Professional Documents
Culture Documents
and Gods
of Old Europe
6500-3500 BC
Marija Gimbutas
The Goddesses
and Gods
of Old Europe
6500 - 3500 bc
Introduction n
1 9 5 9 - 1 9 6 8
N ote on r a d io c a r h o n and d i :n d r o - c: h r o n o i <h ; k : a i .[. y
U N I V E R S I T Y O I; C A L 1F O R N 1A P R E S S ITS SIG N IH C A N C .H I7
B erkelev and Los Angeles, C'aiifornia
R E G IO N A L A N I) CH KO NO I.O GICAl. SU B !)!V ISIO N S OI: O i.D
ISBN: 0 -520 -0 4 6 55-2 Europi; in
Librarv o f Gongress C atalo g C'ard N um ber 7 2 -S 2 32 3 The Aegeoii and Central Balkan arca 19
The Adriatic arca 25
*tV; 1974. iyS2 Tham es and Hudson Ltd. London
The Middle Damtbe Basiu 27
O riginallv publishe in the U nited States ot Am erica
The linsi Balkan area 29
in 1974 bv U niversitv o fC a lifo rn ia Press under the title
lln' ( ',o(k /</ ( oj Old liinvpt': 7000-j^oo tu ' The A loltlat'ian-11 V>7 Ukraiiiian area ^3
T he m e a n d e r , sy m b o i. of c o s m i c wa t e r s 124
T h e o r ig in o f t h e B ird G o d d e ss a n d her im a g e d u r in g
4 The M ask 57 THE N e O L I T H I C I 32
N o n - h u m a n visage 57 T he L a d y B ird a n d th e L a d y S n a k e of th e
C h a lc o lit h ic era 136
T he V in ca m ask 57
T h e S n a k e a n d B ird G o d d e ss as n u r se 14 2
E V O LU T IO N OF THE V l N A MASK 61
R e c a p it u la t io n i 44
D e CORATION AND PERFORATIONS FOR A T T A C H M E N T 64
T h e B i r d G o d d e s s a n d S n a k e G o d d e s s in M i n o a n
PARALLELS IN C R E T E AND A N C I E N T G R EEC E, AND THE
C r e t e a n d in A n c i e n t G r e e c e 145
T HEATRICAL EMPHASIS 66
P a r a l l e l s w it h M in o a n - M y c e n a e a n sh rines 74 T h e c h r y s a l i d g o d d e s s w i t h f o i .d e d a r m s o f t h e
C h a l c o l i t h ic per io d i57
S h RINE EQUIPMENT AND OBJECTS RELATED TO CUI.T
PRACTICES 80 T h e m a c . i c a l s o u r c i ; o f i.iff : w i t i i i n t u f : g o d d e s s : h e r
mouth , h a n d s a n d eggs 163
V o t i v e o f f e u i n g s . I n s c r i b e d FIGURINES, VESSELS, s p i n d l e -
WHORLS, AND OTHER OBJECTS 85 T he epiph an ies 169
The do$, a tioitble of the Moon Goddess 169
S U M M I N G -U P 88
The doe, a douhle oj the (joddess oj Regeneration 17 1
The toad and the turile: the goddess in thc shape oj a human
Jbetus 174
6 C o sm o gon ic al and Co sm o lo gical Im ages 89 The hedgehog: the goddess iu the slnipe oj an tinitiuil uterus or
jbetus 179
T h e f o u r c o r n e r s o f t h e w o r i .d , t h e m o o n
The bee and the lmtterfty: the bttll-born Goddess oj
A ND THE BUI-I. <89
Transformation and Regeneration 181
T he snake 93 The bear: thc goddess as niother and nurse 190
R e c a p i t u l a t i o n o r v a r i o u s a s p f .c t s o f t h e p r e h i s t o k i c
G r e a t G oddess 195
H e k a t e a n d A r t e m is : s u u v iv a l o f thi: O l d E u r o p e a n
G r e a t G o d d e s s in A n c i e n t G u e e c e a n d w e s t f . r n
A n a to lia i X >
T h e d o t (s e e d ) a n d t h h i. o z e n c e (s o w n f i e l d ) 205
Preface to new edition
T he enth ro ned P reg n an t G oddess 20S
W hen the m agnificent treasures o f the M inoan civilization w ere T he d iscovcry and developm ent o f the radiocarbon dating technique
unravclled in the beginning o f the twentieth century, Sir A rthu r by W illard F. L ibb y (Radiocarbon Dating, 1952) gave archaeology its
Evans w ro te : I venture to believc that the scientific study o f Greek most pow erful means o f diseovering the age o f prehistoric cultures.
civilization is becom ing less and less possible w ithout taking into W ithin tw o decades o f its developm ent and im plem entation radio
constant account that o f the M inoan and M ycenacan w orld that carbon analysis had revolutionized earlier conceptions o f European
vvent before it (JH S 19 1 2 : 277). W hile his rem ark was am p ly N eo lith ic-C h alcolith ic chronology, extending its span by alm ost
ju stified, the question o f w hat went before the M inoan civilization tw o m illennia. Prior to this, stratigraphic and typological interpreta-
rem ained to be posed. N o w it is becom ing less and less possible to tions had been used to support a theory o f the spread o f agriculture
understand the M inoan civilization vvithout the study o f the culture from the N ear East to Europe in the fourth m illennium b c . The
which preceded it. The study o f this culture, to which I have applied backbone o f this universally accepted chronological outline was the
the nam e O ld E u ro p e, rcveals new chronological dim ensions and postulated N ear Eastem erivation o f the Vinca culture w ith its
a new concept o f the beginning o f European civilization. It was not typical fine ceram ics, rcsult o f a m igration from the N ear East via
a single small legendary island claim ed b v the sea som e 9000 years A natolia subsequent to the T ro y I period, datable, it w as believed,
ago that gave rise to the fabulous civilization o f C rete and the by analogies to historic Egypto-M esopotam ian civilization to ju st
C yclad es, but a considerable part o f Europe surrounded by the after 3000 b c. Vinca was firm ly located within the relative chron ol-
castem M editerranean, Aegean and A driatic Seas. The m any islands o g y o f the European N eolithic-C halcolithic cultures and so through
w ere an aid to navigation and facilitated com m unication with Ana its supposed historic conncction becam e the datum around which
tolia, Levant and M esopotam ia. Fertile river valleys lured the first the absolute ch ron ology o f European prehistory was estimated. This
farm ers deeper inland into the Balkan Peninsula and Danubian chronological system is still maintained by a small m inority o f
European prehistorians w ho w ere encouraged b y the recent dis- the m ethod. C u rren tly archaeologists ineluding the author o f this
c o very in an E arly V ina context o f the Tartaria tablets, w hich they vo lu m e use the Suess c u rv e (named after D r Hans E. Suess, o f
consider to be an im p o rt fro m M esopotam ia at about 3000 BC. U C S D ) fo r corrcction o f radiocarbon dates to app ro xim ate true age.
This c h ro n o lo g y w as com pletely discredited by radiocarbon C onsequcntly, European N eolithic and C h alcolithic ch ron ology
analysis, w h ich b y 1970 had supplied 300 dates for O ld European is u ndergoing a second revolution which extends the span o f prc-
N eo lith ic and C h alcolithic samples, placing the beginnings o f the historic developm ent by a further m illennium . The most im portant
N eo lith ic in the seventh m illennium BC. T his called fo r not o n ly a effect o f radiocarbon ch ron ology and o f this m arked extcnsion o f it
readjustm ent in the absolute dating o f N eo lithic-C h alcolith ic cuiture to approxim ate true age has been to dem onstrate the antiquity o f
but also an im portant rearrangem ent o f the relative chronologies o f European prehistoric cuiture, and its autonom ous g ro w th as the
E u rope and the N ea r East. equal rather than the dependent o f N ear Eastern cultural evolution.
H o w e v e r, b y the early 1960s it becam e evident that radiocarbon Socio-econom ic developm ents that 20 years ago w ere compressed
dates w ere inaccurate. T h e accuracy o f the process was dependent into little over one m illennium are now seen to have required at least
upon the valid ity o f the assumption (am ong others) that the radio three m illennia to evolve, emphasizing the stability, lon gevity and
carbon content o f atm ospheric carbon-dioxide had rem ained constant cultural continuity o f the O ld European N eo lith ic-C h alcolith ic
during geo lo gically recent time. Discrepancies between radiocarbon civilization.
and calendrical chron ologies w ere soon rem arked, fo llo w in g the A chronological table o f the cultural com plexes o f O ld Europe
radiocarbon analysis o f w o o d samples o f kn ow n age fro m historic appears b elow . T h e given years represent true age, i.e. radiocarbon
E gyp tian and N ear Eastern sources; and it has since been dem on- dates converted into true age on Suess calibration curve.
strated through the m arriage o f dendrochronological research and
radiocarbon analysis that there have been variations in the level o f ADRIATIC AEGHAN CENTRAL EAST BAI.KAN MOLDAVIAN MIDDLE TISZA
BALKAN WF.ST DANUBE
atm ospheric radiocarbon through tim e, and that these are o f tw o
UKRAINE
sorts: localized fluctuations, and a lon g-term trend in w hich the
divergen ce betw een the radiocarbon and true ages increases w ith
l
HVAR
_J
P OL GA R
IV Z
increasing sam ple age du ring the m illennia b c . OJ 13
T I S ZA -
D e n d ro ch ro n o lo g y is the study o f the chronological sequence o f U 2< f-
UJ
>
X < D t D AB
O
the annual g ro w th rings in trees. W ithin the confines o f a particular
b 'U
III 0z O A Z
environm en t the ring patterns o f different tree specimens can be
z
0 VI
D UJ
m atched and related one to another, a technique made possible b y 0 5: uj
H0
rj
>
>
0
z U proto
the fact that annual rings vary in thickness due to varyin g local UJ 11 V < < ^
environm ental conditions from year to year. So a m aster-ch ron ology 2 D _J Z
z
<
N^
can be com piled incorporating both livin g trees o f great age and < IV aa r/1 K
dead, prcscrvccl trunks w hich can be fitted into the ring-pattern
n UJ UJ
f - 23
r-'
0 Z
BUG
EST
sequence. The bristle-cone pine o f the W hite M ountains o f C a lifo r- 0 * III -J
nia has p rovidcd an unbroken sequencc extending back into the 00 > ni
C/5 UJ O
~J u-
sixth m illennium b c . R a d io ca rb o n analysis o f ring samples o f k n ow n PJ
II Z
age idcntified the inaccuracy o f the radiocarbon dates; and, w id i the 00 jV <
n UJ < 11
accum ulation o f sufficient analyses, was able to supply curves and I
2 H
1
tables o f conversion which perm it corrcction o f radiocarbon dates S)
to approxim ate true age. Dates falling between the third and fifth
>
m illennia b c in radiocarbon years require a corrective addition,
incrcasingly large w ith increasing age, o f a few hundred to as m uch UJ
as a thousand years to align them with approxim ate true age. D irect ,
uj H
com parison o f the radiocarbon content o f historically dated samples CmC
from ancient E gyp tian contexts w ith that o f bristle-cone pine samples 0-4 0-1
i
o f equivalent true age has indcpcndently confirm ed the valid ity o f
15
U
1 Cultural Background
T h e d e s i g n a t i o n C i v i l i z a t i o n o f O ld E u r o p e a n d its
SIGNiFICANCE
17
T he most eloquent vestiges o f this European N eolithic cuiture B y 6000 BC, and increasingly through the ensuing m illennium ,
are the sculptures, w hich bear witness to facets o f life otherw ise O ld European cuiture can be divided into five m ajor regional
inaccessible to the archaeologist: fashions in dress, religious cere- variants vvhich display w ell-d eveloped traditions in ceram ic art,
m onialism and m yth ical im ages. arehiteeture and cult organization. T h e five variant traditions o f
T h e inhabitants o f southeastem Europe 7 0 0 0 years ago were not O ld European civilization are: 1) T h e A egean and central Balkan,
the p rim itive villagers o f the incipient N eolithic. D uring tw o 2) T h e A driatic, 3) T h e m iddle D anube, 4) The eastern B alk an , and
m illennia o f agricultural stability their material w elfare had been 5) T h e M o ld avian -w est U kranian.
persistently im proved by the increasingly efficient exploitation o f
the fertile river valleys. W h e a t , barley, vetch, peas and other legum es
I THE AEGEAN AND CENTRAL BALKAN AREA
w ere cultivated, and ali the dom esticated animals present in the
B alkans today, except for the horse, w cre bred. Pottery tech nology Neolithic, C. 7000-5500 BC.
and bone- a n d sto n e-w o rkin g techniques had advanced, and copper T h e beginnings o f N eo lith ic art in the A egean and central Balkan
m e t a l l u r g v was i n t r o d u c e d into east Central Europe by 5 5 0 0 b c .
area can be dated to c. 7000-6500 BC, along w ith the em ergence o f a
Tr'ade and C o m m u n icatio n s, w hich had expanded th ro u g h the well-established village society. This earliest N eolithic is k n o w n b y a
m illennia, must have provid ed a trem endous cross-fertilizing different nam e in each o f the m odern European countries o v er which
im petus to cultural g ro w th . T h e archaeologist can infer the existence it was distributed, the term inological distinetions refleeting m od em
o f far-ran g in g trade fro m the w id e dispersion o f obsidian, alabaster, political boundaries rather than significant cultural variations. It is
m arb lea n d S p o n d y lu ssh c ll. T h eseasan d inland w aterw aysd oub tlcss k n o w n as Proto-Sesklo in G reece, w here the Sesklo settlem ent near
served as p rim ary routes o f com m unication, and obsidian was being V o los in T hessaly was the source o f N eolithic te rm in o lo g y ; Starevo
transported by sea as early as the seventh m illennium b c . T h e use o f in Y u g o sla v ia after the eponym ous site east o f B elgrad e; Koros in
sailing-boats is attested from the sixth m illennium onw ards b y their southeastern H u n gary and C ri - the R om anian nam e fo r the same
incised depiction on ceramics. R iv e r K o ro s - in w estern R om ania. This com p lex occupied the
T h e continued increase in prosperity and in the com p lexity o f drainage area o f the V ard ar and M orava in M acedonia and Southern
social organization w o uld surely have produced in southeastern and central Y u go slav ia and the southeastern part o f the m iddle
Europe ah urban civilization b ro ad ly analogous to those o f the Danube basin, extending as far as M old avia in eastern R om ania. T o
N ea r East and C rctc o f the third and sccond m illennia b c . T h e sim plify term in o logy, this cultural bloc w ill be referred to as the
increasing cultural m om entum o f fifth m illennium European A egean and central B alk an N eolithic .
societics was, hov/ever, cut short by the aggressive infiltration and T his N eo lith ic cuiture left rem arkably h om ogeneous artifacts:
settlem ent o f sem i-nom ad ic pastoralists, ancestors o f the Indo- bone, Stone and ceram ic artifacts, ineluding distinetive painted bow ls
Europeans, w h o d i s t u r b e d m ost o f C e n tra l and e a s te r n Europe during and ring-based jars, ali closely resem bling each other. W heat, barley,
the fourth m illennium b c . T h e colourful pottery and sculptural art lentils, vetch and peas w ere cultivated and am ong the dom esticated
o f O ld E u ro p e s incipient civilization qu ickly vanished; only around animals, sheep and goat w ere the m ost num erous, a characteristic
the A egean and on the islands did its traditions su rvivc to the end o f feature o f the w arm er and drier conditions o f the A egean and east
the third m illennium b c , and on Crete to the m id-second m illen M editerranean. A lth o u gh the basic econom ic pattern was faithfully
nium b C. T h e E arly H elladic cuiture o f Greece and the C yclad es and transferred from the south to the m iddle D anubian basin, N eolithic
the M inoan civilization on C rete, w ith its wealth o f palae art, farm ers in northern Y u g o sla v ia , H u n gary and R o m a n ia had to adapt
epitom ize the N eo lith ic and C halcolithic cuiture o f O ld Europe. to a som ew hat dam per, m ore h eavily forested en viron m en t:
consequently cattle and p ig w ere increasingly exploited b y m ore
R e g i o n a l a n d c h r o n o l o g i c a l s u b d i v i s i o n s o f O i .d E u r o p e
northerly settlers, and fishing and hunting usually playe a m uch
m ore im portant role. T h e cli.mate was slightly vvarm er and w etter
T h e d evclopm cn t o f the N eo lith ic was characterizcd by an increase than it is today. T e lls, created by the accum ulation o f cultural
in sedentary habits and rcliance upon dom esticated plants and debris, attest the perm anence o f these farm ing com m unities on
anim als, larger d em ograph ic units, a continued grow th in artistic extensive Coastal and inland plains in the A egean area and B ulgaria
and technological sophistication, and a m arked regional diversity south o f the Balkan M ountains. Further north, they occur less con-
o f m aterial cuiture. spicuously, especially in the upper river valleys o f central Y ugoslavia,
iS 19
Vierma
iBa
Budapest
Lengyel
s% ^Beograd OL
B u c h a r e .s i* \ ^ > / i
SSi*% ^
e n t r a l o W < # f \ .
^ B iitr m r c
f f i n .
VmCaV)|^ Black Sea
? S o fia # s
^ Karanovai-vi
Adriatic Sea
'% V)ilvilitash
Serra DAlto
Mediterranean Sea
l M ap U : D i stribu (ion oj Pottcry Ncolithic eomplexcs in the Balkan Peninsula and the
IDanube regions, and site* mentioned in texf. Seventh and sixth ntilletiniunt <:
| M a p I I J : C h a lc o lith ic liitrope at its iliin a x oj develo pm en t in the fifth ntillen n iuin <:
f and its regional g ro u p s
H u n g a ry and R o m a n ia , w h ere the deposit is usually shallow and
m ore w id e ly distributed. This m ay reflect a partially horizontal
displacem ent o f settlem ent through tim e, possibly as a result o fse m i-
nom adic agriculture, in v o lv in g periodic abandonm ent and re-
occupation o f sites. T h e use o f w ood en rather than substantial
m ud-brick structures w o u ld also explain the less-m arked accum ula-
tion o f m idden deposits in the w etter northerly environm ents.
M o re than a thousand P ro to -Sesk lo, Sesklo, Starevo and K o ro s
(Cri?) sites are recorded, o f w h ich about fifty have been extensively
excavated during the course o f the last century. T h e area o f distribu-
II don and the nam es o f sites m entioned in the text are indicated in the
m ap. M o st o f the radiocarbon dates fo r this com plex range from the
end o f the seventh to the beginning o f the fifth m illennium BC.
E m p lo y in g the corrective scale produced b y radiocarbon analyses o f
d en d roch ro n olo gically dated w o o d samples these dates w o u ld yield
an app roxim ate true age o f 7000-5500/5300 BC.
T h e process o f separating out into regional groups progressed
steadily. B y 6000 b c , the Sesklo cuiture o f Thessaly and central
G reece w as ty p o lo gica lly distinct from the artifact assemblages o f
the rest o f the central B alk an region. Further north, typical form s o f
the Starevo com p lex persisted into the m iddle o f the sixth m illen
nium , fm ally u n d ergoing a rapid transition, m ost e a rly reflected
III in ceram ics, to fo rm the V inca com plex.
22
B ronze A g e in the A egean d ow n to the conquest o f the area b y the developed into a separate entity know n as Butmir, thus nam ed after
R o m a n s. Finally, shortly bcfore he died he asserted that V ina was the B u tm ir settlement at Sarajevo, excavated in 18 9 3-9 6 ; it is noted
rather a colo n y o f the G reeks, and this suggestion continues to bc for its spiral-dccorated globular and piriform vases and a significant
cited m som e m odern histories o f the Balkans. T h e cuiture was num ber o f sculptures. T h e B u tm ir cuiture is affiliated with Vina,
considered m uch too advanced, its art treasures too sophisticated, to but also was strongly influenced by the A driatic D a n ilo -H va r and
be o f N eo lith ic or C h alcolithic age, som e 7000 years old. T h e cali- Southern Italian M atera-Serra d A lto cultures. T h e k ey site for
brated radiocarbon dates obtained from eight sites o f different ch ron ology is O bre II, excavated in 1967-68 b y A . B cn ac and the
phases o f the Vina cuiture (Anza, Predionica, Vina, M ed ved n jak, author. T he site yielded an ideal, uninterrupted four-m etre strati-
Banjica, Vala, G o rn ja Tuzla and D ivostin) place this cuiture be- graphy and a series o f radiocarbon dates. These place the three
tw ecn 5300 and 4000 BC. T h e artistic tradition produced in the late periods o f the B utm ir civilization betvveen c. 5 10 0 and 4000 b c .
sixth and fifth m illen nium b c in the central B alkan Peninsula is one
o f the m ost rem arkable and distinctive o f European and N ear Eastern 2 THE ADRIATIC ARKA
prehistory. Neolithic, c. 6500-5500 b c.
T h e discovery o f the Tartaria tablets and other signs inscribed on The early N eolithic cuiture o f the circum -A d riatic region is know n
figurines and pots, coupled w ith evidence o f a m arked intensification as the Impresso com plcx, characterized by grit-tem pered wares
o f spiritual life in general, has nourished a diffusionist explanation. impressed w ith cardium shells or finger-nails. T h e sim ple pottery
M an y w o u ld attribute the appearance o f the Vina com plex to bow ls ornam ented in this w a y and the farm ing eco n o m y w hich they
m igration or intensive stim ulus-diffusion from the east, in particular served are believed to have developed as a result o f difFusion, coupled
from A natolia. In this context the tablets are believed to have reached with m aritim e m ovem ent and trade along th e A driatic littoral and
the D anube region fro m M esopotam ia not earlier than about 3000 off-shore islands. The Im presso cuiture o f vvestern Y u go slavia,
B C . D espite stratigraphical evidence, typologies, natura! scientific vvestern Greece and S o u th e rn Italy represents on ly a part o f the w id cly
dating techniques, and new excavations indicating strong influences dispersed circum -M editerranean com plex.
from the east Balkans and not Anatolia, som e archaeologists persist Impresso sites occupy caves or take the form o f open settlements
in vievving the Balkan prehistoric cultures as in ferio r; and this, even enclosed by a ditch, and their econom y was based upon dom esti
though m ost o f them find no m arked cultural hiatus betw een the cated sheep and cattle, fishing and hunting, and eultivation o f w heat
Starevo and V ina com plexcs. The first attcmpts at linear w ritin g and barley. T h e material cuiture was poor in ceram ic art and sculp-
appear not later than the m id-sixth m illennium b c and the E arly ture until the produetion o f n c w form s was stimulated by contact
Vina inscribed figurines, spindle w horls and other objects are with central Greece, perhaps the result o f m ore extensive m aritim e
definitcly o f local m anufacture. The m uch-discussed problem o f the activity which is otlierw ise witnessed by the widespread distribution
origin o f the black-polished and ligh tly channdled pottery p redo m i- ofobsidian from Lipari, one o f the Aeolian islands north o f S icily, and
nant am o n g the Vina ceram ics can be explained by postulating from Sardinia.
continuous cultural contact and exchange between the central and
eastern B alk a n s: the black-polished vvares w ith channelled decoration Advanced Neolithic-Chalcolithic, c. 5500 -3500 bc;.
w ere first m troduced by the N eolithic inhabitants in the M arica Elaborate re-on-cream painted wares appeared in S o u th e rn Italy,
valley o f central B u lgaria, during the early phases of K aran ovo . T he m arking the inception ot the Sialoria period. I his in turu \vas suc-
vvare spread first to M acedonia and subsequently to the central ceeded by the Scrra d'Alto period, characterized by baroque handles,
Balkans during the K aran o vo III phase, the true age o f w hich is fruitstand shapes and other com plex ceram ic form s. O11 the Y u g o -
ap p ro xim ately 54 00-5300 b c . Despite constant contact w ith neigh- slav coast, there em erged the Danilo com plex, d o se ly related to
bouring cultures Vinca sculptural art rcm ained m arkedly distinet B u tm ir, and characterized by geom etrically dccorated painted vvare
from that o f other groups. Indeed, the m ythical im agery, perhaps and zoom orp hic cult vases.
m ore than anything else, refleets the European roots o f the Vina T h e radiocarbon dates from the earliest Scaloria sites w ith painted
coin plex. w are d uster around 5500 b c (th eaverage calibrated date is 5550 b c ),
D ne to intensive com m unication via the prehistoric h ig h w a y and for the sites ofth e advanced stage (Scrra d A lto, H var-successor to
o f the R iv e rs Bosna and N eretva connectcd by a narro\v pass o f the Danilo) fali vvithin the first h a lf o ft h e fifth m illennium b c .
