Explain hidden shares. How do they work?

idden or administrative shares are share names with a dollar sign ($) appended to
their names. Administrative shares are usually created automatically for the root of
each drive letter. They do not display in the network browse list.
Name of seven layers in Open System Interconnection model.
They are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data link, and
Physical.
What is the difference between ARP and RARP?
The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with
the 48 bit physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address
of another host on its network by sending a ARP uery packet that includes the IP
address of the receiver.
The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical address.
What is Client/Server?
Clients and Servers are separate logical entities that work together over a network
to accomplish a task. Many systems with very different architectures that are
connected together are also called Client/Server.
What is MAC address?
It is the 48 bit hardware address of LAN card. MAC address is usually stored in ROM
on the network adapter card and it is unique.
What are the perquisites to configure server?
LAN card should be connected:

Root (partition on which window is installed) should in NTFS

Server should be configured with a static IP address

How we will configure ADS?

Start ==> RUN ==> DCPROMO
How will you test LAN card?
Ping 127.0.0.1
If getting reply its fine
What are the difference between DOMAIN and WORKGROUP?
Workgroup:-
(i)Every PC is responsible for its security own.
(ii)No centralize administration
(iii)Main aim to save hardware recourse
(iv)Best suite in school, training institute, cyber caf
Domain: -
(i)Server is responsible for data safety.
(ii)Centralize administration
(iii)Main aim is to secure data
(iv)Best suite in company environments

Which command is used to check the IP address of your system?

ipconfig

Which set wizard will run to do peer to peer networking in XP?

Small home and office setup wizard

Which command is used to check the physical connectivity between two

computers?
Ping

What is map drive?

A special feature that will map network resource to my computer.

What is Proxy Server?

Most large businesses, organizations, and universities these days use a proxy
server. This is a server that all computers on the local network have to go through
before accessing information on the Internet. By using a proxy server, an
organization can improve the network performance and filter what users connected
to the network can access.

Which folder contains ADS installed on server?

NTDS

What is the full form of Internet?

International Networking

Which are the bootable files of 98 and XP ?

In windows98 it is command.com
In XP it is NTLDR
In which partition Linux is installed ?.
Linux doesnt support windows file system that contain partition scheme. It (Linux)
has its own file system known as ext2, and ext3. it will install only on it.In linux file
system it will install on / (root) partition.

What is size of SWAP ?

Its the hard disk space that is used as RAM for fast processing. In window its known
as virtual memory and could be set as per retirement via this path
My Computer ==> properties ==> advance
In Linux its known as SWAP space and generally taken the double size of physical
RAM For example if you have 256 (MB) DDR physical ram then swap space would be
512 MB.

What is full form of C.M.O.S ?

Complementary metal oxide semiconductor

How will you check ip address without using network place ?

Start ==> Run ==> Command ==>ipconfig

What is IP?
Internet Protocol (IP) is an unreliable, best effort delivery, connection-less protocol
used for transmitting and receiving data between hosts in a TCP/IP network
What are the difference between hub and switch?
Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one from
where its insert. It is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and
single broadcast domain.
Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC address of
devices attached on its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It
works on per port collision and single broadcast domain.
What is layer?
Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That
define how the information is travel form one computer to other over the network.
What is TCP/IP?
It is combination of two protocols TCP and IP. It is used for reliable data transfer.
What is operating system?
An operating system (sometimes abbreviated as "OS") is the program that, after
being initially loaded into the computer by a boot program, manages all the other
programs in a computer. It provides a platform to application software.
What is package software?
The collection of mostly used software released in package Form Company. For
Example Ms-Office that contain word, power point, Excel, etc.
Full form of .co.in, .com
COM - ".com" stands for "commercial".

NET - ".net" stands for "network"

ORG - ".org" stands for "organization"

INFO - ".info" stands for "information"

BIZ - ".biz" stands for "business".

IN - 'IN' stands for India. The 'IN' is a 2-letter country code for India.

What is ring topology?

In a ring topology, device one connects to device two, device two connects to
device three, and so on to the last device, which connects back to device one.

Which cable is used in LAN?

Generally coaxial and TP media is used in LAN networking.

What are Difference between STP and UTP?

STP cable is mostly used by IBM; it has an extra cover over each pair.
UTP cable is used in star topology. It has a single cover over all pair.

Full form of ping.

PING stand for Packet Internet Grouper

What are the minimum requirements for xp installation?

64MB RAM
1.5GB free HDD space
233MHz minimum processor.

What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs?

10Base2 An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses baseband signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of
100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
10Base5An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses baseband signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding
100 meters per segment.
10BaseTAn Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per
second that uses baseband signaling and twisted pair cabling.

What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified
passive open?
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from
a client.
A fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a
specific client.

Explain the function of Transmission Control Block

A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of
information about each connection.

What is a Management Information Base (MIB)?

A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP
agent has the MIB database that contains information about the device's status, its
performance, connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it?

Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and
password. Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the
password usually requesting the user's ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous
FTP is used to enable a large number of users to access files on the host without
having to go to the trouble of setting up logins for them all. Anonymous FTP
systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous user can access.

What is a pseudo tty?

A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet
or rlogin. Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.

What does the Mount protocol do?

The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a
requested file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after
reception of a client's request

What is External Data Representation?

External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message,
used to ensure that the data is not system-dependent.

When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX
Standard (Notice 80 means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)

What is Full form of ADS?

Active Directory Structure

How will you register and activate windows?

If you have not activated windows XP, you can do so at any time by clicking the
windows Activation icon in the system tray to initiate activation. Once you have
activated windows XP, this icon disappears from the system tray.
For registration
Start ==> Run ==> regwiz /r

Where do we use cross and standard cable?

Computer to computer ==> cross
Switch/hub to switch/hub ==>cross
Computer to switch/hub ==>standard

How many pins do serial ports have?

In computer it's known as com port and could be available in 9pin or 25 pin. On
router it have 60 pins.

How will check ip address on 98?

Start ==> Run ==> command ==> winipcfg

How will you make partition after installing windows?

My computer ==> right click ==> manage ==> disk management ==>
select free space ==> right click ==> New partition

What is IP?
It's a unique 32 bits software address of a node in a network.

What is private IP?

