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On March 9, 2016, ahead of the Google I/O developer conference, Google released the first beta of
Android "N" as part of a new "Android Beta Program" intended for testing by developers and
enthusiasts before official release "this summer". The developer preview builds were compatible with
only current Google Nexus devices; the 5X, 6P, 6, 9, Pixel C, and Nexus Player. The "Android Beta
Program" that was introduced allows testers to opt-in for over-the-air updates to new beta versions
as they are released.[5]
On April 13, 2016, Android N Beta Preview 2 was released. [7] Google further discussed Android "N"
during the I/O keynote on May 18, 2016, and unveiled its new virtual reality platform Daydream. Beta
Preview 3, the first preview release deemed suitable for wider public beta testing, was released at
this time. Google also announced that it would hold a contest to determine the official release name
of the operating system.[8][9][10]
Beta Preview 4 was released on June 15, 2016. [11][12] On June 30, 2016, Google announced that N's
release name would be "Nougat"; it was also confirmed that Nougat would be version 7.0 of Android.
[13][14][15]
Android 7.0 was officially released on August 22, 2016, with the Nexus 6, Nexus 5X, Nexus
6P, Nexus 9, Nexus Player, Pixel C and General Mobile 4G as the first devices to receive the
update.[6]
A post-release update known as Android 7.1 was pre-loaded onto Google's Pixel and Pixel XL
smartphones released in October 2016; the new version adds support for the Google Daydream VR
platform, image keyboards, expanded emoji support (including male and female versions of
gendered emoji), support for actions to be displayed in menus on home screen app shortcuts, and
other new features. A preview of 7.1 for existing Nexus devices was released via Android Beta
Program later in the month,[17] and officially released as Android 7.1.1 on December 5, 2016. [18][19][20]
ARCHITECTURE
The Linux Kernel
The foundation of the Android platform is the Linux kernel. For example, the Android Runtime
(ART) relies on the Linux kernel for underlying functionalities such as threading and low-level
memory management.
Using a Linux kernel allows Android to take advantage of key security features and allows device
manufacturers to develop hardware drivers for a well-known kernel.
Android Runtime
For devices running Android version 5.0 (API level 21) or higher, each app runs in its own process
and with its own instance of the Android Runtime (ART). ART is written to run multiple virtual
machines on low-memory devices by executing DEX files, a bytecode format designed specially for
Android that's optimized for minimal memory footprint. Build toolchains, such as Jack, compile Java
sources into DEX bytecode, which can run on the Android platform.
Prior to Android version 5.0 (API level 21), Dalvik was the Android runtime. If your app runs well on
ART, then it should work on Dalvik as well, but the reverse may not be true.
Android also includes a set of core runtime libraries that provide most of the functionality of the Java
programming language, including some Java 8 language features, that the Java API framework
uses.
A rich and extensible View System you can use to build an apps UI, including lists, grids,
text boxes, buttons, and even an embeddable web browser
A Notification Manager that enables all apps to display custom alerts in the status bar
An Activity Manager that manages the lifecycle of apps and provides a common navigation
back stack
Content Providers that enable apps to access data from other apps, such as the Contacts
app, or to share their own data
Developers have full access to the same framework APIs that Android system apps use.
System Apps
Android comes with a set of core apps for email, SMS messaging, calendars, internet browsing,
contacts, and more. Apps included with the platform have no special status among the apps the user
chooses to install. So a third-party app can become the user's default web browser, SMS
messenger, or even the default keyboard (some exceptions apply, such as the system's Settings
app).
The system apps function both as apps for users and to provide key capabilities that developers can
access from their own app. For example, if your app would like to deliver an SMS message, you
don't need to build that functionality yourselfyou can instead invoke whichever SMS app is already
installed to deliver a message to the recipient you specify.
VERSIONS
If you haven't explored the developer features, you'll want to take a look at app
shortcuts, round icon resources, and image keyboard support, among others -- you can see
the full list of developer features here. For details on API Level 25, check out the API diffs and
the API reference.