D in aric Alps. a cuiture o f the central Balkan background in Bosnia
Villages in the plains around Foggia and M atera in southeastem
Italy w ere large. T h e settiement o f Passo di C o rv o near Foggia
occupied ap p ro xim ately 50,000 square m etres and ineluded m ore
than a hundred com pounds (Tine 1972). C aves w ere used as sanetu-
aries, particularly those w ith stalagmites and stalactites.
3 T H E M I D D IE D A N U B E BA SIN
< M ap V : Adriatic civilization tUtrini; the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periodi, 6 5 0 0 -15 0 0
b c . Butmir s it a have a Central Balkan haclcground injlnenced hy tlie Adriatic (iviU za-
tion. Circles indicate lite i oj seventh and si.\tli millennia 11 c ; d on indicate tliose o f fifth
and early fourth millennia nc:
Mediterranean Sea 2 7
architectural and artistic traditions. The L engyel physical type, the
so-called A tlanto-M ediecrran can, contrasts w ith the ccntral E u ro -
pcan C ro -M a g n o n , although a closely rclated physical typc is knovvn
from central Italy. A nalogies to the L en gyel com plcx w ith its settle-
ments fortified w ith w id e ditches, and its sophisticated painted
p irifo rm vases and footed stands, are found in the D anilo com plex
Prague
along the A driatic coast o f Y u go slavia. This m ay reflect an ethnic
infiltration from the A driatic area to the Sava basin and the region Srelice
oH luboke Mauvjc;
east o f the Alps.
T h e L cn gyel sites are distributed over a large territory ineluding L a n g -E n z e rsd o rf B o d ro g k sre sz tu r
eastern A ustria, ccntral and eastern Czechoslovakia and Southern 'V ien n a
Poland. T h e settlements consist o f tw o house types - rectangular V o se n d o rf
tim ber struetures built w ith upright posts and scm i-subterranean
dvvellings. These villages w ere located on large flat terraces and
surrounded b y fortifications, enorm ous ditches and palisades w ith
tow ers. A djacent to their settlem ent, the villagers cultivated vvheat,
barley and Italian m illet; in addition to tending sheep/goat and
L e n g y e l V
kceping dogs they dom esticated both cattle and pig and engaged in
hunting. Each o f these anim als also played an im portant part in ritual :n go v ark o n y
~9
w ith w attle-and-daub w alls and aligned plank floors w ere arranged
in parallel row s. T h eir contents p roved to be surprisingly advanced,
including tulip-shaped vases w ith a black or w hite geom etric design
painted on a red slip, one-handled cups, three-legged cult vessels,
m arble and clay figurines and a rich bone and stone tool assem blage
including num erous m ill-stones and sickles o f deer antler w ith
inserted flint blades. Plentiful rem ains o f einkorn, em m er, wheat
and lentils, and bones o f dom esticated sheep/goat, cattle and pig
confirm the role o f agriculture. A lth o u gh fundam entally related to
the central B alkan N eolithic, w e have here another distinguishable
variant o f southeast European N eo lith ic culture.
T h e highest B u lgarian tells have a stratigraphic depth o f as much
as 1 8 m ., com posed o f accum ulated debris from the sixth to the third
m illennia b c . T h e stratigraphies defined at the K aran o vo , A zm ak
and Kazanlik tells yield an ideal docum entation o f the evolu tion and
con tinu ity o f m aterial culture o ver a lon g p eriod ; the K a ran o vo
scquence, phases I to V I, has becom e universally adopted as a
ch ron ological yardstick fo r the developm ent o f East Balkan civiliza V u lk a n e sti
tion during the sixth, fifth and part o f the fourth m illennia BC. A
large nu m ber o f radiocarbon dates from the K aran o vo and A zm ak
tells, rcpresenting K a ran o vo IIII, form an alm ost perfect sequence;
calibrated, they run from the end o f the seventh m illennium to
about 5200 b c . Bolintineanu k e a&mangia
T h ere was a considerable inerease in population du ring the Buchares*t#},vk ?ir?ova
K a ran o vo III phasc, vvhich must have begun around 5500-5400 b c , G ju le ?ti# ; lavoda
w hcn elements o f the K aran o vo III assem blage w ere carried, prob - T a n g ir u V j^
Salcuta \ H o ta r e lle * ^ B d T a n \
ably by ethnic expansion, northw est into the lo w er D anube region
a stu .
and southw ard beyond the R h o d o p e M ountains to M acedonia and V adastca Q J^ jn fire sti ^ ^ use _
T h race. In the north the intruders had to confront the settlers o f the
C en tral European Linear P o ttcry culture, w h o occupicd the lo w er R 'D ^ H otn ica
D anube and the H am angia grou p on the B lack Sca coast. K ojaderm en
Chalcolithic, c. 5200/5000-3500 b c .
T h e East Balkan C halcolithic is com posed o f tw o diffcrcnt cultures: V ^ K a z a n i i k * Veselinovj Black
H am angia on the B lack Sca coast, and M arica-B oian-G um clni^a in
R o m a n ia , B ulgaria and northeastern Greece.
'^ a t T v o V ,
R M anea
A zm ak*
L ovec /
)
^
Sea
T h e Hamangia sites are lo c a te d a lo n g th e C oastal s trip o f th e Black
Sea betvveen northern B ulgaria and the vvestern U kraine. M ost Ja r T ja t a * ^ P i 0 W liv
Jasatepe* v |
inform ation com es from 350 excavated graves o f the cem ctcry at
C ern avo d a in the low er Danube region (Berciu 1966). Skcletal
cxam ination rcvealed a predom inantly M editerranean population,
but w ith a distinet local b rach ycep h aliccom p on ent. T h e ir settlements Paradim i
Dikiitash,
are found 011 the lo w tcrraces o f rivers.
The H am angians practiscd m ixed farm ing, cultivating w hcat and Sitagroi J
vetch and herding sheep/goat, cattle and pig. T he carlicst ceram ics
.V/<7/> 1-7 / : /:a>l Balkan civiliza tio n : distribution o f Karanovo, B oian-(hinw lni(a and
Hamangia complc.vcs during the N colifhic and Chalcolithic pvriods. Hatchcd are a
daiotv Hamangia complcx. o. 5 5 0 0 -4 5 0 0 n e
were carium -im pressed. O rnam ents, found abundantly as grave
form s, clear evidence o f an advanced technique. G raphite painting,
goods, include huge bracelets and beads o f Spondylus shell. A rou nd
which becam e the dom inant me.thod o f decoration, required special
the m iddle o f the fifth m illennium the H am angian com plex was
kilns to provid e the prolonged period o f reduetion necessary to
superseded b y the G u m e ln ip civilization. prevent oxidation o f the graphite. Shapes range from large decorated
T h e Marica com p lex represents t h e S o u th e r n branch o f th e East storage vessels for grain to cups, profiled dishes, biconical or piri-
B alkan civilization, nam ed after th e R iv e r M arica in ccntral B u lgaria. form bow ls and am phorae and h igh ly stylized anth ropom orph ic,
T h e Boian tradition is a northern variant o f the East Balkan zoom orphic and ornithom orphic form s.
civilization. It is named after an island settlem ent in the Danube south Schem atism is a characteristic o f ali East Balkan sculptural art.
o f Bucharest. D u rin g its second (Giuleti) phase, B oian material D u ring the B oian phase, figurine form was bound by rigid conven-
cuiture spread as far as M oldavia in the northeast. Skeletons from a tions, w hich w ere subsequently relaxed to perm it the inereased
large B o ian cem etery at Cernica near Bucharest w ere predom inantly
freedom and versatility displayed by Gum elnita figurines. Lincar
o f sm all-statured M editerranean type. T h e nam e 'Vadastra civiliza- signs (possibly w riting) w ere cm ployed b y the East B alk an B o ia n -
tion , derived from a m iddle layer o f the stratified site on the Danube Gum elni(a civilization throughout its existence.
in w estern R o m a n ia , is not a separate cuiture but a w estem variant
o f the East Balkan civilization parallel to the B oian tradition.
The M arica, Vadastra and Boian groups are not different cultures
5 THE MOLDAVlAN-WUS'r UKRAINIAN ARHA
but integral parts o f one civilization, which in its advanced stage and
clim ax is k n o w n as the Cum elnija civilization. Neolithic, c. 6 500-5000 b c .
A t least five hundred tells containing Gum elnita material remains D uring the B oreal and Atlantic clim atic phases, the black soil region
have been recorded in R o m a n ia , B ulgaria and eastern M acedonia, northvvest o f the Black Sca, intersected by the fertile valleys o f the
o f w hich about thirty have been system atically excavated. The Prut, Siret, Dniester and S o u th e rn B ug, offered a suitable en viron -
Gum elnita site itself lies southeast o f Bucharest on the Danube and m ent fo r the inception and developm ent o f a N eolithic eco n o m y.
was excavated between 1924 and 1960. O ther im portant sites from T h e Dnicster-Biig N eolithic c u i t u r e , com prising perm anent villagc
G um elnita deposits are Cascioarele, Sultana, V idra, T an giru and settlements based on agriculture, developed indigenously and was
Hirova, ali in the lo w er Danube region o f R o m a n ia , and R u se , only subsequently influenced from the south and west, in the sixth
Chotnica and Kodjaderm en in northern B ulgaria. In the M arica m illennium b c by the Central Balkan (Starevo) com plex, and in
V alley, in addition to A zm ak and K aran ovo (VI), know n sites cluster the fifth b y the East Balkan (Boian) and Central European (Lincar
around Stara Z ago ra and P lovd iv. N orth o f the A egean, the m ost Pottery) com plexes. The uninterrupted cultural continuum is ideally
n o tew o rth y are the reccntly excavatcd Sitagroi and D ikili-T ash defined by stratigraphic and typological studies, reinforced by radio
m ounds on the Plain o f D ram a. carbon dates, w hich reveal a D niester-B ug sequence o fth ree aceram ic
Sedentary Gum elnita com m unities occupicd com pact villages or and five ceram ic phases.
small townships for a m illennium or m ore, producing deep accum u-
lations o f cultural deposit, rich in artifacts. The subsistencc econom y
depended upon the usual crops and dom esticates - w hcat, six-ro w Chalcolithic, c. 5000-3500 b c .
barley, vetch and lentils; and cattle, pig, shcep/goat and dog. T h ere
The N eolithic cuiture \vas succecdcd by the tw elve consecutive
was a steady grow th in m etal-produetion and trade: copper ncedles,
phases o f the C h alcolithic Ciiciitcni (Russian : Tri pol civilization.
awls, fish-hooks and spiral-hcaded pins w erc produced and, at the
Subsistencc was based upon the cultivation o f cinkom whcat,
end o f the period, axes and daggers, a d evelopm ent which is also
dom estication o f cattle and pig, and intensive hunting o f forest fauna
found in the Vina, T iszapolgar, Lengyel and Cucuteni cultures.
and fishing. H ovvcvcr, the forest environm cnt made shifting agricul
W orkshops o f flint, copper, gold, SpondyIus shell and pottery have
ture neccssary and conscqucntly there was 110 accum ulatioii o f
been diseovered, im plyin g craft-specialization and general division
mound deposits such as are found in Bulgaria and Southern R o m a n ia .
o f labour. G old was obtained from T ransylvania and copper from
The earlicst villages w crc located 011 flood-plain tcrraccs and w crc
C arpathian sources.
later establishcd on higher ground during the vvetter A tlantic phase.
G um elnita fine ceram ic vessels are distinguished by the m anner
The large C ucutcni villages are alw ays situated 011 extensive raised
in w hich colour and decorative patterns are blende vvith exquisite river tcrraccs.
33
T he Cucuteni civilization is clearly affiliated w ith its Southern
neighbours o f the East B alkan tradition, and form s the n o rth erly
outpost o f O ld European culture, extending as far as the m iddle
Vili D nieper in the northeast. Ethnically, it appears to have com prised a
m edley o f the indigenous inhabitants and infiltrating M editerraneans. T /ip o ly e ^
Southw estern and East Balkan influences played an im portant part fshchina
in transform ing local ceram ic styles, both at the inception and during Zhukovtsi
the evolution o f C ucuteni culture, w hich in its classical period, St. Buda
around 4500-4000 b c , achieved a rem arkable artistic m aturity in its
ceram ic products. Characteristic o f the Cucuteni peoples are their
colourful bichrom e and trichrom e vases, bow ls, ladles, and other
p ottery fo rm s; equally distinctive are libation ju g s, vessels for
Luka-Vrubleve:
divination, altars and schem atic anthropom orphic and zoom orphic
figurines, vvhich reveal an adherence to elaborate ritual practices.
Pictorial representations on Late Cucuteni vases are o f utm ost
im portancc as a source o f m ythical im agery. ;lateni
Krynichka
T he fortified settlement o f Cucuteni in north i 1 M old avia, after
which the culture is nam ed, was excavated in i> 9 - 10 by H ubert
Tru^eti \Larga-Jijiei
Sch m idt and in 19 6 1-6 5 b y M . Petrescu-Dim bc i(a. T rip o ly e on
\ Cucuteni
the m iddle D nieper was excavatcd at the end ' the ninetecnth
Tirpesti Habasesti
cen tury b y V . V. K h v o jk a . A lm o st one hundre years o f p rolific N ovyf- Rusesl
i Frumusira
excavation by R o m an ian and Soviet archaeolog: > have m ade this \lzvoare /
one o f the best archaeologically docum ented gions in eastem , #lTraian f
Europe.
T h e sie o f C ucutenian (Tripolyean) villages a 1tow ns inereased
during the course o f the fifth m illcnnium b c . D u i g the first h a lf o f
the fourth m illcnnium , the C ucuteni culture 1 veloped into an JAr*usd
urban civilization. T h e largest to w n , near T a lr : south o f K ie v , .A N A L P S
consisted o fa b o u t 1,50 0 houses in an area o f 700 ac s w ith a potential
population o f 20,000 (currently under excavation / N . M . Shm aglij
o f the A rch aeological Institute o f the U krainian A< lem y ofScien ces,
Bucharest
K iev).
Follov/ing the initial excavation o f the settle ent at C ucuteni,
Black Sea
the classical period was called Cucuteni A ai the late period
C ucuten i B . This tc rm in o lo gy survived, alth oi i it subsequently
required elaboration : an intervening phase is ider fied as C ucuteni
A B and phases prcceding Cucuteni A w ere cessarily term ed
P ro to -C u cu ten i . In S o viet literature the T ri >Iye sequence is
d ivided into A , B and C . The C ucuteni cu ltu r rontinued to the
m iddle o f the fourth m illcnnium vvhcn it v s disturbed and
M ap V i l i : Cucuteni (T rip o ly e ) civilization, c . 5 0 0 0 -15 0 0 bc . Th e ivestern limit
transform ed b y K u rgen W ave N o . 2. (brokeri Iine) is uncertain
34 35
2 Schematism
Sh o rth and
1 S c h c m a t i i ' c d l e m a l e t i j j u r c . I l.iir i n d i c a t e d b y i n c i s i o n . V i n c a m o u m l . H a r l v 37
s ixth m ille n n iu m ih:
sought in the m ore detailed, less abstracted figurines w h ich reveal archaeological record, fo r the earliest clay vessels and artifacts w ere
the naturalistic detail that betrays subject m atter and so brings us unbaked and have not survived. T h e earliest fired ceram ics, includ
closer to understanding the content o f the w o rk . ing fine burnished and painted w ares from the late seventh m illen-
Sculptural shorthand, unthinking and repetitive, illustrates the nium B C, are articulately m odelled and reveal a com plete m astery o f
conservative nature o f the tradition w ith in w h ich the sculptor ceramic tech nology. Stone and bone was fm ely carved and g ro u n d :
w o rk e d ; each culture translates its basic explanatory assum ptions Proto-Sesklo and Starevo villagers in the A egean area and centra!
into equivalent fo rm structures and creativity is on ly expressed in Balkans fashioned beautiful spoons o f bone and painstakingly ground
subtle variations fro m the socially prescribed norm s. For the socio- miniature stone ornam ents such as perforated pendants and buttons.
cultural historian it is m ore im portant to exam ine the conventional T he serpentine toad from the site o f N ea N ikom edeia in M acedonia
than the fe w and slight deviations from it, since his w o rk is to is an outstanding w o rk o f art o f the seventh m illennium b c . 171
com prehend the inherited and collective - rather than the individual Stone and bone sculptures are fe w com pared to those o f clay, but
- psyche. they sh ow a like degree o fstylization , though one m igh t expect them
to be, i f anyth in g, m ore schem atic still. T w o sculptures have been
seleeted to dem onstrate this: a typical Early Vina clay figu rin e w ith
T h e N e o lith ic a r t is t s r e a l it y - not a p h ysic a l r e a lit y
a triangular masked head, bum p fo r a nose, slanting incised eyes,
B o th figurine subject m atter and the form al repetition o f the collect- stum p-arm s, projeeting buttocksandnaturalistically m odelledbreasts 3, 4
iv e ly approved style g iv e an insight into the content and purpose o f and n avel; and the m arble figurine from Gradac, also o f the E a rly 5
figu rin e art. A rt reveals m an s m ental response to his environm ent, Vina period. T h e different raw materials do dictate a differing
fo r w ith it he attem pts to interpret and subdue reality, to rationalize expression but the figures are alike in style and detail. B o th com prise
nature and give visual expression to his m yth olo gizin g explan ato ry masked heads, arm stum ps and inarticuiate Iegs. O th er m arble
concepts. T h e chaotic form s o f nature, including the hum an fo rm , sculptures are still m ore reduced, lacking ali facial features. D urin g
are disciplined. W h ile the C y cla d ic figurines o f the third m illenniiim the fifth m illennium , carvin g in m arble became m ore self-conscious
BC are the m ost e xtrem ely geom etricized, rigid constraint o f this and em ancipated itself fro m the influence o f clay-m od ellin g. B on e
kind, though less m arked, characterizes m ost o f the groups o f O ld figures w ere entirely schematic. A fifth-m illennium exam ple o f a
European N eolithic and C halcolithic figures. T h e artists reality is stylized hum an figu re carved out o f bone from a g ra v e in the
not a physical reality, though he endow s the concept w ith a physical cem etery o f C ernica near Bucharest is a case in point. Its head is 6
form , w h ich is tw o-dim ensional, constrained and repetitive. Su per- broken. T h e tw o rounded protuberances apparently p ortray folded
natural pow ers w ere conceived as an explanatory device to induce an arms. T h e abdom inal and pubic area is emphasized. A lth o u gh
ordered experience o f natu res irregularities. These p ow ers w ere drastically reduced, this little sculpture is probably a p ortrayal o f a
given fo rm as masks, h yb rid figures and animals, prod u cing a Great Goddess in a rigid position, standing in the nude w ith folded
sym b olic, conceptual art not given to physical naturalism . T h e arms, a type encountered in graves throughout the O ld European
p rim ary purpose w as to transform and spiritualize the b o d y and to period and in the C yclad es o f the third m illennium b c . A lm o st ali
surpass the elem entary and corporeal. o f the knovvn figurines o f copper and gold are schem atic, tw o -
It follo w s, then, that form al reduction should not be ascribed to dim ensional silhouettes o f the human body, cut from a flat piece o f
the technical inability o f the N eo lith ic artist to m odel in the round material.
but to requircm ents dictated b y deeply im planted concepts and T h ro u gh o u t the seventh and sixth millennia b c figurine art was
beliefs. N evertheless, since w e are dealing w ith an art that has often clearly dom inated b y abstract form s such as cylindrical p illar-like
been term ed p rim itive in a partially pejorative scnse, it is necessary neeks and a hybrid torso o f fem ale buttocks and a b ird s b o d y, but at
to digress briefly in defence o f the N eolithic sculptors ability and to the same time other quite different form s were produced, som e o f
stress that he w as not lim ited to unnaturalistic form s b y the in- them strikingly naturalistic. A n exceptional fem ale figurine assigned
adequacy o f his m anual skills, the nature o f his raw m aterials o r the to the Sesklo period in Thessaly sits in a relaxcd position w ith her
lack o f neccssary tcchniqucs. In short, old European figurine art was legs to one side, her hands resting on her thighs. In profile the nose is 7,8
the ou teom e o f skilled craftsm anship, con form in g to m atured exaggerated and beaked but the head and body are naturalistically
traditions. proportioned, dispensing with the pillar-like neck o f earlier
T h e . beginnings o f p ottery m anufacture are blurred in the sculptures.
3 39
3, 4 Fem ale fig u rin e w ith m asked hcad
and stum ps fo r arm s. V in a m ou n d . c.
o f sixth m illen n iu m b c
C h a l c o l it h ic era
43
H ip - belts
M ost captivating are the hip-belts, which have a large button resting
on either hip and a third in fro n t o f the pubis. T h e belts w ere p rob ab ly
fashioned in leather, although som e w ere apparently m ade o f large
beads or clay dises. T h e large buttons m ay have been m anufactured
o f bone, w o o d , clay or stone. M ushroom -shaped buttons o f w hite,
green o r y e llo w m arble, alabaster and calcite, diseovered in Vina
settlements, m ay have served as studs for belts, jackets or other
garm ents o f h eavy fabric. Figurines vvearing large buttons on the
hips have been diseovered in the deepest layer o f the Vina m ound,
belon gin g to the N eo lith ic Starevo period, and they continued to
be represented in sculpture until the final phase o f occupation at the
3 Ritual Costume
V ina site. H ip-belts are also portrayed on East Balkan figurines.
Fem ale figurines vvearing hip-belts appear to be otherw ise naked,
D e c o r a t iv e m o t if s on f ig u r in e s as r e f l e c t io n of CO STU M E A N D 2 Classical Vina figurin e
except fo r the usual facial masks.