Three ranges of IP addresses have been reserved for private address and they are
not valid for use on the Internet. If you want to access internet with these address
you must have to use proxy server or NAT server (on normal cases the role of proxy
server is played by your ISP.).If you do decide to implement a private IP address
range, you can use IP addresses from any of the following classes:
Class A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255
Class B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255
Class C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

What is public IP address?

A public IP address is an address leased from an ISP that allows or enables direct
Internet communication.

What's the benefit of subnetting?

Reduce the size of the routing tables.
Reduce network traffic. Broadcast traffic can be isolated within a single logical
network.
Provide a way to secure network traffic by isolating it from the rest of the network.

What are the differences between static ip addressing and dynamic ip addressing?
With static IP addressing, a computer (or other device) is configured to always use
the same IP address. With dynamic addressing, the IP address can change
periodically and is managed by a centralized network service

What is APIPA?
Automatic private IP addressing (APIPA) is a feature mainly found in Microsoft
operating systems. APIPA enables clients to still communicate with other computers
on the same network segment until an IP address can be obtained from a DHCP
server, allowing the machine to fully participate on the network. The range of these
IP address are the 169.254.0.1 to 169.254.255.254 with a default Class B subnet
mask of 255.255.0.0.

What are the LMHOSTS files?

The LMHOSTS file is a static method of resolving NetBIOS names to IP addresses in
the same way that the HOSTS file is a static method of resolving domain names into
IP addresses. An LMHOSTS file is a text file that maps NetBIOS names to IP
addresses; it must be manually configured and updated.

What is DHCP scope?

A scope is a range, or pool, of IP addresses that can be leased to DHCP clients on a
given subnet.

What is FQDN?
An FQDN contains (fully qualified domain name) both the hostname and a domain
name. It uniquely identifies a host within a DNS hierarchy

What is the DNS forwarder?

DNS servers often must communicate with DNS servers outside of the local
network. A forwarder is an entry that is used when a DNS server receives DNS
queries that it cannot resolve locally. It then forwards those requests to external
DNS servers for resolution.

Which command will you use to find out the name of the pc in networks?
NSLOOKUP [192.168.0.1]
[Ip of target computer]

How will enable sound service in 2003?

By default this service remain disable to enable this service
Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> windows audio ==> start up type
==> automatic

How will enable CD burning service in 2003?

By default this service remain disable to enable this service
Start ==> administrative tools ==> service ==> IMAPI CD burning com service
==> start up type ==> automatic

What do you need to do that your browser will point URL www.example.com to the
internal IP address 127.99.11.01?
Make changes in the hosts file in C:\WINDOWS\system32\drivers\etc
The Hosts file is looked at first before going out to the DNS (Domain Name Service)
servers. you have to put the following on new lines at the end of hosts file:
127.99.11.01 example.com
127.99.11.01 www.example.com
What can you suggest to enhance testing process on windows OS?
Put shortcut to notepad.exe in SendTo folder. It is speed up work with different files
like hosts, configuration files. Location of this folder is
C:\Documents and Settings\Default User\sendto.
Open it and create shortcut of notpad.exe

What is FTP?
FTP is short for File Transfer Protocol. This is the protocol used for file transfer over
the Internet.

How will you make XP home the client of server 2003?

XP home edition is made only for home purpose so we cant use it as the client. And
same rule apply on windows vista editions also.

Where do you take back up from?

Click Start, point to All Programs, point to Accessories, point to System Tools, and
then click Backup.
Bedside's it?
If OS support then Select Drive ==> properties ==> back up now

What is router?
Router is a device that is used to connect two different networks.

How will you configure ADS?

Start ==> Run ==> DCPROMO
Or
Start==> Configure your server ==> add/Remove a Role

What is ADS?
A central component of the Windows platform, Active Directory service provides the
means to manage the identities and relationships that make up network
environments.

What if this wizard (ADS) is not running?

Check the network cable it should be plugged
Check root partition it should be in NTFS
Check IP of server it should be configured statically
How will you add a client to server? /
Hows the client join a domain?
What are the client configurations?
On Server
Configure ADS (for example its configured with xyz.com)
On Client
Log in form local administrator account
My Computer ==> Properties ==> Computer Name ==> Change
==>Domain ==>xyz.com ==> username Administrator (of xyz.com)
Password xxxxxxxxxxx (of admin of xyz.com)
Welcome to xyz.com ==> Restart the computer

Does it necessary to use administrator account to configure the client?

Not every time but you are required a properly configured user account in domain
controller security policy.

ISO stand for?

International standard organization

OSI stand for?

Open System Interconnection

What is full form DHCP and how will you configure it?
Dynamic host configuration protocol

To configure it on Server
Configure your server ==>Add/Remove a role ==>DHCP server ==>complete the
wizard
Start ==> Administrative tools ==> DHCP ==>New scope ==> Wizard
Now authorized this server and do activate it
On client
Local area network ==> tcp/ip ==> obtain ip automatically
Obtain DNS automatically

What is difference between physical and logical topology?

A physical topology describes how devices are physically cabled together.
A logical topology describes how devices communicate across the physical topology

How many types of topology are available?

A point-to-point topology has a single connection between two devices.
In a star topology, a central device has many point-to-point connections to other
devices.
A bus topology uses a single connection or wire to connect all devices.
In a ring topology, device one connects to device two, device two connects to
device three, and so on to the last device, which connects back to device one.

How many times computer reboot when server 2000 install?

2 times.

How will you remove this error ntldr missing press any key to reboot the system ?
Reboot the system with XP, ( apply also on server2003,) cd
On setup screen press to R to repair the window
Now provide the administrator password
C:\>cd f:( your cd drive latter, f is taken as the example )
f:\>cd i386
f:\>copy ntldr c:\
f:\>exit
reboot the system

Why do we do networking?
For data sharing
To accumulate hardware resource

What are the benefits of networking?

There are lots of advantages from build up a network, but the three big facts are-
File Sharing
From sharing files you can view, modify, and copy files stored on a different
computer on the network just as easily as if they were stored on your computer.
Resource Sharing
Resources such as printers, fax machines, Storage Devices (HDD, FDD and CD
Drives), Webcam, Scanners, Modem and many more devices can be shared.
Program Sharing
Just as you can share files on a network, you can often also share program on a
network. For example, if you have the right type of software license, you can have a
shared copy of Microsoft Office, or some other program, and keep it on the network
server, from where it is also run

What is network?
A network is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in
connecting computers across small and large distances.

