GUIDED BY:

Er. TWINKLE KISKU

Er. MINAKHI BEHERA
 DECLARATION

We do hereby declare that the project entitled SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

is a bonafide work carried by the ELECTRICAL DEPARTMENT for the
course of SKILL PROJECT AND HANDS ON .

The matter embodied in this project is original and has not been submitted for award of
any other project.

2
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

being submitted by students of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING for the partial
fulfilment of the requirement for the award of certificate of SKILL AND
PROJECT HANDS ON is a bonafide work carried out at Central Tool Room &
Training Centre, Bhubaneswar, under our supervision.

No part of the project has been submitted to any other batch or institution for the award
of any certificate or otherwise.

3
 UNDERTAKING

We declare that the work presented in this project report titled SOLID WASTE

MANAGEMENT , submitted to the SKILL PROJECT AND HANDS ON of

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING department of COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY , BHUBANESWAR , is our original

work. We have not plagiarized or submitted the same work for the award of any other

degree. In case this undertaking is found incorrect, we accept that our certification may

be unconditionally withdrawn.

Course Coordinator Project Guide H.O.D. Principal

4
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It is our pleasure to be indebted to various people, who directly or indirectly,

contributed in the development of this work and who influenced our thinking, behavior,
and acts during the course of study.

We also intend our sincere appreciation to our project guide Er. TWINKLE KISKU
AND Er. MINAKHI BEHERA who provided his valuable suggestions and precious
time and accomplishing this project report. It was his incessant motivation and
guidance during periods of doubts and uncertainties that has helped us to carry on with
this project. We would like to thank Dr. MEERA VISWAVANDYA , HOD and
PROF. (Dr.) PRASHANTA KUMAR PATRA , PRINCIPAL for his guidance,
support and direction.

We express our immense pleasure and thankfulness to all the teachers and staff of the
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, of CET, BHUBANESWAR for
the cooperation and support.

We are thankful to Er. Kalpataru Samal and Er. Lakhiram Gundua for their support
in the completion of our project.

We are also thankful to ELECTRICAL SECTION, MECHANICAL SECTION,

WELDING SECTION OF CTTC, BBSR for their support and cooperation.

Lastly we would like to thank the almighty and our parents for their moral support and
our friends with whom we share our day to day experience and received lots of
suggestion that improved the quality of work. Lastly, we would like to appreciate the
team work of all our group members .

5
 GROUP MEMBERS

SL.NO. REGISTRATION NUMBER NAME

1. 1621106024 ANUPAMA EKKA

2. 1621106040 BIDYUTPRAVA MAHANTA

3. 1621106042 BIRANCHI NARAYAN BEHERA

4. 1621106088 MANOJ KUMAR SWAIN

5. 1621106115 PRIYADARSHINI DAS

6. 1621106120 RAJAT KUMAR SAHOO

7. 1621106142 SHANTANU KUMAR PATI

8. 1621106158 SURESH JENA

9. 1621106161 SUVENDU BEHERA

10. 1621106162 SWAGATIKA PANDA

6
 ABSTRACT

Waste is produced almost always as part of our daily life. This waste consists of plastic
materials, glass, paper , dust and metal waste. In modern times pollution caused due to
irresponsible disposal of above mentioned wastes is much bigger challenge that the
whole world is facing. So waste recycling in these times is of paramount importance.
Recycling of these materials directly contributes to reduction of pollution caused by
these materials. First step that all recycling industries face is sorting of waste into
different categories of materials i.e paper, glass, metals, plastic etc.

Through our project we are trying to demonstrate various process carried out in
recycling industries for sorting the various materials found in urban landfills. For this
process we are separating various waste material by utilizing their different physical
properties . For proper operation of our project we are implementing PLC , pneumatics
, electrical & electronics components.

We are sorting waste by implementing five major steps in which at first we put the
waste through a drum with spikes to tear apart polybags containing waste, then the
evenly mixed waste is put onto the conveyor where we employ electro magnet to
remove ferrous metals then we employ blower arrangement to blow away light plastics
and paper, then we use a pneumatic piston arrangement to crush the glass which will
turn into tiny particles while bigger plastics like bottle will be deformed. This mixture
is put onto the vibrating mesh to crushed glass will fall through the mesh and bigger
plastics in a bin.