O RNAM ENTS with wliite-eucnisted
incisions indicaling close-
D ecorative m otifs frequently occur on figurines to indicate costum e, D r esses fitting full-length dress.
refleeting the stylistic conventions and characteristics o f dress w ithin Potporanj site at Vrac,
T h e incised decoration o f som e figurines indicates long, elegant northeastern Yugoslaviq
the sculptors society. Late V ina figurines teli us m ost about costum e
go w n s. T h e y m ust have been w ell-fitted to the fem ale b o d y, narrovv-
design since they are less abstract than earlier N eolithic figurines and
in g at the waist and at the bottom . Breasts, buttocks and legs are w ell-
less conventionalized than those o f the East Balkan and Cucuteni
defined in m ost sculptures, as i f the dress w ere o f light fabric. C o m -
civilizations. T h e ir careful detail, reinforced b y less substantial
m onest are tw o-piece dresses, consisting o f skirt and blouse. The
evidence from East Balkan (Gumelni^a) sculpture, enables us to
m ajority o f the clothed figurines have incised m arkings suggesting
reconstruct O ld European dress style c. 4000 b c .
a blouse o f six o r m ore equal panels o f m aterial sew n together. It has
T h e usual decorative technique was deep incision, often en-
a sim ple V neck at front and back and m ay be sleeveless, short-
erusted w ith a w h ite paste m ade o f erushed shells, or filled w ith red
sleeved or lon g-sleeved. T h e blouse or bolero norm ally extends ju st
ochre, or black, w hite or red paint. Alternating dark and light bands,
b e lo w the vvaist, but seated figurines w ear blouses or jerk in s extend-
set either d iagonally or vertically, w ere som etim es produced b y this
ing d ow n to the stool or throne. A suggestion o f decorated sleeves
m ethod, p robably to depict a garm ent m ade o f several broad,
appears on som e o f the m ost im pressive figurines, perhaps im p ly in g
different coloured panels o f material sewn together. Plastic relief
the portrayal o f richly clad goddesses. A b o vc the shoulders a spiral
decoration was also em p loyed . A pplied buttons arranged in one,
m o tif is usually encountered, and below it three or m ore parallel
tw o or three row s indicatc belts, m edallions and necklaces. B oth
incisions. T h e B arilje vo seated goddess has a shoulder and sleeve
m en and w o m cn w o re a circular pendant hanging in the m iddle o f
decoration o f spirals and tvvo groups o f lines. The constricting lincs
the chest or at the nape o f the neck. It m ay have been an em blem
across the m iddle o f the arm s and at the wrists o f this figure m ay
sign ifyin g particular status, or m ore spccifically sym bolic o f go d
represent arm -rings and bracelets. A similar constriction appears on
desses or gods. T h e first indications o f necklaces on fem ale figurines
the arm o f the sculpturc from uprija, but this figure is uniquc for
are to be traced on the prim itive cylindrical Starevo figurines.
another reason: it bears upon its back w hat appears to be a bag,
A ctu al shell, clay, stonc and bone hcads have been frequently fou n d :
perhaps a leather pouch for carrying a baby. The bag is suspended
in the N eolithic settlem ent o f Vrsnik, near tip, Y u go slavia, hun-
o v er the shoulders and neck b y a massive belt or ropc vvhich is clearly
dreds o f shell beads w ere deposited in a small globular black polished
indicated b y an incised applied ridge.
vasc. N u m erou s beads o f shell, alabaster, m arble, copper and clay
i Figurine irearing a h ip- Dress fashions show considerable divcrsity, and various fabrics
w ere recovered from the sites o f C h alcolithic V ina, B u tm ir, L en g-
V/f made o f large and m a li and perhaps em broidcry can be inferrcd from the differin g zigzag,
yel, East B alkan, C ucuteni and other cultural groups. Several strings
ises. V in i a mound. c. }o o o ladder and net patterns w hich adom the blouses. T h e skirt, dis-
o f beads frcquently appear on Cucuteni figurines.
cernible on alm ost ali standing and seated figurines in w hich the
44
45
16 U p p c r part o f large figu rine
w ea rin g a m ask m arked vvith
triple lincs under cycs and
m canders on top and a
m ed allion . Fafos II at K osovska
M itro v ic a . V in a culture, c.
4500 BC
1 7 T h e m asked la d y o f
B a r ilje v o ; n e a r Pritina, So u th ern
Y u g o s la v ia , w e a rin g elaborate
dress w ith constricted sleeves
and a m ed allion . O rig in a lly
seated 011 a throne. c. 4500 -
4000 BC
? I ? 3cm
have curving diagonal incisions o ver the legs suggesdng folds at the
hem o f the skirt, o r ribbons securing and fol ing up the hem beneath
the skirt.
M en s c o st u m e
ab ove the v^aist. B e lo w the belly, a dottcd apron vvith tassels or skirt
fringe on each side covcrs her lap. T h e figu rcs fat legs scem to be 10 Cucuteni man portrayed u'itli a liip-belt, dagger and chest-hand. Bercfti site near
bound, perhaps w ith thongs or w o ven bands, but are p robably Bujor, eastem Romtmia. c. 4000 11c:
otherw ise bare. O th er figurines clearly reveal draped cloth and
vvrappings around the legs and the skirt was possibly slit b elow the
knees and fastened w ith w o ven bands, ribbons or thongs. O n a fine
exam ple from C rn ok alak a Bara a skirt is incised w ith vertical lines, Fo o tw ear
21 its hem indicatcd by a horizontal lin. B e lo w the hem are tw o double Figurines produccd during this period in the Balkan Fcninsula do not
lines passing around the front o f each leg, presum ably representing reveal details o f foo tw ear. Som e sculptures cleariy sh o w bare fect
binders o f w o ve n m aterial. T h e costum e this figure w ears givcs an
with toes indicatcd, but in on ly exccptional cascs w erc shocs por-
im pression o f constraint and rcstricted m ovem ent. M an y figurines traycd b y incision or b y m odelling.
50
24, 25 G ro tcsq u e m asked fig u rin e
2 0 Seated V in a fig u r e fro m arija, w ith 'padded k n ickers and expo sed
central Y u g o s la v ia , vvearing h ip -b elt, belly fro m Fafos I at K o so v sk a
d ottcd apron in fron t and side frin ges. M itro v ic a , Southern Y u g o sln v ia .
L e g -b in d in g s ju s t b c !o w knees and First h a lf o f fifth m ille n n iu m b c
calvcs. T op lcss except fo r goddess
em blem o r V-shaped collar
23 U p p e r pa rt o f a Late V in a
fig u rin e fr o m P lon ik, So u th e rn
Y u g o sla v ia . w earin g broad, red,
V-shaped collar. Sleeves c o n stric te d
b e lo w shoulders and three incisions
011 ea ch shoulder. T h e mask is
m arked w ith V signs and parallel
lin es. c. late fifth m ille n iu m b c
5<> 57
30 Mask m od elled in re lie f upon the neck
o f a vase fro m the site o f G la d n ic e , near
Pritina, Southern Y u g o s la v ia . S ta r e vo
culture. Early sixth m illen n iu m bc
29 V in a head fro m the site o f C rn o k a la k a Hara. 32 S ty !iz ed an im al m ask from Late Vim'.i
Southern Y u g o sla v ia . <\ sooo 4,-ioo ih site at P lon ik, So u th e rn Y u go sIa via .
m arked w itll triplc lines. 4 S 0 0 4 00 0 ih
Vina figurines are dem onstrably m asked; on m an y o f them the ' massiveness o f the nose, dom inating the face, gives a false im pression
m ask is clearly outlined, its angular projections extending clear o fth e fc 0fm ascu lin ity, the coiffure being that o f a w o m an . O ne is struck by
face w h ich it conceals. It is this evidence, supplied b y the detailed the uncom prom ising lines o f the ja w : dom inated b y the nose, the
three-dim ensional m od elling o f the V ina heads, w hich sustains the low er part o f the face is truncated im m ed iately b elow it, lackin g any
m ore equivocal assertion that the schem atic East Balkan and C u cu indication o f a m outh. The cheek-bones and ehin project unnaturally.
teni figurines are also masked. A head fro m C rnokalaka Bara is rendered w ith sem icircular plastic
In v e ry fe w o fth e V ina figures is the face depieted in the round: eyes, large nose and sculpted hair. The clear dem arcation o f forehead 29
m ost conform to a stylized facial representation w h ich clearly and hair, the stylized spiraliform ears and the row s o f stabbed im -
suggests a m ask. T h e evidence for this being strictly form al, the pressions, w h ich m ay have facilitated som e sort o f attachm ent, ali
purpose o f this ehapter is to display the range o f variation o f the im ply that this is a masked head. The spiral o f the ear is an extension
masks and to delineate their form al evolution w ithin the life-span o f the facial mask. A nim al masks w ith horns or ears from the Vina 31,32
o f V in a art and o f it s ancestry. culture are exquisitely stylized.
It is alm ost unbelievable that during the thirty or m ore years in
w h ich essays treating Vina art have appeared, there has been no
Evo l u t io n of the V in a m ask
sustained reference to the m ask, its m ost captivating elem ent. T he
contours o f the m ask are evident in profile v iew o f m an y o f the In the N eo lith ic period masks w ere m odelled in re lie f on cvlindrical
2 6, 2 7 better preserved heads. T h e facial triangularity or pentagonality, or figurines or upon the neeks o f large vases. C ylin d rical P roto-Sesklo,
the protrud in g angular cheek-bones have been rem arked by Vasi, Sesklo and Starevo figurines vvearing clearly defined masks are
S re jo v i and others, but that this points to a mask and the dom inant knovvn from . the sites in eastern and vvestern Thessaly and from
part it played has on ly been acknovvledged incidentally. Y u go slavia. T h e y are diam ond-shaped, oval or ro u gh ly triangular
S re jo v i (1965 : 35) ascribed the flat decorative faces o f the Vina with the lo w e r part rounded. O ne o f the finest exam ples o f a mask
figurines to a trend tow ards stylization': T h e elaborate ornam ental m odelled in relief on a vase vvas unearthed at the Starevo settlem ent
patterns and shading had to com pensate visually the loss o f the three- at Gladnice in Southern Y u go slavia. A cylindrical sanctuary idol
dim ensional, sculptural representation o f the hum an fig u re. B ut from Porod in , southvvestern Y u go slavia, vvears an im pressive beaked
there w as no need o f com pensation in this sense, for the Vina artist mask w ith huge sem i-spherical eyes, m odelled in relief. These form s
was am p ly capable o f producing fine sculpture in the round. It is in suggest that the masked design vvas an early tradition o f southeastem
these figures that the elaborated mask representation reaches its most Europe vvhich vvas sustained through the m illennia, and integral
co m p le x and dram atic form . vvith the spiritual foundations o f the society it nourished.
T h e Vina artist w as clearly not m otivated to show individualized In the m id-V ina period (7-5~<5 m. deep in the Vina mound)
facial features. N evertheless there does exist a variety o f so-called the masks becom e pentagonal, ineorporating the characterisdcally
naturalistic heads, som e o f vvhich show neatly com bed hair and protruding angular cheek-bones, a lon g and m ore clearlv defined
d re a m y half-closed eyes. D o these n onconform in g exam ples nose and huge inciscd or raised sem icircular cyes vvith bovv-shaped
represent realistic facial m odelling, vvithout the im position o f a mask? brovv-ridges.
O ne o f the best k n o w n and most naturalistic am on g them is the T h e pentagon or broad triangle rem ained the basic facial outline
little man o f V in a , vvearing a conical cap. His face is vveli-propor- th rough out the Late Vina period. Som e masks, dom inated b y large,
tioned, w ith fu lly detailed facial features. H ovvever, vievved from slanting scm i-sphcrical eycs vvith a border o f cxaggerated lashes,
the back even this exceptional figure rcveals an unnatural protrusion incised and vvhite-cncrusted, give an impression. o f all-seeingness.
o f the cheek-bones : it too m ay bc m asked, despite the appealing O thers, vvith apparently half-closed or closcd eycs and no indication
h u m anity o f its features. O ther sim ilar small figurines portrayin g o f eye-lashes exprcss a pensive or d ream y m ood.
m en w ith pointed heads, w earing caps or hoods, are clearly masked. A t its culm ination Vina art applied a pictorial m ethod to its 0 3 cms
T h e same is truc o f the distinctive, exccptionally w ell-m odelled sculpture, and masks acquircd an extravagant appearancc dne to the
heads found in the K o so v o M etohije province near Pritina, produets arbitrary im position o f an inorganic cxpression. D ccoration took 1 $ M iisk iuu! phtilIic
o f the Late Vina period. O ne o f the m ost aesthetically pleasing is the the form o f incision and painting and the ornam entation o f masks Milini front A cl1Hici on,
l :tirstilti, Thesstil)'.
head from Fafos. A n o th er exam plc is the head from Predionica, near becam e a pursuit vvith its ovvn artistic interest, independent o f the Scshlo ailturc.
Pritina: its hair is indicatcd, the eycs are cortce-bean shaped. The sculptural presentation o f the mask. This rcoriented interest in mask c. 6000 BC
60 61
A
o f Vina art, are the m onum ental, alm ost life-size heads from
Predionica, each w earin g a mask ornam ented w ith large, elliptical-
shaped eyes. T h e ornam ental design and the peaked, striated triangles appear to im itate bird-like features, the em p loym en t o f p lum age as
and incised diagonal lines above and below the eyes relate them decoration w o u ld not be unnatural. Ethnographic data from the
closely to the type discussed above. B u t these faces are better propor- Balkan Peninsula lend support to this assum ption, fo r even today
tion ed ; like the best o f m odern sculpture they give an im pression o f masks used for annual festivals are decorated w ith plum es. In con-
m onum ental solidity. T h e w id ening o f the mask follow s the slanting tem porary western B ulgaria, for instance, bird masks have ve ry
line o f the eyes, w h ile its projeetion at the eye corners is suggestive o f elaborate crovvns o f colourful plum age, w hile other masks bear
ears. Was it the scu lptors intention to p ortray on the mask an animai rams or bulls horns. M inoan figurine masks are cro w n ed vvith
or half-anim al, half-hum an creature? T h o u g h w e cannot k n o w for birds, horns, poppies, pom egranates, or even snakes w ith their heads
certain, w e feel that the creature is endow ed with an aw e-inspiring projeeting above the crovvn (ej. bell-shaped idols from G azi, K arfi
p ow er, the ve ry essence o f the significance o f the mask - a proposi- and G o rty n a : A lexio u 1958, Pl. E -H ). T h e decoration o f masks must
tion w hich w ill be discussed in later ehapters. have varied considerably depending on vvhat kind o f divinities,
It w ill bc seen, then, that the Vina masks can be subdivided into devotees, or animals vvere represented. It is possible that som e masks
five main d evelopm ental stages: i. R o u g h ly triangular, belonging served m ultiple purposes, the transform ations being effected by
to the Starevo and earliest Vina periods (appearing from a depth varying decoration. A head-dress could easily be fashioned for the
o f 9 .3-8 .3 m . in the Vina m ound). ii. T rian gu lar, belon ging to the mask, to be renevved annually, perhaps w ithin the context o f the
E arly V ina period (as high as 7.3 m. in the Vina m ound). iii. U n - farming co m m u n itys seasonal ritual festivals. The pierced arm -
decorated pentagonal, typical o f the m iddle phase o f Vina d evelop stumps w hich frequently occur on standing figurines o f the B ird
m ent (from c. 7 - 5 m . deep at Vina). iv. D evelop ed pentagonal, Goddess type could have served for the attachm ent o f w in g plum es;
w ith large, raised sem icircular eyes; ornam ented (5-3 m . deep at but generally, perforations through the shoulders, arms and hips
V ina). v. Pictorial w ith alm ond-shaped eyes (sce Fig. 19). vvere p robably intended to perm it the figures to be hung up in the
(V)
home, in shrines or trees, perhaps also to bc used in ritual svvinging.
i g T ypology oj ccntral
Sw inging is kn ow n from ancient Greece in the festival o f Aiora
Balkan Starevo and Vina D e c o r a t io n an d p e r f o r a t io n s fo r attach m en t
m a sk i: (i) roughly (Nilsson 19 5 0 : 3 3 1- 3 2 ) . A relevant scene is depieted on an A ttic
triangular ( Starevo); Frequently occu rring perforations o f the mask and a flattencd crow n red-figure skyphos vvhere a satyr w earing a cerem onial head-dress
(ii) triangular (E arly
o f the head im ply that the figurines carried som e sort o f organic is sw inging a yo u n g girl. A sw inging figurine attached to pillars p or-
V in a ); (iii) pentagonaI,
undecorated ( M id -V in a ); attachm ent which has not survived. Plum es, fruits, flow ers, w o vcn trayed in clay has been found in H agia Triadha, Crete, n o w in the
(iv ) decoratcd pentagonal bands and other m aterials couid have been em ployed in this w ay, Heraklion m useum . Indced, a num ber o f N eo lithic-C h alcolith ic
u'ith semicircular eyes in and w c m ay legitim ately try to im agine these sculptures co lo u rfu lly figurines are shovvn in a half-seated, half-standing position believed
rc licf (early Late V ina);
(v ) pictorial with almond-
adorned w ith elaborate crovvns. In fact, on a few figurines there is a to be conncctcd w ith sw in gin g, in the spring, as a fertility rite
shaped eycs ( Late Vina) suggestion o f a crovvn or halo. Since a m ajori ty o fth e Vina masks (Marinatos 19 68 : 7-9).
64 65
Parallels in C rete and A n c ie n t G reece , an d T H E T H E A T R IC A L
EMPHASIS
68
69
r e m a in s o f s a n c tu a r ie s a n d s a c r if ic ia l p la ce s
70
funetion. N earb y, a skeleton o f an adult in a crouched position vvas
diseovered. A nother, thinner pillar (only 10 cm . in diameter), but
o f the same height and also hollovv inside, vvas found close to the
interior vvall. It is painted vvith cream ribbons, 8 - 1 2 m m . vvide, on
a reddish-brovvn background. N ex t to it vvas a terracotta beneh,
c. 40 cm. high and painted vvith curvilinear ribbons of cream paint.
M an y fragm ents o f large pitlioi decoratcd vvith excised m otifs, and
vases, painted 111 vvhite on a lustrous brovvn b ackgroun d, vvere found
above the floor (V. D um itrescu 1970).
In the C ucuteni (T ripolye) civilization, rcm ains o f a tem ple vvere
found in the site o f Sabatinovka II in the valley o ft h e Southern Bug
(M akarevich 1 9 6 0 M ovsha 19 7 1). It dates from the Proto-Cu'cuteni
period ( Early T rip o ly e 111 Russian term in o logy). T h e rectangular
building occupied about 70 sq. m. A narrovv entrance vvas located on
the long side. T h e entrance area vvas paved vvith flat stones and the
rest o f the floor vvas plastered vvith clay. A bone figurine vvas found
at the entrance. Each part o f the building served a different cult 26 C la y figurines fo u n d on
the altar o fth e Sabatinovka
purpose. A b o ut halfvvav in, tovvards the right, there was a large oven,
shrine, ali originally seated
at the base o f vvhich a fem ale figurine vvas found. B eyo n d and to the on horned thrones (several
right o f the oven vvas a group o f vessels, ineluding a dish filled vvith o f these are illustrated in top
burnt bones o f a buli and a channel-dccorated pot vvith a small cup ro w ); they are ali
characterized by massive
inside; to the left o f these stood a brazier (an incense burner?), a buttocks ~ to aid the sitting
grou p o f five saddle querns and a rovv o f five terracotta figurines. Ali position - and snake-shaped
o f the figurines vvere o f the same tvpe, seated, vvith bodies leaning heads. O ne fig u rin e (bottom
centre) holds a baby snake or
a phallus
25 Tlu' slitine of
Sabatinovka in the Southern
ttug I \illey, Soviet
M oh iaria. lia rly (Cucuteni. backwards. Farther inside and opposice the entrance, was a large
T h e shrine Oiiupies 70 altar m easuring 2.75 X 6 m ., covered with four or five Iayers o f
stfuare metre* and its tvalls
are hnilt o f ivattle-and-daub.
clay plaster. Sixteen fem ale figurines w ere found at its Southern side,
1 . Stone p a vem em : 2. i'lay ali seated on h om -backed stools. In the corner, behind the altar, vvas
oven : dais (altar) o f c la y : a clay throne or chair. Its seat, one metre w id e, vvas o rigin ally
4, (lay throne: clay
covered vvith split planks. The total num ber o f the figurines found
figurin es: 0. group of vases
ineluding a dish filled 1vitli in this sanctuary was th irty-tw o . A li o f them are schernatically
burni bones o fa buli rendered vvith fat thighs and a snake-shaped head. A few vvere 26
perforated through the shoulders, but have no arms except one w h o
holds a baby snake o r phallus (Fig. 26, bottom ro w , centre). T h e
association o f quern and grindstones vvith figurines portrayed
in a seated position suggests m agical grinding o f grain and then
perhaps baking o f sacred bread. There vvas an overseer in control o f
the proceedings, p robably a priestess or priest, seated on the full-size
chair near the altar.
In the Classical Cucuteni settlem ent o f K olom ijshchina 1 in the
middle D nieper region a raised red-painted altar, 70 cm. in diam eter,
was diseovered in the centre o f one o f the houses (N o . 6), near the
73
m
oven. T w e n ty -o n e figurines, ali in seated position, w ere diseovered ^ jja lo g o u s shrine equipm ent and vo tive offerings cover a vvide
in the altar and oven areas; eighteen w cre fem ale and three male. period fro m C h alcolithic or even N eolithic O ld Europe to Classical
A ltars in the shape o f a dais, built o f clay and covered with Greece. I shall m ention here a fevv closely related exam ples.
w o od en planks, or in the form o f w ooden tables, occur in ali parts The Late M in oan I shrine o f the provincial tovvn o f G ournia in
o f O ld Europe, in association vvith beehive-shaped or dom ed ovens. eastern C rete is situated at som e distance from the palae on the
T h e y are not alw ays accom panied by figurines or ritual vases; suinrnit o f the tovvn hill and had a road leading to it. T h e shrine vvas
o w in g to bad preservation excavators w ere in m any cases able to 5niall, o n ly 4 X 3 m ., vvith rudely constructed vvalls. A raised dais
iden tify only the burnt remains o f som e struetures and groups o f ran along the Southern vvall to the right o f the entrance. In the centre
figurines, or an accum ulation o f assorted vases (exam ples: Vina stood a lo w plastered earthen table vvith three legs, and around it
sites at M ed ved njak, D ivostin , C rnokalaka B ara, Anza). three curious tube-shaped vessels and part o f a fourth. T h e y have a
H um an sacrifice accom panied b y anim al sacrifice and offerings o f vertical ro w o f three or four snake-like loops on either side, a big ger
other objeets vvas p erform ed in open-air sanctuaries. In a Late C u cu handle on the back, and above this a pair o f horns o f consecration;
teni site at T svik lo v tsi, Podolia in the vvestern U kraine, the cremated one o f these vessels is entvvined b y tw o snakes. T h e other objeets
bones o f a youth aged about tw en ty w ere found, together vvith those inciude a bell-shaped fem ale idol vvith raised hands and a snake
o f a buli, m arten and sheep near an offering pit vvhich contained around the b o d y, tvvo heads o f other Snake Goddesses, three arm s, 2 8 Perforated vessels
eighteen vessels, grindstones, vvhorls, net sinkers, and an antler pick. hands and bases o f other figurines, tvvo snake heads, fou r small birds, covered ivith coiled snakes
A b o v e another pit filled vvith charcoal and ashes stood a rectangular and a fragm ent o f a clay pithos (N ilsson 19 5 0 : 80-82). C le a rly the from a private house of Late
altar. T h ere vvas one m ore pit plastered vvith clay, in vvhich, together M inoan / - / / periods, in the
Snake Goddess vvas invoked and vvorshipped in this small shrine. Its
Palae o f Knossos
vvith layers o f ash, stood a large storage ja r vvith remains o f vvheat equipment has m uch in com m on vvith the snake-decorated vases and
grains. A t the base o f the pit, a stone polisher, an aw l, and fragm ents Snake Goddess figurines o f O ld Europe.
