ABSTRACT

This experiment report discusses about the several types of pumps that can
be found in industry with different characteristics, performance and also
application. The concepts of energy conversion was used to compare the
performance curves of different pumps.The relationship between pressure
head, flow rate pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency for
a pump is investigated. For this experiment, we have tested only on
Centrifugal Pump, Axial to investigate their characteristics when different
flow rates are applied. The centrifugal pump is the type most widely used in
the chemical industry for transporting liquids of all types. The size and types
best suited for a particular operation can be determined by engineering of
the problem. The capacity of the pump is defined as the volume of the fluid
handled per unit time. The performance of a centrifugal pump for a particular
rotational speed of the impeller and liquid viscosity is represented by plots of
total head against capacity and power against capacity.This report consist of
the objectives of the experiment, a brief introduction,working theory of multi
pump test rig, the apparatus used to conduct this experiment and the
procedures of carrying out the experiment. The data collected are then
analyze and discussed. At the end of the report, discussion, errors, and
modifications about the experiment are explain. Finally, the conclusion of the
experiment is made.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the relationship between pressure head, flow rate, power

consumed and efficiency for a pump and to compare the performance curves
of different pumps.

THEORY

The pump is a delivery system. It rises up the head of fluid by energy

conversion. The input power usually is electrical power (Pin). The output

power is (Po) and is dependent on the pump efficiency ( )

Po

Pin
Po .g .Q.H

Where,
 kg
m3
is fluid density ( )
m
g s2
is gravity ( )
m3
Q s
is flow rate ( )
H
is delivery head

2N
Pin T T
60

PROCEDURE

1. A pump has been selected to be tested

2. The dynamometer motor torque ensured set to zero correctly
3. The test rig switched on
4. The motor speed raised to maximum : 1450rev/min
5. Six equi-spaced points has been selected throughout pressure reading
range, at which flow reading is taken.
Note: the actual pressure head of the pump is the difference between
the pressure gauge reading in m.H2O and the vacuum gauge reading
in m.H2O, at a particular rate of flow.
6. The control valve is adjusted to the first of the selected pressure gauge
readings
7. The rate of flow is measured using the graduated sight glass on the
volumetric tank and the stopwatch.
8. The torque reading at each flow rate is recorded
9. Steps 3-8 is repeated for two other motor speeds
 DATA COLLECTION

800rp
m

Pressur Vacuu Pump Hydraul

e m Head Tim Flow Input ic Efficien
Readi (m.HO (m.H (m.HO Volum e rate Torque Power Power cy (%)
ng ) O) ) e (ltr) (s) (m/s) (N.m) (W) (W)
18. 0.000274 19.268 0.0539
1 1.0 0 0.0200 5 2 7 0.23 43 0 0.2797
15. 0.000333 20.943 0.0784
2 1.0 0 0.0240 5 0 3 0.25 95 8 0.3747
13. 0.000384 20.943 0.0943
3 1.0 0 0.0250 5 0 6 0.25 95 3 0.4504
13. 0.000384 19.268 0.0962
4 1.0 0 0.0255 5 0 6 0.23 43 1 0.4993
12. 0.000387 18.430 0.0969
5 1.0 0 0.0255 5 9 6 0.22 68 6 0.5261

1200r
pm
Pressur Vacuu Pump Hydrau
e m Head Tim Torqu Input lic Efficien
Readi (m.HO (m.H (m.HO Volum e Flow rate e Power Power cy (%)
ng ) O) ) e (ltr) (s) (m/s) (N.m) (W) (W)
0.000510 41.469 0.1401
1 2.0 0 0.0280 5 9.8 2 0.33 02 4 0.3379
0.000641 45.238 0.2201
2 1.8 0 0.0350 5 7.8 0 0.36 93 0 0.4865
0.000694 46.495 0.2486
3 1.8 0 0.0365 5 7.2 4 0.37 57 6 0.5348
0.000714 46.495 0.2592
4 1.7 0 0.0370 5 7.0 3 0.37 57 6 0.5576
0.000714 46.495 0.2662
5 1.7 0 0.0380 5 7.0 3 0.37 57 7 0.5727
 1500r
pm

