50 Years of Growth, Innovation and Leadership

Intelligent Urban Transportation

Predicting, Managing, and Integrating Traffic Operations in Smarter Cities

A Frost & Sullivan

White Paper

Brian Cotton, Ph.D.

www.frost.com
Frost & Sullivan

The Urban Traffic Environment............................................................................................. 3

Smarter Traffic Management in Smarter Cities.................................................................. 4

IBM Intelligent Transportation............................................................................................. 5

IBM Traffic Prediction Tool................................................................................................... 6

Application Scenarios for Intelligent Transportation and Traffic Prediction Tool............. 7

Rio de Janeiros Drive to Coordinate City Services and Operations................................. 7

Zhenjiang Supports Economic Growth with Intelligent Transportation........................... 9

Building an Integrated, Intelligent Transportation System................................................. 10

References................................................................................................................................ 14

CONTENTS
 Intelligent Urban Transportation

THE URBAN TRAFFIC ENVIRONMENT

As the world becomes increasingly urbanized1, cities, and the movement of people and
goods within them, are critical to the future of citizens and economies. Traffic congestion
dampens prosperity by slowing citizens movement and wasting their time and resources, and
by obstructing municipal services such as public safety and maintenance. Traffic congestion
in the United States in 2009, for instance, cost commuters 4.8 billion hours of travel delay,
at an estimated value of $U.S. 115 billion in opportunity cost and fuel costs.2 Urban traffic
congestion also brings broader societal impacts, such as greater pollution and carbon dioxide
emissions3, micro-climate change and urban heat islands4, and increases in respiratory illnesses
and lost productivity.5

On an individual level, commuters around the world feel the pain of traffic congestion. Across Urban traffic
the Asia-Pacific region, 40 percent of commuters are frustrated with traffic during their daily congestion can cause
commutes, while 31 percent in Europe-Middle East-Africa, and 23 percent in the Americas large-scale impacts,
share that frustration.6 From Beijing to Moscow, New Delhi to Mexico City, Johannesburg to including micro-
Toronto, commuters claim traffic has increased their stress levels and made them angry, and climate change and
even caused them to cancel trips when faced with the prospect of being stuck in traffic.7 air pollution, and
individual-scale
Congestion happens when the load of travelers exceeds the capacity of the systems to effectively
impacts, including
carry them. In cities, commuters often choose to use roadways for individual transportation
because getting in a car is more convenient and reliable than taking a bus or the subway8, and
increased commute
in some cities it can be a less expensive option, all of which causes chronic traffic congestion.
times, frustration, and
Congestion can also be episodic, particularly in smaller cities, when road closures, weather, and
health issues.
events (e.g., parades, sporting events) cause the roadways to back up.

Urban traffic planners and transportation system operators are working to alleviate congestion
and improve the movement of traffic. Their goal is to maintain a high level of operational
efficiency in the transportation system, be able to identify and respond to incidents, and ideally
predict and prevent them. Demand management strategies are increasingly used to reduce
traffic loads on roadways or to redistribute traffic congestion across the network. Balancing
a system with a finite capacity against traffic volumes that vary from normal to peak load
periods requires a robust transportation strategy and decision support tools. Importantly,
these management systems and tools should be able to scale to enable cities with large or
small budgets to deploy them.

City leaders realize the value of a robust transportation strategy and are increasingly turning
to intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) to help them realize their visions of smoothly
running, intelligent multimodal transportation networks.9 ITSs are built from a marriage of
transportation infrastructure with information technology and systems that can help implement
demand management strategies. When they are deployed using a deliberate, framed approach,
they can be crucial tools to enable city leaders to improve the lives of their citizens and the
prosperity of businesses in their cities.

