Introduction/Abstract: Teknikgruppen

Teknikgruppen TG-TN-12-05
Aerodynamic characteristics for the Siemens-2.3-93 rotor Ingemar Carln

__________________________________________________________________________
Introduction/Abstract
When developing new models/concepts for the analysis of wind turbines and wind farms,
validation steps against measured data is usually an important step in the process. It is then
often important to have a rather detailed description of the rotor geometry, and the
aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoils used. This type of information is, however very
seldom published anywhere, and there is usually a very little chance to get data directly from
the manufacturers. The present note describes the results from a rotor design study aiming to
facilitate various studies related to the Siemens SWT-2.3-93 wind turbine. Only open
information (reports, brochures, Siemens web site etc.) have been used as input, and the
main target for future use of the derived turbine data is Lillgrund Wind Farm. Airfoil data,
blade geometry, and pitch/speed relations are presented.
Approach to the design
The input to this rotor design study has here been a variety of sources, briefly listed as:
Open information about the SWT-2.3-93 turbine found on internet

Ct and Cp relations extracted from the wind farm design tool WindPro
Basic blade shape (for visualisation) from WindPro
Articles, papers, reports and textbooks discussing the behaviour of NACA 63xx and
FFA-W3 airfoils in wind tunnels as well as in the field.
The main design goal has been to try get as close as possible to the target thrust and power
characteristics found in the WindPro turbine database. During the process, thrust and power
calculations were performed using an in-house BEM-tool (Matlab) based on [1].The study
has passed two intermediate levels, where the results from each level have served as input to
the next. The main steps are briefly described in Table 1.
Level 1 WindPro geometry for visualisation Abbot&Doenhoff [2] FFA-W3 design

study [3] (Re ~ 3e6)
Level 2 Level 1 + 3D corrections using [4] corrections based on various literature and
some Xfoil runs [5] for mid span twist adjustments towards design angle of
attack
Level 3 Level 2 + chord adjustments
Table 1: Basic steps of the SWT-2.3-93 blade design study
The various sources of information indicate that the well known (and widely used) airfoil
series NACA-63-4xx and FFA-W3-xxx were chosen by Siemens for this particular blade.
The layout of airfoils along the blade is then assumed to follow Table 2.
t/c 13 % 15 % 18 % 21 % 24 % 27 % 30 % 33 % 36 % 100 %
airfoil ? 63-415 63-418 63-421 w3-241 w3-271 w3-301 w3-331 w3-336 cyl
Table 2: Airfoil layout following distribution of relative thickness
1
__________________________________________________________________________
Since the data derived in the present study will be used for theoretical work only, no specific
efforts were made to try to take geometrical compatibility into account. For the 21% section
the NACA-63-421 airfoil was assumed, despite the fact that this choice violates usual
requirements of a smooth transition. Several studies have previously addressed the task to
connect NACA-63-xxx and FFA-W3-xxx airfoil series, of which some have been
published. The coordinates for all airfoils along the blade are plotted in Figure 1.
Figure 1; Airfoil coordinates. Note NACA 63-421 (red) introduces unacceptable geometrical
compatibility and should be replaced in case of a real blade design study.
Results
The main measure of how this blade design study has met the initially formulated goals, is
shown in Figure 2. A comparison of normalised power and thrust (Cp and Ct) here shows
reasonably agreement with the selected target. The resulting blade geometry represented by
distribution of chord length and airfoil twist, is further shown in Figure 3. Finally the
assumed relation between rotational speed and blade pitch angle is presented in Figure 4, for
wind speed up to 13 m/s. For higher wind speeds the rotor thrust drops significantly and thus
the main driving force behind wake creation and turbine interaction is fading. The data
behind figures 3 and 4 is given in tables 3 and 4.
In figures 5 to 12 (pages 6 to 13) the airfoil data for all airfoils from 15 % to 36 % relative
thickness are presented, accompanied by tables holding the corresponding numerical values.
Conclusion
Blade data aiming to represent the rotor characteristics of the Siemens SWT-2.3-93 was here
presented. Only open information from various sources was used throughout the present
work.
2
__________________________________________________________________________
1
C RevEng
P
0.9 C WindPRO
P
C RevEng
0.8 T
C WindPRO
T
0.7
0.6
CP , CT
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
U (m/s)
Figure 2; Comparison between normalised power and thrust for the rotor
presented as result of the present study (RevEng), versus the target extracted
from WindPro.
Simens 2.3-93 - Reverse Engineering

4
3
chord (m)
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
20
twist (dgr)
10
-10
0 10 20 30 40 50
radius (m)
Figure 3; Distribution of chord length and airfoil twist along the blade.
3
__________________________________________________________________________
Simens 2.3-93 - Reverse Engineering

16
14
RPM
12
10
8
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
10
pitch (dgr)
-5
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
U (m/s)
Figure 4; Raltion between rotor speed and blade pitch angle for wind speeds
up to 13 m/s.
U RPM PITCH
6.00 8.60 -3.00
7.00 10.20 -3.00
8.00 11.85 -3.00
9.00 13.80 -3.00
10.00 14.75 -1.00
11.00 14.80 1.00
12.00 14.85 4.00
13.00 14.90 6.70
Table 3: Rotor speed and blade pitch schedule.
4
__________________________________________________________________________
RADIUS CHORD TWIST T/C

