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DocBrown'sChemistryQualitativeMethodsofAnalysisRevisionNotes
CHEMICALidentificationTESTSPart3Qualitativeteststotestfor,andidentify,
cations(positiveions)
Testsforthefollowingcationspositiveionsmainlymetalions:ammoniumionNH4+,
hydrogenion/oxoniumion/acidsH+/H3O+,lithiumionLi+,sodiumionNa+,potassiumion
K+,calciumionCa2+,strontiumionSr2+,bariumionBa2+,copper(II)ionCu2+,aluminium
ionAl3+,magnesiumionMg2+,iron(II)ionFe2+,iron(III)ionFe3+,zincionZn2+,
chromium(III)ionCr3+,manganese(II)ionMn2+,lead(II)ionPb2+,metalcarbonates
zinccarbonateZnCO3andcopper(II)carbonateCuCO3
ChemicalTestsIndex
Part1Introductiontochemicaltests
Part2Qualitativeteststoidentifyorganicmoleculefunctionalgroupsofhomologousseries
Part3Metalcations(positiveions),metalcarbonates,ammoniumionandhydrogenions(acids)(thispage)
Part4Gases,waterandnonmetallicelements
Part5Anions(negativeions)includinghydroxide(alkalis)
APPENDIX1.IDENTIFYINGELEMENTSfromLINESPECTRA(nonchemicaltestmethod)
someassociatedrevisinglinks
GCSE/IGCSERevisionQUIZonchemicaltestsforidentifyingions,gasesandcompounds
ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:acidbase,silvernitratechloride,EDTAtitrations
ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:Redoxtitrations
FulllistofKEYWORDSforinorganic/organicidentificationmethodsinalphabeticalordere.g.test/reagentfor:*acid==>H+*
acid/acylchlorideRCOCl*alcoholsgeneralROH/primRCH2OH/secR2CHOH/tertR3COH)*aldehydeRCHO*primaliphaticamine
RNH2*aliphatic/aromaticcarboxylicacids*alkali==>OH*alkane/alkene>C=C</alkyneC C(saturatedversusunsaturated)*
aluminium/aluminumionAl3+*amideRCONH2*primaliphaticaminesRNH2*ammoniagasNH3*ammoniumionNH4+*prim
aromaticamineC6H5NH2etc.*bariumionBa2+*Benedict'ssolution*Brady'sreagent*bromideionBr*bromineBr2*caesiumion
Cs+*calciumionCa2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*carbonateCO32/hydrogencarbonateHCO3withacidoreffectofheatingmetal
carbonatee.g.MCO3*carbondioxidegasCO2*carboxylicacidRCOOH*carboxylicacid(aliphatic)saltse.g.RCOONa+*chlorideion
Cl*chlorinegasCl2*Chomate(VI)ionCrO42*copper(II)ionCu2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*24DNPH(foraldehydes/ketonestest)*
estersRCOOR*Fehling'stest/solution*flametestformetalions*fluorideionF*haloalkanes/halogenoalkanesRX*hydrogengas
H2*hydrogensulphideH2S*hydrogenion,acidsH+*hydrogenbromidegas/hydrobromicacidHBr*hydrogenchloridegas/hydrochloric
acidHCl*hydrogeniodidegas/hydriodicacidHI*hydroxideion,alkaliOH*hydroxy/alcohol/phenol(organic)*iodideionI*iodineI2*
iodoformtestformationofCHI3*iron(II)ionFe2+*iron(III)ionFe3+*ketoneR2C=O*lead(II)ionPb2+*lithiumionLi+*limewater
Ca(OH)2(aq)*magnesiumionMg2+*metalcarbonatesheatinge.g.MCO3*metalionsviahydroxideprecipitate*nitrateornitrate(V)
NO3*nitriteornitrate(III)NO2*nitrogendioxideornitrogen(IV)oxideNO2*oxygengasO2*phenolsC6H5OHetc.*potassiumionK+
*rubidiumionRb+*reducingsugars*saturated/unsaturated*silvernitrateAgNO3(seechloride,bromide,iodidetests)*sugars
(reducing)*sodiumionNa+*strontiumSr+*'sulphate/sulfate'orsulphate(VI)SO42*sulphideS2*'sulphite/sulfite'orsulphate(IV)
SO32*sulphurdioxidegasSO2*Tollen'sReagent*unsaturated/saturated*waterH2O*zincionZn2+*
Usethealphabeticaltestlistaboveforidentifyinganions,cations,gases,moleculesetc.tofindwhatyourequire!foryourKS3KS4
ScienceGCSEIGCSEChemistryandGCEASA2IBUSgrades912K12advancedsubsidiarychemistrycourseetc.andhelpyou
toidentifyunknowninorganicandorganiccompoundsmoleculesforqualitativeanalysis.