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SMARTER TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IN SMARTER CITIES

The problem of traffic congestion is symptomatic of a larger set of issues affecting cities around
the world. In mature market cities, aging power, water, and transportation networks are unable
to accommodate the demand placed on them, while infrastructures serving cities in emerging
growth markets are straining under the pressures of rapid urbanization. Changing population
demographics are challenging education, healthcare and social service agencies to meet new
needs, while man-made and natural threats stretch public safety and first responders abilities.

Municipal leaders around the world are facing the sobering realities of meeting these intense
demands and are seeking ways to address them. The complex web of interdependency
between government domains within a city, which extends to the surrounding municipalities,
blurs traditional political and bureaucratic borders. Fragmented approaches to metropolitan
governance issues, such as transportation, restrain overall growth10, whereas an integrated
approach may help drive growth. Some municipal governments are taking this opportunity to
innovate to transform their capabilities in a more integrated fashion and make their cities smarter,
more agile, and better positioned to grow.Transportation, because of its interdependence with
most other aspects of a city, would benefit from a governance approach that is integrated with
these other domains, as illustrated in Figure 1.

Figure 1: An Integrated Transportation Governance Approach

Source: IBM

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An integrated, intelligent approach to transportation can benefit a broad spectrum of cities. In

mature market cities, this approach can be used to organize and coordinate established systems
and assets. The goals of implementing the approach in these cities would be to dramatically
improve operational efficiency and commuter experiences. Moreover, it could lay out a strategic
road map to extending the benefits of an intelligent system to adjacent communities and link
the urban hubs into a regional or national transportation network.

Municipal governments in emerging market countries, on the other hand, have an opportunity
to implement an integrated approach to achieve a goal of modernizing their operational models.
In developing cities, the approach can be used as a means to optimize even basic transportation
assets (e.g., bicycle inventory and management), and be a strategic foundation to plan for growth,
avoiding the problems experienced by mature market cities. Chinas outlook on enhancing the
capabilities of its urban communities is an example of this thinking. One of the central policy
directions of Chinas Twelfth Five-Year Plan is to innovate some of its government systems to
be more integrated and improve the services delivered.11 The plan sets a specific goal to create
an integrated traffic and transportation system, and accelerate the construction of integrated
traffic hubs, using advanced equipment and information technology.12

Whether applied to mature or growth market cities, advanced traffic and transportation
management systems can be used to deliver a higher level of service to commuters. Integrating
an ITS into collaborative municipal government, shared transportation information will drive
intelligence, policy, and action across bureaucratic boundaries.

IBM Intelligent Transportation

The cornerstone of an integrated strategy that includes transportation is an ITS collecting
and processing transportation system data, and sharing it with other city departments. The
ITS can provide managers with a city-wide visibility across the entire transportation network,
and the city services that depend on it, to improve incident response. When combined with
analysis capabilities, it can evaluate traffic patterns and predict the arrivals of public transit
to help alleviate congestion and improve commuter satisfaction. When it is integrated with
a centralized platform, such as IBMs Intelligent Operations Center, it enables cross-agency
communication and collaboration for incident response and infrastructure maintenance, and
can support scenario planning in anticipation of natural disasters and other events.

IBM developed the Intelligent Transportation product as the software foundation for the
transportation module of the Intelligent Operations Center. The product has three main
components to support the key functions for historic and real-time views of traffic within a
transportation authority command center.

Standards-based integration with traffic and road data capture systems to

collect and aggregate traffic volume, average speed of vehicles, incident reports, and
configuration information.

Traffic event data modeling and storage to store traffic event data, and enable on-
demand access to the volume, average speed, incident and configuration data, as well as
the master data information.

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Access to event data to enable users to access real-time views of all event data, which
is searchable by defined links. Users are also able to access stored data for a historical
view of events and incidents, searchable by link and time interval. Both the real-time and
historical views are available on geographic maps, helping users visualize traffic situations.
It also generates performance reports to help users observe traffic over time and against
defined parameters, and it enables users to correlate reports to understand the impacts
of incidents on traffic over a period of time.