What is networking?
A process that is describes how the network will connect.

What is topology?
A topology defines how the devices are connected. Further it is divided in physical
and logical topology.

What are the differences between FAT and NTFS ?

FAT
Doesn't provide local security Provide local security
Doesn't provide disk quota Provide disk quota
Doesn't provide file compression Provide file compression
Doesn't provide other security feature Provide other security feature

Difference between XP home and XP professional ?

Feature that is not available in XP home edition
Remote Desktop
Off line file and folder
Encrypting file system
Group policy
Roaming profile
Remote installation
Joining Domain
The features listed above are only available in XP professional

Which OSI layer does IP belong?

P belongs to the Network Layer (layer 3) in the OSI model.

What is a subnet mask?

Subnet mask is a 4 byte (32 bit) number used to identify the sub-network ID and the
host ID from an IP address. All the hosts in a sub-network will have the same subnet
mask. E.g. 255.255.255.0, 255.255.127.0, 255.255.0.0
Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and its
Backup Domain Controller (BDC) in Server 2003?
The scheme of PDC and BDC is replaced by The Active Directory in server 2000 and
further. Now all domain controllers share a multi master peer-to-peer read and write
relationship that hosts copies of the Active Directory.
How can group policy be refreshed?
1. Restart the server
2. Leave the server ideal for 90 minute
3. Run ==> gpupdate (server 2003 only)
What is LILO?
LILO stands for Linux boot loader. It will load the MBR, master boot record, into the
memory, and tell the system which partition and hard drive to boot from.
I can't seem to access the Internet, don't have any access to the corporate
network and on IP configuration on my address is 169.254.*.*. What
happened?
The 169.254.*.* net mask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if
the DHCP server is not available. The name for the technology is APIPA (Automatic
Private Internet Protocol Addressing).
We've installed a new Windows-based DHCP server, however, the users do not seem
to be getting DHCP leases off of it.
The server must be authorized first with the Active Directory.

What's the difference between local, global and universal groups?

Domain local groups assign access permissions to domain groups for local domain
resources. Global groups provide access to resources in entire domains.

What's the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine?
FAT and FAT32 provide no security over locally logged-on users. Only native NTFS
provides extensive permission control on both remote and local files.

What is presentation layer and how it is responsible for in the OSI model?
The presentation layer establishes the data format prior to passing it along to the
network application's interface. TCP/IP networks perform this task at the application
layer

When were OSI model developed and why its standard called 802.XX and so on?
OSI model was developed in February1980 that why these also known as 802.XX
Standard (Notice 80 means ==> 1980, 2means ==> February)

What is Full form of ADS?

Active Directory Structure

How will you register and activate windows?

If you have not activated windows XP, you can do so at any time by clicking the
windows Activation icon in the system tray to initiate activation. Once you have
activated windows XP, this icon disappears from the system tray.
For registration
Start ==> Run ==> regwiz /r

Where do we use cross and standard cable?

Computer to computer ==> cross
Switch/hub to switch/hub ==>cross
Computer to switch/hub ==>standard

How many pins do serial ports have?

In computer it's known as com port and could be available in 9pin or 25 pin. On
router it have 60 pins.

How will check ip address on 98?

Start ==> Run ==> command ==> winipcfg

What is source route?

It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A
source route may optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)?

It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)?

It is a simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

What is Proxy ARP?

It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating
host believes that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.

What is OSPF?
It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple
paths, and uses knowledge of an Internet's topology to make accurate routing
decisions.

What is Kerberos?
It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. Kerberos uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering
passwords and gaining unauthorized access to files.

What is a Multi-homed Host?

It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP
addresses is called as a Multihomed Host.

What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)?

It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used
in the start of a Telnet session.

What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol?

It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core
routers.

What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)?

It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an
autonomous system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the
autonomous system. This is newer than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

What is autonomous system?

It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and
that uses a common Interior Gateway Protocol.

What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)?

t is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the
set of networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.
What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)?
It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

What is Mail Gateway?

It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail
delivery protocols.

What is wide-mouth frog?

Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication
protocol.

What is silly window syndrome?

It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are
passed to the sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on
the receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

What is region?
When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions,
with each router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations
within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other
regions.

What is multicast routing?

Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is
called multicast routing.

What is traffic shaping?

One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be
made to transmit at a uniform rate, congestion would be less common. Another
open loop method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be
transmitted at a more predictable rate. This is called traffic shaping.

What is packet filter?

Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra
functionality allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets
meeting some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.
BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the network
looking for its IP address and the location of its operating system boot files?
BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnet work broadcast address and waits for a
reply from a server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain
the name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is
not specified, the workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.

What is a DNS resource record?

resource record is an entry in a name server's database. There are several types of
resource records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource
records are maintained as ASCII files.

What protocol is used by DNS name servers?

DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP
because of the improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course,
transmission reliability suffers with UDP.

What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways?

Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways
connect the organization to the outside world.

What is the HELLO protocol used for?

The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is
an alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.

What are the three type of routing tables and What are the advantages and
disadvantages of these?
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central.
A fixed table must be manually modified every time there is a change.
A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic, reducing the
amount of manual maintenance.
A fixed central table lets a manager modify only one table, which is then read by
other devices. The fixed central table reduces the need to update each machine's
table, as with the fixed table. Usually a dynamic table causes the fewest problems
for a network administrator, although the table's contents can change without the
administrator being aware of the change.

What is MAC address ?

The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control
(MAC) layer in the network architecture. MAC address is usually stored in ROM on
the network adapter card and is unique.

What is attenuation?
The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is
called attenuation.

What is cladding?
A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

What is RAID?
A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI?

NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and
received from a remote computer and it hides the networking hardware from
applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by
Microsoft and IBM for the use on small subnets.

What is redirector?
Redirector is software that intercept

What is Beaconing?
The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on
the network notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the
transmissions. Beaconing is used in Token ring and FDDI networks.

What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes?

Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

What is frame relay, in which layer it comes?

Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

What do you meant by "triple X" in Networks?

The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document
known as X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and
the PAD, called X.28; another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the
network, called X.29. Together, these three recommendations are often called "triple
X".

