Eclipse Basic Course

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 1
An Overview of Reservoir Simulation (RS)
An Introduction to Eclipse
Eclipse Data File Syntax for Input Data Preparation

(Pre-Processing)
Reservoir Simulation Runs and Convergence Control
Output Visualization and Analysis (Post-Processing)

What is Reservoir Simulation?
The Need for Reservoir Simulation
Fundamentals of Reservoir Simulation

Reservoir simulation is a powerful numerical tool
for examining and/or predicting the production of
oil & gas from petroleum reservoirs;
Reservoir simulation requires a reservoir model

describing the subsurface environment of the
reservoir including the fault system, stratigraphic
layers, initial petrophysical properties and pressure
distributions within the reservoir.

Risk associated with a hydrocarbon recovery project include:
The heterogeneity of the reservoir rock properties;
Regional variations of reservoir fluid properties;
The complexity of the hydrocarbon recovery mechanisms.
Such risk factors can be assessed via simulation runs and
thus an optimal FDP can be established by a trial-and-error
approach with different simulation scenarios.

The reservoir is divided into a number of cells
Basic data is provided for each cell
Wells are located within the cells
The required well production rates are specified

as a function of time
The equations are solved to give the pressure

and saturations for each block as well as the
production of each phase from each well

The examination or prediction of the reservoir
performance is done by solving the flow equations
of hydrocarbon mixtures in the reservoir
The flow equations are based on Darcys equation

(momentum conservation law) and Material
Balance Equation (mass conservation law)

Darcys Law (without gravity term)
k
q P

Material Balance Equation

M ( ) Q
t
Mass Flux
(In Out) = Accumulation +/- Inj/Prod

Combining Darcys law and MBE yields
Q
[ (P z)] ( )
t
k
where


Flow from one grid block to the next
Flow from a grid block to the well completion
Flow within the wells (and surface networks)
Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference
Geometry & Fluid Pressure

Properties Properties Gradient

q p , j Twj M p , j (Pj Pw H wj )
Flow phase, connection Nodal Pressureconnection BHP Headconnection to datum
Mobilityphase,connection
Transmissibilityconnection
ko , j kg, j
c Kh M o, j Rv
Twj o, j o, j g, j g, j
ln( ro rw ) S
kg, j ko , j
Mg, j Rs
g, j g, j o, j o, j

Black Oil vs Compositional Simulators
How ECLIPSE Works
ECLIPSE Input Data File & Data Sections
Reservoir Simulation with ECLIPSE

Black Oil Simulators (ECLIPSE Blackoil)
Oil & Gas phases are represented by one component
Assumes composition of gas & oil components are

constant with pressure & time
Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)
Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent

mixtures
Assumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures,

pressures, compositions & time can be represented
by EOS

A data file (in ASCII text format) is needed for
ECLIPSE to run a reservoir simulation
Each section of the data file is read, processed,

consistency checks are performed & required
information is written to various output files

RUNSPEC General model characteristics
GRID Grid geometry and basic rock properties
EDIT Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section)
PROPS PVT & SCAL properties
REGIONS Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section)
SOLUTION Initialization
SUMMARY Request output for line plots (optional section)
Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilities

SCHEDULE
Simulator advance, control and termination

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference
Geometry & Fluid Well

Properties Properties Production
GRID PROPS SCHEDULE
EDIT REGIONS
SOLUTION

0 100
Permeability, mD 0

PVT: Fluid Properties
Describe the phase

behaviour of reservoir
fluids at all pressures
SCAL: Rock Properties
Describe the behavior of

the reservoir rocks
Describe the rock-fluid

interactions

Equilibrium
Define the initial saturation of

each phase & pressure
gradients based on contact
depths
ECLIPSE calculates the

saturations & pressures
assuming equilibrium
Enumeration
Explicitly specify the initial

saturation & pressure in each
cell

Well locations
Completion information
Historical prod & inj rates

Well or group rate
constraints
Workovers
New wells
Drilling queues

Keyword
(Set in
RUNSPEC) Sample Advantages Disadvantages
Can be read with text

Formatted: ascii FMTOUT *.FEGRID Large in size
editor
File Type
Must use @convert to