7
 INTRODUCTION

Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from combined
residential, industrial and commercial activities in a given area. It may be categorized
according to its origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or institutional);
according to its contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc); or according
to hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive, infectious etc).
Management of solid waste reduces or eliminates adverse impacts on the environment
and human health and supports economic development and improved quality of life. A
number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a municipality.
These include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and disposal.

Reduce, Reuse
Methods of waste reduction, waste reuse and recycling are the preferred options when
managing waste. There are many environmental benefits that can be derived from the
use of these methods. They reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, reduce the
release of pollutants, conserve resources, save energy and reduce the demand for waste
treatment technology and landfill space. Therefore it is advisable that these methods be
adopted and incorporated as part of the waste management plan.

Waste reduction and reuse

Waste reduction and reuse of products are both methods of waste prevention. They
eliminate the production of waste at the source of usual generation and reduce the
demands for large scale treatment and disposal facilities. Methods of waste reduction
include manufacturing products with less packaging, encouraging customers to bring
their own reusable bags for packaging, encouraging the public to choose reusable
products such as cloth napkins and reusable plastic and glass containers, backyard
composting and sharing and donating any unwanted items rather than discarding them.
All of the methods of waste prevention mentioned require public participation. In order
to get the public onboard, training and educational programmes need to be undertaken
to educate the public about their role in the process. Also the government may need to
regulate the types and amount of packaging used by manufacturers and make the reuse
of shopping bags mandatory.

8
 CONTENT

SERIAL NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Declaration 2

2 Certificate 3

3 Undertaking 4

4 Acknowledgement 5

5 Group Members 6

6 Abstract 7

7 Introduction 8

8 Working Principle 10-11

9 Schematic Diagram

9.1 CAD Diagram 13-14

9.2 Circuit Diagram 15

10 Component Description

10.1 Conveyer Belt 16

10.2 SMPS 17

10.3 Pneumatic Cylinder 19

10.4 Pneumatic Valve 21

10.5 Pneumatic Compressor 21

10.6 Gear 22-23

10.7 Rack and Pinion Gear 24

10.8 Limit Switch 25-26

10.9 Electromagnet 27-28

10.10 DC Gear Motor 29-30

10.11 DC Relay 31

9
11 Cost List 32

12 Arduino Programming 33-36

13 Conclusion 37

14 Bibliography 38-40

10
 8. WORKING PRINCIPLE:

In here the main motive is to sort out the waste materials, which are mixed together
several materials like plastic, glass, metals, paper etc. for separation of several materials
we used several process for each materials.

The processes are:

Drum with nails
Electromagnet
Blower-air
Pneumatic Crusher (glass)
Vibrating mesh

Drum with nails:

Here all mixed material which are packed in a plastic bags for this we have used a drum
with nails where all the mixed material will passed through the nails. The nails tore the
plastic bags and material; separate from bags. Then it directly come to the conveyor
where separation process start.

Electromagnet:
Here the waste material come through the conveyor. here electromagnets is present and
it separate the iron waste nails etc,nickel,cobalt,materials.first it magnetized by giving
supply then it attract the metals then magnate slides towards the container. Then its gets
demagnetized and magnetic materials collected in the container.

Air-blower:
After separation of magnetic materials the rest materials passed by the help of
conveyor. Then we used air-blower to separate the pieces of papers and plastic. It will
collected in the box which placed opposite to it.

11
Glass crusher:
Then the rest material come to the crusher. Where the glasses will be crushed by the
help of pneumatic cylinder. Here also plastic will deformed by crushing process. The
glasses will converted in to small pieces.

Vibrating Mesh:
Then the mixed material which is glass and plastic comes on to the vibrator where the
small pieces glass gets separated and it will collect through the pieces of cloth in the
box. Then we collect the plastic material by help of our hands/ manual process.

