VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL

UNIVERSITY
BELGAUM-590014

P R O J E C T S Y N O P SI S
ON
STU D Y ON M OD IFICATION OF PA R A METER
OF
BIOD IESEL-- --EN
-- --GIN -- -- --BETTER
-- --E--FOR -- -- -- -- --EFFIC
-- -- IEN CY
P ro j e c t a s s o c i a t e s
KOUSHIK P 4JD13ME045
MANU S TAVANE 4JD13ME059
MASHOOQ S JAIN 4JD13ME061
MOHAN N M 4JD13ME066

UNDER THE GUIDENCE OF

Mr.LAVA K R B.E, M.TECH .
Assistant Professor
Dept. of mechanical Engineering

2016-2017
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D E PA RT M E N T O F M E C H A N I C A L E N G I N E E R I N G
J A I N I N S T I T U T E O F T E C H N O L O GY. D AVA N G E R E -5 77 00 3
 ABSTRACT

Fu e l c r i s i s b e c a u s e o f d r a m a t i c i n c r e a s e i n v e h i c u l a r p o p u l a t i o n a n d
environmental concerns have renewed interest of scientific community
t o l o o k f o r a l t e r n a t i v e f u e l s o f b i o o r i g i n . D i e s e l e n gi n e s a r e v e r y
common. In spite of proving a great boon to the transportation and
i n d u s t r y, t h e y a l s o a r e a m a j o r c o n t r i b u t o r t o p o l l u t i o n i n I n d i a a s
well as the rest of the world. Biodiesel is very effective alternative
fuel as it can be used in any existing diesel engine with negligible or
no modifications. But the problem is that biodiesel is not widely
available in India. In this project biodiesel has been produced through
a p r o c e s s w h i c h i s v e r y m u c h c o s t e ff e c t i v e a n d t h e p e r f o r m a n c e i s
v e r y h i g h . Fo r t h i s p r o j e c t b i o d i e s e l s a m p l e h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d , a n d
c o m p a r i s o n h a s b e e n m a d e b e t w e e n d i ff e r e n t o i l s . T h e p e r f o r m a n c e s
o f t h i s b i o d i e s e l s h a ve b e e n c h e c k e d b y t h e p e r f o r m a n c e p a r a m e t e r s .
This project will outline the processes involved in extracting oil from
plant which acts as raw material for fabrication of biodiesel, also it
w i l l s h o w d e t a i l e d p r o c e s s f o l l o w e d i n m a k i n g a b i o d i e s e l p r o c e s s o r.
I t w i l l j u s t i f y e v e r y d e c i s i o n m a d e u s i n g a n a l yt i c a l d a t a , c a l c u l a t i o n s
and professional opinions.
 INTRODUCTION

To d a y t h e w o r l d i s f a c i n g t w o m a j o r c h a l l e n g e s w h i c h i n c l u d e t h e
energy (fuel) crisis and environment degradation . The costs of
crude oil products depend on international markets and petroleum
r e s e r v e s a r e l i m i t e d t o n e a r l y 4 0 ye a r s w i t h c u r r e n t c o n s u m p t i o n
rate. Many countries all over the world have been developing new
crops since the mid-1970s in order to increase the biomass resource
b a s e f o r p r o d u c t i o n o f b i o e n e rg y. I n d i a s e c o n o m y h a s o f t e n b e e n
unsettled by its need to import about 70% of its petroleum demand
from the highly unstable and volatile world oil market. India is
projected to become the third largest consumer of transportation
fuel in 2020, after the USA and China, with consumption growing
at an annual rate of 6.8% . In India 90% of imported oil is
consumed for the transportation and energy generation and its
economy are highly depending on the import of crude oil.

Therefore role of bio fuel as a transportation fuel will play a ver y

vital role. The idea of using vegetable oil as a substitute for diesel
f u e l w a s d e m o n s t r a t e d b y t h e i n v e n t o r o f t h e d i e s e l e n gi n e ,
Rudolph Diesel, around the year 1900, when vegetable oil was
proposed as fuel for engines. The oil use as diesel fuel was limited
d u e t o i t s h i g h v i s c o s i t y ( n e a r 1 0 t i m e s o f t h e ga s o i l ) . I n o r d e r t o
a d a p t t h e f u e l t o t h e e x i s t i n g e n g i n e s t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f v e ge t a b l e
o i l h a d t o b e m o d i f i e d . Va r i o u s p r o d u c t s d e r i v e d f r o m v e g e t a b l e
oils have been proposed as an alternative fuel for diesel engines.
 OBJECTIVES

AST M Inte rn at io nal d ef ine s bi od ie se l a s th e m on o a lk yl e ste r s of

long chain fatty acids derived from renewable lipid feedstock,
su ch a s ve ge ta ble oil s a nd anim al f at s, fo r u se i n co mp re ssio n
i gnit ion engi ne s. In the 1980s and 1990s si gnifica nt R& D was
conducted to evaluate a variety of biodiesel blending stocks,
develop emissions data, assess engine/vehicle performance, and
develop cost-effective manufacturing processes. The main
commodity sources of biodiesel in India are non edible oils
obtained from plant species such as Jatropha, Pongamia pinnata
etc . Biodiesel can be blended at any level with petroleum diesel
to create a biodiesel. blend or can be used in its pure form.

Just like petroleum diesel, biodiesel operates in compression

ignition engine; which essentially require very little or no engine
modifications because biodiesel has properties similar to
petroleum diesel fuels. It can be stored just like petroleum diesel
fuel and hence does not require separate infrastructure. The use of
biodiesel in conventional diesel engines results insubstantial
r e d u c t i o n o f u n - b u r n t h yd r o c a r b o n s ( H C ) , c a r b o n m o n o x i d e ( C O )
and particulate matters . But uses of biodiesel slightly increase
nitrogen oxide (NOx) which can be reduced by incorporating EGR
syst e m .

