Generic Engineering Exam paper for 2014

1hr 30 minutes

Approximate marks (out of 100) are given

Need another question for 10 marks

Question Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Total
Marks 20 5 10 15 15 10 10 5 10 100
Topic 2, 9 3, 6? 3 10 5 7 4 10 4

1. (a) For the ODE

+ + = (),
Give a physical interpretation of the coefficients and terms.
(b) What are the dimensions of , , , and .
(c) For = 1, = 2, = 1 and = sin , determine the general solution
(i) when = 1 and
(ii) 1.
[20 marks]

Part c Solution

We first solve the homogeneous equation by solving the following quadratic equation

2 + + = 0

Which is solved as

2 4
1,2 =
2

Substituting for = 1, = 2, = 1:

2 22 4 1 1
1,2 = = 1
21

For repeated roots the homogeneous solution is of the form:

= 1 +2

where 1 and 2 are arbitrary constants.

Hence

= 1 +2
We can then consider a particular solution

= sin + cos

This gives

= cos sin

And

= 2 sin 2 cos

Substituting for , , in + 2 + = sin

(2 sin 2 cos ) + 2( cos sin ) + ( sin + cos ) = sin

Equating sin terms:

2 sin 2 sin + sin = sin

Which gives:

(1 2 ) 2 = 1

Equating cos terms:

(2 cos ) + 2( cos ) + ( cos ) = 0

Which give:

(2 + 2 + ) cos = 0

i.e.

cos = 0 = (2 + 1)
2

Or

(1 2 )
=
2

Solving for B by substituting in:

(1 2 ) 2 = 1

Gives:

(1 2 )
(1 2 ) 2 = 1
2

(1 2 )
[ (1 2 ) + 2] = 1
2

Hence:
 2
=
(1 2 )2 + 4 2

And

1 2
=
(1 2 )2 + 4 2

For 1 the general solution is:

1 2 2
= 1 +2 + sin cos
(1 ) + 4
2 2 2 (1 )2 + 4 2
2

When = 1 the general solution is:

= 1 +2 12 cos

2. A sinusoidal signal has a peak amplitude of 2 and vibrates with a frequency of 10 Hz.

(a) Write down an expression for the signal using complex notation.
(b) Calculate the (i) peak velocity, (ii) acceleration and (iii) the phase difference between
acceleration and velocity.

[5 marks]

Solution:
Expression for the sinusoidal signal:
1 1
Using sin = 2 ( ) and cos = 2 ( + )

1 (+)
() = 2 sin( + ) = ( (+) )

Where = 2 = 20 and is an arbitrary phase angle

Velocity:

()
() = = ( (+) + (+) ) = 2 cos( + ) = 40 cos(20 + )

Peak velocity occurs when cos( + ) = 1; hence peak velocity is:

= 2 = 40 /

(a) Acceleration:
 ()
() = = 2 ( (+) (+) ) = 22 sin( + ) = 22 cos ( + + )
2
3 3
= 22 cos ( + + ) = 800 2 cos (20 + + )
2 2

(b) phase difference between acceleration and velocity is: 32

3
2
3. Given = 3 ( 1)2 and 1 < < 4. Calculate

(a) the area bounded by the line = 0, the curve x(y) (given above) and the lines . = 1 and
= 4.

(b) determine the length of the curve from = 1 to 4.

1
2 2
[Hint: an infinitely small step of length of the curve is defined as (1 + () ) ]

[10 marks]

Solution

(a) Area (A) bounded by the line = 0, the curve x(y) and the lines = 1 and = 4:
4
2 3
= ( 1) 2
1 3
4
4 5 4 5 5 4 5
= [ ( 1) 2 ] = [(4 1) 2 (1 1) 2 ] = 3 2 = 4.1569
1 15 15 15

(b) Length (s) of the curve from = 1 to 4:

4 1
2 2
= (1 + ( ) )

1

2 3 2 3 1 1
= ( ( 1)2 ) = ( 1)2 = ( 1)2
3 3 2

Hence
4 4
4
1 1 2 3 2
= (1 + ( 1)) 2 = () 2 = [ 2 ] = 4
1 3 3
1 1

4. Given (, ) = 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 6 , determine
(a) the stationary points

(b) classify the stationary points.