27 Coiitents o fth e shrine at
o f dishes and cups v/ere diseovered. T his sacrificial area vvas adjacent The snake cult is evident also in the palae at Knossos. A t the
G ournia, a Late M inoan to the excavated village (M oshva 1 971). Sacrificial pits filled vvith entrance to a little room in a private house in the southvvestern part
tou'n in eastem Crete. anim al bones or skulls, charcoal, ashes and pots have also been found o f the palae dating from the Late M inoan I and II period stood a
1 , earthen tripod; 2, tube-
vvithin the settlement area. In the L en gycl settlement o f B ran near large ja r. It contained a num ber o f clay vessels, including tubular
shaped clay vessels decorated
with snakes and horns; N itra in Slovakia, dcep conical pits vvith vvalls and bottom s lined ones o f terracotta provided vvith tw o pairs o f cups, a terracotta tand,
j , terracotta fig u rin es (mliole vvith clay vvere locatcd at one end o f large, tvvo-room houses. In one the upper part o f vvhich is divided into four com partm ents, tvvo small
and fragm enti o f the heads) pit, nearly 2 m. deep, there vvas a bu lls skull vvith horns. M any jugs and vessels o f unusual form o ver vvhich snakes are coiled. The
one entwincd by a snahe
layers are to be seeri in the sacrificial pits: offerings vvere solidly last-named are perforated like strainers and p robably served for
covered vvith clay and then vvith loess. T h e sterile layers in betvveen invoking rain b y allovving vvater to run through the holes. In ali
the rem ains o f sacrifices perhaps sign ify annual intervals (Vladar areas o f C h alcolithic O ld Europe vessels vvith perforations frequently 2g H orned tand ivith
19 6 9 : 507). occur; gen erally they are made o fa thick clay vvith rough and uneven perforations from T itrda f,
W orship vvith offerings or m ysteries took place in natural caves Transylvania. Bariy Vinca.
holes. Som e are zoom orphic or ornithom orph ic and others have
C. 5 2 0 0 BC
as ritual pottery and graffiti testify. N eolithic paintings vvere dis perforations in the snake coils.
eovered in 1970 in a cave at Porto Badisco. south o f O tranto in A t M ycen ae recent excavations revealcd a little room filled vvith
A pu lia (Graziosi 19 7 1). These inciude spirals, snakes. stylized iialf- terracotta sculptures o f vvhich nineteen vvere hum an idols o f both
snake, half-hum an creatures, qu ad riform designs and lozenges, sexes up to 50-60 cm . high, and seventeen vvere coiled snakes (T aylo u r
horned anim als, men holding bovvs. and geom etric svm bols 1970: 274).
executed in black o ro e h re -re d . Pottery found at the site iso t A driatic A small shrine, on ly 1.5 m. square, vvas found by S ir A rth u r Evans
Serra d A lto stylc, follovved by a fevv ceram ic articles o f later Piano in the palae at Knossos and dated to the Late M inoan III period. O11
C o n te style. This suggests the cave vvas in tise during the latter part the stam ped clay floor vvere m any bovvls and vases. Inserted into the
o ft h e fifth and during the fourth m illennium ne. pebbly surface o f a raised dais vvas a plaster tripod on vvhich stood
some cups and ju g s. O n a highcr platform vvith a pebbled floor and
plastered front, tvvo pairs o f horns o f consecration m ade o f vvhitc
P a r a i .l e l s v v i t h M i n o a n - M y c ; e n a e a n s h r i n e s
stucco vvith a clay ore vvere set up. Lcaning against one o f them vvas
T h e O ld European and M inoan shrines shovv a striking sim ilarity. a d oub le-axc o f steatite vvith duplicated blades. Each o f the horns
74 75
4 0 ( ?j . i\ - r m n k ] o t ,i '..U K 'c u .u y consisK
o f tvvo te m p le s s u p p o n e d o n a ^
> u b > ir iK u iu .uh! to p p e d h y .1 ram s
and .1 h u ll s head paim ed 111 red.
Vadastra Ii. so u th u estern Romania
Ka\t B alkan v iliz a iio m C-li;*Icolithic
4 >00 c
4 : ( "3-i\ model
1>! .111 i/d liu e
lr*H) ( 'an'ioardi
Ii\\er I ).inubc
ivi* u n. portray-
m-j: .t l.ir^ e sub-
s ir u e u ir e
M ipportim j; tour
l e m p le v l'.ast
H ajka 11 eiviliza-
1ro.11. (. h alco -
In Ih , , I .ili' fifth
1111 1U n ni um 11C
79
pillar and plant are sym b olically interrelated, both sym bolizing the
p o w e r o f life or the povver o f the goddess. This sym b olic notion is
strengthened b y other representations on M in oan -M ycenaean gold
rings in w hich the colum n is flanked by m ale anim als, usually lions
or griffms (replacing the dogs that flank the tree in C h alcolithic O ld
Europe). T h e same anim als flank the goddess in her epiphany as a
butterfly, i.e., a w o m an vvith a head o f a butterfly associated w ith
>39 bu lls horns and a double-axe sym b ol. A pillar shrine p o rtrayin g a
sim ilar grou p o f sym bols can be recognized in a fresco in the palae
at K nossos; here the raised central colum n is fitted into a Socket o f
bu lls horns, b elo w w hich is the ideogram o f the G reat G oddess: the
split e g g , tw o sem icircular rosettes d ivided in the m iddle (A lexiou
1969: 82, Fig. 30). O ther colum ns o f the same fresco also had bull-
horn sockets. T he M inoan and O ld European pillar was not an axis
o f the universe, not the axis mundi o f the A ltaic and northern E u ro
pean cosm ologies, but an incarnation o f the G reat Goddess in her
aspect as the source o f life-po w er.
M ost students o f M inoan cuiture are bevvildered b y the abund-
ance o f cult practices. Shrines o f one kind or another are so num erous 34 Reconstructioti o fa cult
that there is reason to believe that not on ly every palae but every talile supportiug a series o f
vases; fo u n d at tlie classical
private house vvas put to som e such tise. Characteristic o f these
Petrcjti settlement at P ianul
dom estic cults are the horns o f consecration and the tables for de Jo s , Transylt dnia. M id -
offerings vvhich occu r alm ost everyvvhere (N ilsson 19 50 : 110 ). T o fifth inillennium 11 c
ju d g e b y the frequency o f shrines, horns o f consecration and the a sanctuary, vvith a vvide-arched central entrance and side entrances 43
sym b ol o f the dou ble-axe, the vvhole palae o f Knossos must have indicated b y oval holes. A b o v e are tvvo sym bols shaped like an M ,
resem bled a sanctuary. W h erever you turn, pillars and sym bols differing in sie but each capped vvith a basin-shaped lid vvhich m ay
rem ind one o f the presence o f the Great Goddess or the Snake G o d represent sacrificial vessels. O ther large altarpieces from Trueti take 44
dess. T his situation is related to that found in N eolithic and C h alco the shape o f a B ird Goddess or a goddess vvith upraised arms. 45
lithic E u ro p e : in houses there vvere sacred corners vvith ovens, altars N u m erou s m iniature tables, thrones, ehairs and stools vvere
(benches) and offering places, and there vvere separate shrines m odelled in clay. T h e y seem to have been m anufactured in conjunc-
dedicatcd to certain goddesses. tion vvith figurines, to provide dom estic com forts for divinities. In jj
Sd 81
239 a ritual grou p consisting o f three bull-legged vessels and a figurine. vessel is a com m on practice in ritual celebrations, usually associated
Beside the w all, about i m. from this grou p, vvas a bieonical pot vvith fertility m agic and pleas for future prosperity. T h e Bulgarians
filled w ith grains. T o w a rd s the m iddle o f the ro om , near the oven, have retained a N evv Y e a r s custom in vvhich the three eldest w o m en
lay a heap o f 15 0 clay balls w ith a bull-legged vessel and a pot on o f the fam ily thrice raise the trough containing the sacred Nevv
to p ; another pot, full o f grain, stood close by. Y e a rs bread-dou gh ( R y bako v 1965). T h ere are statuettes p o rtrayin g
A particular type o f vessel seems to have been used in sacrificial vvomen seated on a stool and holding conical containers fo r vvater.
cerem onies. It consists o f a shallovv b o w l sunk into a flat slab w hich A rem arkably w ell-preserved exam ple from B o rd jo in the lovver
m ay be triangular, standing on three legs, or rectangular and fou r- Tisza valley shows a naked vvoman sitting stiffly, both hands firm ly
legged. Such vessels are decorated by incision, encrustation and holding a dish on her lap. A n o th er exam ple, a seated figu re holding a
p ain tin g; they som etim es have anim al-head protom es projecting bow l and a dish w ith a ladle, comes from a Cucuteni site at N ezv isk o
fro m the corners and legs, and m ay take a hum an shape. Som e o f the in the vvestern U k rain e (R y b a k o v 19 6 5: Fig. 3). T h e E arly V ina
m ost im pressive are supported by m assive bull-legs or rest on stand settlement o f Fafos yielde a sculpture o f a seated, m asked vvoman
ing or crouching anim als. T h e buli or deer m odels from the East perform ing a m agical rite o v er the vessel vvhich she is holding.
2 4 0 - 2 4 2 ; 17 0 B alkan civilization are outstanding illustrations o f this type o f vessel. A v e ry distinctive sculpture o f a male figure vvas diseovered
Libation vases m ake up another series o f cult vessels; these m ay be during the excavation o f the Tisza settlement at Szegvar in south-
ju g-sh ap ed , spouted, zoom orphic, bird-shaped or anthropom orphic, eastern H u n gary. H e vvears a flat mask and in his right hand holds a
and are o f fine fabric. T h e y are variously ornam ented, according to sickle extending o ver his shoulder. O n both arms brac^lets are
local styles, being either incised or decorated w ith red, graphite, or indicated in relief, five on the right and one on the left. A broad,
p olych rom e painting in com plex curvilinear and m eandroid designs. decorated belt is incised round the vvaist o fh is stout body. T his figure
C la y ladles, exquisitely shaped and decorated, occur in great num bers has attracted m uch attention, and recently K alicz (1970) term ed the
in ali parts o f O ld Europe. Those found at the Classical Cucuteni period o f the Tisza culture L e'poque du Dieu a la faucille , the epoch
sites are beautifully painted. In the East Balkans som e have anthropo o fth e Sickle G od, a dom inant m ale deity. M a k k a y (1964) considers
m orp h ic handles p o rtrayin g m asked faces. this figure an ancestor o f the G reek god Kronos. His dignified posture,
T h e abundant production o f small zoom orphic containers or and his mask, sickle and festive attire, proelaim his im portant status;
lam ps w ith projecting anim al heads usually o f rams, snakes or bulls his authoritative possession o f the sickle im plies that he, as central
and vvith various engraved ideogram s suggests that they served as figure o f the cult, is presiding over its rites. In ancient G reek festivals
v o tive offerings to particular deities, ju st as sim ilar objeets vvere devoted to A rtem is and D em eter the sickle vvas still displayed,
sacrificed during the M inoan and H elladic B ron ze A g e and in the sym b olizing victo ry (N ilsson 1957). A curved stick o f copper or gold
later Eleusinian M ysteries. Literary records m ention incense burners knovvn from the third m illennium in the N ear East and the Caucasus
and oil lamps am o n g the objeets sacrificed to D em eter o f Despoina vvas an insignia o f povver, a sym bolic value inherited from an early
in Lykosu ra (Nilsson 19 57). T rad itio n ally, incense burners and lamps agricultural era, vvhen the sickle vvas regarded as a sacred cult
vvere used as far back as pottery in E u ro pe: on close observation the instrument. T h ere is archaeological evidence o f com posite sickles,
painted N eolithic ring-based and footed vessels exhibit loss o f slip flint blades set in vvood or bone, and o f their utilization for reaping
on the interior surfaces o w in g to som e unusual use to vvhich these from earliest N eo lith ic tim e s.T h a t they vvere used as cult or orna
vessels vvere put, possibly burning (cf. study o f ceram ic tech n ology o f menta! objeets in ritual festivities is revealed b y sickle im itations
Anza pottery o f c. 6000 b c b y Elizabcth Gardner). vvhich vvere produced in copper in east central Europe about 5000
In C ucuteni and East Balkan ceram ic art sophisticated anthropo b c . T h e Szegvr figure vvould seem to be e x em p lifyin g the novel
m orph ic vase supports are found. T h c y take the form o f either a and valuable produets o f a copper technology still in its infancy.
single hum an figure (headless, or clse vvith one o r tvvo faces) or a Bracelets m ade o f round copper vvire are knovvn from both the
gro u p o f interconnected bo w ed figures. T h e hum an body, particu- Tisza and Vina cultural com plexes, and an enorm ous copper sickle,
larly the shoulders and arm s, provided an appropriate sculptural 54 cm. long, has been diseovered in H u n gary at Zaerszentm ihaly.
m o tif for m onum ental stand-supports m odelled b y Cucutcni artists. The sickle vvas an isolated find but its shape is v e ry m uch the same as
A notable ex:amplc from Frum u$ica ineorporates five vvell-propor- that b elonging to the statuette, suggesting that thcy are contem -
tioned hum an figures standing erect on a single base, the upper part poraneous. T he S ze g v ar male sculpture is unique, the other Tisza
o f their bodies connectcd b y their em bracing arms. T h e raising o f a figurines being fem ale.
Flutes and triton shells appear in N eolithic and C h alcolithic
46, 47 Seated m asked m an h o ld in g a settlem en ts; on ly in exceptional circumstances are other m usical
sickle. A r m -r in g s 011 bo th arm s.
Instrum ents such as citherns or lyres preserved. Fragm ents o f bone
S z e g v a r-T iiz k o v e s , T isza cuiture. c. 5000
b c ; detail o f the u p per part o f the flutes or pipes w ere diseovered in the auth ors o w n excavation
sculpture (46) at Anza, M acedonia, belonging to the period p rior to 6000 b c
(Gimbutas, 1972). T riton shells were found in L en gyel settlements.
The above exam ples are but rem inders o f the use o f musical instru-
ments in cult cerem onies as in M inoan C rete and in the C yclad es
(Zervos, C rete: 39 1, 445, 704). A priestess holding a triton shell is
depieted on a M inoan seal from the Idaean C a v e standing at an altar
topped vvith the horns o f consecration vvith the tree o flife represent- 3 5 M inoan seal from the
Idaean C a ve. Priestess .
ing the goddess epiphany in the m iddle. Flute-playin g is constantly (? ) holding a triton shell.
mentioned or pictorially depieted in m ythical scenes o f A ncient On the right, an altar
Greece. T h e tradition must stem from a very early period. T h e role topped with horns o f
consecration and a tree in the
o f music and dance in the religious cerem onies o f O ld Europe cannot middle
be fu lly assessed until marble sculptures like C yclad ic lyre- or flute-
players, vvooden frames o f lyres or citherns or their portrayais on
frescoes or elsevvhere are diseovered.
f
d an t; in the Vina m ound no less than 368 vvere found and m an y bore
years before the appearance o f M inoan Palae culture.
inscriptions o f various kinds. Such vessels bear the same type o f linear
O ne o f the Tartaria tablets shovvs the outlincs o f tvvo anim als and
sign as do the spindle-vvhorls and figurines. T h e y are not decorative
a tree. O ne o f the animals in this sy m bolic scene is clearly a goat. T h e
m otifs and not sym b ols. T h e m iniature vessels, usually ve ry small
association o f goat and tree suggcsts that the Tartaria ritual burial
and cru d elv m ade, vvere m eant to im itate large vases and vvere
may have been perform ed as part o f the rite o f annual dcath and
dedicated as gifts to goddcsses. O n the rims and vvalls o f larger bovvls
resurrection. I11 M inoan C rete and in the N ear East, the goat vvas
and dishes inscriptions also occur. T h e y cannot bc interpreted as 42 Shallou> vessel from
prominent as a sacrificial victim in the festival and the tree sym bolized
p o ttcrs m arks, since. they are not single geom etric signs, but a Gradenica near Vraa,
a nevv life. T h is also im plies the fact that O ld European vvriting vvas
sequence o f linear signs. ucstern Bulgaria, bearing
associatcd vvith religious funetions. inscriptions on both sides.
O ne o f the best exam ples o f O ld European script com es from the
Inscribcd vo tive objeets clcarlv prove the existence o f O ld (a ), outer side with signs
C h alcolith ic site o f Gradenica near Vratsa in vvestern B u lgaria, vvhich around the symbolic fig u r e ;
European Linear signs and, in general, the very early incidence o f
is contcm poran cous vvith the E arly Vina period o f the same culture in (b ), inner side u'itli fo u r
vvriting. From the available m atcrial at the present tim e it is seen lines o f signs. c. 5000 b c
R om an ia. O n a shallovv dish from this site, signs o f vvriting appear on
that the bcginnings lic in the period o f transition from the N eolithic Vina culture
40 M iniature vessels to Chalcolithic (Late S ta r c v o -E a rly Vina in central Balkans), c.
bearing inscriptions 5500-5000 b c :. M ore vvork on the script still avvaits the dedicated
(dedications?), from the
Vina mound, found seholar (but sce M ilton W inn. Dissertation, U C L A 1973 for
7 -6 .5 111. deep. Early analysis o f signs; to appear in book form 111 19S2).
fifth millcnnium BC
4 J Objeets fo u n d in a
sacrificial burial pit at
Tdrtaria, ivestern Rom ania.
a, inscribed plaques, the
upper one shoiving two
animals (goats?) and a tree,
suggesting a sacrifice in
celebration o f the return o f
new life ; b, alabaster
figurin es, a p illa r (phallic
sym lwl or fragm ent oj a clay 6 Cosm ogonical apd Cosm ological Images
fig urin e) and a Spotidylus
hracelet. c. end oj sixlli
m illennium to c. 5 3 0 0 -5 0 0 0 H A striking developm ent in art at the inception o f the agricultural era
BC vvas its persistent representation o f a num ber o f conventionalized
I graphic designs sym bolizing abstract ideas. These ideogram s,
recurring on figurines, stamp seals, dishes, cult vessels, and as part o f
pictorial decoration o f vases and house vvalls, vvere used for thcuisands
ofyears throughout O ld European civilization, and help to expand
44 Inscribed clay objeets,
our understanding o f its cosm ogo n y and co sm o lo gy, and o f the
perhaps tveights, from
Su kori-T o radiili) east o f funetions o f the deities it sustained.
Szekesfehervar, 1vestern The sym bols fali into tvvo basic categories: those related to vvater
Hungary. 5000 li c SUMMING UP or rain, the snake and the bird ; and those associated vvith the m oon,
C la y m odels o f temples, kn ow n from ali parts o f O ld Europe, the vegetal life-cycle, the rotation o f seasons, the birth and grovvth
p rob ab ly represent com m unal sanctuaries, dedicated to certain essential to the perpetuation o f life. The first category consists o f
goddesses. These inelude rectangular struetures vvith portals and symbols vvith sim ple parallel lines, V s, zigzags, chevrons and
vvide entrances and fou r interconnected temples raised high on a meanders, and spirals. T h e second group ineludes the cross, the
stereobate or an earthen terrace. encircled cross and m ore com plex derivations o f this basic m o tif
Shrines vvhose actual remains have bccn found take the fo rm o f vvhich sym b olically connects the four corners o f the vvorld, the
rectangular houses divided into tvvo room s one o f vvhich vvas fur- crescent, horn, Caterpillar, egg and fish.
nished vvith an oven, an altar (dais), and som etim es a separate sacri-
ficial area. These seem to be dom estic shrines. T h e pillar shrine at T h e fo u r c o r n e r s o f t h e vvo r ld , t h e m o o n a n d t h e b u l l
Cascioarele, located in the m iddle o f the village, vvas probably a
com m unal sanctuary. T he cerem onial accoutrem ents ineluded life- The cross, vvith its arms direeted to the four corners o ft h e eosm os,
size bucrania, altar screens, large askoi, pithoi and other beautifully is a universa] sym bol created or adopted by farm ing com m unitics in
decorated vases. the N eolithic and extending into present day folk art. It is based on
Figurines are found on altars, sim ple platform s like benehes, the b e lie f that the year is a jo u rn e y em bracing the four C a rd in a l
usually built o f clay and covered vvith planks, arrangcd at the end or direetions. Its purpose is to prom ote and assure the contm uance o f
corner o f the dom estic shrine, not far from the oven. This fmds close the cosm ic cycle, to help the vvorld through ali phases o f the m oon
an alogy vvith the M inoan dom estic shrines in vvhich figurines are and the ehanging seasons. Graphite-painted East Balkan dishes have
found standing on a dais. Figurines, ostensibly p erfo rm in g some cross and cosm ic snake designs vvhich recurrently present identical
ritual, are cncountered also in other placcs, near the oven, b y the com positions o f the universc . The hooks or branehing lines
entrance, beside grindstones and elsevvhere. Figurines also served as attached to the four arm s o f the cross reinforce its d ynam icexp ression.
vo tive offerings; thcy are found in sacrificial burials and, vvhere used These vital signs are cncountered on the bases, the insides o f dishes,
as gifts to certain divinities, vvere inscribed. on figurines and stam p seals.
88
The cross and its various derivative sym bols are frequently
Jiountered in the incised or painted ceram ic decorations o f each
*f)lithic and C h alcolithic grou p . T h eir consistent appearance on
$ishes, bow ls, vases, stamp seals and the crow ns o f figurines strongly
||g ests that they are ideogram s necessary to prom ote the recurrent
irthand g ro w th o f plant, anim al, and hum an life. T h e y are sym bols
ilt h e continuum o f life w hich had to be ensured. Painted or engraved
! h the bases or insides o f dishes they must have served as go od -lu ck
sjm bols as they still do in the European peasant culture. Life is
'resent on ly w here there is no stagnation and the regularity o f nature
not obstructed b y the forces o f death. In E gyp tian hieroglyphics 47 Schem atizedfigurine
the cross stands for life or liv in g and form s part o f such w ords as having crou/n engraved u/ith
quartered design, fo u n d in a
fp!health and happiness . A related concept could have dom inated
clay silo fille d with wheat
45 Craphite-painted dishes S lh e minds o f early European farmers. A sm ooth transition from one grain. M edvedn jak, Vina
with cross and snake motifs ||)hase to another spelled happiness. T h e fourfold com positions, site near Smederevska
in the centre o f the cosmos. K | ir c h e t y p a l o f perpetual renewal or wholeness and the m oon in the P alanka, Central Yugoslavia.