The IBM Intelligent Transportation product can be deployed in multiple ways, which enables
it to address the needs of a wide range of cities. For larger cities, it can be deployed as an
on-premise solution to give transportation authority managers complete flexibility over its
configuration and operation. For medium-sized cities or for regional transportation authorities,
it can be deployed as a shared service arrangement so that many jurisdictions can collaborate
on traffic management across a broad metropolitan area. For smaller cities or cities with
modest transportation departments, the products cloud-enabled capabilities can free a city
from the time and expense of deploying the solution on-premise. This option also gives a
transportation authority the ability to scale up the scope and functionality of the product as a
citys needs change.

IBMs Intelligent Transportation product represents a step forward in integrating traffic

management and decision support with other city services.When it is deployed in conjunction
with the Intelligent Operations Center, city managers can gain a powerful, city-wide view of
traffic, and importantly, how traffic can impact other city operations and services. This gives
transportation authorities the ability to analyze traffic in real time, evaluate the implications
of traffic conditions, and thereby better manage the flow of traffic in a city. This, in turn, can
help reduce commute times, improve the commuter experience, reduce pollution, and direct
emergency response and public safety teams to protect the safety and security of citizens.

Because it operates on a standards-based integration model and incorporates master data

management techniques, the product can integrate and aggregate information from multiple
sources, sensors, and vendor applications using data in multiple formats. Existing applications,
including advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) and traffic management centers (TMC),
cannot provide this level of visibility and tend to cover limited areas of a city. By deploying a
product such as IBMs Intelligent Transportation, traffic authorities can preserve their capital
investments in legacy equipment and can create vertical value applications or extend their
system with third-party applications.

IBM Traffic Prediction Tool

While the Intelligent Transportation product is directed at helping city managers and
transportation authorities understand historic and real-time traffic, IBMs Traffic Prediction
Tool extends their vision into the future to proactively manage traffic. As a companion module
to the Intelligent Transportation product, the Traffic Prediction Tool uses the historic and real-
time traffic data to predict the rates of traffic flow across a defined area between 10 and 60
minutes into the future. If current data is unavailable, then the product is able to model likely
traffic flows by filling in the missing data using the Data Expansion Capability.

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The Traffic Prediction Tools output can be valuable to city authorities in determining the impact
of likely traffic patterns on other operations and services, such as bus routing, emergency
dispatch, and special events. It can also be used to provide input for traveler information
systems. These systems can give commuters real-time estimates of traffic conditions on the
routes they usually travel, which can aid route planning and mitigate congestion.

The Traffic Prediction Tool is currently aimed at traffic operations, providing traffic operators
with insight into probable near-term traffic conditions. However, other uses would include:

Traffic planning, where the Traffic Prediction Tool can be used in simulations and scenario-
generation exercises;

Modeling dynamic pricing and congestion pricing schemes, as well as incorporating

predictions of commuter traffic levels in response to various tariff levels; and

Route guidance and traveler information applications to enhance planning based on

predicted travel speeds for given dates and times.

The Traffic Prediction Tool might also be used in a value-added service model, which could
generate revenue from providing real-time and projected traffic data to commuters. This
revenue could, in part, be directed back into the public transportation system. Historic traffic
information (e.g., 15 minutes old) is commonly available to travelers in many cities through
transportation authority websites or private no-fee services.This information may be marginally
valuable for commuters, but may not be indicative of current or future conditions when
commuters would need it. However, real-time data (through IBM Intelligent Transportation) or
future-oriented data (Traffic Prediction Tool) would hold a greater value and could be provided
to subscribers, for a fee, through a smart phone application. Some metropolitan areas, such
as Greater Manchester in England13, are experimenting with this concept by partnering with
a service provider to give travelers traffic and transportation system updates through their
smart phones. Although the Traffic Prediction Tool is not part of these experiments, there may
be instances in the future that might have a need for it.