Pressur Vacuu Pump Hydrau

e m Head Tim Torqu Input lic Efficien
Readi (m.HO (m.H (m.HO Volum e Flow rate e Power Power cy (%)
ng ) O) ) e (ltr) (s) (m/s) (N.m) (W) (W)
0.000714 73.827 0.2557
1 3.2 0.00 0.0365 5 7.0 3 0.47 43 6 0.3464
0.000757 80.110 0.3084
2 2.8 0.00 0.0415 5 6.6 6 0.51 61 2 0.3850
0.000961 78.539 0.4103
3 2.6 0.20 0.0435 5 5.2 5 0.50 82 2 0.5224
0.000925 80.110 0.4042
4 2.6 0.25 0.0445 5 5.4 9 0.51 61 1 0.5046
0.000925 83.252 0.4087
5 2.5 0.25 0.0450 5 5.4 9 0.53 21 5 0.4910

RESULTS

Pump Pressure Head vs Pump Flow Rate

 0.0500

0.0450

0.0400

0.0350

0.0300
800 rpm
0.0250 Linear (800 rpm)
Axis Title
1200 rpm
0.0200 Linear (1200 rpm)
1500 rpm
0.0150
Linear (1500 rpm)
0.0100

0.0050

0.0000
2.00E-04 4.00E-04 6.00E-04 8.00E-04 1.00E-03

Axis Title

Efficiency vs Flow Rate

 0.7000

0.6000

0.5000

0.4000 800 rpm

Linear (800 rpm)
Axis Title
0.3000 1200 rpm
Linear (1200 rpm)
1500 rpm
0.2000 Linear (1500 rpm)

0.1000

0.0000
2.00E-04 4.00E-04 6.00E-04 8.00E-04 1.00E-03

Axis Title

KEVIN NELSON (15118)

DISCUSSION

The main goal of the experiment is to find the relationship between the
pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency for a pump and to
compare the performance curves of different pumps used.
According to the theory, the pump is a delivery system which increases the
head of the fluid by conversion of energy. The input of the delivery system is
electrical power (Pin) while the output of the system is (P o) which is
dependent of the pump efficiency (). There are several pumps used in the
system which is centrifugal pump, axial flow pump, gear pump and turbine
pump.
P
= o
P
2 N
gQ H p T = T
Where Po= , Pin = 60

There are several equations used in this experiment to calculate the head
pump. Firstly is the Bernoullis equation. There were some assumptions made
so that the equation is valid. The flow is assumed to be steady, inviscid, and
incompressible. Besides that,the continuity equation is used. The fluid used
is water. The density is constant. The area of pipes is same at the inlet and
outlet. Therefore, we can consider that the velocity at one point is equal to
the other point.
Bernoulli equation:
P1 V 21 P2 V 22
+ Z 1 + H p= + + Z 2
g 2 g + g 2 g

Continuity equation:
m 1 m 2
=
1 V 1 A 1= 2 V 2 A 2

From the result, the pump head increases as the pressure decreases while
the flow rate increases as the time decreases. The input power seems to be
almost constant or very close values after the first reading while the
hydraulic power increases as the experiment continues. After calculating the
efficiency from the input power and hydraulic power, the efficiency
increases. The torque is almost constant. From the graph, we can see that
the pump head is inversely proportional to the flow rate and the efficiency is
linearly proportional to the flow rate. By interpreting the graph, the pump
head decreases as the flow rate increases, while the efficiency increases as
the flow rate increases. In conclusion, the experimental value differ from the
theoretical value because by using the equations, other factors such as the
surface roughness of the pipe are not considered.
The data calculated may differ from the theoretical value maybe due to some
errors during the experiment. Firstly is the parallax error. The eyes are not on
the right position when taking the reading of the pressure. Besides that,
human reactions also may affect the accuracy of the data.This occurs during
the reaction time taken when stopping the stop watch after the water fills the
tube to a certain level. Instrument error also may occur where the measuring
tools were not properly calibrated.
For improvement in the future, digital measurement method should be
implemented to assist in collecting data. Weekly maintenance should be
done so that there are no components that malfunction in order for the
machine to work efficiently. Variable readings should be taken so that the
data accuracy of the experiment would increase.

CONCLUSION

The objective of the experiment is to examine the relationship between the

pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency for a pump and to
compare the performance curves of different pumps used as plotted in the
graphs. In conclusion, the objective of the experiment has been achieved as
the experiment was conducted and analysed.