Tangira mound, Rom ania. c. 5000 b c. Note chevrons
East Balkan civilization.
Ms' symbolism o f O ld Europe, are associated vvith the Great Goddess o f above eyes
M id-Jifth millennium b c Life and Death, and the Goddess o f V egetation, m oon goddesses
Par excellence.
The sym bols o f b ecom in g - crescents, caterpillars and horns -
P lc c o m p a n y fou rfold designs. T h e y do not depict the end result o f
s m rwholeness but rather the continuous strivin g tovvards it, the active
a p .p r o c e s s o f creation. A painting on a Cucuteni dish from Valea
f* Lupului shovvs stylized horns o f four bulls, each quartered b y crossed
om lines, with a crescent o r a Caterpillar in each section, a sym bol related
S ' to the idea o f periodic regeneration. There is a m orphological
relationship betvveen the buli, on.account o f its fast-grow in g horns,
'.V
and the w a x in g aspect o f the m oon, vvhich is further evidence o f the
bulls sym b olic funetion as invigorator. T h e w orship o f the m oon
0 1 2 3 CM
and horns is the w o r s h i p o f the C re a tiv e and fecund p o v v e rs o f nature. 1 f <- I
In W estern Asia o f the fourth to second m illennia, the cross was
4S Pottery stamp bearing a
usually associated vvith the lunar crescent and was an alternative quartered design. M ultiple
symbol o f the m oon (Briffault 1 9 6 3 : 3 4 3 , Figs. 8 - 1 2 ) . Painted on a chevrons in each section.
Ruse, lou'er Danube. East
Classical C u cuten i vase from Tru$eti are quartered d is c d e s ig n s
Balkan civilization.
having a cross inside vvith knobbed extrem ities, p robably sym boliz- (Karanovo V I). M id-fifth
ing four phases o f the m oon, hooked to a horn. A portrayal o f the millennium BC
head o f a buli vvith the lunar disc betvveen its horns occurs in relief
on a vase from a Late Cucuteni site o f Podei. T h e disc is quartcred by 5'
Crossing lines possibly indicating the four phases o f the m oon. In the
low er section o f the vase, the bu lls horns are shovvn upside dovvn,
6 F-ourjold signs inciscd on perhaps to sym b olize the dcad buli. In this and m any sim ilar por-
titra! European Linear trayals w e m ay recognize the sacrificial aspect o f the act o f creation.
ottery dishes. B ylany and
The G reat G oddess, as w e shall s c e later, em erges from the dead buli
her sur.' in Bohemia. Umi
xthearly fifth millenniuni in the shape o f a bee o r a butterfly. T h e life process o f creation and
destruetion is the basis fo r im m ortality.
91
T he sacredness o f the buli is expressed in particular through the
f emphasis on horns. T h e y are sometimes as large as the w h ole animai
figurine. R e p le te w ith a m ysterious p o w e r o f g ro w th , the horns
have becom e a lunar sym b ol, vvhich is presum ed to have com e into
being in the U p p e r Palaeolithic A u rig n a an vvhen reliefs o f naked
wom en holding a horn begin to appear (cf. the re lie f from the cave
o f Laussel in Southern France). In the m ythical im agery o f O ld
Europe the buli vvas as dom inant as elsevvhere in the M editerranean
vvorld. T erracotta figurines o f bulls in the C ucuteni civilization
usually have conical bosses on the forehead or a piece o f copper set
betvveen the horns (a figurine vvith copper on the forehead vvas
m unearthed at B o lb o ch , a classical Cucuteni settlem ent near Kishenev).
The heads o f bulls vvith rosettes on the foreheads knovvn from M inoan
and M ycenaean art inherited this O ld European tradition. H orns o f
consecration, so frequent in M inoan art, vvere already present in the
Vina and East B alkan civilizations. H undreds o f horned stands vvith
a central hole for the insertion o f som e divine im age m ade o f perish- 49 M iniature terracotta
49 Q u atrefo il design painted on the inside o f a Late horns o j consecration from 1,
able m aterial are found in V ina sites. In one case the breasts o f the go d - 2 , Ruse, C um elnija
C u cu ten i d ish : fo u r b u lls horn s e n v e lo p in g a qu artcrcd
disc w ith a crescent o r a Caterpillar in each section. V alea i! dess are indicated on the tand. The abundance o f these stands vvould com p lex; 3 , Vina. Fifth
jP-. . m illennium b c
L u p u lu i, M o ld a v ia , n orthcastern R o m a n ia . M id -fo u rth i suggest their association vvith some sort o f m yth -enacting cerem ony,
m illen n iu m b c f and the beginning o f this sym bol probably goes back to the prim or-
50 Q u artered discs e m e rg in g fro m b u lls horn s (o n ly one dial sacrifice vvith the underlying concept that out o f the sacrificed
h o rn is visible.) P o ly c h ro m e painted C lassical C u c u ten i v ise .
T ru se jti, northcastern R o m a n ia . Late fifth m illen n iu m BC
I bulls b o d y a new life em erges. The schematized buli horn represents
I one o f the basic philosophical ideas o f O ld European religion ; per
5 1 P ainted Late C u cu ten i vase vvith b u lls head in relief. T h e
b u lls outsize horns en circle a q u artered disc. D a rk b ro w n haps this is w h y they are so num erous - as num erous as horns o f
on w h ite. P od ei at T a r g u -O c n a , n ortheastcrn R o m a n ia . consecration in the Palae o f Knossos. T h e tradition o f expressing
M id -fo u rth m illenn iu m b c the same idea in shorthand continued in the Proto-palatial period o f
52 H orn ed terracotta tand (one h o rn bro kcn ) vvith fem ale Crete. T h e so-called sheep-beH figurines vvith a suspension ring,
breasts. It has a hole on top betvveen the horn s. M e d v e d n ja k , | tvvo horn-like projeetions and eyes or a m asked face depieted on the
V in a site at S m ed erev sk a P alan ka, southeast o f B elg rad e.
c. 5000 BC V body, found at Knossos, Poros, Tylissos and V o ro u (Platon 1 9 4 9 :
833f.) p robably represent a divinity in com bination vvith the horns
53 T erraco tta fig u r in e o f a b u li vvith e x a g g e r a t c d ly large
h o r n s (b o th b r o k e n off). V in a cuiture. Fafos, S o u th e rn sym bolical o f a sacrificed buli. In N eo-palatial C rete, the horns o f
Y u g o s la v ia . Fifth m ille n n iu m bc | consecration are alvvays associated vvith the epiphany o f the Goddess
in the shape o f a d oublc-axe (a butterfly), a tree or a pillar.
T he sn ake
The snake and its abstracted derivative, the spiral, are the dom inant
motifs o f the art o f O ld Europe, and their im agin ativc use in spirali-
form design throughout the N eolithic and C h alcolithic periods
remaincd unsurpasscd by any subsequent decorativc stylc until the
Minoan civilization, the sole inheritor o f O ld European lavishness.
The Chalcolithic B u tm ir, Cucuteni, and East Balkan peoples created
large bulbous vessels, adopting the snake-spiral as the basis o f the
entire ornam ental com position. This art rcachcd its peak o f unified
. sym bolic and aesthetic cxpression c. 5000 b c .
93
Sym p honies o f snakes appear in colours and in graphite or vvhite- The involved ornam entation o f Cucuteni and East B alkan cera-
encrusted incisions on cult vases, lamps, altar tables, hearth panels and fflic painting is a sym b olic glorification o f natures d ynam ism . Its
house vvalls. C o n cu rren tly, almost naturalistic m odels o f snakes were graphic expression is organized around the sym b ol o f the snake,
produced b y ali the cultural groups o f O ld Europe in bone, w o o d or whose presence vvas a guarantee that natures enigm atic cycle w o u ld
clay. A coiled pottery snake, decorated vvith incised zigzag and be maintained and its life-g iv in g povvers not dim inish. T h e snake
54 punctate designs, vvas found at the E arly Vina settlement o f Predio vvas the vehicle o f im m ortality. Som e vases flaunt a gigan tic snake
nica. T h e entire inner surface o f a ritual dish vvith holes fro m K u ko va vvinding or stretehing o ver the vvholc universe , o v er the sun or 54
M og ila in B ulgaria is covered b y a snake coil. T he zigzaggin g outer moon, stars and rain torrents; elsevvhere the snake vvinds ab ove or
55. 5<> coil contrasts witf\th,e inner spiral and suggests the radiating sun. A belovv a grovving plant or coils above the pregnant m oth ers belly. 196
57 form idable horned snake m odelled in re lie f vvinds around a N eo li Snakes coil in concentric circles coverin g e very protuberance, the
thic pot from the site' o f S u vo d o l-D ib el in Pelagonia. Snakes, their buttocks as w ell as the fem ale abdom en. The sanctity o f protuberance
bodies m arked by dots or com b-like stamps, h ave been found in is indicated b y the special attention given e ve ry co n vcx roundness o f
cised on a n u m b e ro f vases from the Vina m ound. T he V ina settle the fem ale b o d y - even a knee is encircled. S im ilarly, the snake is
m ent o f Potporanj at V rac yieldcd curling snakes carved out o f bone, usually present on a bu lls rum p or shoulders. The phallus, as vvell as
vvith triangular heads and cye-holes. Snake ornam entation dominates ithyphallic vases and lids, is also accom panied by snake coils. T h e
the ceramics o f the N eo lith ic Linear P ottery culture in central Europe snake vvas stim ulator and guardian o f the spontancous life energy,
and that o f the B iik k group in the Carpathian foothills, rangin g in and this anatom ical association, so frequent that its sym b o lic m ean-
expression from naturalistic portrayals to elegantly cu rvin g geo- ing cannot be doubted, dem onstrates the povver that vvas attributed
m etric designs. Snakes m odelled in relief, som etim es vvith fine to bodily protuberances as its source.
naturalistic detail, m eander across the inner surface o f dishes dis In the N eolithic m ound o f Poroditi in M acedonia num erous
eovered in gravcs at the D v o ry and ita v o u cem etery o f e le z o v c e , ceramic snakes vvere diseovered. O rigin ally they vvere attached to
a variant o f the Linear Pottery culture in vvestern S lo vak ia. Sim ilar vessels, perhaps vvater containers, used in ritual cerem onies. A
5. 59
snakes, but painted in black or brovvn on orange piriform vases, are reconstruction o f such a vessel is here reproduced. S im ilar snake- or 55
60 frequ en tly encountercd du ring the Late C ucuteni period. T h e snake phallus-shaped elongated heads h ave been diseovered in R a m a d ,
coil also appears 011 C ucuteni stam p seals. Level III, a sixth-m illennium villagc in Syria (Contenson 1 9 7 1 : 285).
T h e m ysterious dynam ism o f the snake, its extraordinary vitality The phallus, horns, snake, vvater bird, and vvater are closeIy
and periodic rejuvenation, must have provoked a povverful em o- interrelated in m yth and cult. T h e m ystery o f life lies in vvater, in
tional response in the N eolithic agriculturists, and the snake vvas oceans, deep seas, lakes o r rivers. G ods are born from vvater. D io n y -
consequently m yth o!ogized , attributed w ith a povver that can m ove sus com es from vvater, as do the B ird Goddess, Athcna, o r A ph rodite.
the entire cosmos. C om p osition s 011 the shoulders o f cult vases reveal On pictorial Cucuteni vases and Tisza altars vvc sce bird-avved or
pairs o f snakes vvith opposed heads, m aking the vvorld ro ll vvith the horned goddesses borne in the vvomb o f m ythical vvaters. T h e uni- 110, 92
cn ergy o f their spiralling bodies. Tension betvvcen the tvvo is em pha- versal snake vvinds around the universal egg like a continuous flovv
5
sized, since it is not ju st one snake that begins the m ovem ent. This o f vvater. T o the pocts and philosophers o fa n cie n t Greece vvater vvas 5 6
m o tif occurs in various degrees o f sehematization du ring the the prim ordial elem ent, able to produce life, stimulate its grovvth
N eolithic and C h alcolithic eras. T he m ore naturalistic tendency is to and nurture it vvith dam p vvarmth. This concept o f the genesis o f
distinguish the heads and bodies o f snakes and their tails, vvhich end the universe from an elem ental aqua-substance surely extends back
in vvidespread triangles, a contrivance to fill the space betvveen the in time to the N eo lith ic-C h alcolith ic era.
discs or ovals. The organization o ft h e m otifs dem onstrates that the
im agery is gcnuinely co sm o go n ic: the disc and snake com positions
appear in bands occu p yin g the m iddle o ft h e vases, associated vvith j o Snahe and disc motifs as
belts o f the upper skies containing rain clouds, divine dogs and favvns. ornamentaI belts 011 the
shoulders o fa Classical
5 1 T h e b ek o f earth is characterized b y plant motifs. O n som e vases Cucuteni vase from the sile
snake coils in the upper bands have diagonal stripes, p robably to o f H ib S fi'fti, M otdavia,
indicatc torrents o f rain. In som e cases the snake is portrayed vvinding northeastern Romania. a,
5. 52
va se; b , ornament around
5.1 across the cosm ic d ou b le-egg. tlte shoulders.
94
58, 59 Sn ake in a dish fro m the
cem etery o f D v o r y nad ita v o u ,
w estern S lo v ak ia (detail). E a rly
fifth m illenn iu m b c
T h e p r im o r d ia l egg
101
by parallel lines. T h e sym b ol o f life energy - the snake - winds 5 6 Cosmic snake and
across or around the cosm ic egg. T h e beginning o f life w ithin an egg cosmic egg compositions
is eaused b y the orbitin g o f tw o snakes or fav/ns. T he animals are painted on Late Cucuteni
vases from Sipintsi, vvestern
alw ays in opposition, w hich creates a tension. It w o u ld appear that Ukraine. c. mid-fourth
a cross o r an X vvithin an o v a l con veys the same idea. T h e germ is millennium b c
show n as a dot or a le-ns. A lens vvithin the enfolding egg layers is
som etim es show n flanked b y spirals, a probable association with
floral m otifs; this sym bolizes the rudim ent o f a livin g organism
taking its form from fio w cr buds or grains. A germ vvithin an egg or
a vu lva m ay sprout into a plant w ith buds or vvith bean-like projec-
tions. T h e idea o f a prim ordial eg g or vulva is likew ise expressed by
sculpture. T h e Lepenski V ir sandstone sculptures dating from around
6000 b c are alm ost ali egg-shaped and one has a vu lva en graved in
the centre.
A ncient m yth ologies - E gyp tian , B abylon ian , H indu, G reek -
have preserved m yths o f the universe as a cosm ic egg from vvhich
4 Snake ivinding across
juble-eggs enveloped in gods arie and vvhich was created b y a cosm ic snake or bird. Ancient
oiving ivater: painted G reek m yths o b vio u sly enlarge on elements that are closely allied to
nnpositions on Late
cosm ological representations on Balkan N eolithic and Chalcolithic
'ucuteni dishes from
"omashevka, ivestern ccram ics. A thenagoras in the second century A D recordcd the follo w -
Jkraine. c. mid-fourth ing m y th : First ali was vvater. From the w ater em erged a snake with 5 7 Quartered egg and disc
ii l leti ni um k c the head o f both a lion and a buli, and between these vvas the face o f motifs on black-oti-red-
a giant, H crakles or K h ronos. T h e G iant created an e gg, and the egg painted Late Cucuteni vases
from Sipin tsi, western
split in tw o . From the upper part ame the sky and from the low er Ukraine. M id-fourth
part, the earth (Lukas 18 9 4 : 230). Som e 5000 years before Athena millennium BC
goras the m yth could h ave gone like this: First, ali vvas water. From
the vvater em erged a cosm ic snake with a horned head. T h e snake (or
the buli, or the giant) created the cosm ic egg. Then the eg g split in
tw o.
A cosm ic egg m ay also bc laid by a m ythical w ater b ird : this
m yth is alm ost u niversally knovvn betwcen A frica and the Arctic
zone; it is recorded in ancient civilizations and was kn ow n am ong
hunting and fishing tribes. In an A ncient E gyptian m yth , the cosm ic
15 Stiake 'adagio' on a
<rap hi te-pai nted G um e I ui(a
eg g vvas laid b y a N.il.e goose which vvas vvorshipped as the great
ase from the Tangira chatterer, the creator o f the w o rld . A ccord in g to the O rp h ic story,
nound lowvr D anube region. unereated N y x (N ight) existed first and was regarded as a great
ihoie, reconstrmted pase
black-vvingcd bird h o verin g o ver a vast darkness. T h ou gh unmated,
vith profile indicated on left
id e ; heloiv, exploded she laid an egg from vvhich flevv go ld -w in ged Eros, vvhile from the
irauing o f decoration. tvvo parts o f the shell O uranos and Gaia (H eaven and Earth) were
created. T h e beginning o f the m yth must lic in the Palaeolithic era. 58 Design over the hody o f
En graved and sculpted im ages vvith silhouetted egg-shaped buttocks Cucuteni vae, shou'ing eg%s
are frequcnt in vvestern and central Europe from the early A u rig - with a germ (lens) in the
centre flanked with spirals.
nacian and on into the M agdalenian period. T he m ore rcalistically
Dtm hul M o rii at Cucuteni,
rendered figures have b ird s heads and long breasts (M arshack 19 72: northcastern Rom ania. c.
3 0 5 rt'.). 4000 b c
102 103
67 A plant vvithin an e g g o r <5o, 70 B ird -sh ap ed vase w ith the
v u lv a . Late C u c u ten i pain ted vase head o f a d oe (?) T h e V in a
fro m B ilc z e Z lo t e , -western site. c. 4000 bc
U k ra in e
T he fish
The usual sym bolism connected vvith the fish ranges from its being
an em blem o f the vu lva, or the phallus, to a sym bol o fth e soul or the
m ystic ship o f life . B y m icroscopic analvsis o f engravings on Late
M agdalcnian bone objeets M arshack has reccntly shovvn that fish !
(salmon) and snake typically appear in the context o f a seasonal 64 Schematic representations
m anifestation representative o f earlv spring and frequently in ofth e Bird ( toddess trith an
association vvith nevv shoots, yo u n g anim als and ibexcs (M arshack ifl the buttocks. 1,
6 0 , 6 1 Designs o f birds with Lepenski V ir (Starevo
19 7 2 : i6 yff.). T h e fish is also inseparable from the form o f a phallus
large eggs inside them. com p lcx); 2, Neolithic,
piiinled in hl,u h 011 a ii'liite since the phallus offers a visual and kinesthetic com parison vvith the ('.rete; ?, Karanoro I,
ground 011 M inoan vases fish and snake (cf. a baton head from the G o rg e d Enfer in D o rd o g n e: Bulgaria
106 107
74 F ragm en t o f a vessel in the fo n n o f a tish. V ina
c ivilizatio n . M ala (ira b o v n ic a near L e sk o v ac. centra)
Y u go slavia
75 A n th ro p o m o rp h iz ed I;isii G od d ess ol stone
\vitli head. arm s and breasts chiselled out. M ou th
and ev es are those o f .1 tish. the nose is hum an.
Lepcnski V ir II, Harlv sixth m illen n iu m ih:
110
66 Pictorial representations
o fth e Bird Goddess1 fa ce in
7 Mistresses of VVaters: association with wafer
streams on Late Cucuteni
the Bird and Snake Goddess vases. Tomashevka and
Staraja Buda sites, u/estern
U kraine. First h a lf o fth e
T h e presence o f the B ird and Snake Goddess is felt every w here - on
fourth millennium B C
earth, in the skies and beyond the clouds, w here prim ordial waters
lie. H er abode is beyon d the upper vvaters, i.e., beyond m eandrous
labyrinths. She rules over the life-g iv in g force o f w ater, and her
65 im age is consequently associated w ith w ater containers. O n Cucuteni
vases, the goddess eyes, or her eyes and beak, appear above represen-
66 tations o f vvater or falling rain. T h e eyes o f the B ird or Snake Goddess
even stare from the v e ry centre o f the w o rld - a sphere vvith a m y thical
67 vvater stream in the centre. H er cosm ic character is emphasized b y
68 a series o f abstract com positions painted on Cucuteni vases.
T h e Snake Goddess and the B ird Goddess appear as separate
figures and as a single d ivin ity. T h eir functions are so intim ately
related that their separate treatm ent is im possible. She is one and
T he in v o c a tio n of r a in , the bear and the id e o g r a m s of the
she is tw o , som etim es snake, som etim es bird. She is the goddess o f
B ird G oddess
vvaters and air, assum ing the shape o f a snake, a crane, a goose, a duck,
a d ivin g bird. T he com bination o f a w ater snake and a w ater bird is a Parallel lines, V s, chevrons, belts o f zigzags, and groups o f parallel
peculiarity o f the O ld European sym bolism representing divine lines are frequently found on figurines, stamp seals, cult vases and
am bivalence. vase lids. Their consistent appearance 011 figurine masks and bodies,
anthropom orphic vases, m iniature cult vessels and zoom orphic
containers suggests the existence o f a coherent system o f sym bolic
expression: the relationship betvveen the depietion o f rain torrents,
the m ythical bear and the B ird Goddess is obvious.
T h e desiccation o f the elimate during the sixth m illennium b c
shovvn by palaeobotanical and geological research (clearly rcvcalcd
by results o f the auth ors ow n recent excavation at Anza, M acedonia)
is also refleeted in sym b olic com m unication. The centuries-long lack
Part o f vessel with a o f w ater resulted in the creation o fsym b o lic images related to streams 6 7 (omposite pictorial
Hcsentation o fa ntasked and m ythical creatures considered to be the source o f water. The representation oj a B in i or
st Balkan Bird Goddess. M istress o f W aters, the B ird Goddess, and the bcar, vvho seems to Snake C oddess' eyes and
,f.ana at O ltenifa, u'ttlet streams. Staraja Buda,
tiania. G um elnifa have been also connected vvith water, are very frequent im ages ali u'csteni Ukraine. Late
plex. c. 4000 BC over the Balkan Pcninsula, particularly in its driest regions, Greece, Cucuteni
112 u 3
Abstract compositions o f
Bird Goddess' eyes and
( or only her benk) in
cialion m th a cosmic
Painted on Late
uteni vases. Sipintsi,
tem Ukraine. Early
th millennium bc
114 0 1 2 3 ACM
the breasts and chevrons on these figurines; an identical sign o f three
m ay be related to the ritual o f rain invocation. O n masked Vina
lines connected on top b y a horizontal line recurs on the figures in
heads or zoom orp hic lids the incised parallel lines m ergin g on the
E arly Vina reliefs. O n the neck o f an anthropom orphic vessel from
nose ridge and the forehead g ive an im pression o f torrents o f w ater
the B iik k site o f Kenezlo in northeastern H u n gary, there is a mask
running d o w n the m ask.
vvith three lines incised betvveen the eyes and three m ore belovv the
T h e cat-headed V ina lids have puzzled archaeologists since the
m outh. T h e body is incised vvith zigzagging and m eandering lines,
d iscovery o f the V ina site. T h e y certainly do not p ortray cats, since
sim ulating torrents o f vvater : tiny arm stumps s.uggest the goddess
the cat was not knovvn in prehistoric Europe. A re they bears? Birds?
vvings. Signs o f three interconnected lines engraved on hum an
The puzzle can be solved o n ly b y studying ali the accum ulated
figures are present in the M agdalenian era o f the U p p er Palaeolithic.
sym bols. T h e y have large incised, usually sem icircular, hum an eyes,
R ectan gles consisting o f three lines connected at the ends appear
ears, b ird s beak and a V or ch evron engraved ab ove the beak.
en graved on a hum an figure on the bone point from the A b ri M ege 79 D ouble-headed Vina
Bands o f striations, punctuated bands, or parallel lines clearly show
at T e y ja t (D ordogne). T h e hum an im age, p robably an abstract tand with hole in the
their connection vvith vvater. T h e y are not given m ouths, but som e middle incised with crossed
rendering o f a goddess, has a tiny head, double ovalo id vu lv a vvith
times h ave a round depression belovv the beak, as on m any other bird chest bands and chevrons.
tvvo lines belovv it, a serpentine decoration along the sides and strokes Crnokalaka Bara,
masks from vvhich vvater flo w s in ali fou r directions .
