Professional Documents
Culture Documents
GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES
2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS
UNITI
1.Whatarehumanvalues?
Valuesdecidethestandardofbehavior.Someuniversallyacceptedvaluesarefreedom
justiceandequality.Otherprinciplesofvaluesarelove,care,honesty,integrity,selfrespect.
2.Whatareethicalvalues?
Trustworthiness,respect,responsibility,fairness,caringisethicalvalues
3.Distinguishvaluesfromethicsandculture.
Valuesaremainlyrelatedtoindividualsandsincetheyarerelatedtojustice,theyremain
thesomeforeveryone.E.g.truth,honesty,empathy,selfrespect.Valuesdonotchangefrom
individualtoindividual.Ethicsiscommontoagroupofindividuals;thegroupmaybereligious
orprofessional.Ethicsismostlybasedonsomecodeorlawandjudgmentofanyactionisbased
oncodeofconductorlaw.EthicschangefromindividualtoindividualCulturecommonlyrefers
toconductofagroup.E.g.systemofworship,Itmaydifferfromsocietytosociety,nationto
nationorreligiontoreligion.
4.Whatisintegrity?
Integrityistheunityofcharacterbasedonmoralvalues.Consistencyinattitudes,
emotionsandconductinrelationstomorallyjustifiedactionsandvaluesarealsothepartof
integrityofindividual.Itimplieshonesty,trustworthiness.
5.DefineworkethicsByonesworkonecannotharmothers.Anyworkercannotescape
accountability.Workerhasthemoralresponsibilitytoseethatnootherpersonsright,privateor
freedomisimpairedortransgressed.
6.Whatisservicelearning?Servicelearningtellsthatonehasmoralresponsibilitytoincrease
thedesirableeffectsandtodecreasetheharmfuleffects.Anyserviceshouldincreasethe
desirableresult.
7.Mentionsomecivicvirtues?Goodcitizendemandcivicvirtue.Itistheprincipleofnot
harmingthesurroundings.italsoincludeslivingpeacefully,respectforothers,protectingthe
environmentandbeingnormallyandethicallygood.
8.Writeshortnotesoncaringandsharing.
Caringistheessenceofmorallife.Caringinvolvesfeelings,relationship,contendswith
otherpersonsandprotectingothersandcausingleastdamagetoothers.
Sharingmeanssharingoffeelings,ideasthoughts,resourcesandprofits.Sharingisalways
mutuallybeneficial.Sharingmorallyacceptablefeelings,resourcesandmaterialsisavalue.
9.Writenotesonhonesty
Anyhumanbeingshouldimbibehonestyhonestyinacts,honestyinspeechandhonesty
inbeliefs.Honestyisthefundamentalvirtueinhumanrelationshipeventhoughinmaybe
difficulttofollowsometimes.
10.Whatiscourageasavalue?
Courageimpliesselfrespectandgovernsconfrontationswithdangerandrisk.Itisnot
excessiverashesorcowardice,butitisthemiddleground.Takingcalculatedrisksandboldness
infacingcrisesarethehallmarksofcourageasahumanvalue.Itdefinesthementalmakeupof
anindividualintakingbolddecisionsevenunderadversesituations.
11.Definecooperation.
Cooperationmeansextendinghelptoothers,foragoodcause.Cooperationmaybe
throughanidea,asuggestion,anassistanceorphysicalworkwhichextendstoothersfor
commonbenefit.
12.Defineempathy.
Empathymeansputtingselfinapositionofsomeoneelseandthinkingasthelaterand
reasoningsuitableaction.
13.Definespirituality.
Spiritualityraisesamanabovethematerialisticworldintoarealmwhereheseekspeace
andrealhappiness.
14.DefineIntegrity?
Integrityisthebridgebetweenresponsibilityinprivateandprofessionallife.
15.DefineCompromise?
Inanegativesenseitmeanstoundeterminedintegritybyviolatingonesfundamental
moralprinciples.Inapositivesense,however,itmeanstosettledifferencesbymutual
concessionsortoreconcileconflictsthroughadjustmentsinattitudeandconduct.
16.GivethetwoaspectsofHonesty?
Truthfulnessmeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtruthtelling.Trustworthiness
Meetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtrust.
17.DifferentiateSelfrespectandSelfesteem?
Selfrespect:Itisamoralconcept;referstothevirtueproperlyvaluingoneself.Self
esteem:Itisapsychologicalconcept;meanshavingapositiveattitudetowardoneself,evenif
theattitudeisexcessiveorotherwiseunwarranted.
GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES
2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS
UNITII
1.DefineEthics?
*Studyofrightorwrong.
*Goodandevil.
*Obligations&rights.
*Justice.
*Social&Politicaldeals.
2.DefineEngineeringEthics?
*Studyofthemoralissuesanddecisionsconfrontingindividualsandorganizationsengagedin
engineering/profession.
*Studyofrelatedquestionsaboutthemoralideals,character,policiesandrelationshipsof
peopleandcorporationsinvolvedintechnologicalactivity.
*Moralstandards/valuesandsystemofmorals.
3.WhatistheneedtostudyEthics?
Toresponsiblyconfrontmoralissuesraisedbytechnologicalactivity.
Torecognizeandresolvemoraldilemma.
Toachievemoralautonomy.
4
DEPARTMENTOFEEE,NICE4.DifferentiateMoralandEthics?
MORAL:
Refersonlytopersonalbehavior.
Referstoanyaspectofhumanaction
.Socialconventionsaboutrightorwrongconduct.
E
T
H
I
C
S
:
Involvesdefining,analyzing,evaluatingandresolvingmoralproblemsanddevelopingmoral
criteriatoguidehumanbehavior.
Criticalreflectiononwhatonedoesandwhyonedoesit.
Refersonlytoprofessionalbehavior.
5.WhatisthemethodusedtosolveanEthicalproblem?
Recognizingaproblemoritsneed.Gatheringinformationanddefiningtheproblemtobesolved
orgoaltobeachieved.Generatingalternativesolutionsormethodstoachievethegoal.
Evaluatebenefitsandcostsofalternatesolutions.Decisionmaking&optimization.
Implementingthebestsolution.
6.WhataretheSensesofEngineeringEthics?
oAnactivityandareaofinquiry.
oEthicalproblems,issuesandcontroversies.
oEthicalproblems,issuesandcontroversies.oParticularsetofbeliefs,attitudesandhabits.
oMorallycorrect.
7.DifferentiateMicroethicsandMacroethics?
Microethics:Dealsaboutsometypicalandeverydayproblemswhichplayanimportantrolein
thefieldofengineeringandintheprofessionofanengineer.Macroethics:Dealswithallthe
societalproblemswhichareunknownandsuddenlyburstoutonaregionalornationallevel.
8.WhatarethethreetypesofInquiry?
NormativeInquiryBasedonvalues.
ConceptualInquiryBasedonmeaning.
FactualInquiryBasedinfacts.
9.Whatarethesortsofcomplexityandmurkinessthatmaybeinvolvedinmoralsituations?
Vagueness
Conflictingreasons
Disagreement
10.WhatarethestepsinconfrontingMoralDilemmas?
Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons.
Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Consideralternativecourses
ofactionsaswaysofresolvingdilemma,tracingthefullimplicationsofeach.
Getsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.Byweighingalltherelevantmoral
factorsandreasonsinlightofthefacts,produceareasonedjudgment.
11.DefineMoralAutonomy?
Exercisedbasedonthemoralconcernforotherpeopleandrecognitionofgoodmoral
reasons12.GivetheimportanceofLawrenceKohlbergsandCarolGilliganstheory?