NUR HUWAINA BINTI KHAIRULLAH (13903)

DISCUSSION

The objective of this experiment is to investigate the relationship between

pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency for a pump. We
only used centrifugal pump in this experiment to show the relationships. The
pump is used to convert mechanical energy to kinetic energy. The
experiment is conducted at three speeds, 800 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm
and the readings for pressure head, flow rate and power consumed are
recorded. We can see from the data recorded that the pump head for all
three motor speeds increases. The higher the motor speeds, the higher the
pump head. For 800 rpm motor speed, the pump head increases from
0.0200m to 0.0255m. For 1200 rpm, the pump head increases from 0.0280m
to 0.0380m and for 1500 rpm, the pump head increases from 0.0365m to
0.0450m.The flow rate in the table is calculated by dividing the volume with
the time taken. The flow rate increases as the time taken decreases. For 800
rpm, the flow rate increases from 2.747E-4 m/s to 3.333E-4 m/s. For 1200
rpm, the flow rate increases from 5.102E-4 m/s to 7.143E-4m/s and for
1500 rpm, the flow rate increases from 7.143E-4 m/s to 9.259E-4 m/s. For
power consumed by the pump, the power input should increases as the
speed increases but in this experiment the readings are not so accurate as
there are times where the power input decreases or stay constant as the
speed increases due to some errors. We can say that the power input
increases as the torque increases. From the table, the efficiency of the pump
increases as the hydraulic power increases. The efficiency can be calculated
from the ratio of hydraulic power to the input power. For 800 rpm, the
efficiency increases from 0.28% to 0.53%. For 1200 rpm, the efficiency
increases from 0.34% to 0.57% and for 1500 rpm, the efficiency increases
from 0.35% to 0.50% but then drop to 0.49%.
From the first graph (Pump Pressure Head vs Pump Flow Rate), the pressure
head for all three motor speeds increases as the flow rate increases and from
the second graph (Efficiency vs Flow Rate), we can say that for all three
motor speeds, the efficiency increases as the flow rate increases.

ERRORS AND MODIFICATIONS

The readings recorded throughout this experiment are not so accurate due to
some errors. The first one is parallax error. Parallax error occurred when our
eye is not parallel to the reading which then will caused inaccurate reading.
To overcome this problem, the eyes must be parallel to the scale when taking
readings. The second error is human error. This error occurred when taking
the time for the water to reach a certain level. A person might not be able to
stop the stopwatch at the exact moment the water reach that certain level
thus resulting the error. To overcome this, we can take a few readings and
after that take the average from all the readings to obtain the accurate
readings.

CONCLUSION

In this experiment, the objective is achieved as we were able to determine

the relationship between pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and
efficiency for a pump and at the same time we were able to compare the
performance curves of different pumps when the graph is plotted. The flow
rate increases as the pressure head increases, the power input increases as
the torque increases and the efficiency increases as the flow rate increases.

FAIQAH BINTI MOHD AZMIR (13795)

DISCUSSION

Pump is a delivery system. It has been designed to convert mechanical

energy into fluid energy. It rises up the head fluid by energy conversion.
Head fluid is a specific measurement of water pressure above a geodetic
datum. It is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in a
unit of meters or feet. Four pump is used in this particular experiment
namely centrifugal pump, axial flow pump gear pump and turbine pump.
Centrifugal Pump is used to increase the pressure of fluid and make the fluid
moves in the pipe. The fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the
rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into
a diffuser or volute chamber (casing), from where it exits into the
downstream piping. This pump is used for large discharge through smaller
heads. An axial flow pump, or AFP, is a common type of pump that
essentially consists of a propeller in a pipe. The propeller can be driven
directly by a sealed motor in the pipe or mounted to the pipe from the
outside or by a right-angle drive shaft that pierces the pipe. The Axial Flow
Pump is used to run at peak efficiency at low flow or high-pressure and high-
flow or low pressure. Gear pump uses the meshing of gears to pump fluid by
displacement. They are one of the most common types of
pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear Pump varies with speed
but remain constant against pressure. Turbine Pump is used to handle the
small amount of fluid with high total head.