12
9. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
9.1 CAD Diagram

Fig no. 9.1.1

(FRONT VIEW)

Fig no. 9.1.2

(TOP VIEW)

13
Fig no. 9.1.3
(LEFT VIEW)

Fig no. 9.1.4

(RIGHT VIEW)

14
 9.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig 9.2.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF SWITCH MODE POWER

SUPPLY

Fig 9.2.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF RELAY CIRCUIT

15
 10. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION :

10.1 CONVEYOR BELT

A belt conveyor is a type of conveyor system for moving material through production
lines. Belt conveyors utilize a powered continuous belt arrangement, carrying a series
of single pendants.
The belt arrangement is driven by a motor, and the material suspended on the
pendants are conveyed. Belt conveyors are used for moving products down an assembly
line and / or around a manufacturing or warehousing facility. Belt conveyors are
primarily used to transport heavy unit loads, e.g. pallets, grid boxes, and industrial
containers. These conveyors can be single or double belt strand in configuration. The
load is positioned on the belt; the friction pulls the load forward.

Belt conveyors are generally easy to install and have very minimum
maintenance for users. Many industry sectors used belt conveyor technology in their
production lines. The automotive industry commonly uses belt conveyor systems to
convey car parts through paint plants.

Belt conveyors also have widespread use in the white and brown goods, metal finishing
and distribution industries. Belt conveyors are also used in the painting and coating
industry, this allows for easier paint application.

The products are attached to an above head belt conveyor, keeping products off
of the floor allows for higher productivity level.

Fig 10.1.1 CONVEYER BELT

16
10.2 SWITCHING MODE POWER SUPPLY (SMPS):

Like a linear power supply, the switch mode power supply too converts the
available unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. However
in case of SMPS with input supply drawn from ac mains, the input voltage is first
rectified and filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. The unregulated dc
voltage across the capacitor is then fed to a high frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of
the dc-to-dc converters used in SMPS circuits have an intermediate high frequency ac
conversion stage to facilitate the use of high frequency transformer for voltage scaling
and isolation. In contrast, in linear power supplies with input voltage drawn from ac
mains, the mains voltage is first stepped down (and isolated) to the desired magnitude
using a mains frequency transformer, followed by rectification and filtering. The high
frequency transformer used in a SMPS circuit is much smaller in size and weight
compared to the low frequency transformer of the liner power supply circuit.

The Switched mode power supply owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter
for conversion from unregulated dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. The
switch employed is turned ON and OFF (referred as switching) at a high
frequency. During ON mode the switch is in saturation mode with negligible voltage
drop across the collector and emitter terminals of the switch where as in OFF mode
the switch is in cut off mode with negligible current through the collector and emitter
terminals. On contrary the voltage regulating switch, in a linear regulator circuit always
remains in the active region.

Details of the some popular SMPS circuits, with provisions for incorporating
high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and isolation have been discussed in
next few lessons. In this lesson a simplified schematic switching arrangement is
described that omits the transformer action. In fact there are several other switched
mode dc-to-dc converter circuits that do not use a high frequency transformer. In such
SMPS circuits the unregulated input dc voltage is fed to a high frequency voltage
chopping circuit such that when the chopping circuit (often called dc-to-dc chopper) is
in ON state, the unregulated voltage is applied to the output circuit that includes the
load and some filtering circuit. When the chopper is in OFF state zero magnitude of
voltage is applied to the output side. The ON and OFF durations are suitably controlled

17
such that the average dc voltage applied to the output circuit equals the desired
magnitude of output voltage. The ratio of ON time to cycle time (ON+OFF time) is
known as duty ratio of the chopper circuit. A high switching frequency (of the order of
100KHz) and a fast control over the duty ratio results in application of the desired mean
voltage along with ripple voltage of a very high frequency to the output side, consisting
of a low pass filter circuit followed by the load. The high frequency ripple in voltage is
effectively filtered using small values of filtered capacitors and inductors. A schematic
chopper circuit along with the output filter. Some other switched more power supply
circuit work in a slightly different manner than the dc-to-dc chopper circuit discussed
above. Details of some of these circuits have been discuss in following lessons.

