33kV Bhadra T/L

2. Conductor Selecting
2.1 Summary
The Badrah transmission line is to transport power from the Badrah power plant with a capacity of
24.7[MW] x4 to new S/S and this design is to review and select it in the following aspects:

Select a conductor by allowable current and then, review voltage drop, specific load, stability etc.
for the selected conductor and select a power line in terms of transmission carrying capacity.
Given economic feasibility, consider working tension, economical span and sag related to the
height of the steel tower.
Select a line showing excellent fatigue limit stress against the vibration of the conductor due to
wind.

2.2 Transmission capacity

Limited elements of Transmission Capacity
Generally, the transmission capacity of the transmission line is determined by thermal limit
current, receiving end voltage drop of the conductor and line stability.
Thermal limit
By thermal limit, the transmission capacity should not exceed allowable temperature of the
conductors while sending the power and is limited to this element in normal transmission
distance 50-100km.
Receiving end voltage drop
If the transmission line length get increased, voltage drop is rising up due to increasing of
conductor resistance so receiving end voltage may be low and transmission line voltage drop is
generally limited to about 5% and therefore, is restricted to this element in the transmission
distance of about 70-350km.
Stability
The power system shall be operated with some stability margin to ensure that it can be operated
stably in a situation of disturbance caused by outside such as failure etc. and usually a margin of
around 30% is planned and transmission line with low power factor or long-distance transmission

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

lines are limited to this element.

Badrah related transmission lines are expected to be transmission lines of low power factor
and so are considered to be determined by section 3 stability.

Allowable current
If the temperature rises to more than a certain limit, mechanical strength and many other
functions are degraded for conductor and hence, the allowable current of the conductor of Badrah
T/L is lower than that of the conductor under normal conditions because it is under unfavorable
conditions of high ambience temperature at room temperature so the proper power capacity shall
be transported under the conditions to meet the conductor. Allowable current is highly dependent
on quality of material, structure, surface condition of the conductor , ambient temperature,
amount of solar radiation, wind speed, rain or snow, altitude etc. but the important thing is that it
shall not exceed the maximum allowable temperature of the conductor. Because when the
temperature rises, it is difficult to maintain appropriate ground clearance due to reduction in
mechanical properties and sag increase on the aluminum conductor.
C. Transmission capacity
1) Transmission capacity by allowable current
Transmission capacity is calculated by the following equation
P=(EaEs/XL)
Ea : Sending end voltage
Es : Receiving end voltage
XL : Reactance on the line
: Angle of Power factor
This review applied allowable capacity of current requested by the client for transmission capacity
Transmission capacity

P= 3 V I [MVA ]cos
= 3 33 [ KV ] 500 [ A ]1
Tne conductor depending on the thermal capacity was reviewed and as a result, candidate the
= 28.57 [MVA]
conductor of Table 1 was selected
[Table2-1] Comparison of power lines depending on thermal capacity
Kind of conducor ACSR/AW ACSR/AW ACSR/AW
240 240 240
Description (HAWK) (Flicker) (Pelican)
P= P= P=
Carrying capacity 3 33 504 0.8=23
3[MW
33 514
] 3 33
0.8=23.5 [MW509
] 0.8=23.2[MW ]

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

conductor specifications for the candidate are shown in Table 2.

[Table 2-2] Comparison of conductor Specifications
ACSR/AW ACSR/AW ACSR/AW
Type of conductor Unit 240 240 240
(HAWK) (Flicker) (Pelican)

AL 26/3.439 AL 24/3.581 AL 18/4.135

stranding No/mm
ST 7/1.053 ST 7/0.0940 ST 1/0.1628

AL 241.7 AL 241.7 AL 241.7

Cross-section area
ST 39.1 ST 31.4 ST 6.8

Minimum breaking tension kgf 8870 7770 5350

External diameter 21.78 21.48 20.68

Weight kg/km 0.977 0.915 0.771

Electric resistance /km 0.1196 0.1195 0.1189

Allowable temperature
90 90 90
(continuous)

Elasticity coefficient kg/ 8358 7985 7073

Linear expansion coefficient / 18.95x10-6 19.53x10-6 21.2x10-6

Voltage drop
Voltage drop is expressed as the difference in algebraical expression (Vs-Vr) between sending end
voltage Vs and receiving end voltage Vr and this value is calculated according to Impedance and
admittance of line, power factor and volume of the load in the transmission line. And the
percentage of this voltage drop and receiving end voltage is referred to as voltage drop rate.