What is SAP?
Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other
layers of network protocol stack.

What is subnet?
A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or
router.

What is subnet mask?

It is a term that makes distinguish between network address and host address in IP
address. Subnet mask value 0 defines host partition in IP address and value 1 255
defines Network address.

Describe Various Network Type

Local Area Networks Local area networks (LANs) are used to connect networking
devices that are in a very close geographic area, such as a floor of a building, a
building itself, or a campus environment.
Wide Area Networks Wide area networks (WANs) are used to connect LANs
together. Typically, WANs are used when the LANs that must be connected are
separated by a large distance.
Metropolitan Area Networks A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a hybrid
between a LAN and a WAN.
Content Networks Content networks (CNs) were developed to ease users
access to Internet resources. Companies deploy basically two types of CNs:
1.Caching downloaded Internet information
2.Distributing Internet traffic loads across multiple servers
Storage Area Networks Storage area networks (SANs) provide a high-speed
infrastructure to move data between storage devices and file servers.
Advantage
Performance is fast.
Availability is high because of the redundancy features available.
Distances can span up to 10 kilometers.
Management is easy because of the centralization of data resources.
Overhead is low (uses a thin protocol).
Disadvantage of SANs is their cost.
Intranet An intranet is basically a network that is local to a company. In other
words, users from within this company can find all of their resources without having
to go outside of the company. An intranet can include LANs, private WANs and
MANs,
Extranet An extranet is an extended intranet, where certain internal services are
made available to known external users or external business partners at remote
locations.
Internet An internet is used when unknown external users need to access internal
resources in your network. In other words, your company might have a web site that
sells various products, and you want any external user to be able to access this
service.
VPN A virtual private network (VPN) is a special type of secured network. A VPN is
used to provide a secure connection across a public network, such as an internet.
Extranets typically use a VPN to provide a secure connection between a company
and its known external users or offices. Authentication is provided to validate the
identities of the two peers. Confidentiality provides encryption of the data to keep it
private from prying eyes. Integrity is used to ensure that the data sent between the
two devices or sites has not been tampered with.

Hardware & Networking Basic Interview Questions and Answers for Freshers
Q. What is a node and links?
A. In a network the devices at different endpoint located at a different location are
called nodes
and the physical communication medium they using is called links.
Q. What are the layers of the OSI reference model?
A. There are 7 OSI layers:
1. Physical Layer
2. Data Link Layer
3. Network Layer
4. Transport Layer
5. Session Layer
6. Presentation Layer
7. Application Layer
Q. Describe Domain Name System
A. There are two types of client/server programs:
First is used directly by the user, such as email
Second supports other application programs
The Domain Name System (DNS) is a supporting program that is used by other
programs
such as to find the IP address of an email recipient.
Q. What are the difference between Domain and Workgroup?
A. Find the difference between domain and workgroup:
Domain:
Server is responsible for data safety
 Centralize administration
Main aim is to secure data
Best suite in company environments
Workgroup
Every PC is responsible for its own security
No centralize administration
Main aim to save hardware resource
Best suite in the school, training institute, cyber cafe
Q. Define Fully Qualified Domain Name and Partially Qualified Domain
Name
A. In hierarchical namespace, names are defined in an invertedtree structure with
the root at
the top. The tree can have only 128 levels: level 0 (root) to level 127. Each node in
the tree
has a label, which is a string with a maximum of 63 characters. The root label is a
null string
(empty string). In this tree, all the labels have a different name, which guarantee
the uniqueness
of the domain names. A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by dots
(.). The
domain names are always read from the node up to the root.
Fully Qualified Domain Name
If a label is terminated by a null string or empty string, it is called a fully qualified
domain name
(FQDN).
Partially Qualified Domain Name
If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a partially qualified domain
name
(PQDN). A PQDN starts from a node, but it does not end with the root.
Q. Describe attenuation, distortion, and noise in brief
A. Attenuation: When a signal travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy
due to
resistance of the medium. This loss of energy is called the Attenuation. This is the
reason why a
wire carrying electric signals gets warm. Some of the electrical energy in the signal
is
converted to heat. To overcome this problem, amplifiers are used to amplify the
signal.
Unit of the decibel is used to find out if a signal has lost or gained strength. The
decibel (dB)
measures the relative strengths of two signals or one signal at two different points.
If decibel
is negative then a signal is attenuated and if the positive signal is amplified.
Formula:
Where PI and P2 are the variable and the powers of a signal at points 1 and 2,
respectively.
Distortion
When the signal travels through the medium from one point to another it may
chance to
change the form or shape of the signal. It is called distortion. Distortion can occur in
a composite
signal made up of different frequencies. Each signal component has its own
propagation
speed through a traveling medium and, therefore, its own delay in reaching the final
destination. Means signal components at the receiver have phases different from
what they
had at the sender.
Noise
The third cause of impairment is Noise. Following types of noise are possible.
Thermal noise.
Induced noise.
Crosstalk noise.
Impulse noise.
This noise may corrupt the signal.
Thermal noise is produced due to the random motion of electrons in a wire which
creates an
extra signal not originally sent by the transmitter.
Induced noise comes from sources such as motors and other electronic appliances.
These
devices act as a sending antenna, and the transmission medium acts as the
receiving
antenna.
Crosstalk is the effect of one wire on the other.
Impulse noise comes from power lines, lightning etc.
Q. What is IP?
A. An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each
device
(e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet
Protocol for
communication.
Q. What are the difference between hub and switch?
A. Hub is a layer 1 device. It will out the signal from all of its port except the one
from where
its insert. It is unable to detect the collision. It works on single collision and a single
broadcast
domain. Switch is layer 2 device. It maintains a CAM table that store the MAC
address of
devices attached to its port. CAM table is used to make the forwarding decision. It
works on
per port collision and single broadcast domain.
Q. What is a layer?
A. Layer is a completely logical partition of PDU (protocol data unit) process. That
define how
the information travels from one computer to another over the network.
Q. What is TCP/IP?
A. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because its most important protocols, the
Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), were the first networking
protocols
defined in this standard.
We believe you must have got a gist on types of interview questions you may be
asked.

