AENG005-4-2-DIGITAL ELECTRONICS

TITLE: LOGIC GATES

EXPT NO: 1

NAME: MUHAMMAD ASYRAF BIN NORAHAIRUZAN

ID: TP039228

INTAKE: APTD2F1701EE

LECTURER: DR. VIKNESWARY A/P JAYAPAL

SUBMISSION DATE: 3 APRIL 2017

Contents
1.0 Introduction...................................................................................................................................1
2.0 Objective.......................................................................................................................................2
3.0 Procedure.......................................................................................................................................2
4.0 Results...........................................................................................................................................3
5.0 Discussions....................................................................................................................................4
Conclusions.........................................................................................................................................7
References...........................................................................................................................................8
1.0 Introduction

A logic gate is a small transistor circuit, which is implemented in different forms

within an integrated circuit (IC). Each type of the gate has one or more inputs and one
output.
The principle of operation is that the circuit operates on just two voltage levels, called
logic 0 and logic 1. The logic rules for each type of gate can be described in different
ways. One of them is by a truth table or by a Boolean algebra.

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Based on figure 1, there are 14 pins for each gate. Each pin resemble a function. The
14th pin (Vcc) functioning as the IC power-supply pin. The power supply can be
generated from the power supply or the trainer kit itself. While, the 7th pin functioning
as the Ground (GND). Both Vcc pin and the GROUND pin are connected to the trainer
kit by using the jumper wires.

ICs usually have a notch to indicate which of the many pins is the first. For all IC
packages, pin numbers increase sequentially as you move counter-clockwise away
from pin 1.

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2.0 Objective
To identify various ICs and their specification.

3.0 Procedure

Components required:
Logic gates (IC) trainer kit.
Jumper wires.
IC 7400, IC 7408, IC 7432, IC 7402, IC 7404, IC 7486

Figure 1: IC 7400/ NAND GATE

1. The components were checked to make sure they are functioning.

2. The connections were set up as shown in the diagram above.
3. The IC 7400 was fitted onto the breadboard.
4. The jumper wire was connected from Vcc (pin 14) to the 5 Volt power source
on the trainer kit. The other jumper wire was connected from Ground (pin 7) to
the Ground on the trainer kit.
5. The input pins were connected to the input switches by using the jumper wires
and the output pin was connected to the output on the trainer kit.
6. The outputs on output LEDs were observed.
7. The results were recorded in the truth table.
8. The experiment was repeated by using other IC.

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4.0 Results

3
5.0 Discussions

1. Why NAND & NOR gates are called universal gates?

The NAND gate and the NOR gate can be said to be universal gates since
combinations of them can be used to accomplish any of the basic operations
and can thus produce an inverter, an OR gate or an AND gate. The non-
inverting gates do not have this versatility since they can't produce an invert.

2. Realize the EX OR gates using minimum number of NAND gates.

4 NANDs GATE are needed to produce EX-OR GATE

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 3. Give the truth table for EX-NOR and realize using NAND gates?

Inputs Outputs
X Y Z
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

EX-NOR truth table

5 NANDs GATE are needed to produce EX-NOR gate

4. What are the logic low and High levels of TTL ICs and CMOS ICs?

Normal TTL signals are single-ended, which means that each signal consists of a
voltage on one wire, referenced to a system ground. The low voltage level is zero to
0.8 volts, and the high voltage level is 2 volts to 5 volts (Vcc).

For a CMOS gate operating at a power supply voltage of 5 volts, the acceptable input
signal voltages range from 0 volts to 1.5 volts for a low logic state, and 3.5 volts to 5
volts for a high logic state.

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5. Compare TTL logic family with CMOS family.

CMOS parts are normally more costly than TTL reciprocals. Be that as

it may, CMOS innovation is typically more affordable on a framework

level because of CMOS chips being smaller and requiring less
regulation.

CMOS circuits don't draw as much power as TTL circuits while very at

rest. However, CMOS control utilization increments speedier with

higher clock speeds than TTL does. Lower current draw requires less
power supply dispersion, thusly creating a less complex and less
expensive outline.

Due to longer ascent and fall times, the transmission of digital signals
becomes simpler and more affordable with CMOS chips.

CMOS parts are more vulnerable to harm from electrostatic release

than TTL components.

6. Which logic family is fastest and which has low power dissipation?
CMOS logic has the low power dissipation compare to TTL logic. CMOS also
has the short propagation delays that allow CMOS logic to work faster than
TTL logic. But due to the development of technology nowadays, it is possible

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 for TTL logic to works faster and less power dissipation as the technology
nowadays can control and alter the functionality according to needs.

Conclusions

In a nutshells, the experiment was successful. Based on the truth tables shown in the
observations, each truth table shows the characteristic of each of the gate. For
instance, an AND Gate requires both inputs to be 1 in order for the circuit to function,
hence AND Gate. An OR Gate works in the opposite way of an AND Gate. In order
for an OR Gate to make the circuit work, it at least needs one of the inputs to have a 1
value hence OR Gate. The third gate is called the NOT Gate which is also known as
an Inverter. All it does, is give an output that is opposite to its inputs. Next up is the
NAND Gate, which simply does the opposite of an AND Gate. The NOR Gate is also
kind of like a NAND Gate except it gives outputs that are opposite to the outputs of
an OR Gate. Last but not least is the Exclusive OR Gate. Simply put, in a circuit both
values have to be different in order for the circuit it is used in to work. Furthermore, if
both inputs are the same, the output will be a 0 and the circuit will not work. In
conclusion, the verification of each logic gate was successful.

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References

Barney, G. C., 1935. In: Intelligent Instrumentation. s.l.:Prentice/Hall International.

edition), R. T. (., 2008. In: Digital Electronic Principles and Applications.
s.l.:McGraw-Hill.
Floyd, T. L., 2015. In: Digital Fundamentals (eleventh edition). s.l.:Pearson Education
Limited.