Voltage drop rate:

VsVr
100 [ ]
Vr

Generally, the standard of the maximum value of voltage drop rate in the transmission line is
defined as 5% ,but this line is 10% which was required by client

Rate of Voltage Drop

Length of line : 16km

Stability margin
The stability in the power system refers to the ability for the system to continue safe operation

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

under the given operating conditions and stability margin is defined as follows and 20 to 30% is
generally applied.

Stability margin (%) =

Maximum transmission powerdriving power

Maximum transmission power

Stability of Badrah transmission line

[Table 2-3] Stability by changes in power factor

Power factor (%) Transmission power(MW) Stability margin (%) Remarks

80 22.85 60

70 20 55

60 17.14 47

50 14.28 37

Review of transmission line capacity

The transmission line with large reactance load is characterized as the line mainly using motor
and when starting motor, power factor may be less than 50% so when starting motor, a device
that can reduce this should be used and the capacity of the line can be said to appropriate
because there is stability margin of 30% even in 50% power factor in this transmission line.

2.3 Mechanical strength

In view of the fatigue of the conductor which applied to Badrah T/L has the safety factor rate of more
than 2.5 by applying 40% of UTS that applied in Korea and Germany etc. and will be applied in this
project.
Applied wind pressure of the line
Maximum wind speed of the region has been investigated to be 31.9m/sec and aireal coefficient of
this region shows the large variation in wind speed and therefore, we are to apply the standard of
ASCE-75 as design criteria.
Breaking tension and self-load by candidate conductor
Working tension: 2,500kg
Type of line ACSR 240 ACSR 240 ACSR 240
Classification (HAWK) (Flicker) (Pelican)

U.T.S(kgf) 8870 7780 5530

Weight (kg/km) 977 915 771

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

Safety factor 3.5 3.1 2.2

Vibration of line
Vibration characteristics
If the breeze is blowing from the side to an overhead power line, swirl is generated behind the line,
causing mechanical alternating force in the line in the vertical direction. Usually, the frequency of the
vibration is 5~30 and loop length of the wave is about 3~10m and although amplitude is small, if this
vibration is generated and lasts for a long time, the conductor is worn out and fatigue due to repeated
stress and conductors are cutted off inside the clamp, causing transmission accidents. Generally a
steel wire is highly vibration resistant but AL is less vibration resistant and easy to be cutted off. In
particular, the river crossing section is a place easy to get stressed due to micro vibration because the
difference in altitude is a little big so it is necessary to use conductors with good mechanical strength.
Measures for vibration
When designing long span places such as river crossing, channel crossing especially, sections of more
than 500m, fatigue caused by vibration should be considered and narrow base towers was used in
most of tower and the maximum span is around 200m so it is considered that no special vibration
measures are not necessary and HAWK with the biggest cross-section area of a steel wire among 240
conductors was selected to reduce the influence caused by vibration on conductor and as
measures against micro vibration, 1 STOCK BRIDGE DAMPER of 100m~250m, 2 STOCK BRIDGE
DAMPERs of 250m~600m2 and 3 STOCK BRIDGE DAMPERs of more than 600m are to be attached to
both ends of span.