IPv6
---------
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456
Can we even pronounce this? Lets try this:
340- undecillion
282- decillion
366- nonillion
920- octillion
938- septillion
463- sextillion
463- quintillion
374- quadrillion
607- trillion
431- billion
768- million
211- thousand
456
Thats mind boggling This gives us enough IP addresses for networks on earth,
the moon,
mars and the rest of the universe. IPv6 addresses are written down in hexadecimal.

1 Bit = Binary Digit

8 Bits = 1 Byte
1024 Bytes = 1 Kilobyte
1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte
1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte
1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte
1024 Terabytes = 1 Petabyte
1024 Petabytes = 1 Exabyte
1024 Exabytes = 1 Zettabyte
1024 Zettabytes = 1 Yottabyte
1024Yottabytes = 1 Brontobyte
1024 Brontobytes = 1 Geopbyte
1024 Geopbyte=1 Saganbyte
1024 Saganbyte=1 Pijabyte
Alphabyte = 1024 Pijabyte
Kryatbyte = 1024 Alphabyte
Amosbyte = 1024 Kryatbyte
Pectrolbyte = 1024 Amosbyte
Bolgerbyte = 1024 Pectrolbyte
Sambobyte = 1024 Bolgerbyte
Quesabyte = 1024 Sambobyte
Kinsabyte = 1024 Quesabyte
Rutherbyte = 1024 Kinsabyte
Dubnibyte = 1024 Rutherbyte
Seaborgbyte = 1024 Dubnibyte
Bohrbyte = 1024 Seaborgbyte
Hassiubyte = 1024 Bohrbyte
Meitnerbyte = 1024 Hassiubyte
Darmstadbyte = 1024 Meitnerbyte
Roentbyte = 1024 Darmstadbyte
Coperbyte = 1024 Roentbyte

PC HARDWARE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS.

1) What is a computer?

Computer is a programmable machine. It the integral part of everyday life.

2) What are the different functions of a computer?

A computer does the following functions;

a) Accepting data
b) Processing Data
c) Storing Data
d) Displaying Data

3) Draw the hierarchical classification of the computer.

4) How a minicomputer different from a mainframe?

Minicomputer is a midsized multiprocessing and multi user computer. It is also
called mid-range server. But mainframes are huge computers, most commonly
occupying entire rooms or floor. It is highly costly.

5) What is Super computer?

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are
employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of
mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a
supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid
dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.

6) Differentiate Input and Output device.

Input devices are used for giving input to the computer. But output devices are used
to get the result back from the computer. The examples of input devices are
keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera atc...whereas output devices include
monitor, printer, projector etc....

7) What is a storage device? What is the common classification?

Storage devices are used to store data in the computer. The different types of
storage devices are;
a) Magnetic Devices.
b) Optical Devices.
c) Solid-State Storage Devices.

8) What do you mean by a processing device? What are the various types of
processing devices?

The main function of a computer is to process data. The various types of processing
device in a computer are;
a) Microprocessor
b) Chipset
c) BIOS

9) Differentiates Serial and Parallel port.

Serial port and parallel port are used for transferring data in/out of the computer. In
serial port transmission only 1 bit is transmitted at a time. Most serial ports on
personal computers conform to the RS-232C or RS-422 standards. A parallel
interface for connecting an external device such as a printer. On PCs, the parallel
port uses a 25-pin connector (type DB-25) and is used to connect printers,
computers and other devices that need relatively high bandwidth. It uses parallel
transmission of data.

10) What is an interface?

These are the communication channel that enables your computer to exchange
information with various devices.

11) What is a microprocessor?

The most important electronic component on the computer. It is a programmable

logical device for processing data. In the world of personal computers, the
terms MICROPROCESSOR and CPU are used interchangeably.

12) What are the factors affecting the speed of the microprocessor?

The following are the factors affecting the speed of the microprocessor.
a) Number of instructions build in the processor.
b) Bandwidth
c) Clock Speed
d) Number of transistors inside the processor

13) What are the differences between Multitasking and Multiprocessing?

Multitasking- Enables the processor to do multiple programs simultaneously by fast
switching through the programs. Here doesn't have the involvement of multiple
processors.

Multiprocessing- Enables the processor to do multiple programs simultaneously by

the use of multiple processors.
14) What the difference between FSB and BSB?

Front Side Bus. Another name for the system bus. The Front Side Bus connects the
CPU to main memory. A microprocessor bus that connects the CPU to aLevel 2
cache is called Back Side Bus. Typically, a backside bus runs at a faster clock
speed than the Front Side Bus.

15) What is packaging a microprocessor? What are the different packaging

available?

Packaging is the process of connecting a microprocessor with a computers

motherboard. The types of microprocessor packaging are;
a) PGA
b) SPGA
c) SECC
d) LGA

16) What is LGA ?

An LGA socket is the connection point for a central processing unit (CPU) to fit into a
motherboard. The LGA stands for Land Grid Array.

17) What is CISC and RISC?

Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC) and Complex Instruction Set Computer
(CISC) are two philosophies by which computer chips are designed. RISC became a
popular technology buzzword in the 1990s, and many processors used in the
enterprise business segment were RISC-based.
18) What is Intel Pentium?

The Intel Pentium is a series of microprocessors first developed by the Intel

Corporation. These types of processors have been found in many personal
computers since 1993.

19) Any difference between Pentium III and IV.

There have been a number of Pentium processor lines starting with the base
Pentium in 1993.The of the recent Pentium entries are Pentium III and Pentium 4.

a) In a Pentium III processor, the bus speed is generally 133 MHz (although there
were a few with 100 MHz). The lowest bus speed on a Pentium IV is 400 MHz, and
there are versions with much higher speeds (topping at 1066 MHz for the "extreme
edition").

b) The Pentium 4s are smaller than the Pentium IIIs

c) Pentium III processors had (for the most part) about 512 KB of cache. Pentium
4 processors, on the other hand, start at 512 KB.

20) What are the differences between Intel Celeron and Pentium family of
Processors?
Celeron
According to Build Gaming Computers, Celeron processors are the low-end
processor intended for standard home computer use. SciNet reports the best
Celeron processor has an L2 Cache of 128kb, a clock speed limit of about 2.0
GHz and runs at a core voltage of 1.75V. These are useful numbers for
comparison.
Pentium
The top Pentium processor is the Pentium 4 Prescott. CPU Scorecard reports it
has an L2 cache of 1MB (1024kb), a potential 3.0 GHz clock speed and runs
at about 1.4V. The lowest performing Pentium 4 processor, the Willamette,
has an L2 cache of 256kb, a potential 2.0 GHz clock speed and runs at about
1.7V.
21) What is Hyper Threading? What is the use of it?