Unformatted: binary (Default) *.EGRID Small in size
read in text editor
Unified: One file Unlimited # of Reports

Unwanted reports cannot
containing many UNIFOUT *.UNRST
Content Type
be deleted
report steps Last report lost on crash
Unwanted files can be

Multiple: A separate deleted
*.X0001,
file for each report (Default) Limited to 9999 reports
*.X0002, etc Last file not written on
step
crash

FMTOUT
Default UNIFOUT UNIFOUT FMTOUT
(Unformatted (Formatted (Unformatted (Formatted
Known as: Use Main Controlling Keyword(s) Multiple) Multiple) Unified) Multiple)
Run monitoring information ie, errors, None (batch mode triggers ECLIPSE
Log File *.LOG
messages, etc to write this file)
Specialized output generally used by DEBUG, DEBUG3, EPSDEBUG,
Debug File *.DBG
developers & support staff VEDEBUG, WELDEBUG, RPTISOL
*
Main text output file, contains messages, MESSAGES, RPTGRID(L),
Print File warnings, errors, etc plus user- RPTPROPS, RPTREGS, RPTSUM, *.PRT
requested information RPTSOL, RPTSCHED
System information when simulation
Error File None *.ERR
fails
*
Grid structural geometry, used for
*.EGRID, *.FEGRID, *.EGRID, *.FEGRID,
Geometry File 2D/3D visualization, old-style (*.GRID) GRIDFILE
*.GRID *.FGRID *.GRID *.FGRID
& extensible (*.EGRID),
Initial Specs Index of the contents of the Init file None *.INSPEC *.FINSPEC *.INSPEC *.FINSPEC
Initial grid properties, regions & props
*
tables (poro, perm, pore volume,
Initial File INIT *.INIT *.FINIT *.INIT *.FINIT
transmissibility), used for 2D/3D
visualization
Contains flow & pressure at flux
Flux file DUMPFLUX *.FLUX *.FFLUX *.FLUX *.FFLUX
boundary regions
*Most commonly used files

FMTOUT
Default UNIFOUT UNIFOUT FMTOUT
(Unformatted (Formatted (Unformatted (Formatted
Known as: Use Main Controlling Keyword(s) Multiple) Multiple) Unified) Multiple)
Index of the contents of the summary
Summary Specs None *.SMSPEC *.FSMSPEC *.SMSPEC *.FSMSPEC
file(s)
*
Used to create line plots, can contain
Many, see Summary section overview
Summary field, group, well & completion results *.Snnnn *.FUNSMRY *.UNSMRY *.Annnn
in ECLIPSE Reference Manual
varying with time
Same info as the Summary file, but in
RUNSUM, EXCEL, LOTUS,
Run Summary tabular format for import into a *.RSM
NARROW, SEPARATE
spreadsheet
Contains simulated RFT information
RFT file sampled from cells with well WRFT, WRFTPLT *.RFT *.FRFT *.RFT *.FRFT
connections
Used in fast restart runs, contains
Save File static description, rock & fluid props, SAVE *.SAVE *.FSAVE *.SAVE *.FSAVE
aquifer data & output controls
Restart Specs Index of restart files None *.RSSPEC *.FRSSPEC *.RSSPEC *.FRSSPEC
Used in Restart runs & for 2D/3D
*
visualization, contains a complete
Restart(s) RPTRST, RPTSCHED, RPTSOL *Xnnnn *.FUNRST *.UNRST *.Fnnnn
description of the reservoir at user-
requested report times
*Most commonly used files

Consider a 2-phase (oil,water) reservoir model having 5x5x3 cells (in
X,Y,Z directions, respectively). The cell sizes are 500ft x 500ft x 75ft,
respectively and the depth of reservoir top structure is 8,000ft. A
production well (named as PROD) was drilled at location (x,y)=(1,1)
through the whole reservoir thickness. An injection well (named as INJ)
was drilled at location (x,y)=(5,5) through the whole reservoir thickness.
Both wells were completed by perforations in the entire reservoir
thickness, starting from the depth of 8,000ft.
The reservoir has 3 layers whose permeabilities in X,Y,Z directions are:
Layer Kx Ky Kz
1 200 150 20
2 1000 800 100
3 200 150 20

PVT fluid properties: Oil Water Gas
lb/ft3 lb/ft3 lb/ft3
Densities at surface conditions are: 49 63 0.01
The oil FVF and viscosity are provided as follows:

Pressure Oil FVF Oil Viscosity
(psi) (rb/STB) (cP)
300 1.25 1.0
800 1.20 1.1
6000 1.15 2.0
Well PROD has the predefined production rate of 10,000 STB/d (in
both oil and water). Well INJ has the injection flow rate of 11,000
STB/d of water.