Kohlberggivesgreateremphasistorecognizingrightsandabstractuniversalrules.Gilligan
stressestheimportanceofmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsbasedonmutualcaring.
13.GivetheneedforAuthority?
Authorityprovidestheframeworkinwhichlearningcantakeplace.
14.WhatarethecriteriarequiredforaProfession?
oKnowledge
oOrganization
oPublicGood
15.GivethegeneralcriteriatobecomeaProfessionalengineer?
Attainingstandardsofachievementineducation,jobperformanceorcreativityin
engineeringthatdistinguishengineersfromengineeringtechniciansandtechnologists.
Acceptingaspartoftheirprofessionalobligationsasleastthemostbasicmoralresponsibilities
tothepublicaswellastotheiremployers,clients,colleaguesandsubordinates.
16.DefineIntegrity?
Integrityisthebridgebetweenresponsibilityinprivateandprofessionallife.
17.DefineCompromise?
Inanegativesenseitmeanstoundeterminedintegritybyviolatingonesfundamental
moralprinciples.Inapositivesense,however,itmeanstosettledifferencesbymutual
concessionsortoreconcileconflictsthroughadjustmentsinattitudeandconduct.
18.GivethetwoaspectsofHonesty?
oTruthfulnessmeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtruthtelling.
oTrustworthinessMeetingresponsibilitiesconcerningtrust.
19.DifferentiateSelfrespectandSelfesteem?
Selfrespect:Itisamoralconcept;referstothevirtueproperlyvaluingoneself.
Selfesteem:Itisapsychologicalconcept;meanshavingapositiveattitudetowardoneself,
eveniftheattitudeisexcessiveorotherwiseunwarranted.
20.WhatarethetwoformsofSelfrespect?
a.Recognitionselfrespectb.Appraisalself
21.WhatarethesensesofResponsibility?
a avirtue
. obligations
b. generalmoralcapacitiesofpeople
c liabilitiesandaccountabilityforactionse.blameworthinessorpraiseworthiness
.
d.
22.WhenwillyoutellanActasaninvoluntaryone?
Actdoneinignorance
Actperformedundercompulsion
23.WhatarethetypesofTheoriesaboutMorality?
oVirtueethicsVirtuesandvices
oUtilitarianismMostgoodforthemostpeople
oDutyethicsDutiestorespectpeople
oRightsethicsHumanrights
24.DifferentiateHypotheticalimperativesandMoralimperatives?
HypotheticalimperativesarebasedonsomeconditionswhereasMoralimperativeswont
basedonsomecondition.
25.StateRawlsprinciples?
(1)Eachpersonisentitledtothemostextensiveamountoflibertycompatiblewithanequal
amountforothers.
(2)Differencesinsocialpowerandeconomicbenefitsarejustifiedonlywhentheyarelikelyto
benefiteveryone,includingmembersofthemostdisadvantagedgroups.
26.GivethevarioustestsrequiredtoevaluatetheEthicalTheories?
oTheorymustbeclear,andformulatedwithconceptsthatarecoherentandapplicable.
oItmustbeinternallyconsistentinthatnoneofitstenetscontradictsanyother.
oNeitherthetheorynoritsdefensecanrelyuponfalseinformation.
oItmustbesufficientlycomprehensivetoprovideguidanceinspecificsituationsofintereststo
us.
oItmustbecompatiblewithourmostcarefullyconsideredmoralconvictionsaboutconcrete
situations.
27.GivethedrawbacksofUtilitarianism?
oSometimeswhatisbestforthecommunityasawholeisbadforcertainindividualsinthe
community.
oItisoftenimpossibletoknowinadvancewhichdecisionwillleadtothemostgood.
28.GivethedrawbackofDutyEthics?
Dutyethicsdoesnotalwaysleadtoasolutionwhichmaximizesthepublicgood.
29.GivethedrawbacksofRightsEthics?Howdoweprioritizetherightsofdifferent
individuals?
Itoftenpromotestherightsofindividualsattheexpenseoflargegroups/society.
30.DifferentiateEthicalRelativismandEthicalEgoism?
Ethicalegoismtheviewthatrightactionconsistinproducingonesowngood.Ethical
relativismtheviewthatrightactionismerelywhatthelawandcustomsofonessociety
require.
31.DefineEthicalPluralism?
Ethicalpluralismistheviewthattheremaybealternativemoralperspectivesthatare
reasonable,butnooneofwhichmustbeacceptedcompletelybyallrationalandmorally
concernedpersons.
32.DefineReligion?
Areligionisanysetofarticlesoffaithtogetherwiththeobservances,attitudes,
obligationsandfeelingstieduptherewith,which,insofarasitisinfluentialinaperson,tendsto
performtwofunctions,onesocialandtheotherpersonal.
33.GivetheusesofEthicalTheories?
oInunderstandingmoraldilemmasoJustifyingprofessionalobligationsandidealsoRelating
ordinaryandprofessionalmorality
34.Whatarepersonalethicsandbusinessethics?Personalethicsdealswithhowwetreatothers
inourdaytodayBusinessethicsdealswiththedesirednormsofbehaviorthatpertainto
transactions.
.
35.Whatdoyoumeanbynormativeethics?
Normativeethicsdealswiththeprofessionalcodesofethicsthatspecifyrolenormsor
obligationsthatprofessionsattempttoenforce.Itistherecommendationsofstandardsand
guidelinesformorallyrightorgoodbehavior.
36.Whatisdescriptiveethicsornonnormativeethics?
Descriptiveethicsdealswiththefactualinvestigationofmoralbehaviorandbeliefsie.,
thestudynotofwhatpeopleoughttodobuthowtheyreasonandhowtheyact.
37.Mentionsomeuniversallyacceptedethicalprinciples.
Honesty
Integrity
Fulfillingcommitments
Abidingbyagreementsinbothletterandspirit
Willingtoadmitmistakes
Beingcaringandcompassionate
Havingrespectforhumandignity
38.Whatdoyoumeanbyethicalsubjectivism?
Ethicalsubjectivismarguesthatwhatisethicallyrightorwrongfortheindividual
dependsontheethicalprincipleshe/shehaschosen.Inotherwords,forpeoplewhosubscribeto
ethicalsubjectivismwhatisethicallyrightorwrongisentirelyapersonnelmatter.
39.Whatarethestepsinconfrontingmoraldilemmas?
*Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons
*Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.
*Rankthemoralconsiderationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.
*Consideralternativecourseofactionaswaysofresolvingthedilemma,tracingthefull
implicationsofeach.
*Talkwiththecolleaguesseekingtheirsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.
*Arriveatacarefullyreasonedjudgmentbyweighingalltherelevantfactorsandreasonsinlight
ofthefacts.
40.WhatistacitethicandMetaethics?
Tacitethicdealswiththeunsaidorunspokenruleofpractice.
Metaethicsdealswiththeoriesaboutethics.
41.Whatismoralautonomy?
Moralautonomycanbeviewedastheskillandhabitofthinkingrationallyaboutethicalissues
onthebasisofmoralconcern.
42.Whatdoyoumeanbyasociopath?
Sociopathlackasenseofmoralconcernandguilt,andcanneverbemorallyautonomous
nomatterhowindependenttheirintellectualreasoningaboutethicsmaybe.
43.Whataretheattributestoaprofession?
Theattributestoaprofessionare:
*Knowledge
*Organization
*Publicgood
44.Whatarethetwomodelsofaprofessionalsociety?
