Line Protection With L60

L90 Line Differential Relay
L90 Current Differential Relay: Introduction

GE Multilin
Transmission Line Protection Considerations

1) Reliability: has two aspects:
Dependability: the degree of certainty that the relay will operate
correctly.
Security: the relay will not operate incorrectly
2) Speed: Very high power during fault conditions: delays translate into
increased damage: faster protection tends to compromise relay system
security and selectivity.
3) Sensitivity: The minimum operating quantities allows the relay to detect
an abnormal condition. High-impedance ground faults,voltage unbalance
and high source- to- line impedance ratio affect the sensitivity
4) Selectivity: or coordination: ability of the relay system to minimize
outages as a result of a fault by operating as fast as possible within their
primary zone.
5) Simplicity and ergonomics: simple to apply and to obtain maximum
protection for the minimum cost in one box
Terms: Coordination, Unit Protection/None Unit Protection, Primary/Back up
GE Multilin
Transmission Line Protection Considerations

High voltage transmission lines have extremely high level of fault current and
low impedance characteristics. Over current protection can not be as fast as its
needed.
Solutions:
Current Differential:
Unit Protection
Measure the current phasors at both ends of the line. If you have a line fault
there will be a difference in the current magnitude at each end and/or a change
in current phase angle with respect to applied voltage.
Distance or (Impedance):
None Unit Protection
Impedance known as Distance: The distance relay operates by using both
voltage and current to determine if a fault is in a relays zone of protection. At
time of fault Current increases and voltage decreases which translates into a
change in impedance.
GE Multilin
Current differential basics
Communication link
1. 2 (or 3) relays are required

2. Digital communication channel (64 kbps) is
required.
L90 Current Differential Relay: Features
GE Multilin
Protection:
Segregated (per phase) Line current differential
(87L)
87L Trip logic, 1-pole tripping
Phase/Neutral/Ground TOCs
Phase/Neutral/Ground IOCs
Negative sequence TOC
Negative sequence IOC
Phase directional OCs
Neutral and negative sequence directional OC
Phase under- and overvoltage
3-zone distance back-up with power swing detect,
load encroachment, POTT and line pickup
GE Multilin
Control:
Breaker Failure (phase/neutral amps)
Synchrocheck & Autoreclosure
Direct messaging (8 extra inter-relay DTT bits exchanged)
UR Metering:
Fault Locator
Oscillography
Event Recorder
Data Logger
Phasors / true RMS / active, reactive and apparent power, power
factor
87L Metering:
actual differential current
local and remote phasors
communication channel status
GE Multilin
Single-line diagram
GE Multilin
GE Multilin
Improved operation of the line current differential (87L)

element:
Dynamic Restraint increasing security without jeopardizing
sensitivity
Line Charging Current Compensation to increase sensitivity
Self-synchronization
Channel Asymmetry Compensation to compensate for
asymmetrical channel delay on multiplexed channels
CT Saturation Detection
Zero sequence current removal for applications on lines with
a tapped transformers with a primary wye neutral grounded.
Relay ID for secure applications on multiplexed
communication systems.
GE Multilin
L90 can be applied

on both 2-terminal
and 3-terminal
apllications:
hardware and
firmware are the
same.
L90 Current Differential Relay: Installation
GE Multilin
Direct point-to-point Fiber

(up to 100Km)
(64Kbps)
- G.703 - G.703
- RS422 OR - RS422
Via SONET system telecom multiplexer
(GEs FSC)
(155Mbps)
FSC FSC
(SONET) (SONET)
GE Multilin
CHANNEL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

GE Multilin
DIRECT FIBER
FIBER - LED & ELED LASER FIBER MODULES

TRANSMITTERS WARNING: When using a 1300/1550 nm
The above figure shows the 2-Terminal LASER Interface, attenuators may be
configuration for the 7A, 7B, & 7C fiber- necessary to ensure that you do not exceed
only modules. Maximum Optical Input Power (-14 dBm) to
the receiver.
GE Multilin
DIRECT FIBER
GE Multilin
DIRECT FIBER OPTICAL POWER BUDGET

GE Multilin
G.703 CO-DIRECTIONAL INTERFACE
Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-to-

back.
GE Multilin
G.703 INTERFACE
G.703 module dip switches..

