Chapter 10: The Mole

Dimensional Analysis - Review

Dimensional Analysis: a tool for solving conversion
problems
Uses conversion factors (ratios = 1)

Example: What is the mass of 90 average-sized apples

if 1 dozen of the apples has a mass of 2.0 kg?
What is a mole?
Elements are made up of atoms- the number of atoms in a small
sample of an element is astronomical
Scientists needed to find a way to deal with them on a larger scale- so
they created a new unit of quantity
The mole is :
The number of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12
The Mole
Common conversion factors are used to simplify larger quantities
Ex. 1 dozen = 12 items
Atoms are very small, so the conversion factor has to be big
SI unit used to measure the amount of a substance: Mole/mol
1 mole of an item = 6.0221367 x 1023 items
More commonly expressed 6.02 x 1023
Known as Avogadros number
Avogadros number is a constant, meaning that it does
not change
What does Avogadros number represent?
While Avogadro's number represents the number of particles in a
mole, particles has multiple meanings
Particles can mean: atoms, ions, molecules, formula units, etc.
One mole of Cu contains 6.02 x 1023 Cu atoms
One mole of H2O contains 6.02 x 1023 H2O molecules
One mole of NaCl contains 6.02 x 1023 NaCl formula units
One mole of H+ contains 6.02 x 1023 H+ ions

How many atoms are in 2 moles of He?

1.2044 x 1024
Converting Moles Particles
How many moles contain 3.12 x 1024 atoms of Fe?

How many formula units are in 1.09 mol of Na2SO4?

Mass and the Mole
Every atom, molecule, or formula unit has a unique mass
For atoms, one mole has a mass equal to the atomic mass expressed
in grams
Ex. 1 mol Zn = 65.39 g Zn
The mass of 1 mol of a compound needs to be calculated
Molar Mass: the mass in grams of one mole of any pure substance
Steps to Molar Mass
1. List elements
2. List quantities
3. Multiply quantities by the atomic mass
4. Express the sum in grams
 Calculate the molar mass of Al2(SO4)3

How many moles contain 56.009g of K2CrO4

Hydrates
Hydrate: a crystalline compound in which the ions are attached to
one or more water molecules
Water molecules attach during crystal formation
In a formula the water is written following a dot
The water of hydration is named using prefixes
Mass of the water must be included in molar mass
Ex. CuSO4 5H2O - Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate
Uses of Hydrates
Absorbing water
When a hydrate is heated, water molecules are driven off leaving an
anhydrous compound or one without water
Anhydrous formed used as a desiccant (drying agent)
Desiccants will absorb water from the air or from a liquid

Find the molar mass of the hydrate CuSO4 5H2O

Determining the Formula of a Hydrate
Determine the mass of the anhydrous compound
Determine the mass of water lost
Convert masses to moles using molar mass
Calculate the ratio of moles of H2O to moles of compound
 A mass of 2.5 g of blue, hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4 xH2O) is
placed in a crucible and heated. After heating, 1.59g of white
anhydrous copper sulfate (CuSO4) remains. What is the formula for
the hydrate? Name the hydrate.
Percent Composition
Percent Composition: mass percent of each element in a compound
Useful for identification of compounds

Calculate the percent composition of NH4NO3

Mole Ratio
Ratio between the numbers of moles of any two substances in a
balanced chemical reaction
Can be used as a conversion factor in calculations

Example: ____Al(s) + ____O2 (g) ____Al2O3

Find the ratio between aluminum and aluminum oxide
Molar Volume
The volume of a gas varies with temperature and pressure. Because of these
variations, the volume of a gas is usually measured at a standard temperature
and pressure.
Standard temperature and pressure (STP) means a temperature of 0C and a
pressure of 101.3 kPa, or 1 atmosphere (atm).

At STP, 1 mol or, 6.02 1023 representative particles, of any gas occupies a
volume of 22.4 L.
The quantity 22.4 L is called the molar volume of a gas.
Example:
Molar Mass from Density
 Empirical Formula
Empirical formula: formula with the smallest whole-number ratio of the elements
Ionic compounds are expressed as empirical formulas
Molecular compounds are either empirical or whole number multiples of the empirical formula.

Steps:
1. Assume a 100g sample when given %
2. Find the moles of each element
3. Set up a formula with mole values as subscripts
4. Divide to reduce the mole ratios to simplest whole number ratios
5. If necessary, multiply fractions to obtain larger ratios

Once you complete step #4

- Round the number only if it is within 0.1
- Watch for ratios with decimals larger than 0.1 and multiply to get a whole number
 Calculate the empirical formula of a compound with a percent
composition of 35.93% Al and 64.07% Sulfur
Molecular Formula
Molecular formula: specifies the actual number of atoms in one
molecule
Complete your empirical formula steps and then add on three
additional steps using the provided molar mass

Step 6: find empirical formula mass

Step 7: divide the GIVEN molar mass by the calculated empirical
formula mass
Step 8: Multiply the empirical formula by the factor found in step #7
 Calculate the molecular formula of a compound with 85.6% C and
14.47% H and a molar mass of 42.09g.