REVISIONS IN IS 1893-Part 1 ON ERD OF

TALL BUILDINGS

Dr. D.K. Paul

Retd. Professor
Department of Earthquake Engg.,
Engg IIT Roorkee and
Chairman, Earthquake Engineering Sectional
Committee,, BIS CED 39
 IS 1893-Part
1893 P 1:
1 2016
on
CRITERION FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
DESIGN OF STRUCTURES
Part 1 General Provisions and Buildings
g
(Sixth Revision)
 TALL BUILDINGS
According to draft Code on Structural Safety of Tall Buildings
d fi R
define R.C.
C Buildings
B ildi off height
h i h greater than
h 45 m and d lless
than 250 m as Tall Buildings

Tall reinforced concrete buildings are now increasingly used as

residential, official and commercial buildings

Earthquake safety of tall buildings are carried out as per IS:

1893-Part
1893 Part 1 based on its dynamic behavior

Some of these new residential towers rely on a substantial

concrete
t shear-wall
h ll core tto provide
id earthquake
th k resistance
i t

The newly
y designed
g buildings
g have not experienced
p major
j
earthquakes and therefore have not been tested for its
performance

3
MAX IMUM BUILDING HEIGHT FOR
DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

Seismic Structural system

zone Structural wall Moment Moment Structural Structural
system
t + Flat
Fl t f
frame f
frame + wallll system
t wallll + ttube
b
slab floor system structural frame
system with wall system
perimeter system
moment frame
V NA NA 100 m 100 m 150 m
IV NA NA 100 m 100 m 150 m
III 70 m 60 m 160 m 160 m 220 m
II 100 m 80 m 180 m 180 m 250 m

4
 IS 1893 P
Partt 1
1: 2016
` Revised in 2016 (Sixth revision)
` Discuss the sixth revision applicable to ERD of Tall
Buildings
` The basic design philosophy remains the same i.e.
intended to provide life safety
` The structures designed as per this Standard is expected
t sustain
to t i damage
d under
d strong
t earthquake
th k
` The Standard is not applicable to Buildings with base
isolation and Energy Dissipative devices

5
 Overturning
O t i off
Multi Storey R.C.
Frame Building
B ilding

6
 Margalla
g tower
collapsed. A R.C.
Frame building,
Islamabad

7
 This new building
was not yet
occupied at the
time of the
earthquake.
q
Again, the bearing
failure of its mat
foundation was
related to its
relatively large
height-to-width
ratio

8
 Badly damaged concrete
shear wall building

9
 EARTQUAKE EXCITATION
` The buildings under random ground motion consisting of
several frequencies and of varying amplitude vibrate in
different frequencies
` Resonance condition may arise between long distance
waves and
d ttallll structures
t t resting
ti on deep
d soft
ft soilil
` Soil structure interaction becomes important for building
Soil-structure
resting on flexible soil-foundation system
` Building supported on rock or rock like material, soil-
structure interaction may be ignored

10
INTENSITY OF GROUND MOTION

Intensity depends on following parameters

Peak ground acceleration
Frequency
q y content of g
ground motion
Duration of shaking

11
 SEISMIC ZONE MAP

The zoning map is based on expected maximum

seismic intensity in a region
Current trend world wide is to specify the ground
acceleration that has a certain probability of being
exceeded in a given number of years. It is under
development.
The country has been divided into four Zones, Zone
II, III, IV & V.

12
PRESENTATION

Int. Z

VI 0
0.10
10

VII 0.16

VIII 0
0.24
24

> IX 0.36

13
 DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRA
3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
Sa/g 2.0 Type III: Soft Soil

1.5
Spectra for Equivalent Static Method
10
1.0

0.5

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Natural Period T (s)

30
3.0
Type I: Rock or Hard Soil
2.5
Type II: Medium Soil
2.0 Type III: Soft Soil
Sa/g

1.5
Spectra for Response Spectra Method
1.0

0.5

0.0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
N t
Natural
lPPeriod
i d T (s)
( )