APPLICATION SCENARIOS FOR THE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION

AND TRAFFIC PREDICTION TOOL PRODUCTS

Rio de Janeiros Drive to Coordinate City Services and Operations

Rio de Janeiro, the iconic metropolis on the Brazilian coast, is home to more than 11.8 million
people.14 The city itself is the second wealthiest in Brazil, and ranked as the 30th-wealthiest in
the world in 2005.15 It is an economic and educational center of Brazil, a globally recognized
tourist destination, and a cultural hub that will host the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016
Summer Olympic Games. With a relatively large population moving around metropolitan Rio,
the topography and environment presents challenges to Rios government. The city sits on a
coastal plain surrounded by hills and mountains, and strong summer rain showers blowing
in from the ocean cause catastrophic flooding and landslides. Apart from managing the
complexities of a Mega City, Rios municipal government must also maintain a strong capability
to predict, and respond to, emergencies such as the regular floods and landslides.

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There are approximately 22,000 kilometers of roadways in the Brazilian state of Rio de
Janeiro16, and the highest concentration is around the municipal region of Rio de Janeiro. The
city itself has a relatively extensive public transportation system that is composed of buses, two
subway lines, and metro rail lines.

Chronic traffic congestion can be the norm in Rio, which can escalate to become chaotic during
emergencies such as the periodic flooding and landslides, all of which make the citys commuters
among the most frustrated in the world, particularly during the weekday commutes.17 About
one-third of the citys commuters (32 percent) use individual modes of transportation (e.g.,
cars, motorcycles) each day, while 42 percent use public transportation, 16 percent combine
individual and public modes, and 10 percent walk or ride a bicycle. They spend an average of
2 hours 9 minutes for travel time, including work-related and personal commuting, and they
typically travel 54 kilometers each day at an average speed of only 22 kilometers per hour.
During floods, such as those that happened in April 2010, transportation can grind to a halt.18

The government of the City of Rio de Janeiro realized that it needed to improve the
harmonization of its capabilities for emergency management and incident response during the
flood episodes, as well as coordinate city services and operations more broadly across various
city agencies. Traffic management, although not at the center of this vision, is nevertheless an
important consideration because it touches so many of the services and operations. With
the FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympics events looming, Rios government decided to work
with IBM to develop and implement an approach to integrate the management of its many
operations. Because the traffic management needs of Rio are intertwined with the broader
operational needs, government transportation authorities have three distinct expectations for
the integrated management approach:

A decision support system that generates a consolidated view of the roadway maintenance
needs in the city to improve response to maintenance issues, as well as the capability to
move to proactive maintenance in the near future;

A traffic management system that not only assimilates existing management assets, such
as cameras, but also integrates them into the city operational system to automate traffic
management and provide real-time insight into traffic; and

Predictive capabilities to enable the city to better plan emergency management response
and incident response during flood episodes generate traffic management strategies for
the World Cup and Olympics events, and to improve commuter knowledge and traffic
flow on a daily basis.

A team from the city and IBM began work by implementing IBMs Smarter Cities approach,
built on the IBM Government Industry Framework. This solution captures information from
across city agencies and systems, and combines it with other city data to provide managers a
dashboard view of the current situational status across the entire city. The expanded visibility
gives managers the ability to visualize workflows related to incident management and improves
collaboration across city agencies. Furthermore, the implementation experience and design
principles gained from working with the City of Rio de Janeiro were inspirational in the
development of the Intelligent Operations Center product.

