CHEMICALTESTSFORIDENTIFYINGCATIONS

(positiveions)
DocBrown'sChemistryQualitativeMethodsofAnalysisRevisionNotes

CHEMICALidentificationTESTSPart3Qualitativeteststotestfor,andidentify,
cations(positiveions)

Testsforthefollowingcationspositiveionsmainlymetalions:ammoniumionNH4+,
hydrogenion/oxoniumion/acidsH+/H3O+,lithiumionLi+,sodiumionNa+,potassiumion
K+,calciumionCa2+,strontiumionSr2+,bariumionBa2+,copper(II)ionCu2+,aluminium
ionAl3+,magnesiumionMg2+,iron(II)ionFe2+,iron(III)ionFe3+,zincionZn2+,
chromium(III)ionCr3+,manganese(II)ionMn2+,lead(II)ionPb2+,metalcarbonates
zinccarbonateZnCO3andcopper(II)carbonateCuCO3

ChemicalTestsIndex

Part1Introductiontochemicaltests

Part2Qualitativeteststoidentifyorganicmoleculefunctionalgroupsofhomologousseries

Part3Metalcations(positiveions),metalcarbonates,ammoniumionandhydrogenions(acids)(thispage)

Part4Gases,waterandnonmetallicelements

Part5Anions(negativeions)includinghydroxide(alkalis)

APPENDIX1.IDENTIFYINGELEMENTSfromLINESPECTRA(nonchemicaltestmethod)

someassociatedrevisinglinks

GCSE/IGCSERevisionQUIZonchemicaltestsforidentifyingions,gasesandcompounds

ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:acidbase,silvernitratechloride,EDTAtitrations

ALevelQuantitativeanalysis:Redoxtitrations

FulllistofKEYWORDSforinorganic/organicidentificationmethodsinalphabeticalordere.g.test/reagentfor:*acid==>H+*
acid/acylchlorideRCOCl*alcoholsgeneralROH/primRCH2OH/secR2CHOH/tertR3COH)*aldehydeRCHO*primaliphaticamine
RNH2*aliphatic/aromaticcarboxylicacids*alkali==>OH*alkane/alkene>C=C</alkyneC C(saturatedversusunsaturated)*
aluminium/aluminumionAl3+*amideRCONH2*primaliphaticaminesRNH2*ammoniagasNH3*ammoniumionNH4+*prim
aromaticamineC6H5NH2etc.*bariumionBa2+*Benedict'ssolution*Brady'sreagent*bromideionBr*bromineBr2*caesiumion
Cs+*calciumionCa2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*carbonateCO32/hydrogencarbonateHCO3withacidoreffectofheatingmetal
carbonatee.g.MCO3*carbondioxidegasCO2*carboxylicacidRCOOH*carboxylicacid(aliphatic)saltse.g.RCOONa+*chlorideion
Cl*chlorinegasCl2*Chomate(VI)ionCrO42*copper(II)ionCu2+byflameorhydroxideppt.*24DNPH(foraldehydes/ketonestest)*
estersRCOOR*Fehling'stest/solution*flametestformetalions*fluorideionF*haloalkanes/halogenoalkanesRX*hydrogengas
H2*hydrogensulphideH2S*hydrogenion,acidsH+*hydrogenbromidegas/hydrobromicacidHBr*hydrogenchloridegas/hydrochloric
acidHCl*hydrogeniodidegas/hydriodicacidHI*hydroxideion,alkaliOH*hydroxy/alcohol/phenol(organic)*iodideionI*iodineI2*
iodoformtestformationofCHI3*iron(II)ionFe2+*iron(III)ionFe3+*ketoneR2C=O*lead(II)ionPb2+*lithiumionLi+*limewater
Ca(OH)2(aq)*magnesiumionMg2+*metalcarbonatesheatinge.g.MCO3*metalionsviahydroxideprecipitate*nitrateornitrate(V)
NO3*nitriteornitrate(III)NO2*nitrogendioxideornitrogen(IV)oxideNO2*oxygengasO2*phenolsC6H5OHetc.*potassiumionK+
*rubidiumionRb+*reducingsugars*saturated/unsaturated*silvernitrateAgNO3(seechloride,bromide,iodidetests)*sugars
(reducing)*sodiumionNa+*strontiumSr+*'sulphate/sulfate'orsulphate(VI)SO42*sulphideS2*'sulphite/sulfite'orsulphate(IV)
SO32*sulphurdioxidegasSO2*Tollen'sReagent*unsaturated/saturated*waterH2O*zincionZn2+*

Usethealphabeticaltestlistaboveforidentifyinganions,cations,gases,moleculesetc.tofindwhatyourequire!foryourKS3KS4
ScienceGCSEIGCSEChemistryandGCEASA2IBUSgrades912K12advancedsubsidiarychemistrycourseetc.andhelpyou
toidentifyunknowninorganicandorganiccompoundsmoleculesforqualitativeanalysis.