14
Classification of Types of Soils for determining the
Spectrum (Clause 6.4.2.1)
6 4 2 1)
Soil Type Remarks
I Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than 5
Rock or percent passing 75 m sieve (Fines)
Hard Soils Well graded gravel sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW)
Poorlyy ggraded sand ((SP)) or clayey
y y sand ((SC), ), all having
g N above 30
Stiff to hard clays having N above 30, where N is Standard Penetration
Test value
II Poorly graded sands or Poorly graded sands with gravel (SP) with little or
Medium or no fines having N between 10 and 30
Stiff Soils Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility (ML)
or Clays of Low Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 30
III All soft soils other than SP with N<10. The various possible soils are
Soft Soils Silts of Intermediate compressibility (Ml);
Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
Clays of High compressibility (CH);
Silts and Claysy of Intermediate to High
g compressibility
p y ((MI-MH or CI-CH);
);
Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI); and
Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).

15
 CODAL DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
Elastic design for very high lateral forces due to a major
earthquake would be very uneconomical
An economically acceptable design under severe earthquake
can be achieved by allowing structure to undergo limited
damage without collapse
The most acceptable approach would be to design structures
to resist most frequent moderate earthquake and
then check the resistance for infrequent most severe
earthquake allowing limited damage without collapse which
may occur in useful life time of a structure
To account for ductility as above, the elastic average spectra is
reduced by a Reduction Factor

16
 F

Fel = qFy
Structures to remain elastic in
major earthquakes is likely to be
uneconomical force demand is
likely to be high
Fy
More economical design can be
achieved by making use of the
ductility of the structure and
over-strength
over strength to reduce the
xy xmax = x y x force demand

Equivalent
E i l t off Ductility
D tilit andd Behaviour
B h i F t with
Factor ith
Equal Elastic and Inelastic Displacement

17
 Building Damage States

Base (Vb)

Capacity Curve
Shear B

Collapse
Yield
point
Damage Control
C l Limited
i i d Safety
S f

Displacement

Immediate Occupancy Life Safety Structural Stability

Level Level Level

Performance Level
Capacity Curve for Nonlinear Structure and Associated Damage States.
18
Design Hori
Horizontal
ontal Seismic Coefficient
( Z / 2)( S a / g )
Ah =
(R / I )
Z = Zone factor, refers to zero period
acceleration value. Country has been
divided into four Zones

S a / g = Design acceleration coefficient for

different soil type and natural time
period of building normalized to PGA

I = Importance factor depending upon

functional use of the structure

R = Response reduction function

d
depending
di on th
the d
ductility
tilit
19
IMPORTANCE FACTOR,, I
(Clause 7.2.3)
`
S no.
no Structure I
1. Important service and community buildings or structures (for example
critical governance buildings,
buildings schools),
schools) signature buildings,
buildings monument
buildings, lifeline and emergency buildings (for example hospital
buildings, telephone exchange buildings, television stations buildings,
radio
di station
t ti bbuildings;
ildi bus
b station
t ti buildings
b ildi andd metro
t rail
il buildings),
b ildi )
railway stations, airports, food storage buildings (such as warehouses),
fuel station buildings, electric power station buildings and fire station
buildings), and large community hall buildings (for example cinema
halls, shopping malls, assembly halls and subway stations) and power
g
station buildings 1.5

2
2. Residential or commercial buildings (other than those listed in Sl.
Sl No.
No
1 with occupancy more than 200 persons 1.2

3
3. All other buildings 10
1.0
20
 RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR

In view off the

h energy absorbing
b b capacity available
l bl in inelastic
l
range, ductile structures will be able to resist alternate lateral
load without much damage

In addition to ductility, over strength and redundancy of

structure lead
l d to theh fact
f that
h an earthquake
h k resistant
structure can be designed for much lower force

Depending on the perceived seismic damage performance of

the structure, characterized by over strength, redundancy and
d
ductile
l or brittle
b l deformations,
d f a factor
f R is introduced
d d