0.00 2.21 6.00 1.00
2.43 2.21 5.45 1.00
2.80 2.30 15.36 0.97
3.65 2.68 17.17 0.75
5.84 3.50 19.47 0.42
7.06 3.42 18.30 0.40
8.52 3.31 16.88 0.38
10.96 3.14 14.53 0.34
13.39 2.95 12.18 0.32
15.82 2.77 9.89 0.29
18.26 2.58 8.17 0.27
20.69 2.40 6.45 0.25
23.13 2.21 4.79 0.23
25.56 2.03 3.67 0.22
28.00 1.85 2.74 0.21
30.43 1.67 1.91 0.20
32.87 1.49 1.07 0.19
35.30 1.31 0.26 0.18
37.74 1.15 -0.34 0.17
40.17 1.00 -0.91 0.16
42.60 0.86 -1.41 0.15
45.04 0.73 -1.91 0.14
45.65 0.69 -2.03 0.14
46.26 0.66 -2.16 0.14
46.38 0.65 -2.22 0.13
Table 4: Chord, twist, and relative thickness.
5
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl 2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha(dgr) alpha(dgr)
Figure 5: Derived lift and drag coefficients for the NACA 63-415 airfoil. The
ratio Cl2/Cd is included to provide guidance for the choice of design alpha.
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.33 0.0055
2 0.55 0.0057
4 0.78 0.0067
6 1.02 0.0102
8 1.20 0.0133
10 1.38 0.0174
12 1.46 0.0232
14 1.51 0.0455
16 1.43 0.0636
18 1.33 0.0873
20 1.29 0.1145
6
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
100
Cl2/Cd
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.320 0.0059
2 0.540 0.0062
4 0.770 0.0066
6 0.990 0.0088
8 1.170 0.0127
10 1.300 0.0180
12 1.385 0.0275
14 1.380 0.0421
16 1.360 0.0633
18 1.330 0.0924
20 1.300 0.1310
7
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl 2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.33 0.0067
2 0.57 0.0068
4 0.80 0.0072
6 1.04 0.0101
8 1.20 0.0128
10 1.31 0.0183
12 1.30 0.0274
14 1.26 0.0422
16 1.23 0.0636
18 1.20 0.0928
20 1.17 0.1312
8
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl 2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
Figure 8: Derived lift and drag coefficients for the FFA-W3-241 airfoil. The
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.32 0.0081
2 0.57 0.0082
4 0.82 0.0091
6 1.07 0.0109
8 1.25 0.0132
10 1.46 0.0191
12 1.50 0.0271
14 1.48 0.0400
16 1.42 0.0588
18 1.40 0.0839
20 1.39 0.1165
9
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.300 0.0131
2 0.550 0.0136
4 0.800 0.0145
6 1.050 0.0166
8 1.281 0.0252
10 1.376 0.0401
12 1.452 0.0604
14 1.455 0.0859
16 1.468 0.1149
18 1.480 0.1466
20 1.488 0.1789
10
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.240 0.0179
2 0.550 0.0173
4 0.816 0.0172
6 1.063 0.0192
8 1.219 0.0258
10 1.337 0.0417
12 1.429 0.0602
14 1.504 0.0867
16 1.527 0.1204
18 1.549 0.1605
20 1.565 0.2047
11
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.190 0.0215
2 0.490 0.0197
4 0.782 0.0201
6 1.030 0.0222
8 1.202 0.0328
10 1.329 0.0516
12 1.434 0.0769
14 1.509 0.1124
16 1.568 0.1574
18 1.620 0.2114
20 1.666 0.2705
12
__________________________________________________________________________
2 2
1.5 1.5
1 1
Cl
Cl
0.5 0.5
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
alpha(dgr) Cd
0.4 150
0.3
Cl2/Cd 100
Cd
0.2
50
0.1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
alpha Cl Cd
0 0.190 0.0241
2 0.490 0.0224
4 0.746 0.0227
6 0.974 0.0310
8 1.174 0.0510
10 1.347 0.0756
12 1.498 0.1135
14 1.626 0.1650
16 1.755 0.2290
18 1.884 0.3058
20 1.986 0.3892
13
__________________________________________________________________________
References
[1] Freris L. L. , Wind Energy Conversion Systems , Prentice Hall ,1990

[2] Abbott I., and Von Doenhoff A.. Theory of Wing Sections, Dover Publications
Inc., New York , 1959
[3] Bjrck A. ,Coordinates and calculations for the FFA-W1-xxx, FFA-W2-xxx, and
FFA-W3-xxx series of airfoils for horisontal axis wind turbines, FFA TN 1990 -15
Flygtekniska Frsksanstalten, Stockholm , 1990
[4] NWTC Design Codes (AirfoilPrep by Dr. Craig Hansen).
http://wind.nrel.gov/designcodes/preprocessors/airfoilprep/
[5] Drela M., XFOIL 6.94 User Guide, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Massachusetts, December 2001
14

Introduction/Abstract: Teknikgruppen

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction/Abstract: Teknikgruppen

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Teknikgruppen TG-TN-12-05

Aerodynamic characteristics for the Siemens-2.3-93 rotor Ingemar Carln

Approach to the design

Open information about the SWT-2.3-93 turbine found on internet

Level 1 WindPro geometry for visualisation Abbot&Doenhoff [2] FFA-W3 design

Simens 2.3-93 - Reverse Engineering

Simens 2.3-93 - Reverse Engineering

Table 3: Rotor speed and blade pitch schedule.

RADIUS CHORD TWIST T/C

Table 4: Chord, twist, and relative thickness.

[1] Freris L. L. , Wind Energy Conversion Systems , Prentice Hall ,1990

You might also like