GE Multilin
G.703 INTERFACE
Connection to higher order system
G.703 Timing Selection

GE Multilin
MIXED INTERFACES
RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION
WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

necessary to ensure that you do not exceed Maximum Optical Input Power
(-14 dBm) to the receiver.
GE Multilin
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
The IEEE C37.94 Standard defines a point to point optical link for
synchronous data between a multiplexer and a teleprotection
device.
Designed to interface with IEEE C37.94 compliant digital multiplexer
and/or an IEEE C37.94 compliant interface converter for use with
L90.
Connected directly to
MUX
Connected to MUX
via converter
GE Multilin
IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE
For the Internal Timing Mode, the system clock is generated

internally; therefore, the timing switch selection should be Internal
Timing for Relay 1 and Loop Timed for Relay 2. There must be only
one timing source configured.
For the Looped Timing Mode, the system clock is derived from the
received line signal; therefore, the timing selection should be in
Loop Timing Mode for connections to higher order systems.
GE Multilin
COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS
MAJOR COMMS ALARMS MINOR COMMS ALARMS

1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 FAIL 1. 87L DIFF CH1/2 CRCFAIL
2. 87L DIFF PFLL FAIL 2. 87L DIFF CH1/2 LOSTPKT
3. 87L DIFF CH1/2 ID FAIL 3. 87L DIFF TIME CHANGED
4. 87L DIFF ASYM DETECTED
5. 87L DIFF 1/2 ASYM MAX
87L DIFF BLOCKED 6. 87L DIFF GPS1/2 FAIL
GE Multilin
COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS

CHANNEL ID FAIL
1. Each packet carries relay
ID number per channel
2. Each received packet is
compared with ID
programmed L90 Power
System menu.
3. 0 means NO Channel ID
check is required (for
direct fibers).
Protection against:
1. Inadvertent loopback
2. Inadvertent connection to a
wrong L90 relay.
L90 Current Differential Relay: 87L theory
GE Multilin
Operate Current GE Multilin
K2
K1
Restraint Current
Traditional method is STATIC

Compromise between Sensitivity and Security
GE Multilin
Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a

measurement error to dynamically increase the
restraint
On-line estimation of an error is possible owing to
digital measuring techniques
In digital relaying to measure means to calculate or
to estimate a given signal feature such as magnitude
from the raw samples of the signal waveform
GE Multilin
The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude

and phase angle) as follows:
1. digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the

decaying dc component and a great deal of high
frequency distortions
2. the line charging current is estimated and used
to compensate the differential signal
3. full-cycle Fourier algorithm is used to estimate
the magnitude and phase angle of the
fundamental frequency (50 or 60Hz) signal
GE Multilin
Phasor Measurement
32 samples for 32 samples for Sliding Data Window
Transmission Transmission of
of one phaselet next phaselet
windo present
w time
time time
waveform magnitude
GE Multilin
Phasor Measurement
32 samples for 32 samples for Sliding Data Window
Transmission Transmission of
of one phaselet next phaselet
windo present
w time
time time
waveform magnitude
GE Multilin
Phasor Measurement: Goodness of Fit

A sum of squared differences between the actual
waveform and an ideal sinusoid over last window is a
measure of a goodness of fit (a measurement error)
window
time
GE Multilin
Phasor Measurement: Goodness of Fit
The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital

measurement
The goodness of fit reflects inaccuracy due to:
transients
CT saturation
inrush currents and other signal distortions
electrical noise
The goodness of fit is used by the L90 to alter the
traditional restraint signal (dynamic restraint)
I1 _ ADA _ A
2 4
N
(
= sumSquares1 _ A I1 _ MAG _ A
2
)
GE Multilin
Differential Characteristics
Imaginary (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
ILOC local current
IREM remote end current
OPERATE
RESTRAINT Real (ILOC/IREM)
OPERATE
OPERATE
GE Multilin
Differential Characteristics
Total restraint = Traditional restraint + Adaptive restraint
Imaginary (I /I
LOC )
REM
(Error factor)
OPERATE
Error factor is high
Real (ILOC/IREM)
REST.
Error factor is low