EMAILquery?comment?testmissing?*GasPreparations*Hazardwarningsigns/symbolsexamplesoflabelling
3.INORGANICQualitativeTESTSCationsandAcids
(ii)Ifpotassium iron(II)ion:Fe2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Fe(OH)2(s)givesadarkgreen
hexacyanoferrate(II)solution
precipitate
isaddedtothesuspectediron
solution,iron(III)ionsgivea ofiron(II)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichisnot
deepblueprecipitateof solubleinexcessofNH3orNaOH.Darkensinairduetooxidationto
Prussianblue.
Fe(OH)3.
NotethatTurnbull'sblueis
identicalincompositionto iron(III)ion:Fe3+(aq)+3OH(aq)==>Fe(OH)3(s)formsabrown
Prussianblue.Formore precipitate
chemicaldetailsseethe
transitionmetalspageon ofiron(III)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichisnot
iron. solubleinexcessofNH3orNaOH.
Anothertestforiron(III)ionsistoaddafewdropsof
potassium/ammoniumthiocyanatesolutionandabloodred
colouredcompoundisformed.
zincion:Zn2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Zn(OH)2(s)awhiteprecipitate
formed
ofzinchydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichdissolvesin
bothexcess(i)sodiumhydroxideor(ii)ammoniatogiveaclear
colourlesssolution:
(i)Zn(OH)2(s)+2OH(aq)==>[Zn(OH)4]2(aq)(amphotericbehaviour
becausezinchydroxidedissolvesinacidstoo).
(ii)Zn(OH)2(s)+4NH3(aq)==>[Zn(NH3)4]2+(aq)+2OH(aq)(soluble
complexionformation)
chromium(III)ion:Cr3+(aq)+3OH(aq)==>Cr(OH)3(s)agreygreen
precipitateforms
ofchromium(III)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichis
solubleinexcessofNaOH(amphoteric,dissolvesinacidstoo)butnot
solubleinexcessammoniaNH3.Withsodiumhydroxideadarkgreen
solublehexahydroxocomplexionisformed.
Cr(OH)3(s)+3NaOH(aq)==>[Cr(OH)6]3(aq)
manganese(II)ion:Mn2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Mn(OH)2(s)producesan
offwhiteprecipitate
ofmanganese(II)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,which
isNOTsolubleinexcessofNH3orNaOHandrapidlyturnsbrown==>
blackinairduetooxidationtomanganese(III)oxideMn2O3andthen
manganese(IV)oxide,MnO2.
lead(II)ion:Pb2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Pb(OH)2(s)awhiteprecipitate
forms
oflead(II)hydroxide,whichdissolvesinexcesssodiumhydroxide
(amphoteric)togiveaclearcolourlesssolutionbutdoesnotdissolvein
excessammoniasolution.
Pb(OH)2(s)+2OH(aq)==>[Pb(OH)4]2(aq)(amphotericbehaviourwith
NaOHaswithzinchydroxidewhichalsodissolvesinacidstoo)
Thebariumion,Ba2+(aq)doesnotgiveahydroxideprecipitate
becausebariumhydroxide,Ba(OH)2,istoosoluble.
(ii)
Themetalionsolutionmight
alsogiveaflamecolouror
ahydroxideprecipitate
ahydroxideprecipitate
withsodiumhydroxidee.g.
copper.
TestsforNH4+,H+/H3O+,Li+,Na+,K+,Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Cu2+,Al3+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Zn2+,Cr3+,Mn2+,Pb2+,CuCO3,ZnCO3Whatisthetestfortheammoniumion?Howdoyoutestfortheammonium
ion?Whatisthetestforthehydrogenion?Howdoyoutestforthehydrogenion?Whatisthetestforalithiumion?Howdoyoutestforlithiumion?Whatisthetestforasodiumion?Howdoyoutestforsodium
ion?Whatisthetestforthecalciumion?Howdoyoutestforcalciumion?Whatisthetestforstrontiumions?Howdoyoutestforstrontiumion?Whatisthetestforbariumions?Howdoyoutestforbariumion?
Whatisthetestforcopper(II)ions?Howdoyoutestforcopperion?Whatisthetestforthealuminiumion?(aluminum)Howdoyoutestforaluminiumions?Whatisthetestformagnesiumions?Howdoyoutest
formagnesiumion?Whatisthetestforiron(II)ions?(ferrousion)Howdoyoutestfortheiron(II)ion?Whatisthetestforiron(III)ions?(ferricion)Howdoyoutestfortheiron(III)ion?Whatisthetestforzinc
ions?Howdoyoutestforzincions?Whatisthetestforchromium(III)ions?Howdoyoutestforthechromium(III)ion?Whatisthetestforthezincion?Howdoyoutestforzincions?Whatisthetestforlead(II)
ions?Howdoyoutestforthelead(II)ion?Whatarethetestsforcopper(II)carbonate?Howdoyoutestforcoppercarbonate?Whatarethetestsforzinccarbonate?Howdoyoutestforzinccarbonate?
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