At a pressure of 4,500 psia, the water FVF (Bw ) is 1.02 bbl/STB, the
compressibility (cw ) is 3 x 10-6 psi-1 and the viscosity (w ). Ignoring the
viscosibility (dw /dp). The rock compressibility at a pressure of 4,500 psia
is 4 x 10-6 psi-1. Water and oil relative permeability data and capilary
pressures are given as below:
Sw Krw Kro Capillary

press.
(psi)
0.25 0.00 0.90 4.0
0.50 0.20 0.30 0.8
0.7 0.40 0.10 0.2
0.80 0.55 0.00 0.1

Initial conditions: The oil field is set up to predict
performance from first oil with an initial pressure of
4,500 psia at the depth of 8,000 ft. The water-oil
contact is at 8,200 ft, 50 ft below the bottom of the
model. The initial water saturation is 0.25.

Define the simulation title
Set the start date of the simulation
Allocation of memory for the simulation
Simulation grid
Wells
Tabular data
Solver stack

RUNSPEC
TITLE
ECLIPSE Course Example
DIMENS
20 5 10 /
Units may also
be METRIC or FIELD
Phases present may be oil,
LAB water, gas, disgas
OIL
(dissolved gas), vapoil
WATER (vaporized oil)
{
WELLDIMS
Number of PVT, 4 20 1 4 /
SCAL Aquifer
Tables, Wells, AQUDIMS
Connections, 4* 1 250 /
Segments
TABDIMS
2 2 50 50 /
START
1 JAN 1994 /

Required Properties for each cell in the model:
Geometry
Cell dimensions & depths
Properties
Porosity
Permeability
(Net-to-gross or net thicknessif not

included, ECLIPSE assumes equal to 1)

1
Cartesian
Block Centered Corner Point
Unstructured (PEBI)
Radial
3
Block-Centered Corner Point

TOPS keyword ZCORN
specifies the upper keyword
DX keyword
face depth specifies the
specifies the
height of all
thickness of the cells
corners of all
in the I direction DY keyword cells
specifies the (10,1
thickness of the cells ,1)
in the J direction
(10,1,1)
(11,1
COORD keyword
DZ keyword specifies the ,1)
specifies the X,Y,Z of the
(11,1,1)
thickness of the lines that define
cells in the K the corner of all
direction cells
Note: DXV, DYV, DZV are alternate forms

2
Block-Centered Corner Point
(11,1,1) (11,1,1)
Cell connections are

Cell connections are by geometric
by logical order: position:
(11,1,1) (11,1,2) & (10,1,1) (11,1,1) (11,1,2), (10,1,2) partial &
(10,1,3)

Block-centered Corner Point
Cell description is simple Cell description can be

complex
Pre-processor is not
Pre-processor is needed
required
Geometry data is
Geometry data is small
voluminous
Geologic structures are Geologic structures can be
modelled simplistically modelled accurately
Pinchouts &
Incorrect cell
unconformities can be
connections across
modelled accurately
faults (user must
modify transmissibility) Layer contiguity across
fault plane is accurately
modelled

Block-centered Corner Point
Cartesian Radial Cartesian Radial
NX, NY, NZ NR, NTHETA, NZ NX, NY, NZ NR, NTHETA, NZ
DX, DY, DZ (or DR (INRAD & COORD, ZCORN COORD, ZCORN

D*V form) OUTRAD),
DTHETA, DZ (or
D*V form)
PERMX, -Y, -Z PERMR, -THT, -Z PERMX, -Y, -Z PERMR, -THT, -Z
MULTX, etc MULTR, etc MULTX, etc MULTR, etc