Biodiesel is considered as a clean fuel since it has almost no

su lp hur, no a ro mat ic s an d ha s a bo ut 1 0% b ui lt i n ox yge n , whi ch
h e l p s i t t o b u r n f u l l y. I t s h i g h e r c e t a n e n u m b e r i m p r o v e s t h e
ignition quality even when blended in the petroleum diesel. Due to
the fact that vegetable oils are produced from plants, their burning
l ea ds t o a c omp le te re c yc la ble C O2 ( gre en h ou se ga s) .T he re a re
also some drawbacks in the bio diesel fuel as compared to
petroleum fuels which includes high cost of biodiesel which is
around 1.5 times to that of petroleum diesel, unavailability at
l a r g e s c a l e , a n d r e q u i r e m e n t o f l a r g e a r e a o f l a n d . N o w a d a y s
various techniques have been developed for producing biodiesel.
 LITERATURE SURVEY

T he count r y's e ne rgy de ma nd is e xpect ed to gr ow at a n a nnual r at e o f

6.8 per cent over the next couple of decades. Most of the energy
requirements are currently satisfied by fossil fuels coal, petroleum
based products and natural gas. Past and projected increased demand
i s s h o w n i n Ta b l e 1 . 1 . D o m e s t i c p r o d u c t i o n o f c r u d e o i l c a n o n l y
fulfil 25-30 per cent of national consumption rest we are importing
from other countries. In these circumstances bio fuels are going to
p l a y a n i m p o r t a n t r o l e i n m e e t i n g I n d i a s g r o w i n g e n e r g y n e e d s . B i o
f u e l s o ff e r a n a t t r a c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e t o f o s s i l f u e l s , b u t a c o n s i s t e n t
scientific framework is needed to ensure policies that maximize the
positive and minimize the negative aspects of bio fuels.

SOURCE UNITS 1994- 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12

95
Electricity Billion 290 480.08 712.67 1067.88
units

Coal Million 76.678 108.9 134.6 173.5

tonnes

Natural gas Million 9880 15730 18291 20853

cubic
meters

Oil products Million 63.55 99.64 139.85 196.47

tonnes
 The government of India has formulated an ambitious National Biodiesel
M i s s i o n t o m e e t 2 0 p e r c e n t o f t h e c o u n t r ys d i e s e l r e q u i r e m e n t s b y
2016- 2017.Requirement of bio fuel for blending under different
s c e n a r i o a r e g i v e n i n Ta b l e 1 . 2 . A c o m m e r c i a l i z a t i o n p e r i o d d u r i n g
2007-2012 will continue Jatropha cultivation and install more
transesterification plants which will position India to meet 20 per cent
of its diesel needs through biodiesel.

YEAR DIESEL BLENDING BLENDING BLENDING

DEMAND @ 5% @ 5% @ 5%
(MT)

2006-07 52.32 2.62 5.23 10.46

2011-12 66.91 3.35 6.69 13.38

2016-17 83.58 4.18 8.36 16.72

The main problem in getting the biodiesel programme rolling has been
t h e d i ff i c u l t y i n i n i t i a t i n g t h e l a r g e - s c a l e c u l t i va t i o n o f J a t r o p h a
because farmers do not consider Jatropha cultivation rewarding enough.
Therefore government needs to sponsor confidence -building measures
such as establishing a minimum support price for Jatropha oilseeds and
a s s u r i n g f a r m e r s o f t i m e l y p a ym e n t s

.
 REQUIREMENTS

ENGINE
BIO-DIESEL
CALORIMETER
FUEL BLENDS
TESTING FOUNDATION
MEASUREMENT OF CALORIFIC VALUE FOR FUEL
PROPERTIES OF FUEL
 ADVANTAGES

Biodiesel is a good lubricant about 66% better than petro diesel.

Biodiesel produce less smoke and particulate maters as it is free of
sulphur and aromatics.
Biodiesel has higher cetane number having well anti knocking
p r o p e r t y.
P r o d u c e l o w e r c a r b o n m o n o x i d e a n d h yd r o c a r b o n e m i s s i o n s .
Bio-diesel is renewable, biodegradable and non-toxic.

In c om p a r i s on w i t h p et r oleu m - b a s ed d i es el f u el, b i od i es el i s
c h a r a c t er i z ed b y :
Lo w e r h e a t i n g v a l u e ( b y a b o u t 1 0 - 1 2 % ) .
H i g h e r c e t a n e v a l u e ( t yp i c a l l y 4 5 - 6 0 ) .
A b o u t 11 % o x yg e n c o n t e n t ( p e t r o l e u m - b a s e d d i e s e l c o n t a i n s no
o x yg e n ) .
N o a r o m a t i c s c o n t e n t s ( a n d n o PA H s ) .
No sulphur or extremely low sulphur content.
Better lubricant.
H i g h e r v i s c o s i t y.
Higher freezing temperature (higher cloud point and pour point).
Higher flash point .
N o t o x i c i t y o r l o w t o x i c i t y.
B i o d e g r a d a b i l i t y.
Different corrosive properties.
 GUIDE Head of the Department
Mr. LAVA K R B.E, M.Tech Dr. Rajaneesh N Marigoudar M.Tech, Ph.D
Assistant Professor Dept. of mechanical Engineering
Dept. of mechanical Engineering