Thetwomodelsofaprofessionalsocietyare:
*Socialcontractmodel
*Businessmodel
PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES
2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS
UNITIII
1.Whataretheconditionsrequiredtodefineavalidconsent?
Theconsentwasgivenvoluntarily.Theconsentwasbasedontheinformationthatrational
personwouldwant,togetherwithanyotherinformationrequested,presentedtothemin
understandableform.Theconsenterwascompetenttoprocesstheinformationandmake
rationaldecisions.
2.Whatarethetwomainelementswhichareincludedtounderstandinformedconsent?
InformedConsentisunderstoodasincludingtwomainelements:
i.Knowledge[Subjectsshouldbegivennotonlytheinformationtheyrequest,butallthe
informationneededtomakeareasonabledecision].
ii.Voluntariness[Subjectsmustenterintotheexperimentwithoutbeingsubjectedtoforce,
fraud,ordeception].
3.Whatarethegeneralfeaturesofmorallyresponsibleengineers?
a. Conscientiousness.
b. Comprehensiveperspective.
c. c.Autonomy.
d. d.Accountability.
4.Whatisthepurposeofvarioustypesofstandards?
a.Accuracyinmeasurement,interchangeability,easeofhandling.
b.Preventionofinjury,deathandlossofincomeorproperty.
c.Fairvalueofprice.
d.Competenceincarryingouttasks.e.Sounddesign,easeofcommunications.
f.Freedomfrominterference.
5.DefineCode?
Codeisasetofstandards and laws. 6. Enumerate the roles of codes?
InspirationandGuidance
Support
DeterrenceandDiscipline
EducationandMutualUnderstanding
ContributingtotheProfessionsPublicImage
ProtectingtheStatusQuo
PromotingBusinessInterests
7.Givethelimitationsofcodes?
Codesarerestrictedtogeneralandvaguewording.
Codescantgiveasolutionormethodforsolvingtheinternal Codescannotserve
conflicts.
asthefinalmoralauthorityforconduct.
Codescanbereproducedinaveryrapidmanner.
8.Whataretheproblemswiththelawinengineering?
a.Minimalcompliance
b.Manylawsarewithoutenforceablesanctions.
9.Whatistheneedtoviewengineeringprojectsasexperiments?
i. Anyprojectiscarriedoutinpartialignorance.
ii. Thefinaloutcomesofengineeringprojects,likethoseofexperiments,aregenerally
uncertain.
iii.Effectiveengineeringreliesuponknowledgegainedaboutproductsbeforeandafterthey
leavethefactoryknowledgeneededforimprovingcurrentproductsandcreatingbetter
ones.
10.Differentiatescientificexperimentsandengineeringprojects?
Scientificexperimentsareconductedtogainnewknowledge,whileengineeringprojects
areexperimentsthatarenotnecessarilydesignedtoproduceverymuchknowledge
11.Whataretheuncertaintiesoccurinthemodeldesigns?
a.Modelusedforthedesigncalculations.
b.Exactcharacteristicsofthematerialspurchased.c.Constanciesofmaterialsusedfor
processingandfabrication.
c.Natureofthepressure,thefinishedproductwillencounter.
12.Commentontheimportanceoflearningfromthepast,usingTitanicdisaster,asanexample
The Titaniclackedasufficientnumberoflifeboats.
13.Commentontheimportanceoflearningfromthepast,usingthenuclearreactoraccidentat
ThreeMileIsland,asanexample?
Valuesarenotoriousforbeingamongtheleastreliablecomponentsofhydraulic
systems.Itwasapressurereliefvalve,andlackofdefinitiveinformationregardingitsopenor
shutstate.SimilarMalfunctionshadoccurredwiththeidenticalvaluesonnuclearreactors
becauseofthesamereasonsatotherlocations,butnoattentionhadbeengiventothem
14.Giveanytwoprominentfeaturesofcontemporaryengineeringpracticethatdifferentiate
casualinfluenceandmoralaccountabilityinengineering?
#Largescaleengineeringprojectsinvolvefragmentationofwork.
#Duetothefragmentationofthework,theaccountabilitywillspreadwidelywithinan
organization.
#Thereisfrequentlypressuretomoveontoanewprojectbeforethecurrentonehasbeen
operatinglongenoughtobeobservedcarefully.
#Thecontagionofmalpracticesuitscurrentlyafflictingthemedicalprofessioniscarryingover
intoengineering.
15.AreSRBsinherentlytoodangeroustouseonmannedspacecraft?Ifso,whyaretheypartof
thedesign?
Yes,sincetheyhavethedisadvantagethatoncethefuelislit,thereisnowaytoturnthe
boosterofforeventocontroltheamountofthrustproduced.SRBswereusedinsteadofsafer
liquidfueledboostersbecausetheyrequiredamuchsmallerresearchanddevelopmenteffort.
Numerousotherdesignchangesweremadetoreducethelevelofresearchanddevelopment
required.
16.Underwhatconditionswouldyousayitissafetolaunchashuttlewithoutanescape
mechanismforthecrew?
Design 310F
specifications
Havegivenvalidconsent
Insteadofrubber,steelbilletsforOrings
LiquidfueledboostersinsteadofSolidrocketboosters
17.Inyouropinion,wastheRightforinformedconsentoftheastronautsofSpaceShuttle
Challengerrespected?
No.
18.DefineEthicalConventionalism?
Ethicalconventionalismistheviewthataparticularsetofconventions,customs,orlaws
isselfcertifyingandnottobequestionedaslongasitisthesetinforceatagiventimeorfora
givenplace.
19.StateBabylonsBuildingCode?
Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamanandhasnotmadehisworksound,andthehouse
whichhehasbuilthasfallendownandsocausedthedeathofthehouseholder,thatbuildershall
beputtodeath.Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholdersson,theyshallputthebuildersson
todeath.Ifitcausesthedeathofthehouseholdersslave,heshallgiveslaveforslavetothe
householder.Ifitdestroyspropertyheshallreplaceanythingithasdestroyed;andbecausehehas
notmadesoundthehousewhichhehasbuiltandithasfallendown,heshallrebuildthehouse
whichhasfallendownfromhisownproperty.Ifabuilderhasbuiltahouseforamananddoes
notmakethisworkperfectandthewallbulges,thatbuildershallputthatwallintosound
conditionathisowncost.
GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES
2MARKSQUESTIONS
UNITIV
1.DefineRisk?
Ariskisthepotentialthatsomethingunwantedandharmfulmayoccur.Risk=
ProbabilityXConsequences.
2.DefineaDisaster?
ADISASTER=Aseriouslydisruptiveevent+Astateofunpreparedness.3.Givethe
criteriawhichhelpstoensureasafetydesign?Theminimumrequirementisthatadesignmust
complywiththeapplicablelaws.Anacceptabledesignmustmeetthestandardofaccepted
engineeringpractice.Alternativedesignsthatarepotentiallysafermustbeexplored.Engineer
mustattempttoforeseepotentialmisusesoftheproductbytheconsumerandmustdesignto
avoidtheseproblems.Oncetheproductisdesigned,boththeprototypesandfinisheddevices
mustberigorouslytested.
4.Whatarethefactorsforsafetyandrisk?
VoluntaryandInvoluntaryrisk
ShorttermandLongtermrisk
Expectedprobability
Reversibleeffects
Thresholdlevelstorisk
DelayedorImmediaterisketc
5.WhatarethedrawbacksinthedefinitionofLawrence?
Underestimationofrisks
Overestimationofrisks
Noestimationofrisks
5.GivethecategoriesofRisk?