T h e relationship betvveen vvater and the bear is further indicated dovvn the legs (M arshack 19 7 2 : 3 15 ). T h e serpentine stroked design southeastem Yugoslavia.
along each side seems to be a snake or vvater im age. T h e sym bolic c. 5000 BC
b y bear-shaped cult vases, abundantly represented in the D anilo,
Sesklo, B u tm ir and L e n gy e l cultures. T h e D anilo bear-shaped vases connection vvith the abstract Snake or B ird Goddess im ages o f the
N eo lith ic is apparent.
are solid ly covered vvith belts o f zigzags, chevrons and striated
diam onds, sym b olic o f flovving vvater. Large pavvs o f bears from the C h evro n s (m ultiple V s), tvvo, three or m ore parallel lines and a
B u tm ir settlem ent at O b re, p robably once part o f a vvater Container, crossed chest band characterize the bird-headed or bird-m asked
are also decorated vvith incised parallel lines. figurines. These signs are either incised or painted on their masks,
5 Torsos with inverted T h e presence th rou gh o u t the N eolithic and C h alcolithic periods heads, arm s o r b o d y. A crossed band vvith chevrons appears incised
/ $ ) and crosses (76) in Europe and A natolia o f V s, chevrons or cross signs on fem ale on the chest o f a bird-shaped figurine from V ina, and a sim ilar
'e breasts, triple verticle chest-band sign, associated vvith sym bols o f three connected lines,
and chevrons. Sitagroi
breasts o r im m ed iately belovv them , o r on arms supporting breasts,
acedonia. c. 4000 BC suggests an identification o f rain vvith m ilk, an old and vvidespread occurs on the b o d y o f a double-headed B ird Goddess. T h e chest-
b elief vvhich induced people to see vvom ens breasts o r covv udders band sign is also found incised on double-headed stands and con-
in the clouds. T his b e lie f still extant am on g the A rctic hunters points sistently occurs in com bination vvith chevrons on bird-headed or
So C la y seal bearing an
to its origin in Palaeolithic times. V s are m arked on the breasts o f a bird-m asked figurines, clay stamps and flat plaques. A n E arly Vina
ideogram o f a Bird Goddess:
painted clay figu re o f a goddess from shrine V I in C atal H i\yiik anth ropom orph ic lid from Par^a bears, belovv the goddess eyes and crossed chest bands and
(M ellaart 19 6 7 : 18 2 , Fig. 50, Plate 79), and m an y o f the P roto-Sesklo nose, an X , p robably sign ifyin g chest bands, and a chevron appears chevrons. Predionica, E arly
in the upper segm ent. A Tisza pot vvith a spout, p robably used as a Vina site near Pritina,
goddesses o f T hessaly have red-painted V s on their breasts or Southern Yugoslavia. E n d o f
chevrons incised on their hands. T h ere appears to have been an libation vase in ritual cerem onies, has the same ideogram incised on sixth millennium BC
association betvveen a fem ale d ivin ity and divine m oisture from the one p an e l; a second pauci contains four groups o f three parallel lines
. iead o f a Bird Goddess skies. A beaked figu rin e from Porodin has, in addition to her norm al and a third panel large meanders. A n altar table from V ina, sup
1 pointed beak and p ortin g a fem ale figure seated in front o f a vessel, p robably portray-
tige-shaped eycs. R u g -
breasts, breast-like protuberances on the ncck, perhaps to invigorate
ing a vvater-invocation scene, vvas also decorated vvith V s, a chest
,Maccdonia. E arly the influence o f her m agical breasts. T h e double-headed B ird
1 C. 5500~5100 B C Goddess from V ina has breasts m arked vvith V s and her body is band and m eander m otifs. U nfortunately, the upper part o f the
Bird-headed fig u re ( a covered vvith a m eandrous design. A m o n g C ucuteni vessels, breasts seated figure is lost. A nother altar table from Fafos portrays a bear-
cl protome) with an sprout from basins held b y a fem ale figure and from ja rs; they are or bull-legged altar table. T h e vvoman holding the vessel seems to
ram on the body be vvearing a mask representing a bear or a bird. The altar is decorated
usually depieted in the centre o f bands or parallel lines sym bolizin g
osed o f chest bands and
. ons. The Vina site. rain torrents. T vvo o f the m an y figurines found in the Chalcolithic vvith chevrons. A rain-invocation or vvater-divination scene can be
levels o f the Sitagroi teli in northeastern G reece illustrate the recognized in the sculpture from B ord jo in northern Y u go slavia,
arrangem ent o f these rain- or m ilk -in v o k in g sym bols. U n fortu nate- representing a nude vvoman seated on a stool vvith a large basin on
Iy, they are headless but other East Balkan figurines bearing the same her lap. T h e stool is decorated vvith a m eander design. From vvhat
signs have bird heads. N o te that there are three parallel lines betvveen follovvs vve shall scc that the m eander sym bolizes vvater.
8 1 Lid, bearing symbols o f
i i (5 117 Bird G oddess: chevrons and
incised chest bands. Early
Vina. Parja site, uiestern
0 1 7 a <
Rom ania, end o f sixth
millennium BC
7 7 Late V in a vase w ith panels still sh o w in g the 80. 81 B ear-sh ap ed vase, incised vvith
rain -to rre n t m o tif. M ean d er pan el on the other bands o f z ig z a g g iu g lines and striated
side. T h e V in a site triangles. S m ili site near Z a d a r. D an ilo
culture. Se co n d h n lfo fs ix t h
m illen n iu m ik :
87 A n th ro p o m o rp h ic pot su ggestin g a
bird-sh aped vvater d ivin ity. T h e god d ess
m ask is m arked vvith chevrons and triple
lines. K en ezlo, B iik k gro u p , northcastern
H u n g ary. End sixth m illennium BC
124
95 V in a m ask w ith v crtica l lines and a m eander
fram ed vvith V s incised a b o v e the rig h t eyc.
C rn o k a la k a B ara, sou theastem Y u g o s la v ia
96 Pen tagon al V ina mask vvith m eanders ab o ve
eyes and snakes belovv. M e d v e d n ja k , central
Y u g o sla v ia c. 5000 bc
97 B ird G od d ess fro m V in a vvith a m ed allion in
the centre o f the chest bands, an o th er at the nape
o f the n cck, and a m ean d er on fro n t an d 'b a c k o f
skirt and on top o f m ask, c. 4500 - 4000 bc
g i M o d e le :i temple
decorated witn excised
meanders filled witlt ivhite
paste. I adastra,
sontliu'esfern Romania. First
h a lf o f fifth millettnitnn b c
U*
1 1 2 M arb le sculpture
w ith lo n g p h allic neck
and pron ou n ce
92 Vase decoration comprising a belt o f large meanders (meandcring snakes) b uttocks. S lig h tly
intcrrupted by closed bracket signs, containiug human figures centrally situated sto o p in g position
above the vessel's handles. Painted in dark broivn and white. Late Classical rcm in iscent o f a bird.
Cucuteni vase from T raian, northcastern Rom ania. c. 4000 lic A ttica, G reece.
T y p o lo g ic a ily
T h e C ucu teni painted vases represent etiological m yths, perhaps P ro to -S e sk lo
depieting the birth or abode o f a vvater d ivinity. T his d ivin ity has an
110 anthropom orphic form enclosed in a bracket-shaped design which
in turn is contained w ithin a belt o f large rhom bic meanders. This
type o f narrative m o tif vvas encountered on several vases from the
T raian settlement in northern M old avia. T h e reconstructed part o f
such a vase shows four large snake meanders and a standing goddess
consisting o f tvvo opposed triangles, her figure fram ed b y a closed
brackct-like sym bol. T h e fu lly reconstructed vase from Traian
illustrates the organization o f the cosm os: meanders occu p yin g the
upper levels and b elow theni the goddess abode vvith her im age
fram ed by spiralling snakes. H um an figures consisting o f tvvo
triangles and vvith bird -claw ed hands are fam iliar to M inoan art
(A lexiou 19 58 : Pl. IA ). These and other com positions conncct the
labyrinthine m otifs vvith the m ythical vvater sphere bcyond or belovv
vvhich the goddess resides. M any cult vessels are decorated vvith the
m eander pattern and m ust have served the vvater cult either as
containers for h o ly vvater or w h cn in v o k in g the vvater deity.
N eo lit h ic
135
male genital organs and fem ale breasts. Such figures have beaked perforations, p robably for the attachm ent o f vvings. A n outstanding
heads and sharply protruding posteriors, notably in the E arly Vina ornithom orphic vase unearthed in G rivac in central Y u g o sla v ia , has
nearly life-like characteristics o f a bird vvith p lum age indicated b y
com plex.
Bird-vvom an h ybrids vary in the degree o f their sehematization. engraved parallel lines along the w h ole length o f the b o d y, but the
O ne m ay be a bird vvith the breasts o f a w o m a n ; another m ay have stout legs are shaped like those o f a vvoman (K ragu jevac M useum ).
vvings and the b o d y o f a bird, but the head o f a w o m an . In an T he m issing lid p robably bore the masked head o f the goddess.
T h e eyes and arehed b ro w -rid ges o f the goddess persistently recur
o v erw h elm in g m ajority o f cases, she is a hybrid h avin g fem ale
buttocks outlined in the shape o f a b ird s b o d y , fem ale breasts, a b ird s
on neeks and lids o f East Balkan and Cucuteni vases. T h e num inous 119
nature o f the dom inating eyes, vvhich together vvith the arch o f the
beak, a lon g neck and either w in gs or arm stumps. Her erect posture,
vvith the upper part o f the b o d y bent forw ard , is that o f a bird. A eyebrow s and beak o r nose (usually connected vvith the brovv-ridges
figurine from Anza dem onstrates typical h ybridized features o f the in the shape o f an anehor o r letter T) contribute to the bird-like
B ird G oddess: the torso takes the form o fa b ird s b o d y and even the character, persist throughout several millennia in the archaeological
record. T h e y are fam iliar th roughout the fourth and third m illennia
vvings are indicated; yet the figure has naturalistically rendered
b c and are vvell knovvn from the early settlements o f T ro y . The
fem ale buttocks.
ow lish features m ay stem origin ally from the representation o f the
horned head o f a snake.
T h e L a d y B ir d a n d t h e L a d y S n a k e o f t h e C h a l c o l i t h i c era A type o f late Vina figurine o f the B ird Goddess depiets a vvoman
W hen the O ld European civilization reached its cultural peak around vvearing an elaborate dress and a bird s mask. W here the mask 12 0 , 12 1
5000 BC there em erged a sophisticated im age o f the B ird and Snake represents the head o fd u c k or other vvater bird, these becam e master-
Goddess. She is n o w either an exquisitely shaped vase vvearing a mask pieces o f detail during this period. The chic coiffure o f one East
or a lady w earing an elaborate dress and a m ask. Balkan B ird Goddess consists o f a pony-tail or a peaked cap, others 124 f .
- ii'
T h e E arly Vina settlem ent at Anza in M acedonia yielded a vvear a double spiral or snake coil. A spiralling snake rnay also be 12 7
num ber o f vases vvith the goddess eyes m oulded in re lie f on a engraved on the neck or the upper part o f the b o d y o f a figurine, as
cylindrical neck. A li w ere grouped together on the floor o f a house. fo r exam ple on the m asterful little sculpture o f a masked goddess
Associated w ith another house was a vase, 92 cm. high, vvith a from Vadastra in R o m an ia. A m eander vvas excised on the back o f
goddess face engraved and painted on the neck. B e lo w it, a pendant her neck and filled vvith vvhite paste. Snake spirals, meanders, dotted
necklace is indicated in relief. T h e body o f the vase was solidly painted bands or parallel horizonta! painted bands often decorate the costum e
in red and cream bands m eeting in the centre. A n overvvhelm ing o f the standing or seated L ad y Snake.
m ajority o f ali the figurines found in this settlem ent belonged to the A t ali periods and in ali regions o f O ld Europe one, three or six
rly Vina Bird
standing o r enthroned B ird Goddess. She seems to be the m ost holes or notehes vvere frequently cut into the throat o f the Snake or
$s from A n z a in the
im portant goddess o f the Vina people since her im age dom inates in Bird Goddess. O ne, three or six holes or notehes (and som etim es 126, 128
o /a large rase. A n z a
Macedonia. c. 5 3 0 0 - ali k n o w n settlements. O fa ll the articulate sculptures fro m the Vina seven, perhaps by mistake) also occur on vases decorated vvith
3c site, m ore than fo rty per cent had ornithom orph ic features. meanders or parallel lines sym b olizin g vvater (sce Pls. 77, 10 4 - 10 7 ;
T h e goddess cpiphany cxprcsscd in bird form fmds its most Fig. 84). T h ree lines or a vertical line in the m iddle o f the V sign are
evocative m anifestation in the fam ous Vina H yd e vase , a gracefully associated vvith the figurines o f the B ird Goddess on ly (see Pls. 9 3 ,9 5 ,
floating duck, vvhich has tvvo rounded protuberances on the top o f 10 5 - 10 7 , 1 2 1 ; Figs. 7 5 -7 7 . 82, 88). T h e Snake and B ird Goddess
116 , 117 its head and wcars a m ask. This askos, about 40 cm. long, is hollovv usually vvcars three or six necklaces (see Pls. 124 , 1 3 1 ; Figs. 85, 9 1)
inside, and its yellow ish -o ran ge vvalls are surprisingly thin. The and three arm rings (see Pl. 12 1) . S ix chevrons cover the upper part
surface is channelled throughout, apparently im itative o f rippling o f the gracile Lady o f C ucuteni. The num ber three and its 129,130
vvater. W ings and plum age are indicated by raised arehes and black duplication apparently possessed a certain sym bolic significancc
painted bands. A noth er vase representing the goddess from the same vvhere the goddess vvas concerned. The M inoan bell-shape idols
site and phase and h aving a sim ilar rippled surface o f oran gy colour, vvith snake hands on breasts are decorated vvith painted horizonta]
takes the form o f a standing fem ale vvith b ird s posterior and vvearing bands in groups o f three (Evans, Palae o f Minos, IV , 1, Fig. 12 0 : 7)
a large pentagonal mask. Knovvn as the Venus o f V in a, she has and, in M inoan and Greek art, three colum ns are associated vvith
hum an breasts, abdom en and legs. Each o f the arm stumps has tvvo birds, and vvith Athena. T h ree figures, three lines and three dots
1 3f>
6, 1 1 7 C u lt vase in fo rm o f a d u c k , w ith a hum an
askcd head and vvearing a c ro w n . C h an n cl-d eco rate d
id painted in black bands. T h e V in a site. M id -V in a ,
st h a lf o f fifth m ille n n iu m bc
> 5 -
1 3 1 Sn ak e o r B ird G od d ess o f
L e n g y e l typ e, vvearing six
necklaces, fro m Strelice,
12 4 M in iatu re head o f a B ird G od d ess w ith a l- S I he B ird o r Sn ak e (oddess fro m Vadastra, Z n o jm o district. M o ra v ia .
tu ft o r crest and channels fo r n ccklaces. S itag ro i lovver D an ube. Rom ania-. R e lie f design ine lude M id -fifth m illen n iu m bc
m ou n d (P erio d III), northeastern G reece. East Mlake c o ik in fron t. m eander at the back
B alk an civilizatio n . c. 4000 b c
12 6 , 12 7 H eads vvith snake-spiral coiffu re. S itag ro i m oun d (Period
consistently appear on C orinth ian and B oeotian sculptures and vase
paintings. A sculptural masterpiece o f the seventh century b c was
diseovered in the tem ple o f Poseidon on Isthm ia. It is com posed o f
three fem inine figures standing 011 a round base and supporting a
large vase encircled b y a snake. In each com partm ent betvveen the
figures, heads o fra m s vvith large vvinding horns appear (M useum o f
C o rin th ). P ro to -C o rin th ian vases frequen tly display w ater-bird
figures in association w ith three vertical lines, undulating lines and a
net pattern. A B oeotian Snake Goddess dated to 5 7 5 -5 5 0 b c is
depieted w ith hair falling on her shoulders in three clusters. H er arms
are snakes, her dress and tiara are decorated vvith dotted lines (H iggins
1963 : 3). A snake-headed figurine holdin g a baby snake (or a l o a f o f
bread) fro m the H ellenistic period in C o rin th has a headdress
decorated w ith three dises.
Each cultural area o f O ld Europe had its ow n m ethod o f p ortray-
ing the Snake and B ird Goddess, but the sym b olic signs and the
general conception o f the im age w ere the same throughout. (For
classical representations o f the V ina civilization, seePls. 9 7 ,1 2 0 ,1 2 2 ,
1 2 3 ; for those o f the East Balkan civilization, see Pls. 1 2 5 - 1 2 7 ; for
those fro m the C ucuteni and L e n gy e l cultures, see Pls. 12 8 - 1 3 0
respectively). These exam ples are from contexts w id e ly separated in
tim e and space, refleeting the pervasive sym b olic im portance o f the
L a d y B ir d or L ady Snake m o tif in the m ythical im agery o f O ld
Europe.
T h e S n a k e a n d B ir d G o d d e s s as n u r s e
H4 145
Wf-
ceased in east central Europe. O n ly occasionally does her im age re- f: water bird is portrayed vvith a crest o f three feathers (Z ervos 19 56 :
em erge at the end o f the fourth m illennium and the early third | pig, 528). Three small terracotta birds vvere found in the cave at
m illennium , notably in T r o y and in the Baden com plex in eastem Patso am o n g other vo tive anim al figurines. T h e num ber three, it
H u n gary. T h e situation was different in M inoan C rete, the Aegean vvould seem vvas not accidental and vvas indeed connected vvith the
Islands and in ali areas w here M inoan influence was strong, including m ythical num ber o f three vvhich in the N eolithic and C h alcolithic
the Greek m ainland. era is evidenced b y the continuous recurrcnce o f three or six holes on
M inoan and M in o an -M ycen aean art generally abounds in birds, the m outh or neck o f the goddess, or three parallel lines or three
snakes, and w o m e n vvith vvings o r w ith snakes craw lin g up their arms chevrons. B ird s portrayed on vases are exclu sively w atcr fovvl, sea-
o r on top o f their heads, the epiphanies and the anthropom orphic gulls, ducks, eranes, or diver birds. T heir bodies, vvings or necks are
im ages o f the goddess inherited from the O ld European pantheon. decorated vvith striations and chevrons or snake zigzags (cf. Z e rv o s
In the Proto-p alatial period (20 0 0 -170 0 b c ) the Snake and B ird 19 56: Figs. 734 and 7 3 8 ; Z e rv o s 19 5 7 : Fig. 336). Ju g s o f the N e o -
Goddess is a fam iliar representation on cult vases, dishes, and altar palatial period o f C rete are shaped like vvater birds and the painted
tables. She is a beaked lady vvith snake curls or crest on her head and decoration on them is conspicuously sym bolic o f flovving water,
o i 2 i cm has snake arm s as depieted on a stem o f a round altar table and a dish including chevrons, striations, bands o f dots and groups o f three
!noan Snake Goddess in Phaistos. Peculiar Pre-palatial (Early M inoan) anthropom orphic vertical lines (cf. Z e rv o s 19 56 : 5 7 1, 727, 729, 7 3 1).
devotee ifith a birds vases vvith hollovv breasts, o w l-lik e eyes, and m any necklaces, M ycenaean art abounds 111 vvinged bird -w o m an im ages and
tainted ori leg o f an decorated vvith bands o f zigzags and meanders, as found at M allia snake-headed figures with round eyes, standing or seated on a throne
r.ble. Phaistos, Proto-
i! period, early second
(Z ervos 19 5 6 : Fig. 116 ) o r M ochlos in eastern C rete (id .: Fig. 187), and frequently vvearing a c ro w n ; during Late M ycenaean (Late
muni b c considered to be divinities o f the sea , p rob ab ly originate in the H elladic III) times, small terracotta figurines vvith cylindrical bodies
C h alcolith ic O ld European vvater d iv in ity . D u rin g the Palatial period and w in gs becom e v e ry com m on (M ylonas 1956). T h e posture o f the
in Crete, the M istress o f vvaters appears as a sophisticated lady, best standing figures, leaning forvvard, their buttocks naturally upraised
knovvn from the iv o ry and faience statuettes called Snake Goddes- or o f the h a lf seated and seated figures, is surprisingly sim ilar to that
ses, one holdin g snakes. in her hands, another w ith snakes inter- o f the N eo lith ic-C h alcolith ic figurines. Som e o f these M ycenaean
tw ined around the abdom en and breasts, and both h avin g exposed figures are m ultiple, double-headed or double-bodied, a fam iliar
breasts. T h e snake, like the bird, was a form in vvhich the goddess trait o f V ina art. Painted on the figurines are usually vertical, som e
becam e m anifest. N ilsson in M inoan-Mycenaean Religion provides times undulating stripes, rem iniscent o f the sym bols o f rain vvater or
evidence o f the presence o f idols vvith bird-like attitudes and terra the sinuous m ovem ent o f vvater snakes on N eolith ic-C h alcolith ic
cotta birds in 'M in o an shrines (N ilsson 19 5 0 : 3 3 o ff.). T h e large bell- figurines, cult-vases or altars, and thrones vvhich accom m odate
shaped idol from the Shrine o f the D ouble A xes at Knossos has a bird seated figures and are decorated vvith striations or undulating patterns.
perehed upon its head, vvhich p rob ab ly is an im age o f the B ird Since these form s and decorative m otifs have no direct antecedents in
Goddess. In the shrine o f Gazi, three idols carry birds on their heads. the earlier M ycenaean (Indo-European) period, their appearance can
A bird perehes on an earlier Proto-palatial altar from the sanctuary best be explained as a re-em ergence o f the enduring, local p re-In do-
o f the D o ve Goddess o f Knossos. A noth er expression o f the same European tradition. It is feasible that these form s, vvhich during the
idea is the small gold m odel o f a shrine from sh aft-gravc IV at in tervening period are absent from the archaeological record, vvere
M ycenae, vvhere birds perch on the horns o f consecration. T h ere are p roduced vvithout a brcak but in a pcrishablc m ate ria l; alternatively,
tvvo pieccs o f gold le a f from shaft-grave III at M ycenae representing the Snake Goddess and B ird Goddess m ay have been secretly w o r-
a nude vvoman w ith her arms held in front o f her breast. O ne figure shipped fo r som e tim e after the advent o f the Indo-Europeans, before
has a bird apparently in flight upon her head, the other has birds m anifesting them selves again in graphic and sculptural form at a
attached to her elbovvs by their tails. In the shrine o f G ournia in later date.
eastern C rete three terracotta birds w erc found togcthei w ith the T h e B ird Goddess or m cm ories o f her original im age continued
anth ropom orp h ic im ages o f Snake Goddesses. T h ree terracotta into the Iron A ge. M eanders and vvater birds re-em erge in the art o f
birds vvere also diseovered in the southvvest w in g o f the palae o f the G eom etric period and the B ird Goddess h erself appears in the 'art
H agia T riadh a. A room at Palaikastro yielded three fem ale figures o f A ncient Greece as A th e n a ; the b ird -form has been shed but A thena
and a lyre p layer in a grou p w ith six terracotta birds, and on an iv o ry is occasionally vvinged and the bird is her attribute. She som etim es
plaque from the same Late M inoan I palae, a beautiful vvinged appears in the sem blancc o f a sea eagle, a guli, a sw a llo w , a vulture.