A thread of execution, or simply a "thread," is one series of instructions sent to the

CPU. Hyper-threading is a technology developed to help make better use of spare
processing cycles. Hyper-threaded processors have a duplicate set of registers,
small spaces of high-speed memory storage used to hold the data that is currently
needed to execute a thread. When a CPU core is delayed, waiting for data to be
retrieved from another place in memory, it can use these duplicate registers to
spend the spare computation cycles executing a different thread. The second set of
registers will be pre-loaded with the data needed to execute the second thread, so
the CPU core can begin work immediately

22) What is Intel Atom processor?

The Intel Atom family of processors are extremely small central processing units
(CPU) found mostly in ultraportable devices, such as netbooks, cell phones and
tablet PCs, according to Intel. While small and light on energy use, Atom processors
can handle the most common tasks, such as email and instant messaging.

23) What is Nehalem Architecture?

Nehalem is Intel's new microprocessor architecture The Core i7 chips were the first
processors ever produced using an architecture called Nehalem.

24) Which is a heavy-duty Microprocessor of Intel?

Intel Xeon.
25) Which is the processor suitable from Intel family of processors for Server and
Workstation?
Intel Xeon.
26) What is full name of AMD?
Advanced Micro Devices.
27) What are the latest Processor of Intel and AMD?
For intel it is Intel Core i7 and AMD Opteron 6200 Series processor.
28) Write socket LGA 775 is apt for which type of Intel Processors?

The top of the line for the LGA775 series CPU socket was the Core 2 processor
series, with the Core 2 Duo E8600, Core 2 Extreme QX9770 and Core 2 Quad Q9650
being the three top performers

29) Socket 939 is developed by AMD. It supports a maximum of how many bits of
computing? What are the the different processors of AMD is suitable for this socket?
AMD Athlon 64, AMD Athlon 64FX and AMD Athlon 64 X2.
30) Which type of socket is needed to connect a dual core processor of Intel?
Socket LGA 775.
31) What is Heat Sink? What is its use? If it is not in the system what will happen?

A heat sink is a component used to lower the temperature of a device.It is most

commonly there on the microprocessor. If it is not properly fixed the system, the
system will shutdown automatically to prevent further damage to the processor.
32) A CPU fan should be placed in system. Why?
To make the system cool and more functioning.
33) What is Upgrading a microprocessor? Why we have to do it?

34) Upgrading a microprocessor is just physically replacing a processor with a new

one. Before doing so we have to make sure that the processor we want to use for
your upgrade is physically compatible with the socket on your computer's
motherboard. We also have to make sure that the motherboard has the internal
logic to support the processor.

35) What are the causes of overheating of microprocessor?

a) Processor fan may not be properly connected.
b) Heat sink may be not contacted with the processor.
c) Jumpers may be configured to over clock the CPU.
d) Voltage supply incompatible
36) No Display. What is the problem?
a) CPU fan problem
b) Heat sink related issue
c) Power related issues
d) Improper Jumper settings

37) What is the use of Conventional memory in the system?

The size of conventional memory is 640KB. It is also called DOS memory or Base
memory. This memory is used by some small programs like Word star, Lotus etc
DOS cannot use more than 640KB.

38) What is main memory in a computer?

The main memory in a computer is called Random Access Memory. It is also known
as RAM. This is the part of the computer that stores operating system software,
software applications and other information for the central processing unit (CPU) to
have fast and direct access when needed to perform tasks.

39) What is Cache memory? What is the advantage if a processor with more cache
memory you are using?
Cache memory is the memory area between RAM and Processor. If cache memory
increases the speed of the system will also improved.

40) What are the different types of RAM?

SRAM, DRAM, VRAM, SGRAM, DDR-SDRAM etc.

41) Differentiate SRAM and DRAM.

SRAM
Static RAM stores each bit of data on six metal oxide semiconductor field effect
transistors, or MOSFETs. SRAM is used in devices that require the fastest possible
data access without requiring a high capacity. Some examples are CPU caches and
buses, hard drive and router buffers and printers.
DRAM
Dynamic RAM stores data using a paired transistor and capacitor for each bit of
data. Capacitors constantly leak electricity, which requires the memory controller to
refresh the DRAM several times a second to maintain the data.

42) What are the different DRAM types?

FPMDRAM, EDO DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM, DDR-SDRAM

43) What is the difference between DDR-I and DDR-II?

DDR2 is the successor to DDR RAM. DDR 2 incorporates several technological
upgrades to computer system memory, as well as an enhanced data rate.DDR 2 is
capable of achieving twice the data transfer rate of DDR-I memory because of its
higher clock speed. It operates at a lower voltage than DDR-I as well: 1.8 volts
instead of 2.5.
44) Which is the latest DDR version? Which processor of Intel will support it?

The latest DDR version is DDR-III. Intels all latest processors such as Core i3,i5 and
i7 will support it.
45) What are VRAM and SGRAM?
VRAM is Video Random Access Memory. Video adapter or video system uses VRAM.
VRAM is dual ported. It is costly. But SGRAM is not dual ported and not costly. It is a
less expensive approach to graphics functions. Most commonly all low cost graphics
cards are using it.

46) What is SODIMM memory module?

Small outline dual in-line memory module (SODIMM or SO-DIMM) is a type of
random access memory (RAM). It is a smaller version of a dual in-line memory
module (DIMM).It is the type of the memory module can be used in laptop.

47) Which is the memory packaging suitable for a sub-note book system?
Micro DIMM
48) What is ECC/EPP?
EPP/ECP (Enhanced Parallel Port/Enhanced Capability Port) is a standard signaling
method for bi-directional parallel communication between
a computer and peripheral devices that offers the potential for much higher rates of
data transfer than the original parallel signaling methods. EPP is for non-printer
peripherals. ECP is for printers and scanners. EPP/ECP is part of IEEE Standard 1284.

49) What is over clocking?

Over clocking is the process of forcing a computer component to run at a higher
clock rate.

50) What is memory bank?