Lowconsequence,Lowprobability(whichcanbeignored)Lowconsequence,Highprobability
Highconsequence,Lowprobability
Highconsequence,Highprobability
6.WhatarethefactorsthataffectRiskAcceptability?
Voluntarismandcontrol
Effectofinformationonriskassessment
Jobrelatedpressures
Magnitudeandproximityofthepeoplefacingrisk
7.Whatistheknowledgerequiredtoassesstherisk?
Dataindesign
Uncertaintiesindesign
Testingforsafety
Analyticaltesting
Riskbenefitanalysis
8.Whataretheanalyticalmethods?
oScenarioanalysis
oFailuremodes&effectanalysis
oFaulttreeanalysis
oEventtreeanalysisetc.
9.Whatarethethreeconditionsreferredassafeexit?
Assurewhenaproductfailsitwillfailsafely.Assurethattheproductcanbeabandoned
safely.Assurethattheusercansafelyescapetheproduct.
10.Howwillanengineerassessthesafety?
Therisksconnectedtoaprojectorproductmustbeidentified.Thepurposesofthe
projectorproductmustbeidentifiedandrankedinimportance.Costsofreducingrisksmustbe
estimated.Thecostsmustbeweighedagainstbothorganizationalgoalsanddegreesof
acceptabilityofriskstoclientsandthepublic.Theprojectorproductmustbetestedandthen
eithercarriedoutormanufactured.
11.WhatarethereasonsforRiskBenefitAnalysis?
i. Riskbenefitanalysisisconcernedwiththeadvisabilityofundertakingaproject.
ii. Ithelpsindecidingwhichdesignhasgreateradvantages.
iii. Itassiststheengineerstoidentifyaparticulardesignscoreshigherwiththatofthe
iv.
12.Aretheengineersresponsibletoeducatethepublicforsafeoperationoftheequipment?
How?
Yes,aspertheengineersareconcernedwiththeyshouldhavetheirdutyastoprotectforthe
safetyandwellbeingofthegeneralpublic.Analyzingtheriskandsafetyaspectsoftheirdesigns
candothis.
13.DefineSafety?
InthedefinitionstatedbyWilliamW.Lawrencesafetyisdefined,asathingissafeifits
risksareacceptable.Athingissafewithrespecttoagivenpersonorgroup,atagiventime,ifits
riskisfullyknown,ifthoseriskswouldbejudgedacceptable,inlightofsettledvalueprinciples.
Intheviewofobjective,safetyisamatterofhowpeoplewouldfindrisksacceptableor
unacceptable.
14.Whatisthedefinitionofrisks?
Ariskisthepotentialthatsomethingunwantedandharmfulmayoccur.Riskisthepossibilityof
sufferingharmorloss.Itisalsodefinedastheprobabilityofaspecifiedlevelofhazardous
consequences,beingrealized.HenceRisk(R)istheproductofProbability(P)and
consequence(C) (i.e)
15.DefineAcceptabilityofrisks?
Ariskisacceptablewhenthoseaffectedaregenerallynolongerapprehensiveaboutit.
Doubtfulnessdependsmainlyonhowthepeopletaketheriskorhowpeopleperceiveit.16.
Whatarethesafetymeasuresanengineermustknowbeforeassessingariskofanyproduct?
Thefactorsare:
a.Doestheengineerhavetherightdata?
b.Ishesatisfiedwiththepresentdesign?
c.Howdoeshetestthesafetyofaproduct?
d.Howdoeshemeasureandweightheriskswithbenefitsforaproduct.
17.Whatistheuseofknowledgeofriskacceptancetoengineers?
Thoughpastexperienceandhistoricaldatagivebetterinformationaboutsafetyofproducts
designingtherearestillinadequate.Thereasonsare
a.Theinformationisnotfreelysharedamongindustries
b.Therealsonewapplicationsofoldtechnologiesthatprovidesavailabledata,whichare
lessuseful.
c.So,inordertoaccesstheriskofaproduct,theengineersmustsharetheirknowledgeand
informationwithothersinafreemanner.
18.WhatismeantbyDisaster?Giveanexample.
Adisasterdoesnottakeplaceuntilaseriouslydisruptiveeventcoincideswithastateof
insufficientpreparation.Example:TheTitaniccollisionwithanicebergconstitutedan
emergency,whichturnedintoadisasterbecausethereweretoofewlifeboats.
19.Whatarethepositiveuncertaintiesindeterminingrisks?
Therearethreepositiveuncertainties.Theyare:
a.Purposeofdesigning
b.Applicationoftheproduct
c.Materialsandtheskillusedforproducingtheproduct.
20.WhatistheuseofRiskAnalysis?Whatarethethreefactorsinvolvedhere?
RiskAnalysisisusedfortheassessmentofthehazardousassociatedwithanindustrialor
commercialactivity.Itinvolvesidentifyingthecausesofunwantedhazardouseventsand
estimatingtheconsequencesandlikelihoodoftheseevents.Threefactorsinvolvedinthisare:
a.HazardIdentificationb.Consequencesanalysisc.Probabilityestimation.
21.DefineRiskBenefitAnalysis?
Riskbenefitanalysisisamethodthathelpstheengineerstoanalyzetheriskinaproject
andtodeterminewhetheraprojectshouldbeimplementedornot.Inriskbenefitanalysis,the
risksandbenefitsofaproductareallottedtomoneyamounts,andthemostbenefitableratio
betweenrisksandbenefitsiscalculated.
22.ExplainthetwotypesofRisk?
i. PersonalRisk:Anindividual,whoisgivensufficientinformation,willbeina
positiontodecidewhethertotakepartinariskyactivityornot.Theyaremoreready
totakeonvoluntaryrisksthaninvoluntaryrisks.
ii. PublicRisks:Risksandbenefitstothepublicaremoreeasilydeterminedthanto
individuals,aslargernumberofpeopleistakenintoaccount.Involuntaryrisksare
foundhere.
23.WhatdoesStrictLiabilitymean?
Strictliabilitymeansifthesoldproductisdefective;themanufacturerconcernedisliable
foranyharmthatresultstousers.Negligibleisnotatallanissuebased.
24.GivethereasonsfortheThreeMileIslanddisaster?
i. Inadequatetrainingtotheoperators.
ii. UseofB&Wreactors.
25.Whatisthemainbarriertoeducationalattempts?
Animportantbarriertoeducationalattemptisthatpeoplebeliefchangeslowandare
extraordinarilyresistanttonewinformation.
26.Whathappenstotheproductsthatarenotsafe?
Productsthatarenotsafeincursecondarycoststothemanufacturerbeyondtheprimary
coststhatmustalsobetakenintoaccountcostsassociatedwithwarrantyexpenses,lossof
customerwillandevenlossofcustomersandso.
27.WhatdoesOpenmindednessreferto?
Openmindednessrefersonceagainnotallowingapreoccupationwithrulestoprevent
closeexaminationofsafetyproblemsthatmaynotbecoveredbyrules.
28.WhatwastheproblemintheChernobylreactor?
Theproblemwasthat,Theoutputwasmaintainedtosatisfyanunexpecteddemand.
Thecontroldevicewasnotproperlyreprogrammedtomaintainpowerattherequiredlevel.
Insteadofleavingfifteencontrolrodsasrequired,theoperatorsraisedalmostallcontrolrods
becauseatthelowpowerlevel,thefuelhadbecomepoisoned.
UNITIVB
1.DefineCollegiality?