146 147
or a d ove, thereby perpetuating the M in oan-M ycenaean tradition. goddess also appeared as a snake and as a bird, and the same associa-
O n a C o rin th ian aryballos dating from about the beginning o f the tions go at least three m illennia farther back.
sixth century b c , a bird w ith a w o m a n s head is shovvn perching H o w did Athena becom e a goddess o f w ar, vvhile the M inoan and
behind A thena and at the side o f the goddess is clearly w ritten Fous, O ld European B ird Goddess vvas not? W h y , too, it m ay be asked, is
a variant fo rm o f a nam e given to the D iver-b ird , Aithuia. In M egara the eh ief w a r deity o f the Greeks fem ale? T h e ansvver is: Athena, as
there is a c liff called the c liff o f A thena Aithuia, A thena the D iver- a direct descendant o f the M inoan palae goddess and as the distant
bird (H arrison 1 9 6 1 : 303 ; N ilsson 19 5 0 : 492). In the earliest knovvn heir o f O ld Europe, becam c Indo-Europeanized and Orientalized
vase-painted representation o fth e rape o f Cassandra a large human- during the course o f tvvo m illennia o f Indo-European and Oriental
headed bird stands behind the figure o f Athena (JH S 18 8 4 : Pl. X L ). influence in Greece. T h e proteetress o f a city naturally becam e en-
In the tim e o f A ristophanes it vvas a popular b e lie f that Athena gaged in w ar. T h e nam e Athena is pre-G reek. T h e tovvn Athenai is
appeared as an o w l in the battle against the Persians. H e sa y s: W e named after the goddess (Nilsson 1 9 2 1 ; 19 50 : 4898".).
conquered tovvard evening, fo r an ovvl flevv through the ranks before A ph rodite U rania, born from the sea, vvas p ortrayed as flying
the battle began (N ilsson 19 5 0 : 493). A small red -figu re ju g in the through the air standing or sitting on a goose or being accom panied
L o u v re shovvs the o w l arm ed vvith helm et and spear, vvhile on a black- by three geese in the G reek terracottas o f the sixth and fifth centuries
figu re vase at U ppsala a b ig o w l perches on the altar tow ards vvhich b c ; like A thena, she m aintains certain O ld European features o f the
a ram is led to be sacrificed ( J H S X X X I I , 1 9 1 2 : 174 , Fig. 1). O n a B ird Goddess. H o m er regarded C yp ru s as her true hom e, but pre-
b lack-figu re vase fro m the British M useum a buli is led to sacrifice, Phoenician C yp ru s vvas vvithin the sphere o f M inoan cuiture. There
follovved b y a procession o f men tovvards the altar on which a bird, is strong reason to believe that A p h ro d ite vvas a goddess-nam e
a sea-gull o r a d uck, perches. N e x t to the altar stands Athena, equipped
origin ally com m on to the language o f both islands. It is also believed
vvith a shield and spear, and behind her is none other than the snake that the Cretan nam e A riad ne , the v e ry H o ly O n e , w as an early
(Stengel 18 9 0 : Pl. I, 4). T h e ram and buli sacrifice to the B ird and
H ellenic description fo r A phrodite h erself (Farnell 19 2 7 : 18).
Snake Goddess is o f great antiquity, since in the settlements o f the
A n d vvho vvas H era, the ob viously un-H ellenic goddess o f the
East B alk an and V ina civilizations, cult vases w ith the protom es in
ancient Greeks? In m yths and legends she frequently appears to
the shape o f a ra m s or bu lls head and figurines p ortrayin g a ram
gether w ith A th ena; the tvvo are almost inseparable or are rivals. In
133-135 vvith three(!) horns or a neck decorated vvith groups o f three hori-
Paestum, the temples o f Athena and H era tand next to one another.
zontal lines w ere found in association vvith the im ages o f the B ird and
A lth o u gh Hera m arried Zeus (the Indo-European T h und er God)
Snake Goddess. A sm all v o tiv e cult vase from Vina was incised w ith
during the B ronze A g e (probably before the thirteenth century since
136 V s and chevrons, the ideogram s o f the B ird Goddess, and so vvas the
in the Linear B tablets both names appear side by side), archaeological
13 7 ram -headed vessel from Banjata in B ulgaria. T he anim als head vvas
records reveal her as one o f the most revered and pre-em inent god
incised vvith chevrons and horns - vvith parallel lines. A noth er aspect
desses. In sanctuaries and pictorial representations, H era is shown in
o f the G reek ovvl vvhich m ay have its beginnings in the N eolithic era
the central position; she occupies the throne, not Zeus vvho stands at
is her association vvith the craft o f spinning and hence vvith the sheep.
her side. T h e sanctuaries dedicated to Hera vvere built in valleys at the
A series o f terracotta plaques shovv an ovvl vvith hum an arms spinning
estuaries o friv e rs , near the sea, and surrounded by pastureland. Such
w o o l (N ilsson 19 5 0 : 4 9 3 -4 ; an illustration in : B C H X X X I I , 1908:
locations o f Hera tem ples can be observed in Perachora at C orinth,
5 4 1, Pl. V II, 3). A n askos fro m an E a rly H elladic II site at Z y g o u ries
A rgo s in the Peloponnese, 011 the islands o f Sam os and Lesbos, at
near C o rin th has a spout form ed in the shape o f a horned ram s head
Foe del Sele in vvestern Italy, Sybaris, and elsevvhere (Sim on 1969:
(M useum o f C orinth ).
4of.). She vvas the guardian o f scamen and ruler over the pastureland.
P ortrayals o f A thena on black- or red-figure vases o f A ncient
T h e vo tive offerings in her sanctuaries include terracotta snakes,
G reece reveal her intim acy not on ly vvith birds but also vvith snakes.
horned anim ai figurines, calves, anthropom orphic idols vvith large
A snake craw ls on or is concealed undcr her shield, or appears b y her
eyes and decorated vvith spirals and m eanders, and shrine m odels
side, equal in height and m ajesty, as her double (H arrison 19 6 1 : 306).
im itating the plan o f a D oric tem ple or an apsidal house vvith vvalls
W h y are Athena and the snake related in this w a y ? Is this im agery
or r o o f decorated vvith bands o f m eandering lines, striations or
not an inheritance fro m a deeper antiquity, from times vvhen the
parallel vertical lines (exam plcs o f the latter from Perachora and
cosm ic B ird Goddess had as her counterpart a cosm ic snake? Her
A rg o s are reproduced b y Sim on 1969: 39). She, the N oble O n e and
association vvith the snake is old and intim ate; the M inoan house
G iv e r o f AH, vvas sculpted and described as tali and bcautiful Hera
148
149
1 3 3 , 1 3 4 H ead o f a ram , p ro to m c fro m a ritual vessel. O rig in a lly
painted in red and vvhite, it has three h orn s in the back o f the
or R o m a n Ju n o . M o re signiflcantly, H o m er called her fiocbnit,, the head. Foun d in 'association vvith o rn ith o m o rp h ic vases. A nza,
c o w -e y e d . H er hair curls like snakes in m any o f her portrayals, and M aced on ia. E a rly V in a. c. 530 0 -5 0 0 0 b c
a snake w inds or zigzags vertically in the m iddle o f her skirt (cf. a 13 5 H ead o f a ram , part o f a ritual vessel. D istinguished b y tvvo
w ooden re lie f from the H eraion II in Sam os, c. 6 10 b c , Sim on 1969: grou p s o f three parallel lines (chevron s) on the neck. Sitagro i
m oun d, M aced on ia, G reece. East B alk an civ iliza tio n . c. 4000 b c
50; or the Boeotian bell-shaped idol o f c. 700 B c housed in the Louvre,
portrayed w ith lon g snake curls and a panel in front in vvhich the 13 6 C lassical V in a ritual vessel vvith a ra m s head at one end. It
is co vered vvith incised V s and ch evro n s. T h e V in a site
snake as a band o f criss-cross lines is fram ed vvith zigzags and parallel
lines and then flanked vvith vvater birds holding snakes in their beaks); 1 3 7 R itu a l vessel vvith r a m s head at on e end. T h e re are incised
chevron s on the an im a ls head and p arallel lines on the horn s and
or else her an th ropom orp h ic im age vvith cu rly hair, eyebrovvs in the b o d y . B an iata, central B u lg a ria , East B a lk a n civilization
shape o fh o rn s, and upraised hands is flanked b y a snake (as painted on a
plaque from a p ro to -A ttic v o tive deposit in a house o f the G eom etric
period in G reece: Hesperia 19 3 3 , 2 : 604). A cco rd in g to Herodotus,
Hera vvas taken o v er b y the G reeks fro m the Pelasgians, the indi-
genous people in northern G reece. H er nam e, e-ra, as it appears in the
Linear B tablet, is not o f In do-E u ropean origin. H o m er and Plato
connected her nam e vvith the air. Ludvvig Preller in 18 54 in his book
on Greek M ythology described H era as a fem inine aspect o f the sky,
the air, vvhich encom passes the aspect o f fem ale fertility. His defm iti-
tion does not run counter to the functions o f the prehistoric Snake
Goddess, the ruler o f ali cosm ic or heavenly vvaters. A rch aic features
to be found in portrayals o f H era betray m uch that links her vvith the
O ld European Snake Goddess. B oth , Hera and A thena, are true
heircsses o f the O ld European pantheon.
Five clay sculptures o f vigorous and fat, but not steatopygous,
ladies vvith phallic heads and folded arm s vvere found in the largest
early building at N ea N ikom edeia in northern Greece, a settlement
dating fro m c. 6300 b c (Rodden 19 6 5 : 8 8 ) . T h e content, sie and
central location o f the building im p ly its use as a shrine. T h e shrine
also yielded three toads carved from green and blue serpentine,
prob ab ly representing the shape o f the goddess manifest. O ne o f the
best preserved figurines from N ea N ikom edeia is a povverful erect 138
8 The Great Goddess of Life, Death vvoman vvith broad shoulders, folded arms and hands on breasts. The
head takes the form o f a sligh tly flattened cylinder vvith a prom inent
and Regeneration pinehed-up nose and slit-eyes incised in applied clay eyeballs. T h e
hips and buttocks are constru ted from tvvo stout, alm ost cylindrical
T h e Fertility G oddess or M oth er G oddess is a m ore com plex pieces vvhich vvere m odelled ind ivid ually and pegged together before
im age than m ost people think. She was not on ly the M o th er Goddess firing. O n top o fth e fig u re s head is a round protuberance suggesting
w h o com m ands fertility, or the Lady o f the Beasts vvho govern s the a head-dress sim ilar to the round or conical caps found on Central
fecu n d ity o f animals and ali w ild nature, o r the frightening M oth er Anatolian figurines. O ther phallus-shaped heads reveal a circum -
T errib le, but a com posite im age vvith traits accum ulated from both cision around the top and central hole suggesting that the cylind er 139
the pre-agricultural and agricultural eras.. D u rin g the latter she head w as m eant to be a phallus and vvas set in a fem ale torso. This type
becam e essentially a Goddess o f R egen eratio n , i.e. a M o o n Goddess, o fh e a d vvas m odelled separately and pegged to the torso before the
p roduet o f a sedentary, m atrilinear com m u n ity, encom passing the clay hardened. Som e o f these p illar heads have obvious facial features
archetypal iinity and m ultiplicity o f fem inine nature. She was giver -in c is e d eyes, pronounccd nose and brovv-ridge, but no m outh. In a
o f life and ali that prom otes fertility, and at the same tim e she vvas the num ber o f them the hair is shovvn. A nother category o f phallus-
vvielder o f the destruetive povvers o f nature. T h e fem inine nature, shaped heads is characterized b y facial features o f animals.
like the m o o n , is ligh t as vvell as dark. S om e phallic heads are no m ore than blank pillars. A lm o st ali the
figurines o f the H am angia culture have cylindrical phallus-shaped
T h e a n d r o g y n o u s a n d c o r p u l e n t g oddess w it h fo ld ed arm s of heads vvithout any facial features. T h eir deploym ent in graves, and
the fold ed -arm posture, suggest an association vvith death or regenera
the N eo l it h ic period
tion. S om e standing figures o f c. 5000 B C vvith huge torsos supported
T h e N eo lith ic v irg in is alm ost as corpulent as the Palaeolithic by strong stum p legs and breasts cushioned vvith the arehes o f massive
V en u s , p articu larly in central A natolia and around the A egean. arms are true sculptural masterpieces. The H am angian figurines are
T y p ic a l seventh-m illennium sculptures from G^tal H u yiik in central related to sixth-m illennium H acilar sculptures vvhich also have very
A n ato lia take the form o f a m assively fat vvoman, either standing or strong!y built bodies, m uscular upper arms, huge abdom ens and gf
seated, supported by leopards. She usually either holds her hands up thighs, and folded arms. Elaborate ones vvear a conical cap and full
to her large breasts o r rests them on the heads o f accom panying dress. O ne class o f figurines reveals the goddess dressed in a loin oth gg
anim als (M ellaart 19 6 7 : 184, Figs. 52, 53). D u rin g the sixth m illen and cap, holding a leopard cub.
nium the goddess bccom es m ore vigorous and less obese vvith her M ainland Greek figurines, as vvell as the H am angian, are form ally
shoulders, upper arms and breasts acccntuatcd. The forearm s are related to those found at H acilar, em phasizing the analogies that exist
fold ed and the hands are placed on or belovv the breasts. These betvveen the European and central Anatolian portrayals o f this go d
characteristics are not found on figurines portraying the B ird G o d dess. A beautiful long-haired v irg in , her head perfectly preserved,
dess. Folded arm s are a characteristic feature o f goddess figurines and several fragm entary torsos vvith extrem ely massive shoulders 143
from the H acilar, Sesklo and Starevo com plexes o f central A natolia, and upper arms vvere found at Sesklo. M any N eolithic m arble
the A egean area and the Balkan Peninsula. T h ro u gh o u t the N eolithic figurines in a standing o r seated position from the Aegean area also
period her head is phallus-shaped suggesting her androgynous nature, have phallus-shaped heads vvith or vvithout a prom inent nose. O thers n><>
and its derivation from Palaeolithic tim es (cf phallic fem ales: have m odelled heads vvith facial features and a cap and som e o f them
M arshack 19 7 2 : 29 2-9 3). m ay represent masked heads. H orizontal forearm s, m assive arms and 1 41
'53
13 8 F igiirin c o f a goddess w ith phallus-shaped
head arid hands on breasts. N ea N ik o m ed eia,
northern G reece. c. 620 0 bc o r earlier
157
anccstor w orship or w ere com panions or concubines leading a dead
< sS5SSSss5>
person to the other w o rld (H ogarth 1927), but it is n o w apparent that
they m ust represent the G reat Goddess o f a deepiy rooted O ld
European tradition. Analysis o f the reproduced illustrations o f this
goddess reveals on ly a ve ry gradual stylistic change during the course
o f n early fou r m illennia; the im age o f the G reat G oddess remains
rem arkablv stable.
T o the same ca tcgo rv belong Cucuteni, Vm a and Gumelni^a
1 4 9 - 1 5 1 , j 53 figurines vvith schem atized arms and an accentuated, even enorm ous,
iojj pubic triangle. In the East B alkan civilization, particu larly in the
G um elnita com plex, schem atized bone figurines w ith a pubic
triangle, ear-ring holes, tw o dots or depressions on the back (trigonum
tumbale) p rob ab ly representing eggs, and arm stum ps or perforated
arm stum ps w h ich are stylized renderings o f folded arm s, are found
in both settlements and graves.
G reat Goddess figurines vvere placed in graves sin gly, in pairs or
even dozens. E xqu isitely decorated vases p o rtrayin g cosm ological
scenes w ere also offered as gifts to the dead. T h e grave inventory
from the cem etery o f V yk h vatin tsi in M oldavia yielded five vases,
three clay figurines o f the same type, shell beads and a spin dlc-w h orl.
T h e presence o f a spind le-w horl suggests the aspect o f a spinning
goddess, i.c. the Goddess o f Fate. T h e spindle is an attribute o f the
east M editerranean G reat Goddess and is also an aspect o f Artem is
as portrayed on C orinthian vases (Tucker 19 6 3: 56, pl. 20 : 3).
T h e large sie o f m any figurines (in the C yclades som e are nearly
150 cm . high) suggests that they are portrayals o f a goddess. T h e
supernatural triangle and the nudity do not reveal her sexuality.
Breasts and belly are not stressed. T h ro u gh the act o f e n gravin g an
enorm ous triangle in the centre o f the sculpture the artist perhaps
visualized the universai w o m b , the inexhaustible source o f life, to
w hich the dead man returns in order to be born again. In this sense
t!ie G reat Goddess is the m agician-m other. The folded and pressed
arm position (the attitude o f the e m b rvo in the m atrix?) is tvpica! o f
the dead buried in the ccm eteries o f O ld Europe. B abies and ehildren
squeezed into egg-shaped pithoi for burial had arm s tigh tly pressed
to the b.ody, a natural foetal position. A pithos vvas a vvomb as was the
grave pit from which the ehild or adult could be born again. For this
purposc m iniature vessels filled vvith red colour vvere laid in graves
(G eorgiev and A n g e lo v , Ruse, 19 5 7 : 127). The colour o fb lo o d vvas
as efteetive as the real blood necessarv for restoration o f life.
0 1 2 3 4 CM
159
149 -150
') M arb le fig u rin e fro m the teli o f S u lica near Stara Z a g o r a ,
ltral B u lg a ria . East B alkan civilization . c. 4500 - 4000 b c
> 1 T ria n g le-cen tred flat bone fig u rin e fro m L o vc ts near Stara
ago ra, B u lgaria. East B alkan civilizatio n . r. 4500 - 4000 bc
53 Fiat figu rin e vvith breasts and en o rm o u s trian gle as cen tre o f
:us. T h ere is a hole on top fo r insertion o f a go d d ess head. F ro m
na
14 7
T h e beginn ing o f the concept o f continuous life/death duality and 10 5 Anthropomorphic vase
ivith arms held belou/
o f d ivine am bivalence as expressed in ancient G reek m ythical im ages
breasts, concentric circles and
such as H ekate-A rtem is, D em eter-K o re or Persephone, goes back to lozenge m arks,from Vidra,
the N eo lith ic-C h alco lith ic era. D o uble figurines in C ycla d ic art, in northern Rom ania. East
Balkan civilization.
vvhich a baby stands on top o fa norm al-sized sculpture are connected
Chalcolithic
w ith the idea o f rebirth (Th im m e 1965, 7 1). T h ere are m any sculp
tures vvith double heads or m other-and-daughter figures in each
category o f goddesses (cf. Pls. 86, 90, 100, 10 1).
163
155 A n th ro p o m o rp h ic vase w ith sy m b o lic design painted in u hite on reddish-hrosvn h.n.kgroim d. 15 8 Stran g e fo u r-fin g e re d hands on a vase from i Sy A n th ro p o m o rp liie vase svith tlu- e g g -
T h e G re a t G o d d ess left h an d is h eld to the lovver lip o r to ;i p.m -pipe deeor.ited svidi r in g v Sultana,
B an jata, a C h alco lith ic settlem ent in Central B u lgaria. thighs and p ubic trian gle characteri/in s; the
Southern R om an ia. East B alkan civilization . c. 4500 is< East B alk an civilization , c. 4500 bc: (ire.it ( lo d d esv M tild av a. central B u lgaria.
15 6 , 15 7 M asked goddess p o rtray ed in a position th.it suggests g isin g hirth. M cd v c d n ja k . southe.ist of Hast B a l k a n ( K a r a n o v o I). c i v i l i z a t i o n . , . C1000 fe
16 0 Late C u c u ten i b in o c u la r vase fro m B ilcze Z lo te ,
B elgra d e . V in a c iv iliza tio n . c. 5000 b c
vvestern U krain e. E a rly fou rth m illenn iu m bc
T h e persistence o f m agical hands either sculptured in re lie f or painted
is a continuing tradition fo r several thousands o f years. In the East
B alkan civilization in particular, the large four-fingered hands occur
in re lie f or are painted on large vases h avin g a h ypn o tic quality.
Superposed stylized figures vvith enorm ous arms and hands are show n
on a C ucuten i vase fro m P e tren i; they o ccup y the entire height o f
the frieze, alternating vvith quartered discs and rain torrents ( R y b a k o v
19 6 5 : Fig. 36).
10 9 , 1 1 0 D ouble-eggs
V ina and East B alkan figurines o f w o m en in squatting position
u/ithin the bellies offigurines
vvith emphasized upraised egg-shaped thighs evid ently depict a which have double-egg
natural b irth -givin g position. T h e masked vvoman in a contracted motifs incised on fron t and
back. Classical Cucuteni.
position from the V ina settlem ent o f M ed ved njak, southeast o f
N o v y e Ruseshty, Soviet
B elgrad e, has one hand lifted to the m outh, in the m anner o f the M oldavia. End o f fifth
Goddess o f Sultana. Incised on the buttocks and thighs are spiral lines millennium B C
and circles vvith a dot in the m iddle. A small sculpture from 10 8 A double-egg (or
4 double-egg m otif buttockj-shaped bou l witli a / / / Vase in the shape o f
ss' buttoks?) in Cascioarele in Southern R o m a n ia shovvs a vvoman in n early identical handle, painted in concentric buttocks. Sectiotied multiple
ite painting on the squatting position (D um itrescu, 19 66 : Pl. 88). A beautifully m oulded semicireles. Pietrele near m otif painted in white on
o fa dish: Pietrele Bucharest. East Balkan red. Classical Cucuteni.
fem ale figurine sitting on a stool shaped like an exposed vu lv a vvas
'ucharest. East Balkan civilization Izvo are, M oldavia
ation. c. 4000 BC unearthed during the 19 7 1 excavation in D renovac, a V ina site at
S vetozarevo in central Y u g o sla v ia . A Pre-palatial pot from M allia in
C rete has incised on it a likeness o f the naked goddess vvith legs spread
to shovv the pudenda (A lexiou 1969: 85). T h e exposure o fth e genital
region m ust have been sym b olic o f b irth -givin g. T h e pregnant
vvom b is conspicuously absent in representations o f the goddess in
her b irth -givin g funetion.