GE Multilin
Breaker-and-a-half
Line current equals

the sum of the two
measured currents
only if CTs are
accurate
GE Multilin
Breaker-and-a-half
Due CT errors the line

current (as measured)
appears inverted
GE Multilin
Breaker-and-a-half CLOSE
VT-1 Multi-function
79
IED (1)
50
BF
CT-1 25
TRIP/STATUS
(1)
CB-1
(3)
VT
21 87
CB-2
TRIP/STATUS 25
(2)
CT-2
50
BF
VT-2 79
(2)
(1)
CLOSE
GE Multilin
L90 Current Differential Relay:
Breaker-and-a-half
The L90 has
advantages on
systems with breaker-
and-a-half or ring bus
configurations. In these
applications, each of
the two three-phase
sets of individual
phase currents (one
associated with each
breaker) can be used
as an input to a
breaker failure
element.
GE Multilin
Breaker-and-a-half
Benefits:
For restraint forming, maximum of 2 (or more currents is
used). Conventional sum might not provide enough
restraint.
CTs matching is done

internally, different CT
ratios possible
Current are available
individually for BF,
metering etc
GE Multilin
Breaker-and-a-half
Distributed bus
differential
Up to 4 CTs can be
processed
individually and
summed up with
L90. For application
where buses are
located remotely,
this is beneficial as
CT leads dont allow
applying bus
differential.
L90 Current Differential Relay: Charge
GE Multilin current compensation
The L90 calculates the instantaneous values of the line

charging current using the instantaneous values of the
terminal voltage and shunt parameters of the line
The calculated charging current is subtracted from the
actually measured terminal current
The compensation reduces the spurious differential
current and allows for more sensitive settings
The compensating algorithm:
is accurate over wide range of frequencies
works with shunt reactors installed on the line
works in steady state and during transients
works with both wye- and delta-connected VTs (for
delta VTs the accuracy of compensation is limited)
Settings:
Important: The voltage signals used for charging current

compensation are taken from the source assigned with the
CURRENT DIFF SIGNAL SOURCE 1 setting.
Local and remote voltages

Voltage, V
200
150
100
50
Time of
0
energization
-50
-100
Time of out of zone fault
-150
-200
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec
~
Traditional and compensated differential
currents (waveforms)
Current, A
0.3
Actual none compensated
current
0.25
0.2
Theoretical compensated
current
0.15
0.1
0.05
Time of
0
energization
-0.05
-0.1
-0.15
-0.2
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec
Traditional and compensated differential

currents (magnitudes)
Current, A
0.08
Actual none compensated
0.07 current after filtering and
Fourier algorithm
0.06
0.05
0.04
Actual compensated current
0.03 after filtering and fourier
algorithm
0.02
0.01
0
0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
time, sec
GE Multilin Synchronization
Peer-to-Peer Operation
Each relay has sufficient information to make an independent
decision
Communication redundancy
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3
GE Multilin Synchronization
Master-Slave Operation
At least one relay has sufficient information to make an
independent decision
The deciding relay(s) sends a transfer-trip command to all other
relays
L90-1 L90-2
L90-3 Data (currents)