Collegialityisakindofconnectednessgroundedinrespectforprofessionalandinacommitment
tothegoalsandvaluesoftheprofessionandcollegialityincludesadispositiontosupportand
cooperatewithonescolleagues.
2.Whatarethecentralelementsofcollegiality?
i. Respect
ii. Commitment
iii. Connectedness
iv. Cooperation
v.
3.WhatarethetwosensesofLoyalty?
i. AgencyLoyaltyActingtofulfillonescontractualdutiestoanemployer.Itmatter
ofactions,whateveritsmotives.
ii. IdentificationLoyaltyHasasmuchastodowithattitudes,emotions,andasenseof
personalidentityasitdoeswithactions.
4.WhenmayanIdentificationLoyaltybesaidasobligatory?
i. Employeesmustseesomeoftheirownimportantgoalsasmetbyandthrougha
groupinwhichtheyparticipate.
ii. Employeesmustbetreatedfairly,eachreceivinghisorhershareofbenefitsand
burdens.
5.WhatistherelationshipbetweentheLoyaltytothecompanyandProfessionalresponsibilityto
thepublic?
i. Actingonprofessionalcommitmentstothepubliccanbeamoreeffectivewayto
serveacompanythanamerewillingnesstofollowcompanyorders.
ii. Loyaltytocompaniesortheircurrentownersshouldnotbeequatedwithmerely
obeyingonesimmediatesupervisor.
iii. Anengineermighthaveprofessionalobligationstobothanemployerandtothe
publicthatreinforceratherthancontradicteachother.
16..DefineInstitutionalAuthority?
InstitutionalAuthorityisacquired,exercisedanddefinedwithinorganizations.Itmaybe
definedastheinstitutionalrightgiventoapersontoexercisepowerbasedontheresourcesofthe
institution.
7.DefineExpertAuthority?
Expertauthorityisthepossessionofspecialknowledge,skillorcompetencetoperform
taskorgivesoundadvice.
8.Whatisthebasicmoraltaskofsalariedengineers?
Thebasicmoraltaskofsalariedengineersistobeawareoftheirobligationstoobey
employersononehandandtoprotectandservethepublicandclientsoftheother.
9.Whataretheguidelinestoreachanagreement?
i. Attackproblemandnotpeople.
ii. Buildtrust.
iii. Startwithadiscussionandanalysisofinterests,concerns,needs.Itbeginwith
interests,notpositionsorsolutions.
iv. Listen.
v. Brainstorm;suggestinganideadoesnotmeanoneaggresswithit.Developmultiple
options.
vi. Useobjectivecriteriawheneverpossible.Agreeonhowsomethingwillbemeasured.
10.Defineconfidentialinformation?
Confidentialinformationisinformationdeemeddesirabletokeepsecret.
11.Whatarethecriteriaforidentifyingthatinformationislabeledconfidentialatthe
workplace?
*Engineersshalltreatinformationcomingtotheminthecourseoftheirasconfidential.
*Identifyanyinformationwhichifitbecameknownwouldcauseharmtothecorporationor
client.
*Confidentialinformationisanyinformationthattheemployerorclientwouldliketohavekept
12.WhatarethetermsassociatedwithConfidentiality?
i. PrivilegedInformation
ii. ProprietaryInformation
iii. Patents
iv. Tradesecrets
13.Howwillyoujustifytheobligationofconfidentiality?
Theobligationofconfidentialitycanbejustifiedattwolevels.
FIRSTLevel:MoralConsiderations
Respectforautonomy
Respectforpromises
Regardforpublicwellbeing
SECONDLevel:MajorEthicalTheories
RightsEthicists
DutyEthicists
Ruleutilitarians
Actutilitarians
14.DefineConflictsofInterest?
Conflictofinterestsisasituationinwhichtwoormoreinterestsarenot
simultaneouslyrealizable.Itisthedisagreementbetweenpublicobligationandselfinterestof
simultaneouslyrealizable.Itisthedisagreementbetweenpublicobligationandselfinterestofan
official.
15.Whydoesaconflictofinterestsarise?
a FinancialInvestments
. InsiderTrading
b .Bribe
. .Gifts
c .Kickbacks
.
d
.
e
.
16.WhatisaBribe?
ABribeisasubstantialamountofmoneyorgoodsofferedbeyondastatedbusiness
contractwiththeaimofwinninganadvantageingainingorkeepingthecontract.
17.WhatisaGift?
Giftsarenotbribesaslongastheyaresmallgratuitiesofferedinthenormalconductof
business.
18.WhatiscalledKickbacks?
Prearrangedpaymentsmadebycontractorstocompaniesortheirrepresentativesin
exchangeforcontractsactuallygrantedarecalledkickbacks.
19.WhatarethetypesofConflictsofinterest?
i. Actualconflictofinterest
ii. Potentialconflictofinterest
iii. Apparentconflictofinterest
20.WhataretheformsofConflictsofinterest?
i. Interestinothercompanies
ii. Moonlightingiii.Insiderinformation
21.HowwillyousolvetheConflictproblems?
i. Findingthecreativemiddleway.
ii. EmployingLowerlevelconsiderations.
iii. Makingthehardchoice.
22.WhatiscalledWhitecollarcrime?
Occupationalcrimesareillegalactsmadepossiblethroughoneslawfulemployment.It
isthesecretviolationoflawsregulatingworkactivities.Whencommittedbyofficeworkersof
professionals,occupationalcrimeiscalledwhitecollarcrime.
23.WhataretheessentialelementsofIPR?
i. Patents
ii. Copyrights
iii. Trademarks
iv. Tradesecrets
GE6075PROFESSIONALETHICS&HUMANVALUES2...
2MARKSQUESTIONSANDANSWERS
UNITV
1.Whatismeantbymoralleadership?
Wheneverthegoalsofaleaderbecomepermissibleandalsomorallyvaluable,itis
knownasmoralleadership.Moralleadershipalsomeansthatemployingmorallyacceptable
waystomotivatethegroupstomovetowardsmorallydesirableways.Thewaysaredepending
onthesituations.
2.Whatarethequestionsthatarisewhileconsideringthevoluntaryserviceinthefieldof
Engineering?
Thefollowingquestionsarise:shouldengineeringprofessionencouragerendering
voluntaryserviceswithoutfeesoratmoderatefees?Dotheengineeringprofessionalsocieties
reallyneedthis?
3.Whatiscodeofethics?
oCodeofethicsisaframeworkforarrivingatgoodethicalchoices.
oThecodeofethicsestablishesaframeworkforethicaljudgmentforanyprofession.
oAcodeofethicsdoesnotdevelopnewmoralprinciples.
4.WhatarethecommonfeaturesinvolvedinthecodeofethicsforEngineers?
Engineersshallholdparamountthesafety,healthandwelfareofthepublicintheperformanceof
theirprofessionalduties.Engineersshallperformservicesonlyintheareasoftheircompetence.
Engineersshallissuepublicstatementsonlyinanobjectiveandtruthfulmanner.Engineersshall
actinprofessionalmattersforeachemployerorclientasfaithfulagentsortrustees.Engineers
shallavoiddeceptiveactsinthesolicitationofprofessionalemployment.
5.Differentiateeyewitnessandexpertwitness?
EyeWitnessesExpertWitnessesEyewitnessesgiveevidencesinthecourtaboutwhattheyhave
seenactually.Expertwitnessesareallowedlargerfreedomingivingevidenceonfactsinthere
areasofexpertiseonexplainingfactsincommentingontheviewsoftheexpertwitnessesofthe
oppositesideandalsoinreportingontheprofessionalinterestsmaintainingconfidentialityand
expressingconcernfortheinterestoftheclients.
