @ 7 reenectnane Paver 39) fq sunneue —— E [10 scrasres 11 Gre RoadsChapter 2 qh Cg Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1999 ‘coment: 2.0 General ‘Thi manual doocribse prossdurss which snablo pavomonta to be designed to withstand load-associated distress. Circumstances in which environmentally induced distress is the major distress mode are not «pecifically dicousced although euch eases have boon noted sleowhors, particularly in ‘Chapter 6 -Problem Soils ‘The environmental factors having the ureatest effect on pavement performance are: ®% moisture regime in the pavement structure % pavement remperature ® unfavourable subgrade conditions related to the environment The purpose of Environmental Impact Assessment (ELA), and the procedure forts commissioning and implementation, is briefly described inthis chapter The inclusion of EIA has been made in order to highlight the importance ‘of EIA in all stages of road design and construction, to ensure that projects ddo not achieve their own goals at the expense of loss or inconvenience to non-beneficiaries or future generations, 2.1 Climatic Zones For the purpose of pavement design, Tanzania can bo divided into thre climatic zones: % adry zone in the interior a large moderate zone 2 several wet zones, mainly at high aitudes Thelenphcltee spramerixmpered The thre olimatio sonse are chown on a map in Figure 2.J.‘The slimatio to's cupive of moisure ls a beter : si Pi toe sulin of moisture ea beter ones are cemarcated on the basis of the number of months ina year with ingens iio tbesrurnreandassockied surplus of rainfall over potential evaporation as presented in Table 21. ee fares han rl lone Ts Berroa noe been Depressed ba To Siraten ofthe pened wen ania Table 2) Climatic zones sacs the potent evaporation or Sa ee [Climatic zone ‘Number of months per year with higher rainfall than evaporation Dy Less than 1 month Mederate “10 3 months Wet More then 3 months iz Minity of WerksChapter 2 eau Pavement and Materals Design Manual - 1999 2.2 Moisture Regime Succes 2.2.0 General ‘The moisture regime has a major influence on a pavement’s performance ‘an the etiffacce and strength of eubgrade ceilo and genmalar materiale vary ‘with their moisture content ‘The map reflects the macro-climate significant to pavement moisture conditions. Within each climauic zone Unere inay be localised areas with different moisture conditions, Trunk roads: — paved -- unpaved Figure 2.1. Map showing climatic zones Misty of Works PaesChapter 2 Pad Pavernent and Mi rials Design Manual - 1999 Moisture changes in pavements usually ensue from one or more of the following sources: Ohopso: 9~ Owes devton, Ohoutsis _-A._ralative permeability of pavement layers and subgrade, and ee B_ infiltration from the surface and shoulders ‘comments Both can be controlled through appropriate design of the cross section and Invermat oramage or ine pavement layers CC. seepage from higher ground, and 1D. Muctxation in dhe water ble Both can be cantoted by adaquaalyistaled subgrade and pavement cain, IB, trancfor of moictare within the ctrusture due to differencos in moisture content or temperature Cannot normaly be controled other than by attempting to keep the moisture 2.21 Design moisture New roads Nominal CBR,.,_ values of subgrade and pavement materials shall be specified at the specimen moistures presented in Table 2.2. For dry climatic zones, where nominal CBR,,,., values are specified at OMC, thore are additional requirements for minimum CBR after 4 days soaking, ‘These limits are presented in the respective chapvers where the material requirements are set out Table 2.2 Design moisture Layer Climatic pone [Gubgrede [Oubbose [Base nl wearing CBR sea course couse onc one one 5 Additional requiremarts are given for y | minimum CBR ater 4 days soaking. Both | Soaked CBR requirements, sosked and un-soaked, Snape met Moderate [Soaked [Soaked [Soaked _| Soaked Wet [Scared [Soaked [Soaked | Soaked Sosiad end OVE erie andar oye soaking ans he oparom most corer damned neecordacewihrOMt ss 1 and 1119 B-tenny concen eft Pavement rehabilitation ‘The design moisture content forthe purpose of pavement rchabilitation design is dotermined by estimation of kely Future equilibrium moistare contents of the subgrade and within the existing pavement stracture The moisture contents presented in Table 2.2 shall be used where information bout the moisture rogime under the existing pavement is lacking OF is deemed to bean unreliable indicator of future equilibrium moisture content. pau Ministry of WerChapter 2 Pe Pavement and Materials Design Manual - 1998 2.3 Pavement Temperature Sst 23.0 General The designer at project level shall obtain detailed data on the temperature Except for variation duet tus the conditions inthe project area and observe this when selecting material Helier wypes and design parameters for pavement layers. Temperature conattions Sea ni SUN gre sae 5 Imetres, The influence of other ocel ccan be expected to correlate closely with site altitude gre Tis rains 2 See ees inset 2.3.1 Bituminous materials Bituminous mies the pavement temperature 6 taken ito consideration m mix designs having a significant effect on the performance of bituminous mixes with regards to: oad distributing properties ‘resistance to deformation 2 resctance to fatigue erasing Bate of ageing Surface treatments ‘The performance of surface treatments depends largely on pavement Peed Sereebgrer temmperature and is taken into account in the surfacing design, This applies _gve requirements for design ofl ayers to the short term performance related to bleeding and loss of aggregate, Se meen eee te et ieeeuare heuanbca ing co ana also to the rate of binder ageing inthe long term, cream conbnalon wh aes rad faders sno Sane ope 2.2.2 Non bituminous materiale General The effect of temperature in non-bituminous layers is not specifically taken into account in the pavement design, Cemented layers ‘The pavemenc temperanure ~ and changes in temperature ~ affects tne performance of all cemented materials by indueing thermal stresses in layers, with associated crack developments, Granular layers ‘Within soils and granutar layers, the movement of moisture caused by changes in temperature can indirectly affect the strength of the layers. 2.4 Unfavourable Subgrade Conditions 24.0 General Unfavourable subgrade conditions are those that require special treatment For teaimetot subgrade oe a, evo to be rendered suitable as foundation for the pavement. This is not due to _‘*9,tHeif properties, require special the properties of the subgrade soils, but rather the environment in which __‘Sdndalon rhe parma et they perform. Unfavourable subgrade conditions shall also be given ‘eenapier#erable Sok Ministry of Works ps |Chapter 2 ee’ Pavement and Materia Design Manual - 1999 aay attention when they oceur below design depth as defined in /Chapter 5 - Method for clasetioaion ote subgrade Subgrade ino S15, 57 oF $3. (Chapter 5 — Subgrader ‘The objective of special treatment for unfavourable subgrade conditions is to bring the subgrade to sufficient stability and strength to meet the design classes $15. $7 or S3 for input into the pavement desizm procedure. 2.4.1 Identification Unfis outable subyrade conditions include ® cavities made by burrowing animals like termites or rodents, or any other flaws causing lack of support or non-uniform support and potential for uneven settlement localised areas with high moisture content 1 cuhewrtnon wole swamp areas 24.2 Troatment ‘The methods for treatment of unfavourable subgrade conditions depend ‘on site conditions and may include one or more of the following measures: Cavitios excavation and replacement with fill special compaction techniques Lacalisad amas with high moisture contents excavation and replacement with fill 'S raising ofthe vertical alignment special drainage measures modification with lime or cement Subsurface wells special drainage measures muse of flter layers use of geotextile filter drains or other special materials or methods, 1 raisins ofthe vertical alignment Areas with high water table or swamps raising of the vertical eligniont use of geotextiles, geo-arids or other special materials or methods @ special drainage measures ee Ministy of Works