VERSION 7.1.2
You can find an overview of all of the Android Nougat developer resources here, including
details on the core Android 7.0 Nougat behavior changes and developer features.c
The next maintenance release for Android Nougat -- 7.1.2 -- is just around the corner! To get
the recipe just right, starting today, we're rolling out a public beta to eligible devices that are
enrolled in the Android Beta Program, including Pixel and Pixel XL, Nexus 5X, Nexus Player,
and Pixel C devices. We're also preparing an update for Nexus 6P that we expect to release
soon.
If you'd like to try the public beta for Android 7.1.2, the easiest way is through the Android
Beta Program. If you have an eligible device that's already enrolled, you're all set -- your
device will get the public beta update in the next few days and no action is needed on your
part. If your device isn't enrolled, it only takes a moment to visit android.com/beta and opt-in
your eligible Android phone or tablet -- you'll soon receive the public beta update over-the-
air. As always, you can also download and flash this update manually.
We're expecting to launch the final release of the Android 7.1.2 in just a couple of months,
Like the beta, it will be available for Pixel, Pixel XL, Nexus 5X, Nexus 6P, Nexus Player, and
Pixel C devices. Meanwhile we welcome your feedback or requests in the Android Beta
community as we work towards the final over-the-air update. Thanks for being part of the
public beta!
Scheduling algorithms
Scheduling in Android
Normal scheduling
Android uses two different mechanisms when scheduling the Linux kernel to
perform process level scheduling
real-time scheduling
see Documentation/cgroups/cgroups.txt
http://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/scheduler/sched-rt-group.txt
The binder mechanism also propagates priorities. That is the binder process
called will run with the same priority as the caller.
An Android system will have a set of unix processes running . Some are
native processes but many will be processes that run a Java virtual machine.
These processes usually will be multi threaded, All android threads are native
pthreads (no green threads). There are two ways to change the priority
handling one by
Calling Thread.setPriority that is part of the standard Java API and contains a
value from MIN_PRIORITY(1) to MAX_PRIORITY(10).As all threads are pthreads
these priorities will be mapped to unix process priorities (MIN_PRIORITY being
19 and MAX_PRIORITY -8).
frameworks/base/include/utils/threads.h
ANDROID_PRIORITY_LOWEST = 19,
ANDROID_PRIORITY_DEFAULT = ANDROID_PRIORITY_NORMAL,
ANDROID_PRIORITY_MORE_FAVORABLE = -1,
ANDROID_PRIORITY_LESS_FAVORABLE = +1,
Advantages
The biggest advantage of the Android is Google. Android operating system is owned by Google.
Google is one of the most trusted and reputed product on the internet. The name Google provide
lots of trust for the users to buy Android device.
Android Multitasking
Most of us love this feature of the android. Users can do lots of tasks at once. Users can open
several applications at once and manage them all too. Android has great UI which makes easy for
users to do multitasking.
Google Play Store App free Download for Android Millions of Apps
The best part of the Android is the availability of millions of applications. Google Play store is
reported as worlds largest mobile store. It has almost everything from movies to games and
much more. These things can be easily downloaded and accessed through Android phone.
Read more: How to Get Paid Apps for Free on Android Without Root Download latest
Version [2016]
One can easily get access to their notification of any kind of SMS, emails or calls on their home
screen or the notification panel of the android phone. Its UI makes easy for the user to view more
than 5 Android notification at once. The user can view all the notification on the top bar.
Android operating system has plenty of widgets. This widget makes the user experience much
better and helps in doing multitasking. You can add any widget depending upon the feature you
want on your home screen. You can see notifications, messages, and much more use without
even opening applications.
If Android operating system has a lot of advantages. Then, It surely has several disadvantages.
We have done research and found few factor which shows several disadvantages of Android.
Applications are freely available in the Google play store. But still, these applications start
showing tons of advertisements on the notification bar and over the application. This
advertisement is very irritating and creates the huge problem in managing your Android phone.
Android handset is considered as one of the most battery consuming operating systems. In the
android operating system, there are plenty of process running in the background which results in
the quick draining of the battery. It is hard to stop these applications as the majority of them are
system applications.
Android Malware/Virus/Security
Android device is not considered safe as compared to other applications. It is easy to target
any Android phone and every day millions of attempt are done on Android phone. Hackers keep
on trying to steal your personal information.