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The current version of the system can potentially give the citys traffic agency the ability to
visualize traffic across the city, illustrated by an actual image of the video wall in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Operations Center, City of Rio de Janeiro

Source: City of Rio de Janeiro

As users of the system, traffic managers can take advantage of its reporting capabilities and
incident submission tool to have a much clearer understanding of Rios traffic than before. Zhenjiang
government and
Zhenjiang Supports Economic Growth with Intelligent Transportation
[the] Zhenjiang
Cultural and Media
Zhenjiang is a rapidly growing city on the banks of the Yangtze River, along the Shanghai-
Group are working
to-Nanjing corridor. The city and its metropolitan area are home to more than 3 million
together to build up
people19 and it is considered one of Chinas model cities for environmental protection.
Intelligent Public
Zhenjiangs economy is rooted in transportationbeing one of Chinas busiest ports for
Transportation to
domestic commerceand it is currently expanding its economic base to include tourism
improve the livelihood
under its Intelligent Transportation, Smarter Zhenjiang initiative. Zhenjiangs metropolitan
of citizens, and to
transportation system is based on more than 2,000 buses and over 570 bus stations operating
achieve the goal of [a]
throughout the metro area. However, the current system is straining to keep pace with the
growing demands of the city and is believed to be inadequate to support the requirements
Smarter Zhenjiang.
envisioned in the Intelligent Transportation, Smarter Zhenjiang project. The Zhenjiang city
At the same time,
government saw an opportunity to not only update its transportation system, but also to bind [it is being used] to
its economic growth more tightly with a modern transportation system. speed up [Zhenjiangs]
economic growth
The citys transportation model relies on a mix of public and private operators, and Zhenjiang through tourism.
officials wanted the ability to optimize and regulate both types to ensure safe, environmentally
conscious, and superior transportation for citizens and visitors alike. IBMs Intelligent Zhang WeiQing,
Operations Center and the Intelligent Transportation product were selected in November Deputy Secretary-General
2011 to form a foundation for the citys ambitious transportation agenda. The core of the of Zhenjiang City

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platform is a bus scheduling and optimization system that will collect traffic data from sensors
along more than 100 routes, as well as operational information from bus stations, the buses
themselves, and from driver behavior (e.g., patterns impacting fuel consumption). All of this
data will be fed into an advanced analytics engine to dynamically maintain optimal scheduling,
vehicle tracking, and to publish this information for commuters to assist their traveling choices.
In the future, the system may be extended to support other city transportation operations,
including vehicle and roadway maintenance and materials management.

Zhenjiangs initiative follows from the Twelfth Five-Year Plans mandate to innovate government,
enabling a closer integration with advanced information technology to produce better
outcomes for its citizens. The Intelligent Operations Center and Intelligent Transportation are
being used as catalysts for smarter government and sustainable economic growth, leveraging
tourism as a key industry foundation. The city is transforming into a smarter, growth-oriented
organization, according to Zhang WeiQing, Deputy Secretary-General of Zhenjiang City.Under
the blueprint of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan, [the] Zhenjiang government and [the] Zhenjiang
Cultural and Media Group are working together to build up Intelligent Public Transportation
to improve the livelihood of citizens, and to achieve the goal of [a] Smarter Zhenjiang. At the
same time, [it is being used] to speed up [Zhenjiangs] economic growth through tourism.

Three Phases of an BUILDING AN INTEGRATED, INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

Integrated Intelligent Forward-looking city leaders are increasingly using ITS solutions as part of an integrated
Transportation System approach to meeting the complex transportation of a modern city. Often they are starting
1. Prepare and Leverage with roadway traffic as the foundation for a wider, multi-modal strategy. As weve seen with
Critical Information both Rio de Janeiro and Zhenjiang, an integrated, intelligent transportation system built into
a citys broader management strategy provides a range of benefits. City authorities taking this
2. Integrate with Other path should consider following a framework approach to guide planning and implementation.
City Services and
Anticipate Problems The approach starts with preparing for an integrated intelligent transportation system by
capturing, managing, and analyzing a citys roadway and traffic data so that managers can gain
3. Extend to Multiple a clear, consistent real-time view of traffic. This gives managers the ability to leverage critical
Modes in the System information to understand and optimize traffic operations, and get stronger performance and
and Coordinate an improved return from existing traffic infrastructure.
Responses
Next, information from other city service areas and departments that are dependent on
the roadways, and from commuters themselves, is integrated into the system to extend a
transportation managers view. This increases situational awareness and anticipates problems
across the entire transportation network. This helps managers understand how changes in the
system impact its operation, as well as how they impact other city services. By coordinating
the key processes and assets across the system, scheduling can be optimized and some incident
responses can be automated based on identified patterns. This also helps a city improve the
bottom-line performance of the transportation network by increasing the efficiency of the
infrastructure. An ITS can also help gather insight into commuter experience and system usage,
which can be used to develop processes and services for commuters, such as electronic pricing
and payment.

