PlanningofWaterintakestructuresforirrigationorhydropower

3.Hydraulicoperationandcalculations
3.1General
3.2Hydrauliccalculationofthefreeoverfallweir
3.3Freeoverfallsideweir
3.4Outflowbelowadamwall(sluice)
3.5Intakewitharepellinggroin
3.6Hydraulicsofthebottomintake(Tyroleanintake)

3.Hydraulicoperationandcalculations

3.1General
Inthefollowing,simplemethodsofcalculationaregivenforthemostimportantstructures.Theannexescontain
numericalexampleswhichmakemathematicalproceduressimpletounderstand.

The mathematical procedures for the individual components of an intake structure are in many cases the same.
Thusthecourseofcalculationandtheformulastobeappliedarethesamefortheretainingweirintheriverand
thefreeoverfallweirinthelateralintake,e.g.betweenforebayanddiversioncanal(Fig.26).

Themostimportantcalculationsnecessaryforthedesignoftheintakestructurerelateto

freeoverfallweirasaretainingordiversionweir,

dischargebelowadamwallinthecanal,

freeoverfallsideweirasspillwayorasstructureforintakeontheriverbank,

bottomintakeinaspecialcase,

lateralintakewithrepellinggroin.

Irrespectiveofwhetherintakestructuresareselectedwithorwithoutdammingoftheriver,thestructuresshould
besodesignedthat

attimesofthelowestdischarge,therequiredamountofwaterQAcanalwaysbediverted,

all floods, including the design flood, can be evacuated without damage being caused to structures or
objects,ordangertolifeandlimb,

theamountofwaterflowingintothecanalislimitedtotheamountofwatertobedivertedQAThiscan
beachievedbyinstallingsuitablestructuresintheinletorbyspillways.

Thepotentialeffectsofrivertrainingmeasureshavealreadybeendealtwithindetailabove.Whileintheinletarea
ofalateral,intakeinriverstransportingbedloadaweirsillispracticallyalwaysinstalled,asluiceisinfactmuch
bettersuitedthanaweirforlimitingtheamountofwaterflowingintothecanal.Inthecaseofboththeweirand
thesluice,thedischargeisdirectlydependentupontheheadwaterlevel.However,whileinthecaseofaweirthe
dischargeincreasesexponentiallywithincreasingheightofthewaterlevelabovetheweirsill'italsoincreasesin
thecaseofadamwallorasluiceasafunctionoftheopeningwidth,butveryrapidlytendstoalimitingvaluewith
increasingimpoundinghead.Fig.32showsaquantitativecomparisonbetweenthedischargeoveraweirandthe
dischargebelowadamwallatthesameheighthointheheadwater.
Fig.32:Limitationresp.evacuationofdivertedwaterthroughaweirorasluice

3.2Hydrauliccalculationofthefreeoverfallweir
Forcalculationpurposes,theintakestructureorweirisassumedtobeasschematicallyrepresentedinFig.33.If
the weir is constructed at right angles to the river or the intake so that the water's approach is vertical, the
dischargeovertheweircanbedeterminedbymeansofthefollowingformula:
Fig.33:Dimensioningoffixedweirs

Weirformula(orPolenyformula)

(inm/s)

Thesymbolsareasfollows(cf.Fig.33):

Q=dischargeoverthedownstreamfaceinm/s,c=correctionfactorforsubmergedoverfall,m=weircoefficient,
b=weircrestwidthinm,g=accelerationduetogravity=9.81m/s,h=weirheadinm.
Weircoefficientm

Thiscoefficientdependsuponthecrestformoftheweir.InFig.33thecoefficientsaregivenforthemosttypical
crestforms.Fortheconstructionofweirbodieswithverticalheadwatersideinriverstransportingalargeamount
ofbedload,itshouldberememberedthatafteraprolongedperiodofoperation,thisweirwillhavethesameeffect
as a broad, roundcrested weir due to the alluvial deposits in front of the weir face. In this case, the discharge
capacitywouldbesmallerduetothesmallerweircoefficient.

Correctionfactorc

Thecorrectionfactorcallowsfortheinfluenceofthetailwaterleveluponthedischargeovertheweir:

forthefreeoverfallc=1,

forthesubmergedoverfall,cistobetakenfromthegraphicalrepresentationinFig.33.