[15 marks]

Given = 2 2 + 2 + 2 2 6 . We seek the stationary points where = 0, = 0. Now,

= 4 + 2 6, = 2 + 4
= 4, = 2
= 4

For stationary point = 0

4 + 2 6 = 0
And since = 0,
2 + 4 = 0 = 2
Substituting = 2 in = 0:
8 + 2 6 = 0 6 = 6 = 1 and = 2
i.e. stationary point is at (x,y) = (2,-1)

Discriminant:
2
= ( ) | 0 , 0
For 0 = 1 and 0 = 2:

= 4 4 (2)2 |0 = 2, 0 = 1
Giving = 12

Point Classification
(2,-1) + + minimum

5.

x (UNITS) 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

y (UNITS) 1 1.6 14 3.4 4.8

(a) What is the Least Squares fit ?

(b) What is meant by an outlier ? Identify the point or points above which may be outliers
by the use of graphs or otherwise. How might one deal with outliers ?
(c) Modify the above table to take outliers into consideration, and use the method to fit a
line to the data.
 [15 marks]

Solution c:

X y x^2 xy ycalc
0 1 0 0 0.82
0.5 1.6 0.25 0.8 1.76
1.5 3.4 2.25 5.1 3.64
2 4.8 4 9.6 4.58

Mean 1 2.7 1.625 3.875 2.7 1

Xbar ybar xsqdbar xybar xbarybar xbarsqd

a=(xybar-xbar*ybar) /(xsqdbar-xbarsqd)
a 1.88

b=xbar*((xybar-xbar*ybar)/(xsqdbar-xbarsqd))-ybar
b -0.82

Hence: ycalc=1.88x+0.82

6.
a) Find all the intersection points of the planes:
2 = 3, + 2 + 3 = 7.
[5 marks]

b) Find the two vectors normal to these planes

[5 marks]

Solution:
The normal to the two planes are:
,
1 = 2
2 = + 2 + 3
The equation of the line is:


= |2 1 1| = 7 + 5
= + +
1 2 3

The position vector from the origin of some point which lies on the line:
Considering:
2 = 3, + 2 + 3 = 7
Both planes will have a point for which = 0 giving:
= 3, 2 + 3 = 7
Expressing y in terms of z: = 3
Substituting for y in the second plane equation to get z:
 2( 3) + 3 = 7 = 13 = 16
Hence the position vector:
0 = (0, 16,13)
Writing the equation of the line in the form:
= 0 +
= (0, 16,13) + (1, 7,5)

7. Given
exp()
() =

=0 exp()
Where > 0

(a) Show that

() = (1 exp()) exp()

[5 marks]

Solution

)
= (
=0 =0

As > 0 then | exp()| < 1 therefore

)
1
( =
1
=0

thus
1
1
() = = ( ) = (1 )

=0
1

(b) Show that the average is

1
=
.
(exp() 1)

[hint: note that = and that the differentiation of a sum is the sum

of the differentiations]

[5 marks]

The average population N is defined as

= () = ((1 ) ) = (1 )

=0 =0 =0

considering that = , then =

then

1
= (1 )
= (1 ) = (1 ) { }
1
=0 =0
1
= (1 ) [ ] = =
(1 )
2 (1 ) 1

8. Apply Eulers method three times to the following ODE

= + 0.5

using the initial condition (0) = 1 and step size = 0.1. Work to 3 decimal places.

[5 marks]

Solution
Euler
x(n) y(n) dy/dx h*dy/dx y(n+1) to 3 d.p
0 1 0.5 0.05 1.050
0.1 1.050 0.605 0.0605 1.111
Third iteration 0.2 1.1105 0.7221 0.07221 1.183
0.3 1.18271 0.854813 0.0854813 1.268

9. If a random variable has the normal distribution with = 82.0 and = 4.8, find the
probabilities that it will take on a value

a) less than 89.2

b) greater than 78.4
c) between 83.2 and 88.0
d) between 73.6 and 90.4
[10 marks]

Q9: Solution:

89.282
a) We have = = 1.5 which means the probability is 0.4332 + 0.5 = 0.9332.
48
78.482
b) We have = = 0.75 which means the probability is 0.2734 + 0.5 = 0.7734.
48
 83.282 8882
c) We have 1 = = 0.25 and 2 = = 1.25 which means that the probability is
48 48
0.3944 0.0987 = 0.2957.
73.682 90.482
d) We have 1 = = 1.75 and 2 = = 1.75 which means that the probability
48 48
is 0.4599 + 0.4599 = 0.9198.