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 Intelligent Urban Transportation

Finally, the ITS can be extended to other transportation modes, such as light rail and subways,
to optimize the capacity of a citys entire transportation system. New services, such as weather
prediction and road management and road-user charging, can be built on the ITS to increase
the top-line performance of the system. Moreover, deep analysis on the system data can help
managers understand specific causes and effects of congestion across the system, and can
help guide targeted infrastructure investments capital planning. Importantly, the extended
capabilities can assist the city in scenario/contingency planning and help coordinate responses
to events and disasters.

The organizational value derived from an integrated intelligent transportation system

is illustrated in Figure 3. Beginning with preparing a city for more efficient transportation
operations by collecting and processing roadway data, traffic and some emergency situations
can be effectively managed. As information and data from more sources is gathered, integrated
with the roadway data, and processed, the scale of things that can be done with the resulting
intelligence increases. By extending the capabilities of the transportation management system
even more, the amount of value produced for a citys operations continues to increase.

Figure 3:The Organizational Value of an Integrated Intelligent Transportation System

Source: Frost & Sullivan Analysis

The IBM Intelligent Transportation product, implemented on top of the foundation of the
IBM Intelligent Operations Center product, is able to support the range of value progression
depicted in Figure 3. Starting with standardizing traffic management across a city, IBMs
Intelligent Transportation product can enable more advanced management operations through

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integrated information management and integrated collaboration with other city services. As
Rio is already experiencing, the value of an integrated strategy is being demonstrated during
normal traffic flows and particularly during emergency periods.

Cities of all sizes continue to grow and traffic congestion must be managed to decrease
transportation inefficiency and the costs it carries. IBMs Intelligent Transportation product is
essentially an architecture on which city administrators can depend as an open platform for
delivering transportation service value to citizens, through both public and private enterprise-
offered services.This is important to a citys strategy because Intelligent Transportation address
three fundamental needs in the metropolitan transportation ecosystem.

First, by predicting demand and optimizing transportation assets, it enforces

operational and resource utilization efficiency by integrating across transportation domains.
Planned and existing infrastructure, such as roads, public transit, and parking, is closely managed
to provide the appropriate service for enduring city mobility patterns, as well as infrequent
episodes including major city events and disasters.

Second, by creating a platform for a transportation strategy integrated in a

collaborative structure, it facilitates cooperation across city agencies for transportation
linked to public safety, emergency management, energy management, and water management.

Third, by enabling a sustainable transportation system that adds value and drives down
cost, it helps transportation services produce net benefits to improve the well-being and
prosperity of a city. It also creates many means to drive up revenue and drive down cost,
including (1) transportation data as a commodity to increase value and build a community of
new businesses; (2) usage-based charging models to increase revenue, manage demand, and
influence behavior; and (3) monitoring and maximizing asset utilization, including an ability to
proactively recognize asset failure and manage down time.

Intelligent transportation systems, such as IBMs Intelligent Transportation product, are

becoming vital tools to help cities address rising congestion and the associated costs to society.
Urban transportation managers and city leaders should consider an advanced ITS if they are:

Planning transportation demand management (TDM) strategies to shape travel demand

patterns;

Facing changing demographics, with increasing numbers of drivers or citizens who need
accessible transportation options;

Designing growth models that strengthen development in the urban core, while diversifying
the makeup of the suburbs;

Seeking ways to meet sustainability benchmarks, including reducing emissions targets by

giving commuters more travel options; or

Challenged with transforming their existing transit systems to become self-sustaining

through lowering operational costs and boosting revenue streams.