21
RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR, R
( l
(Clause 7.2.6))
S.N. Lateral Load Resisting System R
(1) (2) (3)
Moment Frame Systems
1. RC Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)1 3.0
2. RC Buildings with Special Moment-Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
3. Steel Buildings with Ordinary Moment Resisting Frame (OMRF)1 3.0
4. Steel Buildings with Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) 5.0
Braced Frame Systems2
5
5. Buildings with Ordinary Braced Frame (OBF) having Concentric Braces 4.0
4 0
6. Buildings with Special Braced Frame (SBF) having Concentric Braces 4.5
7. Buildings with Special Braced Frame (SBF) having Eccentric Braces 5.0
y
Structural Wall Systems 3

8. Load Bearing Masonry Buildings

(a) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) without horizontal RC Seismic Bands1 1.5
(b) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) with horizontal RC Seismic Bands 2.0
(c) Unreinforced Masonry (designed as per IS 1905) with horizontal RC Seismic Bands 2.5
and vertical reinforcing bars at corners of rooms and jambs of openings (with
reinforcement as per IS 4326)
(d) Reinforced Masonry [refer SP 7 (Part 6) Section 4] 3.0
(e) Confined Masonry 3.0
9. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls1 3.0
10
10. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls 40
4.0

22
 Duall Systems
D S t 3

11. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls and RC OMRFs1 3.0

12. Buildings with Ordinary RC Structural Walls and RC SMRFs1 4.0
13
13. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls with RC OMRFs1 40
4.0
14. Buildings with Ductile RC Structural Walls with RC SMRFs 5.0
Flat Slab Structural Wall Systems4
15. RC Building with the three features given below: 3.0
(i) Ductile RC Structural Walls (which are designed to resist 100% of the design
lateral force),
(ii) Perimeter RC SMRFs (which are designed to independently resist 25% of
the design lateral force),
force) and preferably
(iii) An outrigger and belt truss system connecting the core Ductile RC Structural
Walls and the perimeter RC SMRFs1.
NOTES:
1. RC and Steel structures in Seismic Zones III, IV and V shall be designed to be ductile.
Hence, this system is not allowed in these Seismic zones.
2. Eccentric Braces shall be used only with SBFs.
3 Buildings
3. B ildi with
i h Structural
S l Walls
W ll also
l include
i l d buildings
b ildi h i Structural
having S l Walls
W ll and d Moment
M
Frames, but where:
(a) Frames are not designed to carry design lateral loads, or
(b) Frames are designed to carry design lateral loads, but do not fulfill the requirements of
'Dual Systems'.
4. In these buildings, (a) punching shear failure shall be avoided, and (b) lateral drift at the
roof under design lateral force shall not exceed 0.1%.

23
DESIGN IMPOSED LOADS
(Clause 7.2.7)
The design seismic force shall be estimated using full dead load plus
percentage of imposed load

Percentage of Imposed Load to be considered in Calculation of Seismic

Weight (Clause 7.3.1)

Sl. No. Imposed Uniformity Distributed Percentage of

Floor Loads Imposed Load
(kN/m2)

i)) Upto and including 3.0 25

ii) Above 3.0 50

24
 LOAD COMBINATIONS
Even when load combinations that do not contain earthquake
effects, indicate larger demands than combination including
them, the provisions shall be adopted related to design, ductile
detailing and construction relevant for earthquake conditions
conditions.
Design horizontal earthquake loads: When lateral load resisting
elements are oriented along two mutually orthogonal horizontal
directions, the building should be designed for full design
earthquake load in one horizontal direction at a time
When lateral load resisting elements are not oriented along two
mutually orthogonal horizontal directions, the following set of
earthquake effects should be taken as
ELX 0.3 ELY
` ELY 0.3 ELX

25
LOAD COMBINATIONS (cont.)
Following load combinations shall be taken for 3D e/q ground motion

1) 1
1.2(DL 0 3 ELY 0.3
2(DL + IL (ELX 0.3 0 3 ELZ))
1.2(DL + IL (ELY 0.3 ELX 0.3 ELZ))

2) 1.5(DL (ELX 0.3 ELY 0.3 ELZ))

1.5(DL (ELY 0.3 ELX 0.3 ELZ))

