Displacement Based Design of Structures

ERASMUS MUNDUS MASTER COURSE

Advanced Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
University of Liege, December 2016

Paolo M. Calvi
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Washington, Seattle

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

Problems with FBD and
intro to DBD

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Key Observation

Structural damage (performance level) is normally related to strain

Non-structural damage is generally related to drift
Strain and drift can be integrated to give displacement:
- Performance levels related to displacement
- No direct relationship between performance level and strength
SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016
 Some Problems with Force-Based Design
(See Priestley 1993, Priestley et al., 2007)

1. Interdependency of strength, stiffness and period

2. Ductility capacity and force-reduction factors
3. Ductility of structural systems
4. Relationship between elastic and inelastic demand
(displacement equivalent rule)
5. Structures with dual load paths (including buildings with unequal
wall lengths)

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

FBD Problem 1 (for RC structures):
To Know the buildings period we
need to know the buildings strength

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Stiffness Implications

The elastic (cracked) stiffness of a reinforced concrete

section can be related to the strength and yield
curvature by:

=

The findings demonstrate that:
Stiffness is a function of strength

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Period-Strength Issue

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

FBD Problem 2: Definition of Ductility
and Behavior Factors

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 What is Ductility?

Ductility is a measure of a structures ability to

undergo inelastic deformations

Typical reinforcement stress-strain relationship

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Ductility Definitions

Ductility is quantified as the ratio of the maximum

to the yield deformation

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 How to Compute Ductility in Real Structures?

Assumption in force-based design

framework
Real situation. How to compute
ductility?

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Uncertainty Affects Behavior Factors

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

FBD Problem 3: Ductility Demands
on Structural Systems

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Walls with Different Length

What is the system ductility demand?

What value of q (or R) should we use?

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 System of Bridge Piers

Consider a bridge with three piers (A,

B, C) each having the same sectional
diameter (often found in practice):

Each pier will have a different yield displacement.

Therefore, if the deck imposes the same displacement demand on the

different piers, what value of ductility should we consider for the system?

And what will be the ultimate displacement capacity?

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Ductility of Bridge Piers of Different Height

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

FBD Problem 4: Relationships Used
to Predict Inelastic Displacements
from Elastic Response Spectra

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 R (or q)--T Relationships

Relationships between elastic and inelastic displacements such as

the equal displacement rule stem from the results of NLTH
analyses THEY ARE EMPIRICAL

The relationships currently in use stem from the studies of Velestos

and Newmark (1960) and Riddell and Newmark (1979), but other
studies have been conducted more recently.

Note: the results of numerical analysis are sensitive to the modeling

assumptions made (e.g. modeling of elastic damping)

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

Are Implications of Equal-Displacement Rule Reasonable?

Why shouldnt the energy dissipated affect the peak displacement

estimate?
(It does if we consider a structure with added dampers!)

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 FBD Problem 5: Use of Elastic
Analyses for Inelastic Systems

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Consider a RC Bridge
Transverse response direction:

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Consider a RC Wall Building

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

And there are other problems still

How can we proceed?

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Displacement Based Design
In recognition that displacements/deformations should be key to
seismic design methods numerous displacement-based design
(DBD) methods proposed:

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Direct DBD of SDOF Systems

Equivalent Viscous Damping

Spectral Displacement
me
F = 5%

=f()
= 42%
he
d

Teff
SDOF System

Displacement
Design Ductility
Displacement,
Hysteresis Period
Force
(a) Equivalent viscous damping (b) Displacement Spectrum
Fd

Fy rK

Approach is reversed:
Keff the target displacement is selected and the
properties of the structure are determined
K accordingly (the process can be iterative).
y Displacement d

(c) Effective Stiffness

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016
 Design Steps
1. Select design displacement (dictated by structural or non-
structural limits)
2. Estimate yield displacement (typically function of geometry and
steel yield strain)
3. Calculate ductility (d/y)
4. Estimate effective damping and spectral reduction factor
5. Obtain the effective period of vibration from the reduced
displacement response spectrum
6. Calculate the effective stiffness of the system
7. Calculate the design base shear

Refreshing FBD:
1. Period of vibration is calculated from elastic (cracked)
properties)
2. Spectral acceleration is obtained from a 5% damped
acceleration spectrum as a function of the elastic period of
vibration
3. The design base shear is estimated as the product of m and a.

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

Fundamental Equations for DBD: Elasto-Plastic System
We go through the derivations on the board:
F
F
Fy

y d

y , , , , , , ,

h
c = 5%

Tc T

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Curvature, Rotation and Displacement

2 2
= = = =
3 3

= + 2

SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016

 Fundamental Equations for DBD
The fundamental equations have been adjusted and calibrated for
various structural systems. For example, consider a circular RC
column with a mass at the top (could represent a bridge pier):

2.25 1
= = 0.05 + 0.444 =

2
+ 0.07 4 2
= = =
3 0.02 + 2

= =
Force
Fd
Spectral Displacement

= 5% Fy rK

=f()
= 42%
d Keff

Teff
y Displacement d
Period
SUSCOS P.M. Calvi Liege, December 2016