The pumps used have differences in their characteristics, resulting in the

different power input and power output between each pump. Power input
and power output can be calculated using the stated equation:
Power input,
2 T
T
Pin = T = 60

Power output,
P = . g . Q. H
Where,
is fluid density
g is gravity (=9.81)
Q is flow rate
H is delivery head
Power output is dependent on the efficiency of the pump, therefore the
efficiency of the pump is calculated.
Pump efficiency,
P
= Po

Another equation that we used to find the value of head pump is Bernoullis
equation. A few assumptions were made to validify the equation which are
the flow is steady, inviscid and incompressible.
Bernoulli equation:
P1 V 21 P2 V 22
+ Z + H = + +Z
g 2 g + 1 p
g 2 g 2
From the result that we obtained after conducting this experiment, we can
see that when the motor speed is increased, the pressure and would
decrease. When it is operating with different speeds, it gives various values
for pressure head, flow rate, and power consumed while we take the reading.
Higher flow rate results in slower time. This will allow us to obtain the factors
that affect the efficiency of the pumps. We can see clearly from the graph
that the efficiency and head pump is directly proportional to the flow rate.
This is due to the increasing velocity when the flow rate is faster and the
power output is directly proportional to the flow rate.

Some of the data that we collected were not accurate. This is because of the
errors made throughout the experiment. The first error was parallax error. It
was hard to maintain perpendicular vision to the scale because it was
positioned at the lower part of the table, resulting in parallax error and
inaccurate reading. The second error was categorized as systematic error as
it involves the equipments itself. Vibrations that occurred throughout the
experiment caused instability in some of the equipment which leads to
inaccurate data collection.

Modification should be made in the future to make sure that accurate result
and data can be obtained. The eye of the observer should be exactly
perpendicular to the scale. The instruments should be regularly serviced to
reduce unnecessary vibrations.

CONCLUSION

The objectives of this experiment were achieved. From the result, we can see
clearly the relationship between the flow rates, power consumed, pressure
head and efficiency of the pump.
In conclusion, the experimental values are differed from the theoretical value
because by using the equation, other factors such as the surface roughness
of the pipe are not considered including some errors that matter.

NURUL NADIA SHUHADA BINTI MAHAMAD SHOBRI (13686)

DISCUSSION

Interpretation of Data
For this experiment, we are going to do Multi-pump Test Rig, an armfield that
has been designed to study the operating characteristics of different types of
pumps such as a centrifugal pump, an axial flow pump, a gear pump and a
turbine pump. These pumps are used to convert mechanical energy into fluid
energy and this allows liquids to flow from one place to another. To fully
understand the pumps and their characteristics, we have recorded the
measurements of head, flow, speed and torque to be determined and
compared. We have selected centrifugal pump to be tested with motor speed
of 800 rpm. All steps are repeated for other motor speeds of 1200 rpm and
1500 rpm.
From the data recorded, we can see that the reading of pump head for all
three motor speeds are increasing. For 800 rpm, the head pump readings are
increasing from 0.0200 m to 0.0255m and for 1200 rpm, pump head
readings show increment from 0.0280 m to 0.0380 m, meanwhile for 1800
rpm, the pump head readings are getting higher from 0.0365 m to 0.0450.
These readings are increasing as the equi-spaced points throughout the
pressure reading range are increased as well.
For the flow rate readings, the volume and time taken readings have been
taken from the graduated sight glass on the volumetric tank by using stop
watch. The time taken for the liquids to reach 5 liter is showing its decrement
for all motor speeds of 800 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm. The flow rate
readings (in m/s) decreases from 2.747E-4 to 3.333E-4, 5.102E-4 to 7.143E-
4 and 7.143E-4 to 9.259E-4 for 800 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm
respectively. This decrement affects the flow rate of the liquid as the time
taken is inversely proportional to the flow rate. So that means, if the time
taken for the liquid to reach 5 litre is decreasing, thus the flow rate will be
increasing.
For the power consumed, the power input readings show that the readings
are increasing. However, for 800 rpm, the readings inreases but then
decreases. It increases from 19.2 W to 20.9 W but then decreases to 18.4 W.
For 1200 rpm, the readings increases from 41.5 W to 46.5 W but remain
constant at 46.5 W towards the end. For 1500 rpm, the readings are not
stable at the beginning but increases from 78.5 W to 83. 3 W towards the
end. Input reading is affected by torque as if the torque increases, the input
power will increase as well. In this situation, the increment of the torque is
not steady. So we notice that some errors might occur during the
experiment.
Efficiency of the pump can be measured from the ratio of hydraulic power to
the power input. In this experiment, generally we can conclude that the
efficiency of the pump is increasing as the hydraulic power increasing as
well. For 800 rpm, it records that the efficiency is increasing from 0.28% to
0.53% and for 1200 rpm, it shows that the efficiency increases from 0.34% to
0.57%, meanwhile for 1500 rpm, the efficiency increases from 0.35% to
0.50% but then drop to 0.49%.
From the graph of Pump Pressure Head vs Pump Flow Rate, all results for all
three motor speeds have been plotted. The result shows that all three motor
speeds are increasing linearly as the pump flow rate increasing. This means
that the pump pressure head is directly proportional to pump flow rate.
From the second graph of Efficiency vs Flow Rate, all three motor speeds of
800 rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm show linear increments. This means when
the flow rate increases, the efficiency will increase for sure. Thus, efficiency
is directly proportional to the flow rate.