3) 0.9DL 1.5 (ELX 0.3 ELY 0.3 ELZ))

0 9DL 1.5
0.9DL 0 3 ELX 0.3
1 5 (ELY 0.3 0 3 ELZ))

26
 BUILDING MODELLING
` The in
Th i plane
l stiffness
tiff off the
th floor
fl and
d rooff slabs
l b shall
h ll b
be assumed
d
rigid

` Each rigid floor shall be modeled as SDOFS in the direction

earthquake excitation

` The beam and column members shall be modeled as beam and

column elements with appropriate sectional properties

` The structural walls shall be modeled as plane stress/ shell elements

` The URM infill

Th i fill walls
ll shall
h ll b
be modeled
d l db by using
i equivalent
i l t didiagonall
struts taken to be pin jointed on either end

27
 MDOFS - MULTI DEGREE OF FREEDOM
SYSTEM

28
 BUILDING MODELLING
Equivalent width of the diagonal strut

F
wds
Lds

wds = 0.175 h0.4 Lds

E m t sin 2
h = h 4
4E f I c h

29
 Sectional Properties

` F structural
For t t l analysis,
l i th the momentt off inertia
i ti shall
h ll b
be ttaken
k as:

` (1) IIn RC and

dMMasonry structures:
t t 70% off I gross
of columns, and 35% of I gross of beams; and

` (2) In Steel structures: I gross of both beams and

columns
l

S il t t
Soil-structure Interaction
I t ti
Soil-structure interaction becomes important for building resting on
flexible soil-foundation
soil foundation system.
system The soil shall be modeled by
equivalent soil spring system

30
 FOUNDATION
Failure of foundation can take place due to
Excessive pressure and excessive settlement
Sliding
g failure of founding
g strata
Failure due to liquefaction; such cases are not covered by the present
code
Isolated RC footings without tie beams or unreinforced strip footings
should not be adopted in buildings rested on soft soil (with corrected
N < 10) in any seismic zone
zone.
Individual spread footings or pile caps should be interconnected with
ties except when individual spread footings are directly supported on
rock in Zones IV & V.
All ties shall be capable of carrying, in tension and in compression, an
axial force equal to Ah / 4 times the larger of the column or pile cap
load in addition to the normal calculated forces, subject to minimum of
5% of larger of column or pile cap load.

31
METHOD OF ANALYSIS
` Following methods are adopted for analysis of building for design
earthquake loads

` ( ) Equivalent
(1) q Static Method,, and
` (2) Dynamic Analysis Method.
`
` D
Dynamic
i analysis
l i can b
be performed
f d iin th
three ways,

` (i) Response Spectrum Method

Method,
` (ii) Modal Time History Method, and
` (iii) Time History Method.
`
` For Tall Buildings, Response Spectrum Method and Time History
Method are adopted
adopted.

` Equivalent Static Method may be used for analysis of regular

structures
t t with
ith approximate
i t natural
t l period
i d Ta less
l th
than 0
0.4s.
4
32
Desirable minimum corrected field values of N
If soils of lower N values are encountered than those specified in the
table above, then suitable ground improvement techniques shall be
adopted to achieve these values
values. Alternately
Alternately, deep pile foundations
should be used, which are anchored in stronger strata, underlying the
soil layers that do not meet the requirement

S.N Seismic Depth (m) N Remarks

o. Zone below GL Values
1 III, IV =5 15 For values of depths
and V =10 25 between 5 m and 10 m m,
linear interpolation is
2 II =5 10
recommended.
> 10 20

33
 Classification of Types of Soils for determining
Percentage Increase in Net Bearing Pressure and
Skin Friction (Clause 6.3.5.2)
Soil Type Remarks
A Well graded gravel (GW) or well graded sand (SW) both with less than 5 percent passing 75
Rock or m sieve (Fines)
Hard Soils Well graded gravel sand mixtures with or without fines (GW-SW)
Poorly graded Sand (SP) or Clayey Sand (SC)
Poorly-graded (SC), all having N above 30
Stiff to Hard Clays having N above 30, where N is corrected Standard Penetration Test value