Fig 10.2.1 SMPS

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10.3 PNEUMATIC CYLINDERS:
DOUBLE ACTING CYLINDER:

Fig 10.3.1 PNEUMATIC CYLINDER

DESCRIPTION:
A Double acting cylinder is a cylinder in which the working fluid acts alternately on
both side of the piston in order to connect the piston in a double acting cylinder to an
external mechanism such as a crank shaft, a hole must be provided in one end of the
cylinder for the piston rod and this is fitted with a gland or stuffing box to prevent
escape of the working fluid. Double acting cylinders are common in steam engines but
unusual in order engine types. Many hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders use them where
it is needed to produce a force in both direction. A double acting hydraulic cylinder has
a port at each end, supplied with hydraulic fluid for both the retraction and extension of
the piston. A double acting cylinder is used where an external farce is not available to
retract the piston or where high force is required in both direction of travel.

WORKING:
The force exerted by the compressed air moves the piston in two direction in a double
acting cylinder. They are used when the piston is required to produce thrust not only on
the advance movement but on the return. The thrust available on the retracting stroke is
reduced due to smaller effective piston area, but is only a consideration if the cylinder
is to pull the same load in both direction. The cylinder tube is normally made of
seamless tube which may be hard coated and upper finished on the inner working

19
surface to minimize wear and friction. The end caps may be aluminum alloys or
malleable iron casting held in place by tie rods.

10.4 PNEUMATIC VALVES:

DESCRIPTION:

Pneumatic valve springs are metal bellows filled with compressed air used as an
alternative to the metal wire springs used to close valves in high speed internal
combustion engines. This system was introduced in the mid 1890s in Renault
turbocharged 1.5 litre formula one engines.

WORKING:

The actuation mechanism is simply a piston and cylinder similar to a small pneumatic
arm. The tappet bore where a hydraulic tappet would normally reside, becomes the
cylinder and the retainer assembly becomes the piston. Pressurized air is pumped into
this cylinder which then causes the piston/retainer to rise to the top of the cylinder,
causing the valve to form an airtight seal with the seat. the compressed gas then
becomes the spring so to speak, and does not have the same traits as spring do at
elevated rpm. A small light spring is sometimes fitted between the piston and retainer
so that when the system is switched off the spring forces the down against the bottom
of bore and thus forces the retainer upwards. This ensures that no crown-to-valve
contact occurs when shut down.

20
10.5 PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR:

DESCRIPTION:

An air compressor is a device that converts power (using an electric motor, diesel or
gasoline engine, etc.) into potential energy stored in pressurized air (i.e compressed
air). By one of the several methods, an air compressor forces more and more air into a
storage tank, increasing the pressure. When tank pressure reaches its upper limit ten air
compressor shuts off. The compressed air, then, is held in the tank until called into use.
The energy content in the compressed air can be used for a variety of applications,
utilizing the kinetic energy of the air as it is released and the tank depressurizes. When
tank pressure reaches its law limits the air compressor turns on again and depressurizes
the tank.

WORKING:

Pneumatic systems used extensively in industry are commonly powered by compressed

air or compressed inert gases. A centrally located and electrically powered compressor
powers cylinders, air motors and other pneumatic devices. A pneumatic cylinder
controlled through manual or automatic solenoid valve is selected when it provides a
lower cost, more flexible or safer alternative to electric motors and actuators.

Fig 10.5.1 PNEUMATIC COMPRESSOR

21
10.6 GEAR:

Fig 10.6.1 GEARS

Gears are most often used in transmissions to convert an electric motors high
speed and low torque to a shafts requirements for low speed high torque:
Speed is easy to generate, because voltage is easy to generate.
Torque is difficult to generate because it requires large amounts of current.

Gears essentially allow positive engagement between teeth so high forces can be
transmitted while still undergoing essentially rolling contact.
Gears do not depend on friction and do best when friction is minimized.

Two meshing gears transmitting rotational motion. Note that the smaller gear is rotating
faster. Although the larger gear is rotating less quickly, its torque is proportionally
greater. One subtlety of this particular arrangement is that the linear speed at the pitch
diameter is the same on both gears.