ERRORS

As mentioned earlier, our results for power input readings for all three motor
speed are not stable. This could be because of parallax error. There might be
an error in reading an torque balance instrument when taking torque
reading. The eyes might not be on a line directly perpendicular to the scale.
The same error might occurs during taking the reading of time taken for
liquid to reach 5 litres. The eyes might not be perpendicular to the scale and
the time taken from the stopwatch might not be stopped at the exact
moment the liquid reachs a scale of 5 litres.

MODIFICATION

The only way to overcome parallax error is by taking reading when our eyes
are directly perpendicular to the scale. For the time taken is taken at the
exact moment the liquid reach volume of 5 litres, it is suggested that the
reading for both are taken by the same person. This is because only the
person who is taking the reading of the sight gauge and scale knows when is
the right moment to stop the stopwatch.

CONCLUSION

The objectives of this experiment is to study the relationship between

pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency for a pump, and to
compare the performance curves of different pumps. For this experiment, we
only test centrifugal pump but at three different motor speeds which are 800
rpm, 1200 rpm and 1500 rpm. From the experiment we understand that
when the pump flow rate increase, the pump pressure head will increase as
well. If a graph is plotted, the graph would be increasing linearly. For the
power consumed, the torque is directly proportional to the power input. As
the torque reading increase, the power input will increase. When a graph of
efficiency vs flow rate is plotted, we can see that the increment if the flow
rate will eventually cause the efficiency to increase as well.

MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN ROSNI 15214

DISCUSSION

After analyzing & looking through all available data and graphs associated, these are the
summary based on each graph obtained :

1. Pressure head vs. Pump flow rate

 As shown in the graph, as the flow rate increases, the pressure head
varies respect to different speed. The trend is similar between those
three types of speed, which is increases as the flow rate increases.
Higher speed have higher magnitude of flow rate respectively.

2. Efficiency vs. Pump flow rate

Those three lines are nearly directly proportional but each one has
different magnitude. When speed is 1200rpm at its highest flow rate, it
has highest efficiency among all. We can assume at this speed, highest
amount of energy is conserved during in and out of the pump. Means
that, less energy loss.

SOURCE OF ERROR

A lot of error has been identified which contributes to inconsistency in results

obtained.
1st of all, the water or fluid speed is not constant for each round of
experiment. this gives different result and thus, bringing further from
theoretical values or results.
2nd, error in equipment used. Some defects in equipment may cause high
amount of energy loss and inconsistency when taking readings. 3rd, human
error when taking readings. Observation may be obstructed and thus,
affecting the results taken.

MODIFICATION

Modification can overcome error that causes the faulty of the result. In order
to get more accurate result, firstly we need to overcome parallax error. Make
sure our eyes are perpendicular to the reading scale of the gauge to avoid
parallax error. This modification will make the data collected to be more
accurate. Next we need to let the machine run for a while after adjusted the
speed. This to make sure the data collected is more accurate. Next, we need
to make sure the speed of the water is constant so that the data collected is
more accurate. This is because when the speed of the water is not constant,
the pressure is also keep on changing and its hard to get the exact pressure.
When this problem is overcome, data collected will become easier. Vibration
can be overcome by running the machine for a while until it stabile. Use
absorber also can make the machine less vibrate and will increase the
efficiency of the machine.

CONCLUSION

Pressure head, flow rate, power consumed and efficiency all of them have
distinct relationship among them especiall efficiency. Different pressure
head, flow rate, and power consumed gives effect to efficiency. Highest
efficiency is crucial when comes to real life situation such as industrial sector.