mputer History - First Generation Computers

The first generation of computers based on the history of the second world war, the countries
involved in the Second World War race to develop and create computer systems that they can
use to support the defense system and combat capability

in 1941 a German engineer named Konrad Zuse Z3 build a computer that works to design
airplanes and missiles

Zuse's Z3 Machine 1936

In 1943 the English managed to create a secret code-breaking computer (dekripter) made by
German, this computer named Colossus, the computer is functioning only as a secret code-
breaking and can not be used for any other

Colossus computer

the Americans do not want to miss, a Harvard engineer named Howard H. Aiken managed to
create a calculator that are intended for the U.S. Navy (a special unit of American soldiers),
the computer is named MARK I, its main function as a calculator that can solve basic
arithmetic and complex equations

MARK I computer sightings

development of other computers in this generation is the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical

Integrator and Computer) created for the cooperation between the United States and the
University of Pennsylvania, ENIAC was invented by John Presper Eckert and John W.
Mauchly, ENIAC is a versatile computer that has a speed of up to 1000 times faster than the
MARK I

ENIAC computer
the mid-1940s John von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic
Computer (EDVAC), at this stage the computer is using the memory for program and data, so
that the computer can do the pause and resume

EDVAC computer

created in 1951 UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) by Remington Rand, the first
commercial computer, UNIVAC I, but still uses the architecture of the EDVAC

UNIVAC computer

This first generation computers still have limited functionality and only function for one task,
a special computer to work like calculating, designing etc. performed by each computer (the
computer to calculate its own, to design their own), each machine has a machine language
himself alone, so we are not multi-function as today's computers,
size of the computer in the first generation are also gigantic berukurang this is caused by the
use of vacuum tubes and magnetic cylinders for storing data

History of Computers - Computer Generations to Two

The second generation of computers is characterized by a much smaller size, this is due to the
invention of the transistor that replaced the vacuum tube, the transistor itself began bustling
applied to the computer the computer in 1956.

Other developments in the second generation is the discovery that uses magnetic core
memory, where computers work faster, more reliable and energy efficient, the first machine
of its time embracing the new technology is a supercomputer, the IBM supercomputer named
manufactures Stretch and Sperry-Rand create a computer named LARC, although its time is
very sophisticated computer types, but not mass produced and marketed to businesses
because the price is very expensive and very complicated, at this stage the computer is using
assembly language.

IBM Stretch computer

LARC computer

New in 1960, the second generation of computers began to be sold to the market and is
widely used by businesses, universities and government, at this time the computer is fully
using transistors and have modern components such as printers, disk, memory, operating
system and programs

in 1401 received widespread computer by the industry in 1965 and affiliated companies are
already using the second generation of computers to process financial information

This generation began to appear several programming languages, programming language

commonly used at the time was the Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and
Formula Translator (Fortan), programming language is very helpful man since replacing
complicated machine code into words, sentences and math formulas more understandable by
humans.

this period many new career began to appear as analysts and programmers, software indrustri
also many emerging at this time.

History of Computers - Computer Generations to Three

transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, but transistors actually causes heat which is
quite large, so the potential for significant damage computer components, to address this
problem is used quartz stone (quartz rock), until in 1958 Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas
Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit).
Jack Kilby computer surrounded 3rd generation

IC made of quartz sand in which there are three electronic components are combined, then
the scientists managed to include many more components into a single chip, called a
semiconductor, the result could have guessed, computers become smaller size because its
components are compressed in an IC chip.

at this stage the computer is using an operating system that has the ability to run multiple
programs simultaneously, dengna main program that controls the computer's memory usage

Computer History - Fourth Generation Computers

after IC was found, the rapid development of computer and obviously, the more components
that can be incorporated into the chip until the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) can include thousands of components in a single chip

increased by the thousands into millions, millions of components successfully incorporated

into a single chip, the ability of the impact on the small size and the low cost computers.

in 1971 INTEL 4004 chip brought great advances in the world of IC, Intel managed to
incorporate all of the components in a computer (central processing unit, memory, and
control input / output) into a single chip is very small, if the previous IC used to doing certain
jobs only then at this time the microprocessor can be produced and programmed to run all the
requirements.
intel chip 4004

with the development of the computer no longer have the big companies, the general public
like us-we can enjoy the computer, in the 1970s, computers began to be marketed to the
general public, this computer dubbed minicomputers marketed, sold includes the operating
system and software that is easy used by the common people, the most popular software at
that time was word processing and spreadsheet programs

in the early 1980s have started to use the computer for gaming needs, atari 2600 is very
attractive consumer at the time.

atari-2600

in 1981 IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for home, office and school, it
was greeted very positive step by the public, the group sell 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5
million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. computer continues to continue
its evolution, from the beginning on the table, to be able to put into a bag (laptop) even could
digengam (palmtop).
IBM computer in 1981

IBM hardware competing with Apple Macintosh, Macintosh became popular because it
introduces a graphical operating system (GUI) while the opponent is still text based, the
Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.

The first-generation Macintosh

At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486,
Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know
AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computer

History of Computers - Computer Generations to Lima

this generation who will go through, there is no real project for fifth-generation computers,
because so far in the form of concepts and jargon that have not been developed further, the
concept of fifth generation computers is the artificial intelligence that computers have reason
like humans, can learn from his own experiences and the use of visual input

illustration

although still a concept, but some of these functions already seen the picture though still
rough, some of today's computers can accept voice commands from humans and able to
mimic human reasoning, translate foreign languages etc., probably the fifth generation
computer to "humanize" the computer, it is not possible but it takes time and struggle extra
hard to make it happen, given human and not just a matter of logic, humans are
complicated ..!

Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer
project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it
happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the
success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of
computerized paradigm.