Sets of physical memory modules is referred to as memory banks. A memory bank
serves as a repository for data, allowing data to be easily entered and retrieved.

51) What we need to consider before connecting a memory to the system?

a) Capacity of the RAM required
b) Check if installed memory is supported by motherboard and processor
c) Form factor of the RAM
d) Type of RAM needed
e) Warranty of the RAM

52) What is Upgrading the memory?

Adding a memory module to the existing bank on the available slot or replacing the
previous one with the increased memory size is also called upgrading memory. This
will surely increase the performance of the computer.

53) What is BIOS beep code? What it does mean?

BIOS beep codes are the signs of different issues of the computer. The beep code
may vary depends on the manufacture of BIOS. For example in case of Award BIOS
the beep code will be,
1 long beep- shows memory problem
1 long beep and 2 short beeps- failure of DRAM parity
1 log beep and 3 short beeps- signifies Video error
Continuous beep- signifies failure in memory or Video memory.
54) Write any 5 BIOS codes and their indications?
AMERICAN MEGATRENDS (AMI) BEEP CHART

ERROR
BEEPS
DESCRIPTION

1 Beep Memory timing error

2 Mismatched memory
Beeps parity

3
Memory malfunction
Beeps

4 Motherboard
Beeps malfunction

5
Bad CPU
Beeps

6 Keyboard controller
Beeps error

7 General exception
Beeps error

8
Video memory error
Beeps

9
Bad ROM checksum
Beeps

10
CMOS error
Beeps

11
Bad cache RAM
Beeps

55) What is RDRAM?

Short for RAMBUS DRAM, a type of memory (DRAM) developed by Rambus, Inc.

56) What is SIMM? Is it is using now?

Acronym for Single In line Memory Module, a small circuit board that can hold a
group of memory chips. Typically, SIMMs hold up to eight (on Macintoshes) or nine
(on PCs) RAM chips. On PCs, the ninth chip is often used for parity error checking.
Unlike memory chips, SIMMs are measured in bytes rather than bits.
Now a days this memory module is not used.

57) Why do we call motherboard a motherboard?

Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other
components are connected. So that usually we call motherboard a "motherboard".

58) What is motherboard? What are the different types of it?

Motherboard is the basic integrated board of the computer on which all other
components are connected. This is classified mainly into three Desktop, Laptop and
Server motherboard.

59) What is the difference between integrated and non-integrated motherboard?

In integrated motherboard all of the external ports will be present. But in case of
non-integrated motherboard only some important ports will be available instead of
all. The non-integrated motherboard is an old type of motherboard which now a
day's not commonly available.

60) How a server motherboard different from a desktop?

A server motherboard is different from a desktop in features and performance. The
number of processor support, RAM slots ,Expansion card slots etc...are more. For
example the Intel Server Board S5000PSL has the performance and features for
growing businesses demand. It provides excellent data protection, and advanced
data management. It support 64-bit Multi-Core Intel Xeon processor. Eight fully
buffered 533/667 MHz DIMMs. Up to six SATA 3Gb/s ports.

61) What is form factor of motherboard?

The form factor of a motherboard determines the specifications for its general
shape and size. It also specifies what type of case and power supply will be
supported, the placement of mounting holes, and the physical layout and
organization of the board. Form factor is especially important if you build your own
computer systems and need to ensure that you purchase the correct case and
components.

62) What is ATX? How it is different from AT? Which is using now?
AT is a short for advanced technology, the AT is an IBM PC model introduced in
1984. It includes an Intel 80286 microprocessor, a 1.2MB floppy drive, and an 84-
key AT keyboard. The ATX form factor specified changes to the motherboard, along
with the case and power supply. Some of the design specification improvements of
the ATX form factor included a single 20-pin connector for the power supply, a
power supply to blow air into the case instead of out for better air flow, less overlap
between the motherboard and drive bays, and integrated I/O Port connectors
soldered directly onto the motherboard. The ATX form factor was an overall better
design for upgrading.

63) What is the need of expansion slot in motherboard?

Alternatively referred to as an expansion port, an expansion slot is a slot located
inside a computer on the motherboard or riser board that allows additional boards
to be connected to it.

64) What is PCI slot? How is different from PCI Express (PCI-E)?
Short for PERIPHERAL COMPONENT INTERCONNECT, a local bus standard developed
by Intel Corporation. PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express),
officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a computer expansion card standard designed to
replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.

65) What is AGP slot? What is its use?

The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-
point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to
assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics. Since 2004 AGP has been
progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe).

66) What is jumper? What is the need?

A metal bridge that closes an electrical circuit. Typically, a jumper consists of a
plastic plug that fits over a pair of protruding pins. Jumpers are sometimes used
to configure expansion boards. By placing a jumper plug over a different set of pins,
you can change a board's parameters.

67) What CMOS and CMOS battery?

Short for complementary metal oxide semiconductor. Pronounced see-moss. The
CMOS chip holds the date, time, and system setup parameters. This chip is powered
by a 3Volt CMOS battery.
68) What is chipset?
A number of integrated circuits designed to perform one or more related functions.
This is one of the processing device in a computer.

69) Explain any three Intel chipset?