Whetheranoverfallisfreeorsubmergeddependsupontheheightofthetailwaterlevelinrelationtotheposition
oftheweircrest(Fig.34).

Ifh'<0,theoverfallisfree.

Ifh'>0andifthereisalimitingdepthtlimitabovetheweircrest,theoverfallissubmerged.

Ifh'>0butthedischargeflowsovertheweircrest,theoverfallissubmerged.

For the design of a weir, in most cases the height of the weir crest at a given weir length (e.g. width of the
river/canal)mustbefound.Forthispurpose,thefollowingquantitiesanddimensionsinaccordancewiththeweir
type(retainingweirordiversionweir)mustbespecifiedorknown:

Retainingweir

maximumdischarge(floodevent)overtheweir

maximumpermissibleheadwaterlevelh0

weirtypewithweircoefficienttailwaterlevelhuwhenthemaximumdischargeisevacuated

Fig.34:Dischargeoveraweir

Diversionweir

minimumamountofwatertobediverted

minimumheadwaterlevelh0

weirtypewithweircoefficient

tailwaterlevelhwhentheminimumamountofwatertobedivertedisevacuated

If these data are available, the weir head h of the retaining weir in the case of flood (maximum load) can be
determined.Theweirbodyheightisthen

w=h0h

This allows the elevations of the water surface in the river upstream of the weir to be determined by the weir
formula for any discharge. The weir crest of the intake structure must be high enough so that at the lowest
discharge,therequiredamountofwaterforpowergenerationisevacuatedoverthediversionweirbyasufficient
weirhead(cf.Fig.35).

Numericalexamplesofthecalculationofafreeandsubmergedoverfallweiraswellasanoverfalloveraweirwith
stillingbasinorraceflooraregiveninAnnexes3to5.
Fig.35:Relationshipbetweendiversionweirandretainingweir
Fig.36:Principleofthesideweirwiththehydrauliccharacteristics.Q0headwaterdischarge,Qutailwater
discharge,QAevacuatedamountofwater,wweirheight,Lweirlength,h0weirheadintheheadwater,huweir
headinthetailwater,hmmeanweirhead,hEuenergyheadinthetailwater,v0,uflowvelocityintheheadwater,
tailwater

3.3Freeoverfallsideweir
Asideweir(cf.Fig.36)isalwaysinvolvedwhenaweirisapproachedobliquelyorissituatedparalleltothechannel
linetoevacuatetheamountsofwaterQA.Thisobliqueapproachoccurswhentheweirisconstructedparallelto
theriverbankorpowercanal,forexample.Thecalculationofthedischargecapacityofasideweirismadewith
thefollowingweirformula:

(inm/s)

whereL=lengthofsideweirinm,hm=meanweirheadinm,mx=reducedweircoefficient=0.95m(formcf.
Fig.33),c=correctionfactor(cf.alsosection3.2).

Animportantprerequisitefortheapplicationofthisformulaisthatthedischargeintheheadwaterbeaflowing
one.ThisconditionisfulfilledwhenFroude'snumberissmallerthan0.75:

wherev0=velocityintheheadwaterinm/s,
(inm/s,forthesymbolscf.Fig.36),

g=accelerationduetogravity=9.81m/s,

h0=estimatedweirheadatthebeginningofthesideweirinm(cf.calculationexampleinAnnex6),w=weircrest
heightinm.

Intheplaceoftheweirheadh,ameanweirheadhminmisused.Itisthemeanvalueofthesmallerweirheadho
atthebeginningofthesideweirwhichincreasesalongthedownstreamfaceuptothemaximumweirheadhuat
theendofthesideweir.Theweirheadhuisdeterminedbythedischargecharacteristicoftheriverorcanal,i.e.it
correspondsapproximatelytothedifferencebetweenthegiventailwaterleveltuandtheweircrestheightw.

hu=tuw(inm)

Theweirheadhomustfirstbeestimated.Forthispurpose,theknownordeterminedquantitiessuchasweircrest
heightw,tailwaterleveltu,inflowtotheheadwaterQ0,andheadwaterwidthB0areintroducedintotheformula

withtheenergyhead

(inm/s,cf.Fig.36)

(inm/s)

a=1.1velocitycoefficient

andsolvediteratively.Aftertheweirheadhohasbeendetermined,themeanweirhead

(inm)

iscalculatedandthevaluenreadofffromthediagraminFig.37asafunctionofhmandQu>0(residualamount
ofwaterinthetailwater)and/orQu=0(case:confinedtailwaterthisisthecasewhenthemainflowisconfined
byasluiceandallthewaterisledoverthesideweir:QA=Q0).Thisvaluenismultipliedbyaandyieldsthenew
value

a=na(a=1.1)

Intheabovementionedformula,thisnewvalueareplacestheformervaluea=1.1(nresultsfromFig.37).