Transfer Trip
GE Multilin Zero-sequence Removal
The L90 protection system could be applied to lines with tapped

transformer(s) even if the latter has its windings connected in a grounded
wye on the line side and the transformer(s) currents are not measured by
the L90 protection system..
L90-1 L90-2
I_0
GE Multilin Channel Asymmetry
ADM-2 ADM-3
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
Rx Tx
ADM-1 ADM-4
Tx Rx
On SONET/SDH system, transmit and receive channel

delays can be different. Normally, Tx_delay=Rx_delay.
If one path is broken, it can be re-routed to another
physical fiber, resulting in Tx_delayRx_delay.
Difference in transmit-receive paths is causing

incorrect synchronization between relays as ping-
pong is operating based on assumption that transmit-
receive delays are the equal.
That results in apparent differential current,
proportional to the value of the channel asymmetry.
If currents and channel asymmetry are high enough,
relay misoperates.
IDIFF
IA IB
Half of the channel

asymmetry in
electrical degrees
L90 can cope with channel asymmetry as high as up

to 10 ms using GPS signal.
No additional input is required-GPS clock is
connected to the regular IRIG-B UR input, providing
accurate clock to both events time-stamping and
channel asymmetry compensation algorithm.
ADM-2 ADM-3
GPS clock GPS clock
Rx Tx
ADM-1 ADM-4
Tx Rx
RELAY 1 RELAY 2
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
IRIG-B FAILURE
To Remote Relays
SETTINGS Channels 1 and 2
L90 POWER SYSTEM: 87L GPS Status Fail
OR
BLOCK GPS TIME REF:
Off = 0
REAL TIME CLOCK:
IRIG-B SIGNAL TYPE
None = 0
L90 POWER SYSTEM:
CHNL ASYM COMP: GPS COMPENSATION
Off = 0 RUN
DATA FROM REM OTE Use Calculated
OR
TERM INAL 1 Correction, Establish and
87L Ch 1 Status (OK=1) Update Memory
AND
OR
87L GPS 1 Status (OK=1) Use Memorized
Correction
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
DATA FROM REM OTE 87L DIFF GPS FAIL
OR
TERM INAL 21
87L Ch 2 Status (OK=1) AND SETTINGS
87L GPS 2 Status (OK=1) L90 POWER SYSTEM:
MAX CHNL ASYMMETRY:
L90 POWER SYSTEM:
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND ROUND TRIP TIME
87L DIFF GPS 1 FAIL CHANGE:
AND
RUN FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L DIFF 1 MAX ASYM
ACTUAL VALUES | Ch1 Assymetry | > MAX
Ch1 Assymtery
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES |Ch1 T-Time New - 87L DIFF 1 TIME CHNG
Ch1 Round Trip Time Ch1 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE
GPS function FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

87L DIFF GPS 2 FAIL
AND
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES | Ch2 Assymetry | > MAX 87L DIFF 2 MAX ASYM
Ch2 Assymtery
RUN
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
ACTUAL VALUES |Ch2 T-Time New -
87L DIFF 2 TIME CHNG
Ch2 Round Trip Time Ch2 T-TIME Old| > CHANGE
Important consideration is fallback mode if GPS signal is

lost: for example, relay can be programmed to continue
to provide sensitive differential function using memorized
value of last measured channel asymmetry until step
change in the communications path is detected.
Asymmetry-disabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
high
Asymmetry-enabled
(about 3 ms of
asymmetry present)
Diff. Current
low
Its beneficial to monitor

differential current to
raise an alarm if it
becomes relatively high.
This can happen due to
asymmetry is present,
problems in CT
secondary. Flexelements
are used for that.
GE Multilin Benefits
Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing Security:

Fast operation (11.5 cycles)
Lower restraint settings / higher sensitivity
Charging current compensation
Unique precise synchronization with frequency tracking
Channel Asymmetry Compensation
CT saturation detection
Dynamic restraint ensures security during noise, harmonics,
CT saturation or transient conditions
Reduced CT requirements
Direct messaging
Increased redundancy due to master-master configuration
Reliable CRC-32 communication packet protection against
noise
Breaker-and-a half applications
GE Multilin 87L settings
L90 system is
chosen
Charging current
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
Channel ID
enabled/disabled
L90 Power System menu.

87L enabled
Source chosen
Pickup
CT Tap
87L Current Differential menu.