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At the same time that an ITS can dramatically improve traffic management, it can also enable
stronger governance when it is integrated with other intelligent service management systems.
Cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Zhenjiang are pursuing integrated strategies, and are putting
IBMs Intelligent Operations Center and Intelligent Transportation products in their strategic
road map. The vision of the Smarter City relies on a tightly integrated service management
and delivery strategy. Using a comprehensive governance platform such as IBMs Intelligent
Operations Center, and integrating a transportation governance module such as IBMs
Intelligent Transportation with it, urban leaders can work to relieve traffic congestion and
enable prosperity in their cities.

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REFERENCES

1
North Carolina State University. Mayday 23: World Population Becomes More Urban Than Rural. ScienceDaily
25 May 2007.

2
Schrank, David, Lomaz, Tim, and Turner, Shawn. Urban Mobility Report 2010. Texas Transportation Institute
(December 2010).

3
Transport Outlook 2008: Focusing on CO2 Emissions from Road Vehicles. Joint Transport Research Centre of
the OECD and the International Transport Forum, May 2008.

4
http://www.chicagoclimateaction.org/

5
Hedley Environmental Index, School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong. http://hedley.index.sph.hku/
aboutUs.php

6
Urban Mobility Tracking Program, Season 1, Quarter 4. Frost & Sullivan, 30 September 2011.

7
Frustration Rising: IBM 2011 Commuter Pain Survey. IBM (8 September 2011).

8
Urban Mobility Tracking Program, op cit.

9
Cotton, Brian. Moving Citizens in the Smarter City: Using a Framework Approach to Plan Intelligent
Transportation Systems, Strategies, and Implement Solutions. A Frost & Sullivan White Paper, September, 2011.

10
Berensson, Markus. Government Fragmentation is Holding Back Americas Metropolitan Regions. CityMayors
Government, 01 April 2011. http://www.citymayors.com/government/us-government-fragmentation.html.
Retrieved 16 February 2012.

11
Communist Party of China, Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011-2015), Chapter 4, Policy Direction. English Translation
prepared by the Delegation of the European Union in China. http://cbi.typepad.com/china_direct/2011/05/chinas-
twelfth-five-new-plan-the-full-english-version.html, Retrieved 14 February 2012.

12
Ibid., Part III: Transformation and Upgrading, Enhancing the Competitiveness of the Industrial Core, Chapter 12,
Construct Comprehensive Transportation System.

13
Open Plan in ITS International, July/August, 2011, pp. 51-53.

14
The CIA World Factbook, Brazil entry. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html.
(Retrieved 29 September 2011.)

15
The 150 Richest Cities in the World by GDP in 2005. City Mayors Statistics, http://www.citymayors.com/
statistics/richest-cities-2005.html. Retrieved 28 September 2011.

16
Market Profile: Brazil, International Road Federation, February 2000. http://www.e-asphalt.com/redvialbrasil/
rutas.pdf. Retrieved 6 October 2011.

17
Urban Mobility Tracking Program, op cit.

18
Flooding in Rio de Janeiro State Kills Scores, BBC, 7 April 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8605386.stm.
Retrieved 5 October 2011.

19
The United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Urbanization
Prospects:The 2009 Revision. File 12: Population of Urban Agglomerations with 750,000 Inhabitants or More in 2009,
by Country, 1950-2025.

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This report was developed by Frost & Sullivan with IBM assistance and funding. This report may utilize information,
including publicly available data, provided by various companies and sources, including IBM. The opinions are those of
the reports author, and do not necessarily represent IBMs position.

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