Repeatingtheiterativesolutionofthisequationusingaweobtainanimprovedestimatedvalueofh0.

Withthemeanweirheadthendetermined,theweirlengthis

(inm)

Theprocedureisshownsystematicallyinthefollowing.AnumericalexampleisgiveninAnnex6.
Fig.37:Correctionfactornforsideweircalculation

3.4Outflowbelowadamwall(sluice)
The calculation of the outflow below a dam wall or a sluice is one of the most common tasks of hydraulic
engineering.Ascomparedwiththerelativelysmallopeningsforbottomoutletsofdams,thewidthoftheoutflow
opening for the outflow below the sluice can be considered large compared with its height. In these cases, the
dischargecanbe,dealtwithasatwodimensionalflowproblemandcalculatedwiththefollowingformula:

(inm/s)

where k = correction factor for submerged discharge for free discharge k = 1 (cf. Fig. 38), m = discharge
coefficientthiscoefficientchieflytakesthejetcontractionintoaccount,a=heightoftheoutflowopeninginm,B=
widthoftheoutflowopeninginm,h=impoundingheadinfrontofthesluiceorthedamwallinm,g=acceleration
duetogravity=9.81m/s.

Thedischargecoefficientfortheverticalsluiceswhicharemostfrequentlyuseddependsuponh/a

m=0.550.60(limitingvalue)

Forroughdimensioning,avaluem=0.6canbeassumed.

The correction factors k for the submerged discharge are given in Fig. 38. For free discharge, i.e. when the tail
waterisnotaninfluencingfactork=1.

Thetailwaterisaninfluencingfactorwhentheshootingjetisimpoundedatthesluiceopeningdirectlybehindthe
sluice (cf. Fig. 38). This discharge behaviour is dependent upon the tail water level (and, thus, upon the
dimensioningquantitiesofthepowercanal,theheadwaterlevelandthesluiceopening).

Forthedimensioningoftheoutflowbelowasluice,mainlythefollowingquantitiesarespecifiedormustbefixed:

heightofthesluiceopeninga(isfixed),

headwaterlevel(minimum,maximum),knownfromthecanalcalculation,

tailwaterlevelhu(dependentupontheamountofwatertobeevacuatedanduponthedimensioningof
thetailwatercanal),

sluicewidthB,dependentuponthecanalwidth.

With the formula given above, QA can now be determined. It must first be ascertained whether or not the
dischargeisfree.

Forthispurposetheratioh/aisformed.
FromFig.38d),with,forexample,s=0.7forh/a,thelimitingvaluehu/alimit.isdetermined.

Thedischargeisfreewhen

QAisthendeterminedfortheconditionsassumed.Inmostcases,however,thenecessaryamountofoutflowQAis
known,andthereforeonlytheheightofthesluiceopeningamustbedetermined.

After these quantities have been fixed, the sluice openings a necessary for the evacuation of the corresponding
amountsofwatercanbedetermined.

Forthispurpose,theabovementionedformulamustbetransformedwithrespecttoe:

Thefollowingprocedureisfollowed:

Ifthereisafreedischarge(i.e.k=1),theformulagivenaboveisusedtodeterminea.

h/aisformedandthelimitingvalueforhu/aisascertainedinaccordancewithFig.38d).

Exist.hu/aiscomparedwithhu/alimit.Ifhu/a<hu/alimit.,theassumptioniscorrect.Thecalculationis
complete.Iftheassumptionisnotcorrect,thecalculationiscontinued.

Forhu/a>hu/alimit.,thekvalueforexist.hu/aisdeterminedwiththecurveforh/afromFig.38e).

WiththiskvalueQAexist.iscalculateditprovestobesmallerthanQAdetermined

InordertoevacuateQAdeterm.amustbeincreased.Infirstapproximation,anew=a/k.