Cell properties
such as PORO,
PERMX,
PERMY,
PERMZ, NTG
are averages
defined at the
centre

1
Cell data is read with i cycling fastest, followed

by j then k
k increasing
(1,1,1) i increasing
j increasing
(12,4,1)

1
Cell data is read with R cycling fastest,

followed by then k
k increasing increasing
R increasing
(1,1,1)
(4,3,1)
2
--NX = 5, NY = 3, NZ = 4
NTG
Specify each value 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
Specify similar 15*0.40
15*0.95
values with * 15*0.85 /
EQUALS
'PORO ' 0.250 /
'PERMX' 45 / Applies to whole grid
EQUALS example 'PERMX' 10
'PERMX' 588
1 5 1 3 2 2 /
1 5 1 3 3 3 /
Applies to cells specified
/
BOX
1 3 1 3 1 1 / This would
PORO overwrite PORO
BOX example 9*0.28 / & PERMX
PERMX specified
100 80 85 83 99 110 92 91 84
previously
/
ENDBOX
COPY
COPY example 'PERMX' 'PERMY' /
'PERMX' 'PERMZ' /
/
MULTIPLY example MULTIPLY
'PERMZ' 0.05 /
3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology
/ & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 40
The PROPS section contains pressure and saturation
dependent properties of the reservoir fluids & rocks
Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):
Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
Density or Gravity
Rock information required:

Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
Rock compressibility as a function of pressure

Why is PVT needed?
Mass balance is a key equation in simulation
Produced volumes must be translated to reservoir

conditions
Reservoir volumes must converted to mass
Where does PVT come from?
Laboratory experiments Equation of State Model
Correlations
Processed in PVTi

1
1st Compressor
x Stage x
Separa
tor Stoc
k
1st Tan
Stage k
Separat 2nd Stage Stock Tank
or Separator
Water
Treatment
Water
Treatment
Liquid & Vapor at

reservoir conditions

Pressure Liquid Critical
Point
Bubble
Point
(100%
liquid)
Vapor
(75% liquid) Dew Point (100% vapor)

(25% liquid)
(50% liquid)
Temperature

G: Near
Critical Fluid F: Wet Gas,
Retrograde
Pressure Liquid
A: Dead Oil C: Live Oil,
Saturated
D: Dry Gas
Vapor
B: Live Oil, initially E: Wet Gas

Undersaturated
Temperature

G: Near F: Wet Gas,
Fits the Black Oil model Critical Retrograde
Fluid
Unsuited for black oil A: Dead Oil

simulation (use ECLIPSE
Compositional)
C: D:
Dry
Approximated by varying B Gas
gas/oil and oil/gas ratios to
mimic small compositional
changes
E: Wet
Condensate dropout or gas Gas
liberation should be a small
part of the hydrocarbon in
place
Remaining hydrocarbon B: Live Oil, Initially C: Live Oil,
composition should not Undersaturated Saturated
change significantly when
gas is liberated or
condensate drops out

#
Phases Phase Combination RUNSPEC Keywords
Dead Oil OIL
1 Dry Gas GAS
Water WATER
Dead Oil Water OIL, WATER
2 Dry Gas Water GAS, WATER
Dead Oil Dry Gas OIL, GAS
Live oil with dissolved Water OIL GAS, DISGAS, WATER
Wet gas with vaporized Water OIL, GAS, VAPOIL, WATER
3
Live oil with Wet gas with
Water
dissolved gas vaporized oil OIL, GAS, DISGAS, VAPOIL, WATER
A: Dead Oil
C: Live Oil, D: Dry

Saturated Gas
E: Wet
B: Live Oil, Gas
Initially
Undersaturated

oo R s go
or
Bo
Subscripts:
Where Bo (formation volume factor):
or = reservoir
liquid Vor
go = surface gas Bo
from reservoir Voo
liquid
And Rs (amount of surface gas dissolved in reservoir liquid):
oo = surface oil
from reservoir
liquid V go
Rs
V oo
PVDO
--P Bo Mu
2500 1.260 0.50
3000 1.257 0.55
3500 1.254 0.60
4000 1.251 0.65