6.WhatistheneedforHonesty?
Honestyisnecessarytoavoiddeceivingandtobefrankingivingalltherelevantfacts.It
isalsonecessarytobetruthfulininterpretingthefacts.Honestyintechnicaldataisessentialto
behonestinengineersroleandforthevaluesguidinghisstudies.
7.WhatismeantbyCompetence?
Competencemeansbeingwelltrainedandhavingproperexperienceintherelevantfield
andalsohavingtherequiredadditionalskillsplanningandpolicymaking.
8.WhatdoesDiligencemean?
Diligencemeanscarryingoutthegivenjobcarefullyandinapromptway.
9.DefineLoyalty?
Loyaltyreferstoservingtheinterestsoftheclients.Itincludesavoidingconflictsofinterests
maintainingconfidentialityandexpressingconcernfortheinterestoftheclients.
10.Whatisthebasicethicalandmoralresponsibilityofamanagerengineer?
Ethicalresponsibility:Thebasicethicalresponsibilitiesofmanagersaretoproduceagood
productorvaluableservice,onlyaftertakingintoconsiderationmaintainingrespectforhuman
beings,whichincludescustomers,employeesandthegeneralpublic.
Moralresponsibility:Asmanagers,engineersmoralresponsibilityistoproducesafeanduseful
productsthatarealsoprofitable.
11..Whatarethedifferentwaystocreateanethicalclimate?
Thefollowingarethewaystocreateanethicalclimate:
Ethicalvaluesmustbeacceptedandappreciatedbythemanagersandemployeeswithitsfull
complicatedfeatures.
Thesincereuseofethicallanguagehastoberecognizedasajustifiablepartofthecompany.
Themanagementhastocreateastrongconfidenceamongtheemployeesthatthemanagement
ismoreseriousaboutethicsbyestablishingmoraltoneinwords,inpoliciesandalsobypersonal
example.
Themanagementhastoestablishsomeproceduresforresolvingconflicts.
12.Whataretheimportantformsofconflictsthatmayariseforanengineeringprojectmanager?
Theimportantformsofconflictsthatmayariseforanengineeringprojectmanagerare,
Conflictsbasedonschedules.Conflictswhicharisesinevolvingtheimportanceofprojectsand
thedepartment.Conflictsbasedonavailabilityofpersonalforaproject.Conflictsovertechnical
matters.Conflictswhicharisesduetoadministrativeprocedure.Conflictsofpersonality.
Conflictsovercostorexpenditure.
13.Whataretheprinciplesforconflictresolution?
Thefollowingaretheprinciplesforconflictresolution:Peoplemustbeseparatedfromthe
problemFocusmustbeonlyoninterestandnotonpositionsVariousoptionsmustbegenerated
Anevolutioncriteriashouldbeestablished
14.Whoarereferredasconsultingengineers?
Consultingengineersarethoseinvolvedinprivatepractice.Fortheservicesrenderedbythem,
theywillbepaidsomefees.Theywontbecompensatedbysalariesfromemployers.Theyare
thesoleemployeroftheirpractice.Sotheyhavegreaterfreedomtotakedecisionsonthetasks
undertakenbythem.takedecisionsonthetasksundertakenbythem.
15.WhataretherulesframedbyNSPEincaseofprofessionaladvertisements?
TherulesframedbyNSPE(NationalSocietyofProfessionalEngineers)incaseof
professionaladvertisementsareasfollows:Theuseofstatementscontainingamaterial
misrepresentationoffactoromittingamaterialfactnecessarytokeepthestatementfrombeing
misleading.Statementsintendedorlikelytocreateanunjustifiedexpectation.Statements
containingpredictionoffuturesuccess.Statementscontaininganopinionastothequalityofthe
engineersservices.Statementsintendedorlikelytoattractclientsbytheuseofslogans,jingles
orsensationallanguageformat.
16.Whatdoyoumeanbyappropriatetechnology?
Appropriatetechnologymeansidentification,transformationandimplementationofthe
mostsuitabletechnologyforanewsetofconditions.
17.Whataretheilleffectsofacidrain?
Bacteriasthatareessentialforlifesystemstobeactivearekilled.Highacidityresultsin
reducedgrowthandkillingoffishes.Vanishingofgreeneryanddestructionofforests.
Germinationofseedsisaffectedaffectingthegrowthoftrees.
18.Whatdoyoumeanbytechnologytransfer?
Technologytransferisaprocessofchangingthetechnologytoanewsettingand
implementingit.Technologyincludeshardwaresuchasmachinesandinstallationsaswellas
techniquessuchastechnical,organizationalandmanagerialskillsandprocedures.
19.Whataretheethicalissuesorquestionsthatariseinenvironmentalprotection?
Oftenthequestionsthatariseintheethicalissuesare,
Whoisaffecting?
Whoareaffected?
Doestheenvironmentgetsdisturbed?
Whendothedisturbancestakesplaceandhowdoesithappen?
20.Quotesomeexamplesofpollutionthatspoiledtheenvironment?
SomeexamplesofpollutionthataffectedtheenvironmentareBhopalgastragedy,
Chernobylnuclearplantexplosion,Artificialrains,MeusevalleydisasteratBelgium,Oleumgas
leakinDelhi,HPCLdisasterinVizag,Donova(USA)steelandchemicalplantdisaster,Tehri
DaminU.P.state,etc.
21.Whatiscomputerethics?
Computerscontributetoavarietyofmoralproblems.Inordertoevaluateandactappropriately
withsuchproblems,anewfieldofappliedethicstermedascomputerethicshasbeen
developed.
22.Giveanytencommandmentsofcomputerethics?
a Dontuseacomputertoharmotherpeople.
. Dontinterferewithotherpeoplescomputerworks.
b Dontsnooparoundinotherpeoplescomputerfiles.
. Dontuseacomputertosteal.
c Dontuseacomputertobearfalsewitness.
.
d
.
e
.
23.Whatishacking?
Whencomputersarethemainobjectsofanunethicalact,itwillcreatesomeethicalissues.This
kindofactiscalledhacking.
24.Whatisautonomouscomputer?
Theautonomyofcomputersmeanstheabilityofcomputertomakedecisionswithoutthe
interferenceofhumanbeings.Thisautonomousfunctionofcomputerscreatesalotof
implication.
25.WhatarethethreeversionsofRelativism?
i. EthicalRelativism
ii. DescriptiveRelativism
iii. MoralRelativism
26.WhatarethemoraldimensionsofanEngineermanager?
a Informationrightsandobligation
. Propertyrights
b Accountabilityandcontrol
. Systemquality
c Qualityoflife
.
d
.
e
.
II.Therighttoownershipofproperty.
III.Therighttofreedomfromtorture.
IV.Therighttoafairtrial.
V.Therighttonondiscriminatorytreatment.
VI.Therighttophysicalsecurity.
VII.Therighttofreedomofspeechandassociation.
VIII.Therighttominimaleducation.
IX.Therighttopoliticalparticipation.
X.Therighttosubsistence.
28.WhatarethereasonsforthedisasteratBhopal?
1.ThetanksusedtostoreMethylIsocyanatewereoverloadedtoatuneof75%.
2.Theemergencyplantwasalsofilledwithalargeamountofchemicals.
3.Theentirerefrigerationunithadbeenshutdownasameasuretoreducethecostandthisledto
increaseoftemperaturestoahigherlevel.
4.Oneofthedisappointedworkersunscrewedapressuregaugeonatankandinserteda
hosepipeintoit,knowingthatitwouldcausedamage,butnottothisextent.