a) Intel P55 Express Chipset.-Desktop PC platforms based on the Intel P55
Express Chipset combined with the Intel Core i7-800 series processors and
Intel Core i5-700 series processors create intelligent performance for faster
multi-tasking, digital media creation and gaming.
b) Intel HD55 Express Chipset- a new architecture designed to deliver quality,
performance, and industry-leading I/O technologies on platforms powered by the
Intel Core i7-800, Intel Core i5, and Intel Core i3 processors.
c) Intel E7500 Chipset- a volume chipset supports dual-processor (DP) server
systems optimized for the Intel Xeon processor.
70) Which is the chipset needed for Intel Core i7 and Core i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses x58 chip set and Core i7 800-series and Core i5
processors runs on P55 chipset.
71) Which is the socket used by Intel Core i7 and i5 processors?
Intel Core i7 900-series uses LGA1366 socket and Core i5 CPUs--all three run on
Intel's latest P55 chipset and LGA1156 socket.
72) What are the motherboard manufacturing companies?
Intel, Gigabyte, ASUS, Mercury, HP, Acer, Biostar, Compaq, Digital, IBM, AMI.
73) Before upgrading/replacing a motherboard what you need to consider?
a) Power Connectors
b) Memory Support
c) Hard Disk Support
d) System Case
74) Can you upgrade motherboard?
Yes
75) One system is not starting, but the fan is working. What is the problem?
76) What is Intel LGA 1155 Socket?
LGA 1155, also called Socket H2, is an Intel microprocessor compatible socketwhich
supports Intel Sandy Bridge and the up-coming Ivy Bridgemicroprocessors.LGA 1155
is designed as a replacement for the LGA 1156(known as Socket H).
77) What is power supply unit?
A power supply unit (PSU) supplies direct current (DC) power to the other
components in a computer. It converts general-purpose alternating current (AC)
electric power from the mains to low-voltage (for a desktop computer: 12 V, 5 V,
5VSB, 3V3, 5 V, and 12 V) DC power for the internal components of the
computer.
78) What are the different types of Form Factors of Power Supply?
AT , ATX, Flex ATX, Micro ATX etc
79) What is NLX?
NLX (New Low Profile Extended) was a form factor proposed by Intel and developed
jointly with IBM, DEC.
80) What is Switching Mode Power Supply?
A switched-mode power supply (switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or
simply switcher) is an electronic power supply that incorporates a switching
regulator in order to be highly efficient in the conversion of electrical power. Like
other types of power supplies, an SMPS transfer power from a source like the
electrical power grid to a load (e.g., a personal computer) while
converting voltage and current characteristics. An SMPS is usually employed to
efficiently provide a regulated output voltage, typically at a level different from the
input voltage.

81) What is the use of Molex Power connector?

Molex is a four pin power connector found in SMPS. It is used to supply power to
HDD, CD Drive, DVD Drive etc
82) What is Berg (mini Molex) connector is used to.
To provide power to Floppy Disk Drive.
83) What are the different color cables found in Molex connector? What is the Power
of it.
-12V Blue, -5V White, 0V Black, +3.3V Orange, +5V Red, +12V Yellow.

84) What are the methods used in a system for cooling?

a) Large System Case
b) Arrangement of Internal Components
c) Keeping the System Clean.
d) Proper Working of the System Case Fan.

85) Power supply fan is not working and it emits a lot of sound. What will the
probable cause?
Most of the time this issue arises due to lots of dust is accumulated on the fan
motor.
86) What is the capacity of a Floppy Disk?
1.44MB
87) Which is the medium used in a floppy for storing data?
Magnetic Media.
88) What is write protected notch in a floppy? What is its use?
This is a switch used to eliminate the accidental deletion of data from the floppy.
89) How many tracts and sectors found in a normal floppy dick?
80 tracks and 18 sectors.
90) Which is the file system of a floppy disk?
FAT
91) How can you format a floppy? What is happening if you do so?
Insert the floppy to the system and open my computer. There we can find the icon.
Just right click and select format option. Otherwise we can use format command .
Formatting a floppy will creates sectors and tracks on the floppy.

92) System is not showing floppy disk drive icon in Mycomputer.What will the
probable cause?
The device is not detected or disabled.
93) I have inserted a new floppy disk into my drive. The data can be read. But not
able to make modifications. Why?
The disk may be in write protected mode.
94) What is HDD? What are the different types available in the market now?
A hard disk drive (HDD; also hard drive or hard disk) is a non-volatile, random
access digital magnetic data storage device. It is the secondary storage media.
There are different types of hard disk, based on the the intefaces they used we can
classify them as IDE, SATA, SCSI etc...
95) What is SATA?
Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a computer
businterface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard
disk drives and optical drives. Serial ATA was designed to replace the older parallel
ATA(PATA) standard (often called by the old name IDE), offering several
advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost (7 conductors
instead of 40), native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signalling
rates, and more efficient transfer through an (optional) I/O queuing protocol.

96) In Speed how SATA is different from IDE?

SATA- Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) is high speed serial interface
designed to replace IDE and EIDE drive standard SATA has a seven pin connector.
SATA transfer speed of data up to 600 MB per second. Now a day use SATA.

IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) it has a 40/80 pins connector. IDE transfer
speed of data up to 100/133 MB per second few time ago mostly use IDE.
97) What is eSATA?
External Serial Advanced Technology Attachment or eSATA is an external interface
for SATA technologies. eSATA cables are narrow and can be up to 6.56 feet (2
meters) in length. eSATA requires its own power connector. It is still an excellent
choice for external disk storage.

98) What is SCSI? Is the SCSI Hard Disk is needed for a home purpose?
SCSI is Small Computer System Interface , is a type of interface used for computer
components such as hard drives, optical drives, scanners and tape drives. SCSI is a
faster, more robust technology than IDE amd SATA, and has traditionally been
utilized in servers. Aside from speed, another great advantage over IDE and SATA is
that the SCSI card can connect 15 or more devices in a daisy chain. The controller
assigns each device its ownSCSI ID, allowing for great flexibility towards expanding
any system. It is more costly. It is not needed for a home purpose.

99) Is there is USB HDD? If yes what is the speed?

Yes. If your HDD is based on USB 3.0 it can offer a maximum transmission speed of
up to 5 Gbit/s (640 MB/s), which is over 10 times faster than USB 2.0 (480 Mbit/s, or
60 MB/s).

100) What is IEEE 1394 Interface?

The IEEE 1394 interface is a serial bus interface standard for high-speed
communications. The interface is also known by the brand names of FireWire
(Apple), i.LINK (Sony), and Lynx (Texas Instruments). IEEE 1394 replaced parallel
SCSI in many applications, because of lower implementation costs and a simplified,
more adaptable cabling system. The original release of IEEE 1394-1995 specified
what is now known as FireWire 400. It can transfer data between devices at 100,
200, or 400 Mbit/s. EEE 1394c-2006 was published on June 8, 2007 that provides
800 Mbit/s.

101) What are Solid State Drive means?

A solid-state drive (SSD), sometimes called a solid-state disk or electronic disk, is
a data storage device that uses solid-state memory to store data. SSDs
use microchipswhich retain data in non-volatile memory chips and contain
no moving parts. Compared to electromechanical HDDs, SSDs are typically less
susceptible to physical shock, are silent, have lower access time and latency, but
are more expensive per gigabyte (GB).