4500 1.248 0.70 /
RSCONST
--GOR Pb
0.656 2500 /
RSVD
--D Rs
5000 0.656
6000 0.500 /

PVCDO
--Pref Bo(Pref) Co Mu(Pref) Cv
2500 1.260 6E-6 0.5 E-6 /
RSCONST
--Rs Pbub
0.656 2500 / ECLIPSE calculates
the PVT table using:
Bo P Bo Pref e
RSVD
C P Pref
--D Rs
5000 0.656
( C Cv ) P Pref
6000 0.500 / Bo o ( P) Bo o ( Pref )e

PVTO
--Rs Pbub FVF Mu
0.137 1214.7 1.1720 1.970
0.195 1414.7 1.2000 1.556
0.241 1614.7 1.2210 1.397
0.288 1814.7 1.2420 1.280
0.375 2214.7 1.2780 1.095

0.465 2614.7 1.3200 0.967
0.558 3014.7 1.3600 0.848

0.661 3414.7 1.4020 0.762
0.770 3814.7 1.4470 0.691
4214.7 1.4405 0.694

4614.7 1.4340 0.697 /

PVCO
--Pbub Rs FVF Mu Co Cv
1214.7 0.137 1.172 1.970 1E-5 0

1414.7 0.195 1.200 1.556 1E-5 0
1614.7 0.241 1.221 1.397 1E-5 0

1814.7 0.288 1.242 1.280 1E-5 0
2214.7 0.375 1.278 1.095 1E-5 0

When calculating the
2614.7 0.465 1.320 0.967 1E-5 0 undersaturated region,
ECLIPSE assumes:
3014.7 0.558 1.360 0.848 1E-5 0
dBo
3414.7 0.661 1.402 0.762 1E-5 0 Co B0
3814.7 0.770 1.447 0.691 1E-5 0 /
dP
d o
Cv 0
PMAX dP
4500 /

R v og

gg
gr
Bg
Subscripts:
gr = reservoir Where Bg (formation volume factor):
vapor
og = surface oil V gr
from reservoir Bg
vapor V gg
gg = surface gas
from reservoir And Rv (amount of surface oil vaporized in reservoir vapor):
vapor
V og
Rv
V gg
PVZG
--Temp
150 /
--P Z Mu
400 1.22 0.0130

1200 1.30 0.0140
2000 1.34 0.0150
2800 1.50 0.0160
3600 1.55 0.0170

4000 1.70 0.0175 / RVVD
RVCONST --D Rv
5000 0.0047
--Rv Pd
6000 0.0050 /
0.0047 400 /

PVDG
--P Bg Mu
1214 13.947 0.0124
1414 7.028 0.0125
1614 4.657 0.0128

1814 3.453 0.0130
2214 2.240 0.0139
2614 1.638 0.0148
3014 1.282 0.0161 /
RVVD
RVCONST --D Rv
--Rv Pd 5000 0.0047

6000 0.0050 /
0.0047 1214 /

PVTG
-- Pg Rv Bg Mu
60 0.00014 0.05230 0.0234 /
120 0.00012 0.01320 0.0252 /
180 0.00015 0.00877 0.0281 /
240 0.00019 0.00554 0.0318 /

300 0.00029 0.00417 0.0355 /
360 0.00049 0.00357 0.0392 /
560 0.00060 0.00356 0.0393 /

/

ws
wr
Bw
Where
V wr
Bw
V ws
Surface densities are
x
specified using either
Compressor
keyword: x x
DENSITY
1s t
GRAVITY Stage
Separa
2nd
Stage Stock Tank
tor Separat
oo R s go or
or Water
Bo Treatm
ent
R v og

gg
gr
Bg
Oil & Water at
reservoir conditions
ws
wr
Bw
The PROPS section contains pressure and saturation
dependent properties of the reservoir fluids & rocks
Fluid information required (for each fluid in RUNSPEC):
Fluid PVT as a function of Pressure
Density or Gravity
Rock information required:

Relative permeabilities as a function of saturation
Capillary pressures as a function of saturation
Rock compressibility as a function of pressure

Rock Compressibility
V pore
C V pore
P
Cell Bulk Volume is constant and
equal to Pore Volume + Rock
Volume
ECLIPSE adjusts the pore volume using:

V poreP V porePref 1 C ( P Pref )
C ( P Pref )
2

2

3
Used to calculate
the initial
Used to calculate
saturation for each
fluid mobility to
phase in each cell
solve the flow
equations
between cells and
from cell to well
Relative permeability
and capilary pressure
Used to calculate the are functions with
initial transition zone respect to fluid
saturation of each saturation.
phase

Oil Water Relative Permeability
SWL: connate water saturation
Kro
SWCR: critical water saturation
SWU
Krow
SWU: maximum water saturation
SOWCR: critical oil-water SWCR SOWCR

SWL (1 - Sw)
saturation +
Gas Oil Relative Permeability

SGL: connate gas saturation
SGCR: critical gas saturation

Krog
SGU: maximum gas saturation Krg
SOGCR: critical oil-gas saturation

SOGCR
SGL (1 - Sg) SGU
SGCR
These must be the same
Must be SGOF
SWOF SWL
Must be zero zero --Sg Krg Krog Pcgo
--Sw Krw Krow Pcwo 0.0000 0.0000 1.0000 0.00
0.1510 0.0000 1.0000 400.00 0.0400 0.0000 0.6000 0.20
0.2033 0.0001 0.9788 20.40 0.1000 0.0220 0.3300 0.50

0.2000 0.1000 0.1000 1.00
0.3500 0.0002 0.8302 11.65
0.3000 0.2400 0.0200 1.50
0.4000 0.0695 0.1714 3.60
0.4000 0.3400 0.0000 2.00
0.4613 0.1049 0.0949 2.78 0.5000 0.4200 0.0000 2.50
0.5172 0.1430 0.0511 1.93 0.6000 0.5000 0.0000 3.00
0.7000 0.8125 0.0000 3.50
0.5731 0.1865 0.0246 1.07
0.8490 1.0000 0.0000 3.90 /
0.6010 0.2103 0.0161 0.83
0.6569 0.2619 0.0059 0.66 Must be zero

SGU = 1 - SWL
0.7128 0.3186 0.0015 0.38
0.8111 0.4309 0.0000 0.16

0.8815 0.4900 0.0000 0.00 /

Must be zero Must be zero
SWFN SGFN SOF3
--Sw Krw Pcow --Sg Krg Pcog --So Krow Krog
0.10 0.000 20.0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.30 0.000 0.000
0.20 0.004 5.00 0.05 0.000 0.03 0.40 0.089 0.008
0.30 0.032 3.30 0.50 0.253 0.064
0.15 0.089 0.30
0.40 0.062 2.60 0.60 0.354 0.125
0.25 0.164 0.60
0.50 0.172 1.50 0.70 0.586 0.343
0.35 0.253 1.00
0.60 0.365 0.80 0.80 0.854 0.729
0.45 0.354 1.50
0.70 0.500 0.60 0.90 1.000 1.000
0.55 0.465 2.10
0.80 0.667 0.30 /
0.65 0.586 2.80 Must be the same
0.90 0.833 0.10
1.00 1.000 0.00 0.75 0.716 3.60 SOILmax = 1 - SWL
/ 0.85 0.854 4.50
0.90 1.000 5.50
/

1
SWL 1-So-SWL So
ECLIPSE default model is a

weighted sum:
S g krog S w SWLkrow Sg
kro S g S w SWL
GAS S g S w SWL
OIL
Uses Krog table

Uses Krow table
S w SWL
WATER
Other options in ECLIPSE S g S w SWL
Modified STONE 1 1-So
Modified STONE 2 S g S w SWL 1 So SWL

The SOLUTION is used to define the initial state of every cell in
the model
Initial pressure and
phase saturation
Initial solution ratios
Depth dependence of
reservoir fluid
properties
Oil and gas re-solution

rates
Initial analytical aquifer

conditions

Equilibration - initial pressures and saturations are
computed by ECLIPSE using data entered with the EQUIL
keyword
Restart - initial solution may be read from a Restart file

created by an earlier run of ECLIPSE
Enumeration- initial solution is specified by the user

explicitly for every grid block

Sets the contacts and pressures for conventional
hydrostatic equilibrium
EQUIL items are interpreted differently depending on the
phases present
May have more than one equilibration region (see