5.Scrubberhasalsobeenshutdown.
6.Flaretowerwasalsonotinanoperatingcondition.
7.Unfortunatelytherewerenoemergencydrillsorevacuationplantsavailable.
29.GivesomeoftheEnvironmentalissuesofconcerntoengineers?
a.Releasingharmfulsubstanceintoairandwater.
b.Usingtoxicsubstanceinfoodprocessing.
c.Disturbinglandandwaterbalances.
30.WhataretheissuesinComputerethics?
PowerRelationship
JobElimination
CustomerRelations
BiasedSoftware
StockTrading
UnrealisticExpectations
PoliticalPower
MilitaryWeapons
Property
Embezzlement
DataandSoftware
Privacy
Cybercrimes
ComputerVirus
Technostress
CyberScamsandFrauds
InternetDefamation
SoftwarePiracy
CyberSquatting
InappropriateAccess
DataBankErrors
Hackers
LegalResponses
ProfessionalIssues
ComputerFailures
ComputerImplementation
Healthconditions
31.WhataretheproblemsofDefenseindustry?
a)Problemofwasteandhugecostinimplementingandmaintainingaweapons
system.
b)ProblemofTechnologycreep.
c)Problemsinmaintainingsecrecy.
d)Everycountryallocateslargeamountofitsresourcestodefensesector[India
e)pentitsresourcefordefense]
32.WhatarewaystopromoteanEthicalclimate?
a.Ethicalvaluesintheirfullcomplexityarewidelyacknowledgedandappreciatedbymanagers
andemployeesalike.
b.Thesincereuseofethicallanguagehastoberecognizedasalegitimatepartofcorporate
dialogue.
c.Thetoplevelmanagementmustestablishamoraltoneinwords,inpolicies,bypersonal
example etc.
d.Themanagementhastoestablishsomeproceduresforresolvingconflicts.
33.WhataretheimportantformsofConflicts?
ConflictsbasedonschedulesConflictswhicharisesinevolvingtheimportanceofprojectsand
thedepartment.Conflictsbasedontheavailabilityofpersonalforaproject.Conflictsover
technicalmatters.Conflictsariseduetoadministrativeprocedure.Conflictsofpersonality.
Conflictsovercostorexpenditureormoney.
34.WhatarethePrinciplesofConflictsofinterest?
Separatepeoplefromtheproblem.
Focusoninterestandnotonpositions.
Generateavarietyofpossibilitiesbeforedecidingwhattodo.
Insistthattheresultbebasedonsomeobjectivestandard.
35.Whatarethenormativemodelstobeusedtoavoidconflicts?
35.Whatarethenormativemodelstobeusedtoavoidconflicts?
HiredGuns
ValueneutralAnalysts
ValueguidedAdvocates
36.Whatarethecharacteristicsofanengineerasexpertadvisersinpublicplanningandpolicy
making?
Honesty
Competence
Diligence
Loyalty
37.HowcanDeceptiveadvertisingbedone?
oByoutrightlies.
oByhalftruths.
oThroughexaggeration.
oBymakingfalseinnuendos,suggestionsorimplications.
oThroughobfuscationcreatedbyambiguity,vaguenessorincoherence.
oThroughsubliminalmanipulationoftheunconscious.
38.Givetheusageofthecodeofconduct?
Thecodeofconductwillhelptheengineerstohaveasetofstandardsofbehavior.They
actasguidelinesfortheirbehavior.Ithelpstocreateworkplaceswhereemployeesare
encouragedtomakeethicalimplications.
39.Whatareprofessionalissuesofusingcomputers?
a.Computersfailures.
b.Computerimplementation
c.Healthconditions
40.WhataretherequirementsofPatents?
a Problemofinvention
) Currentreportoftheproblemstoaddress
b Solutionorproceduretotheproblem
) Extentofnoveltyorinventive
c Applicationoruses
) Detailsoftheinventor
d Resourcesoffunds
)
e
)
f
)
g
)
40.WhatarethetypesofPatents?
a.Utilitypatents
b..Designpatents
c..Plantpatents
41.WhatistheneedforProtectiontoIPR?
)
a d)
) e)
b
) .
c
Preventusingitforfinancialgain.
Preventplagiarism. Fulfillasanobligationtofundingagency.
Preventothersusingit. Supportincomegenerationstrategy.
42.WhatistheImportanceofIPR?
a.Givetheinventorsexclusiverightsofdealing.
b. Permitavoidingpfcompetitorsandraiseentrybarriers.
c. Permitentrytoatechnicalmarket.
d. Generatesteadyincomebyissuinglicense.
43.WhatisaTradesecret?
Atradesecretisasecretformula,pattern,ordevicethatisusedinabusinessandprovidesa
commercialadvantage.
44.DefineWhistleBlowing?
Whistleblowingisalertingrelevantpersonstosomemoralorlegalcorruption,where
relevantpersonsarethoseinapositiontoactinresponse,ifonlybyregisteringprotest.i.e.the
employeedisclosureofanemployersillegalorillegitimatepracticestopersonsororganizations
thatmaybeabletotakecorrectiveactions.Theconditionstobemetforwhistleblowingare
a.Need
c.Proximity
d..Capability
e..Lastresort
45.WhatarethemainfeaturesofWhistleBlowing?
a.Actofdisclosure
b. Topic
c. Agent
d..Recipient
46.DifferentiateExternalWhistleBlowingandInternalWhistleBlowing?
ExternalWhistleBlowingInformationispassedoutsidetheorganization.Internal
WhistleBlowingInformationisconveyedtosomeonewithintheorganization.
47.DifferentiateOpenWhistleBlowingandAnonymousWhistleBlowing?
OpenWhistleBlowingIndividualsopenlyrevealtheiridentityastheyconveythe
information.
AnonymousWhistleBlowingInvolvesconcealingonesidentity.
48.WhenWhistleBlowingismorallypermittedandmorallyobligated?
Whistleblowingismorallypermittedwhen
i.Iftheharmthatwillbedonebytheproducttothepublicisseriousandconsiderable.
ii.Iftheymaketheirconcernsknowntotheirsuperiors.
iii.Ifgettingnosatisfactionfromtheirimmediatesupervisors,theyexhaustthechannels
availablewithinthecorporation,includinggoingtotheboardofdirectors.Whistleismorally
obligatedwhen
49.Whatarethetwogeneralwaystoapplyethicaltheoriestojustifythebasicrightof
professionalconscience?
i.Proceedpiecemealbyreiteratingthejustificationsgivenforthespecificprofessionalduties.
ii.Justifytherightofprofessionalconscience,whichinvolvesgroundingitmoredirectlyinthe
ethicaltheories.
50.DefineEmployeeRights?
Employeerightsarerights,moralorlegal,thatinvolvethestatusofbeinganemployee.
Theyincludesomeprofessionalrightsthatapplytotheemployeremployeerelationship.
51.DefineSexualHarassment?
SexualHarassmentmeanscontinuousannoyingandattacksonmenorwomenonthe
basisofsexualconsiderations.Italsocoverstheharassmentbyfemalesuperiorsonthemale
employeesandsexualharassmentofemployeesbysuperiorsofthesamesex.
Itincludesphysicalandpsychologicalattacks,coercion,misuseofauthorityandavarietyof
undesirableandindecentactions.
52.DefineDiscrimination?
Discriminationmeansmorallyunjustifiedtreatmentofpeopleonarbitraryorirrelevant
grounds.