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

2.4 Calculation of allowable current on conductor

A. Allowable current

I = ( Qc+QrQs ) /Rac 103

(36.91 11.23110.2369 ) /0.148982 103

1) QC: Heat emission by convection
QCF1: Low wind speed area

1.01 0.0372 ( D pt Vw / f )0.52 K f (Tc Ta )W /m

5 0.52
[1.01+0.0372 ( 21.8 0.9651 0.5 2.05 10 ) ]0.02956 (9055)
QCF2: High wind speed area

0.0119(D pt Vw / f )0.6 K f (Tc Ta)[W /m]

0.6
0.0119 ( 21.8 0.9651 0.5 2.05 105 ) 0.02956 ( 9055 ) [W /m]
QCN: No wind speed area

0.025 D0.75 pt 0.5 (T c T a )1.25

0.025 21.80.75 0.96510.5 ( 9055 )1.25

f: Viscosity of air

1.458 106 (T e +273)1.5 (T e +383.4)[N /m S ]

1.458 106 ( 72.5+273 )1.5 (72.5+383.4)

pt: Density of air
1.2931.525 104 H c +6.379 109 H 2c
[ / ]
1+ 0.00367 T e

1.2931.525 104 500+ 6.379 109 5002

1+0.00367 72.5

Kf: Heat conductivity

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

5 9 2
0.02424+7.477 10 T e 4.407 10 HT e [ W /m ]

0.02424+7.477 105 72.54.407 109 72.52

2) Qr: Heat dissipation by radiation

0.0178 D [((Tc+273))/1004 (Ta +273)/100][W /m]

0.0178+21.8 0.5 [ {(90+273)/100 }4 {( 55+273)/100 }]

: Radiation coefficient (0.5~0.9)
3) QS: Absorption of solar heat
qs sin D K [W /m]

0.5 1,003.4 0.884121.8 /1000 1.05

: Incidence angle of the suns rays

1
cos (cos H c cos ( Z c Z L ))

cos1 (cos 1.0566 cos ( 11131 ) )

Hc: Altitude of the sun

sin1 (cosLat cos cos+sinL at sin )

sin1 ( cos 15 cos 23.27 cos 30+sin 15 sin 23.27 )

sin1 ( 0.966 0.9186 0.866+ 0.2588 0.3950 )

: Inclination angle of the sun
23.4583 sin [ ((284 + N )/365) 360]
N : 165

23.4583 0.9922

: Time angle
AM :11 :0015 :00

PM :2: 30

ZL: Latitude
ZC: Azimuth of the sun

C+ tan1 ( )

18069

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

: Solar azimuth variable

sin /(sinL at cos cosL at tan)

sin 15 cos 30 cos 15 tan 23.27

sin30 /
Solar azimuth constant C

Time angle >0 <0

-180<<0 0 180

0<<180 180 360

qS: Amount of insolation(General area)

42.2391+63.8044 H c 1.922 H 2c +3.642 102 H 3c

+3.61118 104 H 4c + 1.932106 H 5c 4.07608 109 H 6c

K: Correction factor due to altitude above the sea
4 8 2
1+ 1.14810 H e 1.108 10 H e
4 8 2
1+ 1.148 10 5001.108 10 500

Altitude above the sea; Less than 500m

Tc: Maximum temperature of the line90
Ta: Ambience temperature 55
D: Diameter of conductor 21.8
Di: Diameter of steel 8.04
Te: Mean value of conductor and Ambience temperature 72.5

B. Alternating current resistance calculation

1) Skin effect(1)
1
2 3
0.99609+0.018575 X 0.30263 X + 0.020735 X

0.99609+0.018575 0.80740.30263 0.80742 +0.020735 0.8074 3

1.002

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 33kV Bhadra T/L

2) Iron loss coefficient(2)

2
2 3
0.99947+0.028895 y0.0059348 y +0.00042259 y

0.99947+0.028895 2.0880.0059348 2.0882 +0.00042259 2.0883

1.037

3) AC resistance
Rac

1+ 2 +Rdc

1.002 1.037 1.4323

0.1489[/ km]

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