Nowh/aandhu/aareagaincheckedinaccordancewithFigs.38d)ande).

Thekvaluesandthevaluesanewandaoldarecompared.

Thecalculationisrepeatedbyanewadaptation,ifnecessary,untilthedeviationissmallandQAcanbe
evacuated.

NumericalexamplesaregivenforbothcasesinAnnex7.
Fig.38:Dimensioningofthedischargebelowasluice,dcontractioncoefficient

a)Dischargebelowasluice

b.Freedischarge
 c)submergeddischarge

d)Limitbetweenfreeandsubmergedvalue

e)kvalueforthesubmergeddischargeasafunctionofh/aandhu/a,ford=0.7asaveragevalue,asthe
influenceofduponkisrelativelysmall.

3.5Intakewitharepellinggroin
Forthisarrangementofthelateralintake,anexacthydraulicdeterminationoftheevacuatedamountsofwaterfor
powergenerationisnotpossible,astheinflowintothesidecanal(powercanal)withtheaidofarepellinggroin
verymuchdependsupontheflowconditionsandthusalsouponthewaterlevelintheriver.

Theratingcurvesoftheriverandthecanal(relationbetweenwaterlevelandcorrespondingamountofdischarge
inariver/canal)allowonlytheapproximateamountsofwaterforpowergenerationtobeestimated(cf.Fig.39).

Theamountsofwaterforpowergenerationareobtainedfromthewaterleveloftheriverandofthecanalwhichis
identicalintheinletarea,thusallowingavaluetobeestimatedforthecorrespondingdischarge.

3.6Hydraulicsofthebottomintake(Tyroleanintake)

InthecaseofaverticalapproachtoaTyroleanintake(cf.Fig.40),amountsofwaterpartiallyobstructedbythe
trashrackfallintoacollectioncanalwhichisintendedtoevacuatethewaterlaterally.Withthis,awaterlevel
similartothatshowninFig.40isformedabovethetrashrack.

Fig.39:Lateralintakewithrepellinggroin

ThefollowingweirformulaisusedforthedesignofaTyroleanintake:

(inm/s)

where(cf.alsoFig.40)Q=dischargetobedivertedinm/s,h=khlimit.=2/3khE="initialwaterheight''inm,
c=0.6bcos3/2b
witha=insidewidthbetweentrashrackbarsinm,d=centredistanceofthetrashrackbarsinm,b=angleof
inclinationofthetrashrackwithrespecttothehorizontalin,m=dischargecoefficientforthetrashrack,b=
widthoftheTyroleanintakeinm,L=lengthofthetrashrackinm.

ThevariouscoefficientscanbetakenfromFig.40.

Fig.40:Designofabottomintake(Tyroleanweir)

b c b c

0 1.000 14 0.879

2 0.980 16 0.865

4 0.961 18 0.851

6 0.944 20 0.837

8 0.927 22 0.825

10 0.910 24 0.812

12 0.894 26 0.800

valuesk
Theobliquearrangementofthetrashrackpreventsitfrombeingcloggedbybedloadorfloatingmatterandthe
intake from being obstructed. The Tyrolean intake is particularly suitable as an intake structure in rivers
transportingbedload.Inordertoguaranteethediversionoftheminimumamountofwaterwhenstonesbecome
wedged in the trash rack, or branches and leaves remain on the trash rack at low water levels, the trash rack
shouldbe

selectedL=1.2Lcalculated

Thecollectioncanalshouldbedesignedaccordingtothefollowingprinciples:

ThecanalwidthshouldcorrespondapproximatelytothelengthLofthetrashrack.

Exactly:B=Lcosb,b=angleofinclinationofthetrashrackbarswithrespecttothehorizontal.

Thecanaldepthfortheevacuationofthewatershouldapproximatelycorrespondtothecanalwidth:t~
B.

Thecanaldepthistobesodeterminedthatafreeboardofapprox.0.25t(t=waterdepthnecessaryfor
the evacuation of the water!) remains up to the upper edge of the trash rack. If the water cannot be
evacuatedinaccordancewiththeaboverecommendations,eitherthegradientorthewaterdepthtofthe
collectioncanalmustbeincreased.

Theamountofwaterforpowergenerationislimitedbythecapacityofthecanalcrosssection.

AcalculationexampleisgiveninAnnex8.