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Published in IET Communications
Received on 8th December 2011
Revised on 28th August 2013
Accepted on 9th October 2013
doi: 10.1049/iet-com.2012.0791
ISSN 1751-8628
Abstract: This study proposes a novel model of hybrid quantiser composed of a uniform scalar quantiser and a non-uniform
optimal companding scalar quantiser, both designed for a Gaussian source. We examine whether by appropriately designing a
novel forward adaptive hybrid quantiser with GolombRice code, one can achieve more sophisticated compression and a
higher signal to quantisation noise ratio compared with the uniform quantiser with GolombRice code. We observe which
value of the bit rate should be chosen to provide high-quality quantisation. It is shown that the authors compression model
can satisfy G.712 recommendation for high-quality quantisation achieving the compression of 1.68 bit/sample over the G.711
quantiser. In addition, for the average bit rate of 6.32 bit/sample their hybrid quantiser outperforms the uniform quantiser for
1.32 dB. The presented performances of the forward adaptive hybrid quantiser indicate that it should be of theoretical and
practical signicance in quantisation of the Gaussian source signals.
where q and r stand for a quotient and a remainder, given by the following expressions
respectively. n
Every integer n is uniquely determined by q and r. The 2D2u xmin
code word for n is constructed in such a way that the unary Dg1 (Q) = p(x) dx (4)
12 0
code with (1 + n/m bits is used to code q followed by the
n
k-bits natural code for r. Therefore the code word for n has 2 xnmax xnmin xmax p(x)
(1 + k + n/m) bits. In other words, with the GolombRice Dg2 (Q) =
dx
3 N2 2 xnmin [c ( x)]
2
code the set of non-negative integers is divided into groups
of m integers and an ordinal number is assigned to every n 3 (5)
xmax
group (numbers from 0 to m 1 belong to group 0, from m =
2 1/3
p (x) dx
to 2m 1 belong to group 1 etc.). For an arbitrary integer 3 N2 2 xnmin
n, the quotient q is equal to the ordinal number of the
+1
group and reminder r determines the position of n inside 2
the group. In what follows we consider the application of Dol (Q) = 2 x yN p(x) dx (6)
xnmax
GolombRice code to output levels of the novel hybrid
quantiser.
where
n in (5) we apply Bennetts
integral [1] on
xmax , xnmin ) < (xnmin , xnmax and it holds that
3 Novel hybrid quantiser with GolombRice Du = 2xnmin /N1 . As already mentioned, we assume Gaussian
code PDF
Let us now consider the novel hybrid quantiser. In our N-level
1 x2 /2s2
hybrid quantiser, the N1-level uniform quantiser covers the p(x) = e (7)
interval around the point 0, called the uniform region, 2ps
whereas the N2-level non-uniform optimal companding
where x is zero-mean statistically independent Gaussian
quantiser covers the outer region, called the non-uniform
random variable of variance 2. Substituting (7) into (4)(6)
region. The support region of the quantiser we propose
and approximating yN with xnmax , after some straightforward
consists of the uniform and the
non-uniform
part, dened
mathematical manipulations yields
on the regions xnmin , xnmin and xnmax , xnmin ) <
(xnmin , xnmax ], respectively. xnmin is the threshold between 2 n
these two parts and xnmax is the considered quantisers xnmin x
Dg1 (Q) = erf min
(8)
support region threshold. As the optimal companding 3N1 2
2s
quantiser
n has the support
region dened on 2 n n 3
xmax , xnmin ) < (xnmin , xnmax , by using the basic 3ps xmax x
denition of an optimal compressor function from [1] we Dg2 (Q) = erf erf min
(9)
2 N2 2
6s 6s
can dene the following optimal compressor function
x 1/3
(see (10))
n xnmin p (x) dx
n
xnmin , x xnmax
xmax x min
xnmax , where we use well known function
1/3
p (x)dx
xnmin
c(x) =
z
x n
2 2
x min p1/3 (x)dx erf (z) = et dt (11)
xnmax xnmin
x
, xnmax x , xnmin p
n
min 1/3
0
xnmax p (x)dx
(2) The quality of the quantised signal along with distortion is
often specied by SQNR [13]
For a source that is characterised as a continuous random 2
variable, with PDF p(x), the N-level scalar quantiser s
SQNR = 10 log (12)
distortion is usually dened as the expected mean square D(Q)
error between an original and quantised signals. It is well
known that a distortion because of quantisation consists of In this paper, the analysis of numerical results is conducted
a granular Dg(Q) and an overload Dol(Q) distortion [13]. using SQNR rather than distortion.