Slope 1
Slope 2
DTT
External DTT

As of 5.7 f/w, 87LG

is available
87LG enabled
87LG pickup
87LG slope
87LG delay

1000/1 2000/5
Rx Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
L90 can accommodate CT ratios mismatch

up to 5 times even if CTs secondary
nominal current is different.
Restraint 2
Current Differential major

settings
Restraint 1
Pickup
Breakpoint
(200% of I nominal)
This portion of logic will not

reset for a continuous
disturbance.
Disturbance Detector-logic
diagram
Disturbance Detector-elements menu

GE Multilin 87L testing
Channel Status menu-

Actual
Values\Statis\Channel Tests
Test Set 87L should

operate at the
current
Rx Direct point-to-point Fiber Tx

(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
Test Set 87L should

NOT operate
Rx Direct point-to-point Fiber Tx

(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
Test Set 1 Test Set 2
Direct point-to-point Fiber

Rx Tx
(64Kbps)
Tx Rx
Operate /
Restraint
Characteristics
User 87L settings
Operate current
Restraint current
Relays response
Injected currents
GE Multilin 87L Trip
SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:
Disable=0
Enable=1
SETTING SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE: 87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA IA > PICKUP
IB IB > PICKUP
IC IC > PICKUP
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP A
87L DIFF OP A AND
87L and DTT FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

OR
are OR-ed 87L RECVD DTT A
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP B
87L DIFF OP B AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT B
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
Mode is hosen: 87L DIFF OP C AND
OR 87L TRIP OP C
OR FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP
1P or 3P 87L RECVD DTT C
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP MODE:
1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1
AND
SETTING
AND
87L TRIP SUPV:
50DD SV 0 OR
AND OR
50
Supervising AND
element 50DD SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3-:

OR
OR
87L Trip Logic

Off=0 AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OPEN POLE OP
GE Multilin 87L Trip
SETTING
87L TRIP FUNCTION:
Disable=0
Enable=1
Seal-in outputs if
SETTING SETTING
87L TRIP SOURCE:
IA
87L TRIP SEAL-IN PICKUP:
IA > PICKUP
desirable Outputs per
IB
IC
IB > PICKUP
IC > PICKUP
phase or 3-phase
SETTING
87L TRIP SEAL-IN:
Enable=1
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP A
87L DIFF OP A AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT A
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP B
87L DIFF OP B AND
OR
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
87L RECVD DTT B
AND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP C
87L DIFF OP C AND
OR FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
FLEXLOGIC OPERAND
OR 87L TRIP OP
87L RECVD DTT C
OR
SETTING
87L TRIP MODE:

Logic to detect
1-Pole=0
3-Pole=1 multi-phase
SETTING
AND
evolving and
AND
Open Pole 87L TRIP SUPV: sequential faults
forces 3P trip 50DD SV AND OR
0
50
OR
if another
fault occurs AND
during open
SETTING
87L TRIP FORCE 3-:

OR
OR
87L Trip Logic

pole Off=0 AND
conditions FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

OPEN POLE OP
OR
GE Multilin 87L Stub bus
Line
Terminal 3
Line Line
Protection Terminal 2
Zone
Goals
Providing protection for stub
bus faults.
DSw
Excluding stub bus terminal
from differential zone of 87L.
CB- CB- Line Providing proper solution for
1 Stub-bus 2 Terminal 1
Protection pilot protection, for tripping or
Zone blocking schemes applied.
GE Multilin 87L Stub bus
Line disconnect
switch 52b contact
IOC trigger
GE Multilin Distance
L90 phase and ground distance is the same as D60 elements.

