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SUMMARY OF SIXTH GROUP

FORMAL LINKS

There are four subtopics that will be explained in this chapter, such as: repetition and
lexical chains, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction. All of them are continuance of previous
materials.
A. Repetition and lexical chains
Repetition is literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to
make an idea clearer. Repetition can be used in both of languages, even spoken or
written. In spoken, speaker may use repetition when they are talking. It means they are
able to repeat the word because spoken language is ungrammatical. Even though in
written form, the writer may use repetition. Sometimes, the writer use similar word to
explain about what they mean. So instead of writing: The pineapple .. the pineapple
.. the pineapple .. the pineapple. They might write: The pineapple the luscious
fruit .. our meal .. the tropical luxury.

B. Substitution
Substitution is replacing or substituting one item by another. That is used to avoid
repetition by using some words as like one, so, or do.
First example
A : Which ice cream do you want?
B : I would like the pink one.
Explanation: The word one can be used as substitution because it represents the
word ice cream. It substitutes the word ice cream in order to avoid the repetition.
Other examples
A : Do you like mangoes?
B : Yes, I like mangoes or Yes, I do.
Explanation: The word do can be used as substitution because it represents the
word like mangoes.

C. Ellipsis
Ellipsis means the omitting parts of sentences on the assumption that an earlier
sentence or the context will make the meaning clear.
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First example
A : Would you like a glass of beer?
B : Yes, I would like a glass of beer. Yes, I would.
Explanation: The sentence Yes, I would like a glass of beer. can be omitted
become Yes, I would. It can be understood even though the speaker dont say or
explain a glass of beer.
Other examples
A : What are you doing?
B : I am eating a mango. I am eating a mango.
Explanation: the word I am can be omitted. So the speaker only says Eating a
mango because the word I am can be understood and dont have to be said.

D. Conjunction
Conjunction is word that can be used to connect between one sentence, clause,
and another. There are some conjunctions by following some details below.
1. Words that can be used to add more information to what has already been said, such
as: and, furthermore, add to that.
Example: We made pancakes, eggs, and coffee for breakfast.
2. Words that can be used to elaborate exemplify the information, such as: for
instance, thus, in other words.
Example: There are some things include in my bag for instance some books, pencil
case, laptop, and wallet.
3. Words that tells about contrast between new information with old information or put
another side to the argument, such as: or, on the other hand, however, conversely.
Example: You can choose between ice cream or soft drink.
4. Words that can be used to relate new information to what has already been given in
terms of causes, such as: so, consequently, because, for this reason.
Example: Please turn on the AC because the weather is hot.
5. Words that can be used to relate new information to what has already been given in
time, such as: formerly, then, in the end, next.
Example: In the end of the story, the prince married with the beautiful princess.
6. Words to indicate a new summary, such as: by the way, well, to sum up, anyway.
Example: Well, it can be concluded that reading novel is more interesting than book.