Now days nonferrous alloys, cast irons, powder-metallurgy and plastics are
used in the manufacture of gears.

However, steels are most commonly used because of their high strength-to-
weight ratio and low cost. Plastic is commonly used where cost or weight is a
concern.

A properly designed plastic gear can replace steel in many cases because it has
many desirable properties, including dirt tolerance, low speed meshing, the
ability to "skip" quite well and the ability to be made with materials not needing
additional lubrication.

Manufacturers have employed plastic gears to reduce costs in consumer items

including copy machines, optical storage devices, cheap dynamos, consumer
audio equipment, servo motors, and printers.

22
According to the position of axes of the shafts.

Parallel.

1. Spur Gear.
2. Helical Gear.
3. Rack and Pinion.
Intersecting.
1. Bevel Gear
Non-intersecting and Non-parallel.
1. Worm gear.
2. Face gear.
3. Spline gear.

Fig 10.6.2 VARIOUS TYPES OF GEARS

Spur gears or straight-cut gears are the simplest type of gear. They consist of a cylinder
or disk with the teeth projecting radically, and although they are not straight-sided in
form (they are usually of special form to achieve constant drive ratio mainly involutes),
the edge of each tooth is straight and aligned parallel to the axis of rotation. These gears
can be meshed together correctly only if they are fitted to parallel shafts.

23
10.7 RACK AND PINION

The rack and pinion gear is used to convert between rotary and linear
motion.

Fig 10.7.1 RACK AND PINION

A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a pair of gears which
convert rotational motion into linear motion. A circular gear called "the pinion"
engages teeth on a linear "gear" bar called "the rack"; rotational motion applied to the
pinion causes the rack to move relative to the pinion, thereby translating the rotational
motion of the pinion into linear motion.

For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the
profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius (i.e. a toothed straight edge).

APPLICATIONS

Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator, where
the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear motion. The
rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is usually
small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus torque, may
still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately
before this by either a gear or worm gear reduction. Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus
require a greater driving torque, than screw actuators.

24
10.8 LIMIT SWITCH:
A limit switch is a switch operated by motion of a machine part or presence of an
object.
In electrical engineering a limit switch is a switch operated by the motion of a machine
part orpresence of an object.
They are used for controlling machinery as a part of control system, as a safety
interlocks, or to count objects passing a point. A limit switch is an electromechanical
device that consists of an actuator mechanically linked to a set of contacts. When an
object comes into contact with the actuator, the device operates the contacts to make or
break an electrical connection.

Limit switches are used in a variety of applications and environments because of their
ruggedness, ease of installation, and reliability of operation. They can determine the
presence or absence, passing, positioning, end of travel of an object. They wear first
used to define the limit of travel of an object; hence the name LIMIT SWITCH.
Standardized limit switches are industrial control components manufactured with a
variety of operator types, including lever, roller plunger, and whisker type. Limit
switches may be directly mechanically operated by the motion of the operating lever. A
reed switch may be used to indicate proximity of a magnet mounted on some moving
part. Proximity switches operate by the disturbance of an electromagnetic field, by
capacitance, or by sensing a magnetic field.
Rarely, a final operating device such as a limit switch, but more typically the limit
switch will be wired through a control relay, a motor contactor control circuit, or as an
input to a programmable logic controller.

Fig 10.8.1 LIMIT SWITCH

25
Miniature snap action switch may be used for example as components of such devices
as photocopiers, computer printers, convertibles tops or microwave ovens to ensure
internal components are in the correct position for operation and to prevent operation
when access doors are opened.

A set of adjustable limit switches are installed on a garage door opener to shut off the
motor when the door has reached the fully raised are fully lowered position.

A numerical control machine such as a lathe will have limit switches to identify
maximum limits for machine parts or to provide a known references point for
incremental motion.