EMAILquery?comment?testmissing?*GasPreparations*Hazardwarningsigns/symbolsexamplesoflabelling

3.INORGANICQualitativeTESTSCationsandAcids

CHEMICALTESTFOR TESTMETHOD OBSERVATIONS TESTCHEMISTRYcomments

Chemicaltestforthe AddCOLDsodium Smellyammonia Ammoniagasisevolvedbecause

Ammoniumion hydroxidesolutiontothe
suspectedammoniumsalt
NH4+ andtestanygasabovethe
solutionwithredlitmus.
released!andred alkalifreesammoniafromitssalts.
litmusturnsblue,
gentlewarminghelpsBUT NH4+(aq)+OH(aq)==>
theammoniashouldbe
releasedatroom NH3(g)+H2O(l)
temperature.
Thehydroxideionremovesaproton
fromtheammoniumiontoreleasethe
ammonia.

Chemicaltestfor (i)Litmusoruniversal (i)Litmusturnsred,and,a (i)ApHmeterreadinggivesavalue

acidsi.e.the
aqueoushydrogen
ioni.e.H+orH3O+ion(note: (ii)Addingalittlesodium
tocompletelyidentifyacids
youneedtotestfortheanion
e.g.chlorideforHCl
hydrochloricorsulfateionif
sulfuricacidetc.)
indicatororpHmeter.
yellow/orange,dependingon
hydrogencarbonate
powder.
varietyofcolourswithuniv. oflessthan7,thelowerthepH
ind.strongred,weak numberthestrongertheacid,the
highertheH+concentration,
strengthofacid.
(ii)HCO3(aq)+H+(aq)==>
(ii)Fizzingwithanycarbonate
andtestthegastoseeifitis
H2O(l)+CO2(g)
carbondioxidetestfor
CO2.
However,somesaltscangiveacidor
alkalinesolutionsbutadvancedacid
basetheoryisneededtoexplainthis.

Chemicaltestsfor Alittleofthemetalsaltor Group1:lithiumLi/Li+ Allcoloursareduetoelectronic

Positivemetal
cationswithaflame
test
(seealsobelowfor
NaOH(aq)andNH3(aq)tests
formetalion)andheating endofacleanednichrome
carbonatestoo.
Thistestcanbedoneina
morepreciseandspecific
mannerusinganinstrument
calledaspectroscopeand
thetechniqueiscalled
emissionspectroscopy.
Specificemissionlinesofa astrongercolour,hencethe
characteristicfrequencyare
observedafingerprint
pattern.
othercompoundismixed
withafewdropsof
concentratedhydrochloric
acidandasampleofthe
mixtureisheatedstrongly
inabunsenflameonthe slightlyorangeish)
wire(orplatinumifyoucan
affordit!).
Inthissimpleflametest,
manymetalsionsgive
characteristicflamecolours
andthechloridesaltstend
tobethemostvolatilegiving
blueglass)
useofconc.HCl(aq).
Thenichrome/platinumwire
shouldbecleanedinconc.
hydrochloricacidand
heatedinthehottestpartof
theflametomakesurethere
isnocontaminatingflame
colours.
crimson(carminered)
Group1:sodiumNa/Na+
goldenyellow(canbe
Group1:potassiumK/K+
violetlilac(crimsonthrough
cobaltblueglass)
Group2:calciumCa/Ca2+
brickred(yellowishred)
(lightgreenthroughcobalt
Group2:strontiumSr/Sr2+
crimson
Group2:bariumBa/Ba2+
yellowishapplegreen
TransitionMetal:copper(II)
excitationstoahigherelectronic
energylevels.Youseethelight
emittedastheelectronsreturnto
lowermorestableelectronicenergy
levels.Thisisthebasisofatomic
emissionandabsorptionspectroscopy.
Aluminium,magnesium,ironandzinc
donotproduceausefulidentifying
flamecolours.
OthermetalflamecoloursinGroup
1:rubidiumredand
caesium/cesiumblue