n 2 n n
xmax xmax 2 xmax (xnmin )2 /2s2
Dol (Q) = s 2
1+ 1 erf e (10)
s 2s p s
gain so that only one quantiser designed for the variance s20 is case of Ng = 16 can satisfy G.712 recommendation for
applied to the normalised signal [13]. Once for each frame, high-quality quantisation [23] at the bit rate of 6.32 bit/
the index specifying the number of levels for gain sample achieving the compression of 1.68 bit/sample over
quantisation Ng is transmitted as the side information the G.711 quantiser [1]. This is a higher compression than
(log2Ng/M ) to the receiver. When longer frames of M the one ascertained in [18] that amounts to 1.25 bit/sample.
[160, 240] samples are considered, the side information Moreover, this is a higher compression than the one
does not signicantly affect the average bit rate. For the ascertained in [22], where high-quality quantisation and a
procession of the short frames, one should carefully choose higher SQNR compared with one of G.711 quantiser have
Ng that affects the increase of both, the side information been achieved for the bit rate of R = 7.117 bit/sample. In
and the average SQNR. In this paper, the short frames of addition, Fig. 2 shows that by increasing the value of Ng,
M [10, 40] samples are assumed to provide the possibility SQNR characteristics are attened. In addition, one can
of application of the proposed model in the real-time perceive that for the bit rate of 6.32 bit/sample SQNR
digitalisation of continuous signals having Gaussian PDF dynamic (SQNRmax SQNRmin) is small and amounts to
and a wide variance range (e.g. for VoIP applications). By 2.37 dB. By assuming the same bit rate of 6.32 bit/sample
using the basic denition for the average SQNR for the forward adaptive uniform quantiser with Golomb
Rice code, which, for N = N1 = 128, is the special case of
1
Ng K
the proposed forward adaptive hybrid quantiser with
SQNRavg = SQNR sij , s0j (16) GolombRice code, we have ascertained a worst
Ng K j=1 i=1 performance. In particular, in the observed case, we have
ascertained the maximum of the SQNR of 35.13 dB. It is
where NgK denes the number of the particular variances ij less for 1.32 dB in relation to the proposed forward
which are considered in the assumed variance range adaptive hybrid quantiser. In addition, since the forward
Ng adaptive uniform quantiser with GolombRice code does
B = j=1 [s21j /s20 [dB], s2Kj /s20 [dB]) = [20, 20), s20 = 1,
we have calculated the values of SQNRavg for the forward not offer the sophisticated choice of the bit rate and SQNR,
adaptive version of our hybrid quantiser (see Table 1). as it has been observed in the case of the forward adaptive
Moreover, we have determined SQNRmin = min (SQNR (ij, hybrid quantiser with GolombRice code, one can highlight
0j)) and SQNRmax = max (SQNR(ij, 0j)), which dene the advantage of the proposed quantiser with GolombRice
the dynamics of SQNR (SQNRmax SQNRmin) for the code over the uniform and the forward adaptive uniform
observed quantiser model and the assumed variance range quantiser with GolombRice code. Moreover, the
B. Instead of averaging the SQNR over the range B, we comparison of the proposed quantiser with GolombRice
have performed the SQNR averaging over the range B/Ng. code with optimal companding quantiser and GolombRice
In particular, we have utilised one of the meaningful results code has revealed that the proposed quantiser for the same
from [22]
1 K
SQNRavg = SQNR si1 , s01 (17)
K i=1
1
Ng K log N
2 g
RFA
GR = RGR sij , s0j +
Ng K j=1 i=1 M
(18)
1 K log2 Ng
= RGR si1 , s01 +
K i=1 M
6 References
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