26
10.9 ELECTROMAGNET:

Fig 10.9.1 ELECTROMAGNET

An electromagnet is a device used to generate a magnetic field with the help of an electric
current. The principle that electromagnets work by is used in a wide range of electric and
electronic devices such as electric motors, solenoids, tape drives and even speakers and
microphones. The simplest electromagnet you can build consists of a simple metal wire
through which electric current is being circulated.

But before we get into more intricate details, let's talk about magnets. Magnets occur
naturally in the Earth's crust in the form of magnetite, a type of permanent magnets,
meaning that they produce a constant non-variable magnetic field around them. A typical
magnetic field presents two poles, north and south (the situation is analogue to electric
charge, which can be either positive or negative). Opposite poles manifest attraction
forces towards each other, while poles alike repel each other.

Electromagnets on the other hand are devices that produce only temporary, variable and
non-variable magnetic fields. When electric current starts flowing through a conductor
wire, it will generate a small circular magnetic field around it, perpendicular to the wire
and rotating accordingly to the direction in which the electric current flows. The magnetic
field is highly localized, meaning that the farther you get away from it, the weaker it gets.

To generate a more powerful magnetic field you need a coil, which consists of a wire
wrapped so as to create as many loops as possible. The magnetic field can then be

27
concentrated by introducing a material with high magnetic permeability inside the coil,
since the maximum magnetic force that can be obtained with the help of an
electromagnet depends on the intensity of the magnetic field and on the area of the cross
section through the coil.

The intensity of the magnetic field can be calculated by multiplying the relative magnetic
permeability of the ferromagnetic material with the number of loops inside the coil and
the current intensity through the coil, then dividing that to the length of the coil.

28
10.10 DC GEAR MOTOR

CONSTRUCTION

DC motor consists of one set of coils, called armature winding, inside another set of
coils or a set of permanent magnets called the stator. Applying the voltage the coils
produces a torque in the armature resulting in motion.

Fig 10.10.1 DC MOTOR

STATOR

The stator is the stationary outside part of the motor.

The stator of a permanent magnet dc motor is composed of two or more
permanent magnet pole pieces.
Windings are usually made of copper.
The magnetic field can alternatively be created by an electromagnet. In this
case, a dc coil (field winding)is wound around a magnetic material that forms
part of the stator.

ROTOR

The rotor is the inner part which rotates.

The rotor is composed of windings (called armature windings) which are
connected to the external circuit through a mechanical commutator.
Both stator and rotor are made of ferromagnetic materials. The two are
separated by air-gape.

29
WINDING

A winding is made up of series or parallel connection of coils.

Armature windings-the winding through which the voltage is applied or
induced.
Field windings-the winding through which a current is passed to produce
flux(for the electro magnate)

30
10.11 DC RELAY:

We know that most of the high end industrial application devices have relays for their
effective working. Relays are simple switches which are operated both electrically and
mechanically. Relays consist of an electromagnet and a set of contacts. The switching
mechanism is carried out with the help of the electromagnet. There are also other
operating for its working. But they differ according to their application. Most of the
devices have the application of relay.

Fig 10.11.1 LIMIT SWITCH

Why is a relay used ?

The main operation of a relay comes in places where only a low-power signal can be
used to control a circuit. It is also used in places where only one signal can be used to
control a lot of circuits. The application of relay started during the invention of
telephones. The played an important role in switching calls in telephone exchanges.
They were also used in long distance telegraphy. They were used to switch the signal
coming from one source to another destination. After the invention of computers they
were also used to perform Boolean and other logical operation. The high end
applications of relays require high power to be driven by electric motors and so on.