B Poorlyy graded
g sands or Poorlyy ggraded sands with g gravel ((SP)) with little or no fines having
gN
Medium or between 10 and 30
Stiff Soils Stiff to medium stiff fine-grained soils, like Silts of Low compressibility (ML) or Clays of Low
Compressibility (CL) having N between 10 and 30
C All soft soils other than SP with N<10
N<10. The various possible soils are
Soft Soils Silts of Intermediate compressibility (Ml);
Silts of High compressibility (MH);
Clays of Intermediate compressibility (CI);
Clays of High compressibility (CH);
Silts and Clays of Intermediate to High compressibility (MI-MH or CI-CH);
Silt with Clay of Intermediate compressibility (MI-CI); and
Silt with Clay of High compressibility (MH-CH).

D Requires site-specific study and special treatment according to site condition

Unstable, (See 6.3.5.3)
Collapsible,
q
Liquefiable
Soils

34
INCREASE IN NET PRESSURE ON SOILS
IN DESIGN OF FOUDATIONS
` In design of foundations
foundations, unfactored loads shall be
combined while assessing the bearing pressure in soils
` When earthquake forces are included
included, net bearing
pressure in soils can be

Sl. No. Soil Type Percentage

(1) (2) increase allowable
(3)
i) Tape A: Rock or hard soils 50
ii) Type B: Medium or stiff soils 25
iii) Type C: Soft soils 0

35
DESIRABLE ATTRIBUTES OF AN
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING

Robust structural configuration

At least a minimum elastic lateral stiffness
At least a minimum lateral strength, and
Adequate ductility

36
 REGULAR AND IRREGULAR
CONFIGURATIONS
Building with simple regular geometry and uniformly
distributed mass and stiffness in plan and
elevation suffer much less damage
elevation,

- Plan Irregularity
g y
Torsion Irregularity
Re-entrant Corners
Floor slabs having excessive cut-outs or openings
Out of plane offsets in vertical elements
Non-parallel lateral force system

37
 - Vertical Irregularity
Stiffness Irregularity Soft Storey
(larger of bare frame and frame with URM analyses, drift 0.2%)

Mass Irregularity ( mass off floor

fl >150%
150% off th
the mass off flfloors b
below)
l )

Vertical Geometric Irregularity (horizontal dimension of the lateral force

resisting system in any storey is > 125% of the storey below)

In-plane Discontinuity in Vertical Elements Resisting Lateral

Force (when in plane offset of the lateral force resisting elements is greater than 20%
of p
plan length
g of those elements))

Strength Irregularity Weak Storey (lateral strength is less than that of the
storey above)

Fl ti or stub
Floating t b columns
l
Irregular modes of vibration in two principal plan directions (First
three modes contributes less than 65% mass p
participation
p factor in each p
principal
p p plan
directions)

38
 RC FRAME BUILDINGS WITH OPEN
STOREYS
RC moment resisting frame buildings, which have open storey(s) may be
fl ibl and
flexible d weak
k
In such buildings, suitable measures shall be adopted , which increase both
stiffness and strength of the open storey
These measures shall be taken in both the principal directions
The said increase may be achieved by providing (i) RC structural walls, and
(ii) braced frames in selected bays
When RC structural
Wh t t l walls ll are provided,
id d th
they are d
designed
i d such h th
thatt th
the
building does NOT have (i) additional torsion irregularity, (ii) lateral stiffness
in open storey is less than 80% of that in storey above and (iii) lateral
strength in the open storey(s) is less than 90% of that in the storey above.
RC wall plan density of the building should be at least 2% along each
principal
i i l didirection
ti iin seismic
i i zones III
III, IV and
dVV.
The structural walls shall be designed and detailed with the requirement of
IS 13920
13920.
39
 EQUIVALENT STATIC METHOD

D i Base
Design B Sh
Shear (L
(Lateral
t l Force)
F )

VB = AhW

( Z / 2)( S a / g )
Ah =
(R / I )

