FEEDFORWARD

(SEBORG CHAPTER 15)

FEEDFORWARD
Advantages
FEEDBACK
Corrective action occurs as soon as the CV
deviates from the set point, regardless of the
source and type of disturbance
Feedback control requires minimal knowledge
about the process to controlled.
The PID controller is both versatile and robust.
If the process conditions change, retuning the
controller usually produces satisfactory control
FEEDFORWARD
Act before the disturbance upset the system
Good for slow system or with significant dead
time
Does not introduce instability for closed loop
response
Disadvantages
No corrective action is taken until a deviation
in the controlled variable occurs. Thus, the
perfect control, is theoretically impossible.
Does not provide predictive control action to
compensate for the effects of known or
measurable disturbances
Does not satisfied processes with large time
constant and/or large time delays.
Some situations, the CV cannot be measured
online, consequently feedback control is not
feasible
Disturbances must be measured online,
The quality of the control depends on the model
Ideal feedforward may not be physically
realizable.
FEEDBACK- FEED FORWARD SYSTEM
In practical feed forward will be combined with
feedback system.
Based on the block diagram , the closed loop transfer function for
disturbance change is derived as
 For perfect control ,CV must remains at set point
despite the changes in D. This condition can be
satisfied by setting the numerator of the above
equation equal to zero and solving for Gf, gives us
HOW TO TUNE FF ?
For disturbance transmitter and valve

where Kt & Kv denote a steady state gain

Suppose,

From

Rearrange all the transfer function;

 This controller is consider a lead-lag unit, with a
gain of

Example:

Then

This is unrealizable, because negative time delay.

Approximate by increasing
TUNING FEEDFORWARD
Step 1 Adjust Kf
Step 2 Determine initial values for 1 and 2

Step 3 Fine tune 1 and 2

RATIO CONTROL
(SEBORG CHAPTER 15, SMITH CORRIPIO CHAPTER 10 & LUYBEN-
CHAPTER 8 )

A type of feed forward control

The objective is to maintain the ratio of two
variables at a specified value
One variable is manipulated to keep it as ratio of
another.
Implemented in two basic schemes.
multiplier

divider
 Required to blend 2 liquid streams, A and B in
some ratio
R=FB/FA
The flow of stream B must vary, as the flow rate of stream A is varies

(Wild flow)
Multiplier : set the ratio
Measuring the flow in steam A
Multiplying it with the desired ratio to
obtain the required flow rate in stream B
(set point to the flow controller of stream
B)
FBset = R x FA
If the flow of stream A varies, the set point
of the controller of stream B will vary.
 Divider

Measuring both stream

Divide them in FY16 to obtain the actual
ratio flowing through the system
R=FB/FA
The calculated ratio is the sent to the
controller which manipulated the flow B to
maintain set point.
The set point to this controller is the
required ratio.
 TYPICAL APPLICATION OF RATIO CONTROL

1. To maintain a ratio of feed flow rate and the steam in the

reboiler of a distillation column
2. Maintaining the stoichiometric ratio of reactants to a
reactor
3. Maintaining the reflux ratio in distillation column
4. Maintaining the ratio of fuel and air to a furnace at the
optimum combustions
5. Hold the ratio of two blended streams, in order to
maintain the compositions of the blending.
6. Hold the ratio of purge stream to the recycle streams
7. Maintaining the ratio of the liquid flow rate to vapor flow
rate in an absorber, in order to achieve desired
composition in the exit vapor stream.
TYPICAL APPLICATION OF RATIO CONTROL
TYPICAL APPLICATION OF RATIO CONTROL
EXAMPLE OF RATIO CONTROL

A control system for blending two

liquid streams, A and B.
Stream A is a wild stream, is
used to adjust the flow of stream
B so that the desired ratio is
maintained.
The signal for stream A is
multiplied by the desired ratio
Kr, to provide signal that is the
set point to the flow control loop
for stream B.
The parameter Kr, is adjusted to
desired ratio.
 The control action is normally PI
controller.

Kr = ratio For incompressible fluid, no lag

Gm , represents the
between the change in valve
dynamic lag of the
position and the flow rate. Hence
flow-measuring for
=1
stream A.
FB,FF, FF-FB & RATIO CONTROL OF BLENDING
SYSTEM
(LUYBEN - CHAPTER 8)

FB FF

Fig 8.7 a Fig 8.7 b

FB,FF, FF-FB & RATIO CONTROL OF BLENDING
SYSTEM
(LUYBEN - CHAPTER 8)

FF-FB RATIO

Fig 8.7 e Fig 8.7 d

EXERCISE : 1
REFERRING TO THE EXAMPLE OF RATIO CONTROL,
SIMULATE THE EXAMPLE OF RATIO CONTROL, BY
CHOOSING YOUR OWN KR & TUNE
VALUE YOUR PID
ACCORDINGLY.
EXERCISE 2

With respect to Fig. 8.7 c & d, design the control

block diagram that can be simulated using a
SIMULINK