31
 11. COST LIST

SL.NO COMPONENT SPECIFICATION QUANTITY PRICE TOTAL

NAME PER PRICE
UNIT IN RS
IN RS
1. TRANSFORMER 12-0-12,5A 1 450 450
2. CONVEYER BELT --- 1 40 40
3. SMPS Input-220V,AC 1 500 500
Output-12V,DC,5A
4. PNEUMATIC 60*100mm 1 2000 2000
CYLINDER
5. GEAR RACK 2 30 60
PINON 4 60 240
6. LIMIT SWITCH ---- 4 20 80
7. SIDE SHAFT 10 KG 1 1200 1200
DC MOTOR
8. SIDE SHAFT 5 KG 2 450 900
DC MOTOR
9. DC MOTOR --- 3 180 540
10. BEARINGS 8/26 mm 6 40 240
11. VOLTAGE IC 7812 1 50 50
REGULATOR IC 7805 1 50 50
IC 7824 1 50 50
12. RESISTOR 1K OHM 30 1 30
13. DIODE 1N4007 20 1 20
14. TRANSISTORS BC547 20 1 20
15. LED GREEN 30 1 30
16. MALE-FEMALE --- 1 20 20
JUMPER
17. TOGGLE SWITCH SPDT 5 10 50
18. WIRE SINGLE STRAND 10m 3 30
19. MISCELLANEOUS --- --- --- 1000
20. ARDUINO BOARD --- 1 850 850

32
 12. ARDUINO PROGRAMMING

int rollerfwd=2;
int rollerrev=3;
int convrun=4;
int magnetfwd=5;
int magnetrev=6;
int cylfwd=7;
int cylrev=8;
int sliderfwd=9;
int sliderrev=10;
int vibrator=11;
int magnetise=12;

int start=A0;
int ls1=A1;
int ls2=A2;
int ls3=A3;
int ls4=A4;

int startstate=0;

void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
pinMode(rollerfwd,OUTPUT);
pinMode(rollerrev,OUTPUT);
pinMode(convrun,OUTPUT);
pinMode(magnetfwd,OUTPUT);
pinMode(magnetrev,OUTPUT);
pinMode(cylfwd,OUTPUT);
pinMode(cylrev,OUTPUT);
pinMode(sliderfwd,OUTPUT);

33
 pinMode(sliderrev,OUTPUT);
pinMode(vibrator,OUTPUT);
pinMode(magnetise,OUTPUT);
pinMode(ls1,INPUT);
pinMode(ls2,INPUT);
pinMode(ls3,INPUT);
pinMode(ls4,INPUT);
pinMode(start,INPUT);
}

void loop() {
startstate=digitalRead(A0);
if(startstate=1){
digitalWrite(magnetise, HIGH);
digitalWrite(rollerfwd, HIGH);//roller forward motion
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(rollerfwd, LOW);//roller forward motion stop
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(rollerrev, HIGH);//roller reverse motion
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(rollerrev, LOW);//roller reverse motion stop
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(convrun, HIGH);//conveyor forward motion
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(convrun, LOW);//conveyor forward motion stop
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(magnetfwd, HIGH);//magnet forward motion
while (digitalRead(ls2)==0)
{
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(magnetfwd, LOW);//magnet forward motion STOP
digitalWrite(magnetise,LOW);

34
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(magnetrev,HIGH);
while (digitalRead(ls1)==0)
{
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(magnetrev,LOW);
delay(500);
digitalWrite(convrun, HIGH);//conveyor forward motion
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(convrun, LOW);//conveyor forward motion stop
delay(2000);
while (digitalRead(ls3)==0)
{
digitalWrite(sliderrev, HIGH);
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(sliderrev, LOW);
digitalWrite(cylfwd, HIGH);//cylinder go in forward direction.
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(cylfwd, LOW);//cylinder stop.
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(cylrev, HIGH);//cylinder go in reverse direction.
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(cylrev, LOW);//cylinder stop.
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(sliderfwd, HIGH);
while (digitalRead(ls4)==0)
{
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(sliderfwd, LOW);
delay(2000);

35
 digitalWrite(sliderrev, HIGH);
delay(2000);
while (digitalRead(ls3)==0)
{
delay(10);
}
digitalWrite(sliderrev, LOW);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(vibrator, HIGH);
delay(2000);
digitalWrite(vibrator, LOW);
delay(2000);
}
}

36
 CONCLUSION

This project demonstrates cost effective & efficient manner for sorting of waste on a
large scale. It is observed that the system is operating satisfactorily with a very
minimum error which is quite less than the experimental tolerance level.

The design is quite stable and economical. The project is having very less maintenance.
By proper implementation of this project in a bigger way we can save environment
from pollution.

37
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