GE Multilin Distance
L90 backup distance is complimented by line pickup, power swing

detection, POTT and load encroachment.
GE Multilin Open Pole Detector
GE Multilin Trip Output
87L is
hard-wired
GE Multilin Control Elements
Control elements
available in L90
GE Multilin Synchrocheck
Synchrocheck
Logic
GE Multilin Synchrocheck
3-phase
line VT
1-phase
bus VT
Time that the two

voltages remain within
the admissible angle
difference
GE Multilin Direct I/O
Example
Local Relay Remote Relay
Breaker Fail is
assigned to Direct
Output 1-1
Direct Input 1-1 (BF

at remote S/S) is
assigned to a trip
gate.
GE Multilin 87L metering
GE Multilin Oscillography
GE Multilin Fault Locator
L90 has a novel, based on Line Current Differential Relay

Synchronized Measurements Method
Takes advantage of the transmitted synchronized per-phase
phasors for the line current different protection.
Two- or three-terminal applications are covered.
Eliminates fault location error due to mutual coupling, fault
resistance, load, non-homogeneity, non-synchronized
measurements.
A single set of fault location equations applies to all fault
types and phase involvement. However, phase selection
information can be used for determination of fault
resistance.
Takes advantage of compensation of the line charging
current.
Makes fault location results available at all terminals
GE Multilin
L90 test program is available on GE Multilin web site

GE Multilin L90 Setting File Example
Order Code: L90-G03-HLH-F8L-H6U-W7H

Simple 230 kV 2 Terminal Line: CT Terminal 1 = 1200:5,
CT Terminal 2 = 1200:5. PT Ratio= 2000:1, 66.4 Nominal
Secondary Volts. Direct Fiber Connection
Communication link
GE Multilin System and Source Setup
GE Multilin Setup Elements and Trip Logic Via Protection
Summary Screen
GE Multilin Setup Diff Element &
Supervision
GE Multilin Setup Diff Element &
Supervision
GE Multilin Setup Distance Elements
GE Multilin Setup Neutral Directional OC
GE Multilin Setup Tripbus 1
Setup Output Contact &
GE Multilin Oscillography
GE Multilin Setup Oscillography Logic

Line Protection With L60

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Line Protection With L60

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L90 Line Differential Relay

L90 Current Differential Relay: Introduction

Transmission Line Protection Considerations

Transmission Line Protection Considerations

Current differential basics

1. 2 (or 3) relays are required

Improved operation of the line current differential (87L)

L90 can be applied

Direct point-to-point Fiber

CHANNEL COMMUNICATION OPTIONS

FIBER - LED & ELED LASER FIBER MODULES

DIRECT FIBER OPTICAL POWER BUDGET

G.703 CO-DIRECTIONAL INTERFACE

Typical pin interconnection between two G.703 interfaces back-to-

G.703 module dip switches..

Connection to higher order system

G.703 Timing Selection

RS422 & FIBER INTERFACE CONFIGURATION

WARNING: When using a 1300 nm LASER Interface, attenuators may be

IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE

IEEE fiber C37.94 INTERFACE

For the Internal Timing Mode, the system clock is generated

COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS

MAJOR COMMS ALARMS MINOR COMMS ALARMS

COMMS CHANNEL ON-LINE DIAGNOSTICS

Traditional method is STATIC

Dynamic restraint uses an estimate of a

The L90 measures the current phasors (magnitude

1. digital pre-filtering is applied to remove the

Phasor Measurement: Goodness of Fit

Phasor Measurement: Goodness of Fit

The goodness of fit is an accuracy index for the digital

RESTRAINT Real (ILOC/IREM)

Error factor is high

Error factor is low

Line current equals

Due CT errors the line

CTs matching is done

The L90 calculates the instantaneous values of the line

Important: The voltage signals used for charging current

Local and remote voltages

Traditional and compensated differential

L90-3 Data (currents)

The L90 protection system could be applied to lines with tapped

On SONET/SDH system, transmit and receive channel

Difference in transmit-receive paths is causing

Half of the channel

L90 can cope with channel asymmetry as high as up

GPS clock GPS clock

DATA FROM REM OTE Use Calculated

GPS function FLEXLOGIC OPERAND

Important consideration is fallback mode if GPS signal is

Its beneficial to monitor

Increased Sensitivity without sacrificing Security:

L90 Power System menu.

87L Current Differential menu.

87L Current Differential menu.

As of 5.7 f/w, 87LG

87L Current Differential menu.

L90 can accommodate CT ratios mismatch

Current Differential major

This portion of logic will not

Disturbance Detector-elements menu