53.Whatarethegeneralproceduresforimplementingtherighttodueprocess?
i.Writtenexplanationsshouldbeestablishedthatisavailabletoallemployeeswhobelievetheir
rightshavebeenviolated.
iii. Anappealsprocedureshouldbeestablishedthatisavailabletoallemployeeswho
believetheirrightshavebeenviolated.
54.DifferentiateHumanRightsandProfessionalRights?
HumanRightsPossessedbyvirtueofbeingpeopleormoralagents.ProfessionalRights
Possessedbyvirtueofbeingprofessionalhavingspecialmoralresponsibilities.
1. Brieflydiscusshonestyasvalue.
Anyhumanbeingshouldimbibehonestyhonestyinacts,honestyinspeechandhonestyin
beliefs.Honestyisthefundamentalvirtueinhumanrelationshipeventhoughinmaybedifficult
tofollowsometimes.Lying:Deliberationdeception:Withholdingtheinformation:
Seekingthetruth:Maintainingconfidentiality:
2.Writeshortnotesoncourage,cooperation.
Courage:
Courageisthetendencytofacedangersanddifficultjobsinrationalwaysandwithselfcontrol.
Apersonwiththequalityofcouragehasthefollowingcharacteristics.
Continuestorunwithhisjoborbusinesseventherearecertaindisturbance.Getsinvolvedwith
newpopularideasDiscusswithothersevenwhenthereisaproblem.
Cooperation:
Cooperationmeansextendinghelptoothers,foragoodcause.Cooperationmaybethrough
anidea,asuggestion,anassistanceorphysicalworkwhichextendstoothersforcommon
benefit.
3.Whatisservicelearning?
Differentiateservicelearningfromcivicvirtue.Servicelearningtellsthatonehasmoral
responsibilitytoincreasethedesirableeffectsandtodecreasetheharmfuleffects.Anyservice
shouldincreasethedesirableresult.Goodcitizendemandcivicvirtue.Itistheprincipleofnot
harmingthesurroundings.Italsoincludeslivingpeacefully,respectforothers,protectingthe
environmentandbeingnormallyandethicallygood.
4.Distinguishvaluesfromethicsandculture.
Valuesaremainlyrelatedtoindividualsandsincetheyarerelatedtojustice,theyremain
thesomeforeveryone.E.g.truth,honesty,empathy,selfrespect.Valuesdonotchangefrom
individualtoindividual.Ethicsiscommontoagroupofindividuals;thegroupmaybereligious
orprofessional.Ethicsismostlybasedonsomecodeorlawandjudgmentofanyactionisbased
oncodeofconductorlaw.EthicschangefromindividualtoindividualCulturecommonlyrefers
toconductofagroup.E.gsystemofworship,marriageItmaydifferfromsocietytosociety,
nationtonationorreligiontoreligion.
5.Whatdouunderstandbythetermspirituality?Explainindetail.
Spiritualityraisesamanabovethematerialisticworldintoarealmwhereheseekspeaceandreal
happinessReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.Govindan
S.SenthilkumarPagenumberH.16
6.DefinethetermsValues,Morals&Ethics?
Valuesarerules.Valuesaretherulesbywhichwemakedecisionsaboutrightandwrong,should
andshouldn't,goodandbad.Theyalsotelluswhicharemoreorlessimportant,whichisuseful
whenwehavetotradeoffmeetingonevalueoveranother.Moralsarehowwejudgeothers.
Moralshaveagreatersocialelementtovaluesandtendtohaveaverybroadacceptance.Morals
arefarmoreaboutgoodandbadthanothervalues.Wethusjudgeothersmorestronglyon
moralsthanvalues.Apersoncanbedescribedasimmoral,yetthereisnowordforthemnot
followingvalues.Moralitycanbedescribedasacoresetofvaluesandbeliefsthatactasaguide
whenformulatingcoursesofactionEthicsareprofessionalstandards.Ethicsarethusinternally
definedandadopted,whilstmoralstendtobeexternallyimposedonotherpeople.Ethicsisthe
branchofphilosophyconcernedwithhumanvaluesandconduct,moralduty,andobligation.
Basically,ethicsisconcernedwithwhatpeoplemightdescribeasrightandwronghuman
conduct.
7.DefineHumanValues?
Humanvaluesarethefoundationofsocialorder,justiceandprogress.Humanvaluesare
socialandethicalnormscommontoallculturesandsocieties,aswellasreligions.They
representameldingofsocialprogressandspiritualgrowth. Timeless Human Values
ADeepCaringForLife
Responsibility
Nonviolence
Love&Compassion
Friendliness&Cooperation
Generosity&Sharing
Integrity,HonestyandSincerity
Moderation
Service
Commitment&Responsibility
Peace,Contentment,Enthusiasm
Peace,Contentment,Enthusiasm
Trust
Unity
Humor
Acceptance
Respect
1..Explainprofessionsandprofessionalism
Answer:
Professions:Knowledge,Organization,Publicgood.Membershipcriteria
ProfessionalismasindependenceProfessionalismasindependenceProfessionalismasserving
employersQualitiesofprofessionalsModelsofprofessionalroles:Savior,Bureaucraticservant,
Guardian,Socialservant,Socialenablerandcatalyst,Gameplayer.Professionalidealsand
virtues:Professionalresponsibilityselfdirectionvirtues,publicspiritedvirtues,teamwork
virtues,proficiencyvirtues.
2.Whatdouunderstandbythetermmoraldilemma?Differentiatewithmoralautonomy.
MORAL:
Refersonlytopersonalbehavior.
Referstoanyaspectofhumanaction.
SocialconventionsaboutrightorwrongconductMoraldilemmasarekindofsituationswherea
difficultchoicehastobemade.sortsofcomplexityandmurkinessthatmaybeinvolvedinmoral
situationsare,
Vagueness
Conflictingreasons
Disagreement
ThestepsinconfrontingMoralDilemmas:Identifytherelevantmoralfactorsandreasons.
Gatherallavailablefactsthatarepertinenttothemoralfactorsinvolved.Rankthemoral
considerationsinorderofimportanceastheyapplytothesituation.Consideralternativecourses
ofactionsaswaysofresolvingdilemma,tracingthefullimplicationsofeach.
Getsuggestionsandalternativeperspectivesonthedilemma.
Byweighingalltherelevantmoralfactorsandreasonsinlightofthefacts,produceareasoned
judgment.
Moralautonomy:
Selfdetermining
Independent
PersonalInvolvement
Exercisedbasedonthemoralconcernforotherpeopleandrecognitionofgoodmoralreasons3.
Brieflyexplainthethreemainlevelsofmoraldevelopment,developedbyLaurenceKohlberg.
ReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.GovindanS.SenthilkumarPage
number1.14
Answer:
LevelStageSocialorientationPreconventional
1)ObedienceandPunishmentIndividualism,instrumentalismandexchangeConventional
Goodboy/Goodgirl
LawandOrder
Postconventional
Socialcontract
Postconventional
Socialcontract
Principledconscience
4.HowdidGilliganrecastKohlbergslevelofmoraldevelopment?
Answer:
Kohlberggivesgreateremphasistorecognizingrightsandabstractuniversalrules.Gilligan
stressestheimportanceofmaintainingpersonalrelationshipsbasedonmutualcaring.
ReferenceProfessionalethicsandhumanvaluesbyDr.K.R.GovindanS.SenthilkumarPage
number1.16StageGoalPreconventionalGoalisindividualsurvivalConventionalSelf
sacrificeisgoodnessPostconventionalPrincipleofnonviolencedonothurtothers