Testingforpositivemetal
cationsviasodium
hydroxide(NaOH)or
ammonia(NH3)solutions.
Somemetalionsgive
colouredhydroxide
precipitatesthatcanbeused
asasimpleidentificationtest.
Somemetalionsgiveawhite
precipitateandothersno
precipitateatall.Adding
excesssodiumhydroxideor
ammoniasolutioncan
sometimesgiveusefulextra
observations.
Note:chemicaltests
(1)Botharealkalis,giving
hydroxideions,OH,in
theirsolutions.
(2)Aluminium,magnesium,
ironandzincdonot
produceausefulidentifying
flamecolour.
(3)Amoreadvancedtestto
distinguishiron(II)ions,
Fe2+andiron(III)ions,Fe3+
(i)Ifpotassium
hexacyanoferrate(III)
solutionisaddedtothe
suspectedironsolution,
iron(II)ionsgiveadeep
blueprecipitateofTurnbull's
blue.
(ii)Ifpotassium
hexacyanoferrate(II)solution
isaddedtothesuspectediron
solution,iron(III)ionsgivea
deepblueprecipitateof
Prussianblue.
NotethatTurnbull'sblueis
identicalincompositionto
Prussianblue.Formore
chemicaldetailsseethe
transitionmetalspageon
iron.
Dilutesodiumhydroxide
(NaOH)solutionisadded
toasolutioncontainingthe
suspectedion.
Boththeprecipitateformed
andtheeffectofexcess
alkaliareimportant
observations.
Allprecipitatesarewhite,
unlessotherwisestated,and
alltendtobegelatinousin
nature.
Thetestshouldberepeated
withaqueousammonia
solution(NH3,'ammonium
hydroxide').
Theobservationswith
ammoniasolutionare
usuallysimilar,butnot
always,thesameandthe
differencescanbeimportant precipitate
cluesastotheidentityofthe
metalion.
ppt.=precipitate. fromCawithaflametestorammoniatestabove.
Moreonsomeofthese
hydroxideprecipitateson
the3dblockTransition
MetalsSeriespages.
Cu/Cu2+lividblue(flashesof
greentoo),arsenic(As),
antimony(Sb)andbismuth
(Bi)alsogiveablueflame
colour
aluminiumion:Al3+(aq)+3OH(aq)==>Al(OH)3(s)givesawhite
precipitate
ofaluminumhydroxidewithbothammoniaandsodiumhydroxide,which
isnotsolubleinexcessoftheweakalkaliammonia,butdissolvesinthe
strongerbase/alkalisodiumhydroxide(amphoteric)togiveaclear
colourlesssolution.
Al(OH)3(s)+3OH(aq)==>[Al(OH)6]3(aq)
ormoresimplyAl(OH)3(s)+OH(aq)==>[Al(OH)4](aq)
(amphotericbehaviourbecauseitdissolvesinacidstoo)
calciumion:Ca2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Ca(OH)2(s)givesawhite
precipitate
ofcalciumhydroxidewithsodiumhydroxideIFtheconcentrationof
calciumionishigh.ItisnotsolubleinexcessofNaOH.Noprecipitateis
formedwithammoniasolution.
magnesiumion:Mg2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Mg(OH)2(s)givesawhite
ofmagnesiumhydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichis
notsolubleinexcessofeitherNH3orNaOH.YoucoulddistinguishMg
copper(II)ion:Cu2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Cu(OH)2(s)givesa
blue/turquoiseppt.
ofcopper(II)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,which
dissolvesinexcessammoniatogiveadeepbluesolutionofanammine
complex,butcopper(II)hydroxideisNOTsolubleinexcessNaOH.
Cu(OH)2(s)+4NH3(aq)==>[Cu(NH3)4]2+(aq)+2OH(aq)
iron(II)ion:Fe2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Fe(OH)2(s)givesadarkgreen
precipitate
ofiron(II)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichisnot
solubleinexcessofNH3orNaOH.Darkensinairduetooxidationto
Fe(OH)3.
iron(III)ion:Fe3+(aq)+3OH(aq)==>Fe(OH)3(s)formsabrown
precipitate
ofiron(III)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichisnot
solubleinexcessofNH3orNaOH.
Anothertestforiron(III)ionsistoaddafewdropsof
potassium/ammoniumthiocyanatesolutionandabloodred
colouredcompoundisformed.
zincion:Zn2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Zn(OH)2(s)awhiteprecipitate
formed
ofzinchydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichdissolvesin
bothexcess(i)sodiumhydroxideor(ii)ammoniatogiveaclear
colourlesssolution:

MISCELLANEOUSCATION
TESTS:
(i)Lead(II)ionchemicaltest
(ii)
MetalCarbonateschemical
tests
Seealsocarbonatesand
hydrogencarbonates.
(i)Zn(OH)2(s)+2OH(aq)==>[Zn(OH)4]2(aq)(amphotericbehaviour
becausezinchydroxidedissolvesinacidstoo).
(ii)Zn(OH)2(s)+4NH3(aq)==>[Zn(NH3)4]2+(aq)+2OH(aq)(soluble
complexionformation)
chromium(III)ion:Cr3+(aq)+3OH(aq)==>Cr(OH)3(s)agreygreen
precipitateforms
ofchromium(III)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,whichis
solubleinexcessofNaOH(amphoteric,dissolvesinacidstoo)butnot
solubleinexcessammoniaNH3.Withsodiumhydroxideadarkgreen
solublehexahydroxocomplexionisformed.
Cr(OH)3(s)+3NaOH(aq)==>[Cr(OH)6]3(aq)
manganese(II)ion:Mn2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Mn(OH)2(s)producesan
offwhiteprecipitate
ofmanganese(II)hydroxidewithammoniaorsodiumhydroxide,which
isNOTsolubleinexcessofNH3orNaOHandrapidlyturnsbrown==>
blackinairduetooxidationtomanganese(III)oxideMn2O3andthen
manganese(IV)oxide,MnO2.
lead(II)ion:Pb2+(aq)+2OH(aq)==>Pb(OH)2(s)awhiteprecipitate
forms
oflead(II)hydroxide,whichdissolvesinexcesssodiumhydroxide
(amphoteric)togiveaclearcolourlesssolutionbutdoesnotdissolvein
excessammoniasolution.
Pb(OH)2(s)+2OH(aq)==>[Pb(OH)4]2(aq)(amphotericbehaviourwith
NaOHaswithzinchydroxidewhichalsodissolvesinacidstoo)
Thebariumion,Ba2+(aq)doesnotgiveahydroxideprecipitate
becausebariumhydroxide,Ba(OH)2,istoosoluble.
(i)addpotassiumiodide (i)Pb2+(aq)+2I(aq)==>PbI2(s)ayellowprecipitateoflead(II)iodideis
solution==>yellow formed
precipitate
Sometimesheatingametal (i)copper(II)carbonate==>copper(II)oxide+carbondioxide
carbonatestronglyto
decomposeitprovidessome CuCO3(s)==>CuO(s)+CO2(g)
cluestoitsidentity.
observations[greensolid]==>[blacksolidresidue]+[colourlessgas,
Addingacidtoa testwithlimewater,whiteprecipitate]
carbonate==>CO2andthe
colouroftheresulting (ii)zinccarbonate==>zincoxide+carbondioxide
solutione.g.bluecopper(II)
ZnCO3(s)==>ZnO(s)+CO2(g)
ionCu2+(aq),mayalso
provideclues,butnogood observations[white]==>[solidresidue,paleyellowhot,whitecold]+
inmostcasesbecausemost [colourlessgas,testwithlimewater==>whiteprecipitate]
carbonatesyoucome
acrossarewhitegiving
colourlesssolutionsexcept
forsometransitionmetals
likecopper,nickeland
cobalt.
Themetalionsolutionmight
alsogiveaflamecolouror
ahydroxideprecipitate
 ahydroxideprecipitate
withsodiumhydroxidee.g.
copper.

TestsforNH4+,H+/H3O+,Li+,Na+,K+,Ca2+,Sr2+,Ba2+,Cu2+,Al3+,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Zn2+,Cr3+,Mn2+,Pb2+,CuCO3,ZnCO3Whatisthetestfortheammoniumion?Howdoyoutestfortheammonium
ion?Whatisthetestforthehydrogenion?Howdoyoutestforthehydrogenion?Whatisthetestforalithiumion?Howdoyoutestforlithiumion?Whatisthetestforasodiumion?Howdoyoutestforsodium
ion?Whatisthetestforthecalciumion?Howdoyoutestforcalciumion?Whatisthetestforstrontiumions?Howdoyoutestforstrontiumion?Whatisthetestforbariumions?Howdoyoutestforbariumion?
Whatisthetestforcopper(II)ions?Howdoyoutestforcopperion?Whatisthetestforthealuminiumion?(aluminum)Howdoyoutestforaluminiumions?Whatisthetestformagnesiumions?Howdoyoutest
formagnesiumion?Whatisthetestforiron(II)ions?(ferrousion)Howdoyoutestfortheiron(II)ion?Whatisthetestforiron(III)ions?(ferricion)Howdoyoutestfortheiron(III)ion?Whatisthetestforzinc
ions?Howdoyoutestforzincions?Whatisthetestforchromium(III)ions?Howdoyoutestforthechromium(III)ion?Whatisthetestforthezincion?Howdoyoutestforzincions?Whatisthetestforlead(II)
ions?Howdoyoutestforthelead(II)ion?Whatarethetestsforcopper(II)carbonate?Howdoyoutestforcoppercarbonate?Whatarethetestsforzinccarbonate?Howdoyoutestforzinccarbonate?
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