EQLDIMS)
EQUIL
-- D P OWC Pcow GOC Pcog RSVD/PBVD RVVD/PDVD N
7000 4000 7150 0 1* 1* 1* 1* 0 /

2
Pressure
EQUIL
--D P OWC Pcow GOC Pcog
3500 4000 7150 0 3500 0 /
GOC
TZ 1. Given: Contacts, Datum
Datum
and Pressure
2. Using BO EOS, calculate

phase pressures throughout
the model, for example:
TZ
h2
Po( h 2 ) Po ( h1) ogdh
OWC
h1
(Pcow = 0)
Depth

The SCHEDULE section is used to specify
Well operations to be simulated
Times (TSTEP, DATES) to be simulated
Simulator tuning parameters

Introduces new well and specifies some of its general data.
A well must be introduced with this keyword before it can be
referenced in any other keyword
WELSPECS
--nm grp I J refD phase drad
P1 G 2 2 1* OIL -1 /
P21 G 8 1 1* OIL -1 /
I20 G 20 1 1* WAT -1 /
/

2
Used to specify the position and properties of one

or more well completion
COMPDAT
--nm I J Ku Kl status sat CF Dwell Kh S
P1 2* 1 10 OPEN 1* 1* 0.583 /
P21 2* 1 10 SHUT 1* 1* 0.583 /
I20 2* 1 5 AUTO 1* 1* 0.583 /
/

DATES
1 JAN 1998 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/1/98
1 JUN 1998 / Advance to 12.00 am on 1/6/98
TSTEP
1 / Advance to 12.00 am on 2/6/98
TSTEP
0.2 / Advance by 0.2 days

To send output to the PRT file:
RPTSCHED
Can request many properties to be output
To send output to Restart file(s )

RPTRST
Can request many properties to be output
Can specify the frequency of output
Can be used for Restart runs & 3D post-processors

Eclipse Basic Course

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Eclipse Basic Course

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 1

An Overview of Reservoir Simulation (RS)

Eclipse Data File Syntax for Input Data Preparation

Reservoir Simulation Runs and Convergence Control

Output Visualization and Analysis (Post-Processing)

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 2

The Need for Reservoir Simulation

Fundamentals of Reservoir Simulation

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 3

Reservoir simulation requires a reservoir model

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 4

The heterogeneity of the reservoir rock properties;

Regional variations of reservoir fluid properties;

The complexity of the hydrocarbon recovery mechanisms.

Such risk factors can be assessed via simulation runs and

thus an optimal FDP can be established by a trial-and-error

approach with different simulation scenarios.

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 5

Basic data is provided for each cell

Wells are located within the cells

The required well production rates are specified

The equations are solved to give the pressure

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 6

The flow equations are based on Darcys equation

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 7

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 8

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 9

Flow from a grid block to the well completion

Flow within the wells (and surface networks)

Flow = Transmissibility * Mobility * Potential Difference

Geometry & Fluid Pressure

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 10

Flow phase, connection Nodal Pressureconnection BHP Headconnection to datum

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 11

How ECLIPSE Works

ECLIPSE Input Data File & Data Sections

Reservoir Simulation with ECLIPSE

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 12

Oil & Gas phases are represented by one component

Assumes composition of gas & oil components are

Compositional Simulators (ECLIPSE Compositional)

Oil & Gas phases are represented by multicomponent

Assumes the reservoir fluids at all temperatures,

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 13

Each section of the data file is read, processed,

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 14

GRID Grid geometry and basic rock properties

EDIT Modification of the processed GRID data (optional section)

PROPS PVT & SCAL properties

REGIONS Subdivision of the reservoir (optional section)

SUMMARY Request output for line plots (optional section)

Wells, completions, rate data, flow correlations, surface facilities

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 15

Geometry & Fluid Well

GRID PROPS SCHEDULE

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 16

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 17

Describe the phase

SCAL: Rock Properties

Describe the behavior of

Describe the rock-fluid

3/17/2012 Mai Cao Ln Faculty of Geology & Petroleum Engineering - HCMUT 18

Define the initial saturation of

ECLIPSE calculates the