Distribution of Base Shear lateral force

Wi hi2
Qi = V B N

j j
W h
j =1
2

40
 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD
The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration Ta for moment
resisting frame building without brick infill panels in seconds is given by

0.075h 0.75 for RC MRF building

i))
Ta = 0.080h 0.75 for RC - Steel Composite MRF building
0.085h 0.75 for Steel MRF building

iii) for building with RC structural

T
walls
a

0.075h 0.75 0.09h

Ta =
Aw d
Nw wi
L
2

Aw = Awi 0.2 +

i =1 h
iii) for all other
0.09h
Ta =
d
41
DESIGN LATERAL FORCE
B ildi
Buildings shall
h ll be
b designed
d i d for
f the
th design
d i lateral
l t l force
f VB given
i b
by

VB = Ah W
Buildings should be designed for at least for Minimum Design
Earthquake Horizontal Lateral Force (Clause 7 7.2.2)
2 2)

Seismic Zone Percent Percent

H 120 m H 200 m
(1) (2) (3)
II 07
0.7 0 50
0.50
III 1.1 0.75
IV 1.6 1.25
V 2.4 1.75

42
 DEFINITION OF HEIGHT AND BASE WIDTH OF BUILDINGS

43
RESPONSE SPECTRUM METHOD
This method of analysis is based on the dynamic response of the building
id li d as having
idealized h i a lumped
l d mass and
d stiffness
iff i various
in i storeys with
i h each
h
mass having one degree of freedom, that of lateral displacement in the
direction under consideration. Response in each mode is determined by
using the following relationship
Design lateral force at each floor

Qik = Aik ik Pk Wi
where,Aik = design horizontal acceleration spectrum value using the natural
where
period of vibration of mode k.
ik = mode shape coefficient at floor i in mode k
Pk = modal participation factor of mode k
N

W i ik

=
i =1
N

W [ ]
2
i ik
i =1

Wi = seismic weight of floor i

44
b Modal Mass of mode k is given by
b.
2
N
i ik
W
M = i =N1
g Wi [ik ]
2

i =1

c. Storey shear forces in each mode

N
Vik =
j =i +1
Q jk

d Modal
d. d l combination
b
The peak response quantities (e.g., storey forces, storey shears, and
b
base reactions)) shall
h ll be
b combined
b d as per Complete l Quadratic
d
Combination (CQC) method

45
MODE COMBINATIONS
` According to this method the total response is obtained as
r r
=
i =1 j =1
i ij j
` where, i is the response quantity in mode i, and

` j is the response quantity in mode j

8 2 (1 + ) 1.5
ij =
(1 )
2 2
(
+ 4 2 1 + 2 )
2

` r = number of modes considered

` = modal damping ratio
` = frequency ratio
`

46
MODE COMBINATIONS
` Alternatively,
y the p
peak response
p q
quantities may
y be combined by:
y
` Square Root of Sum of Squares (SRSS) method: is applied when the
building does not have closely spaced modes, then the peak quantity () due
to all modes considered shall be obtained as

r
= [
k
]2

k =1

` where, k = absolute value of quantity in mode k

` r = number of modes being considered
` Absolute sum (ABSSUM) rule: if the building has a few closely spaced
modes, then the peak response quantity (*) due to these modes shall be
obtained as
` = c
c
` where the summation is for the closely spaced modes (*) is then combined
with those of the remaining well separated modes by the SRSS method.
47
` 3. Lateral forces at each storey
y due to all modes
considered:

` Fi = Vi Vi +1
Frooff = Vrooff
`
` where, Vi = shear at the ith floor

` In either method the design base shear ( VB ) shall be

compared withith base shear ( V B ) calc
calculated
lated using
sing
fundamental period Ta . Where VB is less than V B , all
the response shall be multiplied by V B / V B
`

48
Determination of mode shape coefficient (ir)

A popular method for determination of the fundamental mode is the

it ti Stodola
iterative St d l Method.
M th d The
Th equation
ti off motion
ti for
f a free
f vibrating
ib ti
motion of a multi-storeyed lumped mass can be written as:

M &x& + K x = 0 ..(a)

iin which
hi h M isi the
th diagonal
di l matrix,
t i K the
th stiffness
tiff matrix
t i in
i relation
l ti tot
lateral displacement and, &x& and x are displacement vector
corresponding to storey displacement and acceleration vector
corresponding to storey acceleration matrices, respectively. Assuming
the free vibration is simple harmonic,

x = sin t ..(b)

represents the shape of vibrating system, which does not change

with time but varies only with amplitude, represents circular
f
frequency off the
th system.
t
49
Equation (a) can be written as,
as

2 M + K = 0
which can be solved to
1 where G=K
1
GM=
2

this equation is of the form

Kx= x
which represents an eigen value problem whose solution leads to
evaluation of natural frequency and corresponding mode shape. Knowing
the fundamental period for mode can be computed as:
,

2
T1 =
1

50
 DAMPING
(Clause 7.2.4)
The value of damping shall be taken as 5 percent of
critical damping for the purposes of estimating in the
D i L
Design Lateral
t lF Force off a b
building
ildi iirrespective
ti off th
the
material of construction (namely steel, reinforced
concrete,, masonry, y, or a combination thereof of these
three basic materials).

This iis primarily

Thi i il b
because ththe b
buildings
ildi experience
i
inelastic deformations under design level earthquake
effects,, resulting
g in much higher
g energy
gy dissipation
p
than that due to initial structural damping in buildings.

This value
Thi l off damping
d i shall
h ll be
b used,
d iirrespective
ti off
the method of the structural analysis employed,
namelyy Equivalent
q Static Method or Dynamic
y
Analysis Method
51
 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
` Linear dynamic analysis shall be performed to obtain the design
lateral force for all building other than regular buildings lower than 15
m in
i seismic
i i zone II
II.
` Dynamic analysis may be performed either by time history method or
by the response spectrum method. In either method the design base
p
shear VB shall be compared with base shear VB calculated using
g
fundamental period Ta. Where V B
is less than, VB , all the response
quantities (for example member forces
forces, displacements
displacements, storey shear
and base reactions) shall be multiplied by VB VB
` Time history method shall be based on an appropriate ground motion
preferably compatible with design response spectrum

52
INTER STOREY DRIFT
Storey drift in any storey shall not exceed 0.004
0 004 times the
storey height under the action of design base shear with no
load factors

Separation between adjacent units

=R +R
1 1 2 2

Where R1 is the reduction factor and 1 is the storey

displacement

53
 TORSION OF BUILDINGS
BUI DINGS

` Provision shall be made for increase in shear forces on the lateral force
resisting elements resulting from twisting about the vertical axis of an
unsymmetric building, arising due to eccentricity between the centre off
mass and the centre stiffness at all floor levels.

` The design eccentricity edi to be used at floor i shall be taken as

`

edi = 1.5 e si + 0.05 bi

or e si 0.05 bi

` The factor 1.5 represents dynamic amplification factor, while the factor
0.05 represents the extent of accidental eccentricity. The factor 1.5 need
not be used when time history analysis is carried out.

54
 Assessment of Liquefaction Potential

(i) Relation between CRR and (N1)60

for sand for Mw 7.5 earthquakes
q
(ii) Relation between CRR and (qc1N)cs
for Mw 7.5 earthquakes
(iii) Relation between CRR and Vs1 for
Mw 7.5 earthquakes

55
 REVISIONS INCORPORATED
` Design
g spectra
p defined up
p to natural p
period 6.00 s
` Same design spectra corresponding to 5% damping are specified for
all buildings, irrespective of material
` Introduced intermediate importance category of buildings to consider
the density of occupancy
` Buildings designed for at least a minimum lateral force
` Additional clarity about different types of irregularity of structural
system
t
` Effect of masonry infill walls included
` Natural
N t l period
i d off b
buildings
ildi with
ith b
basement,
t step
t b back
kbbuildings
ildi and
d
buildings on hill slopes included
` Simplified procedure for evaluating liquefaction potential is added

56
 Th k
Thanks

57