How Things Fly - Principles of Flight - Lecture PDF

Lecture 7
An Introduction to Basic Principles of

Atmospheric Flight Mechanics
Dr. Radhakant Padhi

Asst. Professor
Dept. of Aerospace Engineering
Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore
Aircraft Designs
Dr. Radhakant Padhi

Asst. Professor
First to Fly
ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 3

Dr. Radhakant Padhi, AE Dept., IISc-Bangalore
Wright Brothers

Commercial Aircrafts
z High Lift/Drag ratio
z High fuel efficiency
z High reliability & safety
requirements
z Good handling quality
and passenger comfort
z All weather operational
capability
z Speed and agility
(maneuverability) are
not critical
Geometry of Conventional Aircrafts

Tailless Aircraft
z On the tailless aircraft the pitch controls and roll controls
must both be on the wing. There can be separate
elevators and ailerons or they can be combined into one
set of controls known as Elevons and still usually has a
vertical Fin with a rudder

Canard Aircraft
z Horizontal stabilizer and elevators are in front.
z Advantage: Better control characteristics (including
elimination of the non-minimum phase behavior)
z Drawback: Disturbed flow pattern over the body, good
aerodynamic modeling is difficult.

Force Balance in Flying Vehicles
Dr. Radhakant Padhi

Asst. Professor
Basic Force Balance
z Weight
z Lift
z Drag
z Thrust

Lift
z Lift is generated by differential pressure
on upper and lower side of the wing
Lift
Lift

1 2
L = q S CL = V S CL
Lift 2
(h) = atmospheric density (a function of height)

V = relative velocity of air
S = wetted surface area
CL = coefficient of lift
1 2
q = V : Dynamic Pressure
2

Dynamic pressure
Total pressure of any fluid
= static pressure + dynamic pressure
1
= gh + V 2
2
Dynamic pressure of a fluid represents its kinetic energy

Atmospheric density
g ( h h0 )
0
= 0e RT

Angle of attack
AOA

Coeff. of Lift vs Angle of attack
1 2
L = V S CL
2
Stall
Region
Lift coefficient

Drag
1 2
D = V S CD
2
CD = Coefficient of drag
= profile drag + induced drag
= CD0 + K CL2

Mach Number M = V / C
V = velocity of object relative to medium
C = velocity of sound in the medium
= velocity of sound in air = 340 m/s at 250 C
P
M<1 Subsonic C = RT =
M=1 Sonic

0.8 < M < 1.2 Transonic
1.2 < M < 5 Supersonic
M>5 Hypersonic

Drag vs Mach number

Drag
z Skin friction drag
z Pressure drag
z Induced drag

Skin friction drag
z It is caused by the interaction of the air particles against

the surface of the aircraft. For the airplane, skin fiction
drag can be reduced, by keeping an aircraft's surface
highly polished and clean.
Form or Pressure drag
z Pressure drag is
caused by the
separation of air that is
flowing over the aircraft
or airfoil.
z Note: New generation
cars are designed to
reduces pressure drag,
which leads to better
mileage
Induced drag
z Induced drag is the
drag created by the
vortices at the tip of
an aircraft's wing.
z Induced drag is more

while maneuvering
due to more flow
separation over the
entire body.

Thrust
z Thrust is produced by engines, which
counteracts the drag and hence the
airplane moves in forward direction.
z Types of engines
Propeller
Turboprop
Turbofan
Turbojet
Ramjet
Scramjet
Propeller engine
Spitfire: Used by England in second world war.

Turboprop engine
Used by ATR flights

Turbofan engine
Airbus A380 Largest Passenger Aircraft

Engine Used: Either Rolls Royas or GE

Turbofan engine with afterburner
LCA - Light Combat Aircraft

Kaveri: An indigenous engine under development
at GTRE (Gas Turbine Research Est.) under DRDO

Ramjet Engines
Brahmos: A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by

India and Russia.
Scramjet
X-43 is an experimental vehicle of NASA which

used scramjet propulsion to reach up to MACH 9

Moment Balance in Flying Vehicles
Dr. Radhakant Padhi

Asst. Professor
Basic Force Balance
z Weight
z Lift
z Drag
z Thrust
Side force
z Side force

Basic Moment Balance
z Rolling
Y
z Pitching
z Yawing
X
Z
Ailerons Roll

Aileron Roll

Elevator Pitch

Elevator Pitch

Rudder Yaw

Rudder Yaw

Sensors
z Altimeter: Height above sea level
z Air Data System: Airspeed, Angle of
Attack, Mach No., Air Temperature etc.
z Magnetometer: Heading
z Accelerometers: Translational motion
of the aircraft in the three axes
z Gyroscopes: Rotational motion of the
aircraft in the three axes
z GPS: Accurate position, ground speed
Actuators


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Lecture 7

An Introduction to Basic Principles of

Dr. Radhakant Padhi

Dr. Radhakant Padhi

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 3

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 4

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 10

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 11

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 12

Dr. Radhakant Padhi

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 14

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 15

(h) = atmospheric density (a function of height)

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 17

= static pressure + dynamic pressure

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 18

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 19

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 20

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 21

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 22

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 23

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 24

z Skin friction drag

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 25

z It is caused by the interaction of the air particles against

z Induced drag is more

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 28

Spitfire: Used by England in second world war.

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 31

Used by ATR flights

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 32

Airbus A380 Largest Passenger Aircraft

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 33

LCA - Light Combat Aircraft

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 34

Brahmos: A supersonic cruise missile developed jointly by

X-43 is an experimental vehicle of NASA which

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 36

Dr. Radhakant Padhi

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 38

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 40

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 41

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 42

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 43

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 44

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 45

ADVANCED CONTROL SYSTEM DESIGN 47

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