T h e tvvo large eggs or circles on the back o f the b o d y o f the G reat
G oddess represent her potential. T h e y tand fo r the source o f sub-
sequent developm ent and thus could be called sym bols o f b eco m in g .
T h e eg g is readily observable on vases that vvere p robably connected
1 1 2 Sectioned multiple egg
vvith the cult o f the Great Goddess. A n th rop om orp h ic vases have design u'itli crcscents and
double-egg m otif with
c u'inding across. Dish egg-shaped thighs and buttocks. Lids, dishes, bovvls and jars are ' rain torrents' painted in
i black-on-rcd on incised o r painted vvith eg g m otifs, and pots frequently have a double- black-on-rcd interior o fa
hon'1. Late Cucuteni.
Late Cucuteni. eg g shape. T y p ic a lly Cucutenian are the so-called binocular vases. In Koszylow ce, upper Dniester
i, western Ukraitie.
r millennium c
ali p robability they served in rituals dedicated to the G reat G oddess; V aliey. U kraine. Fourth
sym b olic figures depieted on them inciude dogs, deer and m oon millennium hc:
166
snakes, crescents or schem atized does or faw ns. A true fabric o f 1 1 7 R itual vase in the shape
o f a dog. The Vina site,
b eco m in g is expressed in painting on a Cucuteni b o w l from
Early Vina period
K o sz y lo w c e : the sectioned egg m o tif is surrounded b y smaller and
1 12 larger m oon crescents amid the w ater bands. Sectioned or ruptured
eg g m otifs, painted in three or m ore concentric and parallel lines,
occur in the m ain zone o f the vase decoration. T h e y alternate vvith
diagonal bands m ade up o f parallel lines (rainvvater torrents?), above
12 1 vvhich runs the w h o le procession o f animals associated vvith the
goddess.
T h e sectioned egg m o tif is firm ly w o ve n into the ornam ental
pattern o f vase decoration. In the fourth m illennium b c , the con-
ju n ctio n o f the e gg, d ou b le-egg, lens, crescent, snake, and spiral
m otifs on vases o f the Cucuteni civilization reached a rare level o f
1 1 9 D og on the lid o f a
exquisite design. In the abstract and com posite designs, dictated by steatite vase from early
m ythical thinking, a harm onious com bination o f germ cell and M inoan site o f Mochlos.
cosm ic snakes and favvns is apparent. T h e sign o f a sectioned double- 1 1 8 L id handle in the form
Th ird millennium b c :
ii5 , n 6 eg g as an ideogram o f the G reat Goddess persisted into M inoan- o f a dog ivith human mask.
M ycen aean times. T h e m o tif reappears as a decoration on the festival C orn i Pasarel, central
Bulgaria. East Balkan
attire o f the goddess in a procession holding a double axe in each
civilization. c. 4000 BC
u4 hand, on one o f the frescoes o f the Late M inoan Palae o f Knossos,
and painted on M id d le and Late M inoan vases. It can also be seen T he ep ip h a n ie s
carved out o f lim estone as frieze decoration in the M iddle M inoan
116 III Palae at Knossos, and at M ycen ae as part o f the decoration above i The dog, a double o f the Moon Goddess
the d o o rw a y o f the Treasu ry o f Atrcus. D o g , the hovvlcr by night, vvas the goddess principa] anim ai. H o w
im portant a role it p!ayed in the m y th o lo g y o f O ld Europe is
12 0 M ythical dog painted in
cmphasized in figurines o f m arble, rock crystal and terracotta, p or- black on a large pear-shaped
traying the anim ai as a vvhole or its head alone in the form o f cult vase from Varvarovka, a
1 14 Pattern painted in bine, red, vases shaped like a dog, or dog-figurines attached to vessels or fo rm - Late Cucuteni site near
yel!ow and black 011 the hem o f skirt Kishenev, Soviet M oldavia.
ing the handles o f vases or cups. T h e handle o f a graphite-painted
ivom by goddess. From a fresco Fourth millennium B c
representing processional scenes in the
vase from G orni Pasarel in central B ulgaria shovvs a dog vvearing a
ivestern w ing o f the palae o f Knossos. human m ask. Its body is notehed on the back and front p rob ab ly to
Late M inoan. The ruptured-egg emphasize the d o g s aggressive characteristics. A large vase dis
m otif in the loiver band is signifeant
eovered at the Cucuteni site o f Podei has a handle o f a dog vvith fore-
legs stretehed out and the hind part o f the body raised up as i f about
to attack. A close parallel, about one thousand years later in date,
1 1 5 Egg-and-germ -splitting m otif from the E arly M inoan II site o f M ochlos shovvs a sculptured d og on
painted in tivo rows on a Late Minoan the lid o f a steatitc vase decorated in zones o f striated triangles. Four
ampliora from the R oyal Tomb o f
Isopata at Knossos. Vertical lines may dogs are portrayed holding the neck o f a large black vase found in the
sym bolize a snake Lengyel settlem ent o f Strelice in ccntral Czcchoslovakia (V ildom ec,
1940). Ferocious-lookin g dogs vvith three-clavved paws, fur bristling
and tails raised, flying through cosm ic space, appear painted in black
or chocolate bro w n on late Cucuteni oehre-red vases, n otably on 1 2 1 Anim ai ivith Caterpillar
1 1 6 Half-rosettes and triglyphs - large pear-shaped pithoi and on binocular pots. M asterfully schem a frie z e painted in black
m otif on a limestone frie z e from the large vase fr o m
northucstern angle o f the palae o f tized, they aptly portray the dynam ism and gracility o f the anim als
Krutoborodintsi, tvesteri
Knossos. M iddle M inoan I II body. Ukraine. Late Cucuten
168 169
T h e m enacing dogs ob vio u sly belonged to the M o o n Goddess
w h o, like the nightm arish H ekate o f early historic times, w as w o r-
shipped b y dogs barking at the m oon, and whose principal sacrificial
anim ai was the dog. T h eir lunar character is stressed b y crescents
depieted around or b e lo w the figures o f dogs.. O ther C ucuten i vases
display processions o f dogs, a deer, a billy goat, a nanny goat, and a
w o o lly Caterpillar in the upper sp h ere above the main zone in the
centre o f the vase, the central m o tif o f w hich is the sectioned e g g and
the id eogram o f the G reat Goddess. D o gs are portrayed leaping high
on either side o f a tree, perhaps a life-tree, the sym b ol o f ali life, w ild 12 2 Dogs fia n k in g a
Caterpillar. Painting on the
i 6 1 R eclin in g Pietrelc, and cultivated. T h e representations o f the life-tree guarded b y fero- upper part o f a vase from
Southern k a im n ia . Mast Balkan cious anim als on C ucuteni vases are the earliest in European art, and Valea L u pulu i, northeastern
cuiture. ((.u m ieln ija-K aran o vo Rom ania. Late Cucuteni.
VI). M id -filth m illennium ih:
later persisted through ali o f prehistoric and early historic times. T h e
H eight, 5 2 .8 cm. Fourth
guardian dogs, h ow ever, w ere replaced b y lions, he-goats or other
millennium BC
K i D o g im attackin g position, male animals. In folklore, the O ld European m ythical dog has lasted
tlu - h rok cn -o lFh atu fle ot a vase.
to this day. In the B alk an countries it is believed that eclipses o f the
Late (!u cu ten i. I odci at T ;irgu-
O cn a. nor(hea\tvr Rom ania. sun and m oon are caused b y dog-headed monsters. In M acedonia, a
I-.irlv fourth m illennium ne Chetvorok, a dog w ith a w h o rl o f hair over each eye, m ak in g him
appear fou r-eyed , is the enem y o f a vam pire. H ence w e have several
aspeets o f the d o g : dangerous, nocturnal and punitive on the one <d___ I ^ ____ i
hand, and a proteetor against the forces o f evil on the other. T h e 1 2 3 Dogs guarding the life-
northern European b e lie f in the existence o f a corn pirit in the shape tree. Paintings on Late
Cucuteni vases from
o f a d o g or w o lf m ay also have originated in the N eolithic period. In
Sipintsi, western Ukraine
fact, d o g s original role in m yth m ay ve ry w ell be derived from its
im portance as a guardian, proteeting m ans hom e, his seedlings and
yo u n g crops against the early farm ers ow n herds and w ild animals
- as was righ tly observed b y B o gaevskij (1937) and after him b y
R y b a k o v (1965).
164 l.attf C u c u ten i vase bearing .1 design K is I )ogs Hy ab o v e tlu* vomiih di^i * m ii f n 1
d ivid ed in to three m etopes. each in clu d in g a D esign painted in black 011 tlu' o ih re -re d m m I.hv
d o g and caterpillars Valea l.u p u h n . n ortli- ot a piril'orm vase. Late l u i u u m . ISiK/c / Ime. n orlh -
eas'tern R om an ia. l'arlv fourth ! 11 ilk-mlim) 1 1 \vestcrn U krain e. Kariv tourili m illenm im i m
Does in the shape o f
crcscents ( ? ) turu in
ire directions. Painted
t 011 red on the inner
lce o f bou'ls. i ,
tsheuka; 2 , 4, 7,
ia B u da ; 3 , 6, 8,
:s i; s , Podolia.
Hem U kraine. Late
nteni. Fourth
.nititn BC
E xcep tion ally beautiful are cult vases in the shape o f a doe. O ut-
16 7 , 168 standing is the large vase from M u ld ava in central B u lgaria. As a
sculpture, the M u ld ava deer o f the N eolithic period com petes vvith
the ceram ic m odels o f deer m ade som e five thousand years later, for
instance w ith those o f the p roto-G eom etric o r G eom etric period o f
G reece (cf. a sculpture o f a doe from a grave o f the tenth century BC
in the cem etery o f K eram eikos in A thens: K u b ler 1943 : Pl. 26). As
an anim al sacred to A rtem is and Diana, the doe continued to be
sculpted in ancient G reece and R o m e (Hoehn 19 46 : Pls. III, V , V I,
Figs 17 and 2 1). T h e b o d y o f the doe o f M u ld ava is decorated with
crcscents in a negative d esig n ; hence the anim al is shovvn to be cIosely
related to the m oon sym bolism .
In the pictorial representations on Late C ucuteni b o w ls the
schem atically portrayed b o d y o f a deer is transform ed into a crescent.
Like snakes or tails o f com ets, tw o deer w h irl in oppositc directions
12 4 o v er the spherical surface o f the bow l. Heads like crescent m oons and
small crcscents repeated on abstract bodies cmphasize the lunar
characteristics. T h e com b -likc signs encountcred on som e representa
tions m ay sym bolizc the udders o f a doe, the source o f rainw ater.
Painted in parallel lines, the bodies o f the deer give an im pression o f
rain clouds, w hile through the m iddle a snake winds. hi som e por-
travals deer antlers and crescent m oons m erge together as they spin
69 A n th ro p o m o rp h iz e d toad vvith
aised arm s fro m the V in a sito.
5 D eer or deer antlers c, 5000 BC
nning around a central 170 B ir t h -g iv in g G o d d ess in the
<s-sign fojem an abstract shape o f a toad. M a rb le fig u rin e from
tern on tlte inner surface Anza, sou theastem Y u g o sla v ia .
i deep boit'l. The Central B a lk a n N e o lith ic. c. 5800 BC
dess dog appears on one
Tu>o pairs o f crcscents, 1 7 1 S ty liz e d toad carv ed o u t o f
<mentary sym'bols o f blueish serpentin e fro m the N e o lith ic
om ing' are on opposite settlem ent at N e a N ik o m e d e ia ,
s. Late Cucuteni. B ilcze northern G reece . E n d o f seventh
m illenn ium b c
'te, northpestern Ukraine.
Iy fourth millennium b c
T w o schematized
or snakesispin in
site directions in egg-
d containers,
ated witfit.caterpillars
iple lines. Late
teni. Sipintsi,
rn Ukraine. E arly
i millennium BC
174
T h e life-g iv in g goddess, her legs w id ely parted, appears in relief m o tif on central European Linear Danubian pots is so frequent that 31
on the vvalls o f a ta l H u y u k shrines, frequently in association vvith B u tler in his m onograp h o f 1938 assumed this creature to be sacred
bulls heads or bulls horns (M ellaart 19 6 7: 10 2 -3 , 109, 1 1 5 - 1 6 , 127, (B utler 19 38 : 56). T h at the upraised arms and outstretched legs had
13 4 - 3 5 ) . B u lls heads vvith enorm ous horns, or the horns alone, w ere a m agical significance is evident from pottery reliefs o f tw o figures
attached to vvalls or to special pedim ents, and in several shrines one associated vvith snakes on a Vina vase from G o m o lava. Parted legs
or m ore huge buli heads w ere placed ju st b elo w the goddess as i f to and pubic triangle, in shorthand resem bling the letter M , becam e
assert and strengthen her pow ers. T h e b elly o f the goddess is usually the ideogram o f the G reat Goddess. T h e M sign occurs on vases,
m arked vvith a circle or concentric circles. A lth ou gh no shrines o f engraved or painted, and in com bination vvith the im age o f the
com parab le antiquity or State o f preservation have been found in goddess face on pithoi from Szentes in southeastern H u n gary. The
Europe, it can be surm ised from reliefs o f the goddess vvith upraised face, incised on the neck o f the pithos, is flanked by snakes. T h e handle
arm s and outstretched legs on sixth-m illennium vases o f the P ro to - ends are m odelled as upraised hum an arms and a small M sign is
Sesklo and Starevo com plexes that her im age vvas as frequent there incised on the underside o f each arm , belovv the hand. Vases bearing
as in A natolia. T h e re lie f o f a figure vvith w id ely parted legs and such representations in engravings or reliefs could have played a part
upraised arm s on a Starevo potsherd from the site o f Sarva in in the cult o f the dead. T h e m ysterious p ow er o ver life processes
northern Y u go slav ia is undoubtedly related id eolo gically to the vvhich the toad is thought to possess consistently recurs in the
C atal H u y iik shrine reliefs. Pottery bearing reliefs or incised repre consciousness o f the European people long after the dissolution o f
sentations o f figures vvith upraised arms and parted legs is found from O ld Europe. Thus the toad appears painted on am phorae o f Palatial
T hessaly and M acedonia to northern H u n gary and G erm an y, vvhere Crete. O f particular interest is the L ady T o a d from Maissau, a
the goddess is schem atically en graved on vessels o f the B iik k and Bronze A g e urnfield in lovver Austria, vvhich dates from around
Linear D anubian com plexes o f the fifth m illennium b c (m any 110 0 b c (G ulder 1962). This terracotta has a hum an face, fem ale
illustrations o f these are given by G ulder 1962). T h e stylized toad breasts and an exposed vu lva on the underside o f the nearly natural-
istically portrayed anim ai. Terracotta, bronze, am ber and iv o ry
1 2g Sh rin e from Qatal H iiyu k , central A natolia, ivith ' Birth-giving Goddess1 in relief toads are knovvn from Etruscan, Greek and R o m a n sanctuaries and i j o Schem atized 'Birth-
above buli heads, Seventh millennium BC g iv in g Goddess engraved on
Zreat Goddess in the graves. A bronze sculpture o f a toad vvith an inscription vvas found a potsherd from Borsod,
' f a toad. Statuette as a vo tive offering at C orinth and a beautiful tiny figurine o f a toad northeastern Hungary. \
acilar, west central Biikk cuiture. End o f sipali
carved out o fa m b e r vvas diseovered in a grave at Vetulonia at P o g g io
a, a sixth~ millennium 8 c
ni um settlement alla G uardia in Italy. Its being carved in am ber, an im ported and
expensive m aterial, proves the high esteem in vvhich the toad vvas
held during the E arly Iron A ge. Ivories from the sixth-century b c
sanctuary o f A rtem is O rthia at Sparta in the Peloponnese inelude
toads and turtles as vo tive offerings. T h e turtle cult vvas no less ancient
and significant than the toad s: a terracotta turtle vvas found in Vina
and another com es from D im ini at V olos in Thessaly (N ational
M useum , Athcns 3 7 : 6019). A t G rivac, a Vina site in central Y u g o -
slavia, a representation o f a turtle vvith a p ig s head am e to light
(K ragu jevac M useum , Inv. 4, 288).
T oad s made o f w a x , iron, silver and vvood are to be found to this
day as vo tive offerings to the V irgin M ary in ehurehes in Bavaria,
A ustria, H u n gary, M oravia and Y u g o sla v ia ; cthnographers have
e lief o f'B irth -g iv in g
recorded m ore than a hundred instances in Bavaria alone (Gulder
1 3 1 ' Birth-giving Goddess'
s on a pottery 19 6 2 :2 6 ). Som e o f these ex-vo to s have human heads, others bcar the in the shape o f a toad.
cnt from Sarva, sign o f a vulva 011 the underside, vvhile m any have a cross on the back. Engravitig on the base o fa
rn Yugoslavia. Linear Pot(ery dish from the
Balkan Neolithic.
E xam ples from the eastern A lps are o f astonishing antiquity. T h ey
settlement o f K o lesovia
' sixth millennium vvere intended as a proteetion against barrenness and to ensure safe Bohemia. End o f sixth
pregnancy. T o a d s m eat vvas eaten until recently to in vok c labour millennium b c
176 177
pains, toads blood was used as an aphrodisiac and d ry toads were E gyp tian s also knevv o f the travelling uterus (R ein h ard 1 9 1 7 : 340).
hung up to protect the house against ali evil. Such beliefs suggest a W h o is this anim al m o vin g about in a w o m a n s b o d y ? Equipped w ith
benevolent goddess, but the toad as a nocturnal and m ysterious docum entation from present folk, m edieval, G reek, R o m a n and
creature can cause madness, can take a w a y the m ilk and suck the E gyp tian beliefs, G uld er (1962) in his treadse on the M aissau toad
blood from humans w hile they sleep. In Baltic and Slavic (i.e. Indo- presented a very convincing interpretation: this m ysterious anim al,
European) m ythologies, she is the main incarnation o f the chthonic must, he concluded, be a toad. The foetus was a toad w hich craw led
m agician goddess. In the Indo-Europcan m yth ologies she is basically into the w o m b (the real cause o f conception w as not knovvn in pre-
an incarnation o f a goddess o f death, w h ile in the south, w h ere O ld history). N eo lith ic or even U p p er Palaeolithic m an m ust have seen
European ( i.e . pre-Indo-European) m y th o lo g y was firm ly rooted, the hum an e m b ryo at the age o f one or tvvo m onths: it is about 3.5
the m ost prcvalent beliefs conccrning the toad are those connected cm. in length, has a big head, tvvo dark points fo r eyes, black holes
vvith birth, pregnancv or tlie w o m b (uterus). fo r a nose, tw o depressions for ears, a long opening for the m outh
European peasants still speak about a travelling uterus in the and stumps for arms and legs. Such a creature can easily be taken fo r
w o m a n s body. Sim ilar beliefs are recorded in Greek and R o m a n a toad ! A n d this is w h at apparently happened far back in time,
iphora decorated u'itli
: sym bol and toad, times. H ippocrates, Plato and Aristotle com pared the uterus to an p ro b ab ly m ore than ten thousand years ago, and the b e lie f has still
ace o j Phaistos, anim al vvhich m oves in the lo w er part o f a vvom ans b o d y (Blind not com pletely died out. T h e idea that a toad causes pregnancy m ay
i Crete. M iddle 19 0 2: 69; G u ld cr 19 62: 36). I f this anim al is not satisfied, it m ay rnove have originated before the N eolithic period since representations o f
iI
up and hinder breathing, and cause fright or other disorders. toads (or lizards) engraved on bone artifacts are knovvn fro m the
M esolithic M aglem ose culture.
17 179
a nocturnal anim ai; it does not em erge during d ayligh t and when
startled in its n ightly forages it rolls itself up in a bali, from w hich
sharp spines stick out in every direetion. N o w o n d er it is endovved
w ith m agical pow ers.
A k ey to understanding w h y the G reat Goddess ehose the hedge
hog as her double again lies in parallels o f e x -v o to im ages. In Southern
T iro l, instead o f an im itation toad, a so-called Stachelkugel, a spiky
13 8 Profile o f terracotta
bali , w as brought to ehurehes or chapels and also placed in graves. hedgehog from Cascioarele,
Such balls made o f w o o d and painted red, are usualiy 8 -19 cm . Southern Rom ania. East
across, round or oval in shape, and are called uteri . A b o u t fifty Balkan civilization. See
P l. i 77
years ago m any such Stachelkugeln w ere to be seen; n o w on ly old
ones still rem ain (Gulder 19 6 2 : 25). T h e prototype possibly derives
fro m the uterus o f a co w , vvhich after parturition rem ains sw ollen
and covered vvith warts (know n in G erm an as Igeln , hedgeh ogs).
Indeed in som e areas o f Southern T iro l the c o w s uterus is called
Ig elk alb , h ed geh ogs c a lf (i d 30). T h e association o f a c o w s
uterus w ith the hedgehog is certainly not recent and m ay date from
the period o f the beginning o f anim ai dom estication. T h e arehae-
ological evidence shows the G reat G oddess epiphany in the form
o f a hedgeh og to be not later than the fifth m illennium b c . V o tive
offerings in the shape o f a uterus - fiat and oval a y objeets w ith a
ridged surface - occur am ong the Etruscan and R o m a n antiquities.
3 The bee and the butterfly: the bull-born Goddess o f Transformatiort and
Regeneration
B efo re w e discuss the epiphany o f the G reat Goddess in the shape o f
a bee or a butterfly w e must m ention the ancient b elief that bees are
begotten o f bulls. O ne o f the earliest writers to m ention the bull-
17 6 T erraco tta h e d g e h o g fro m born bee is A ntigonos o f K arystos, about 250 BC, w h o says:
C is c io a re le , S o u th e rn R o m a n ia .
East B alkan civilization In Egypt if you bury the ox in certain places, so that only his horns project
(G u m eln i[a-K aran o v o V I). above the ground and then saw them off, they say that bees fiy out; for
M id -fifth m illenn ium bc the ox putrefies and is resolved into bees.
(Antigonos, Hist. mir. 19 ; quoted by Cook Zeus I, 514 ;
Ransome 1937: 114).
181
b c) likew ise recounts this m ethod o f obtaining the o x -b o rn bees. A
further explanation o f vital im portance is given b y P o rp h y ry (a d
233 to c. 304), w h o w rites:
182
F rieze (partiy even the m ost im portant nam es: sphex (bee), simblos (h iv e ) and
strueted) o f Bee Goddess propolis (kerinthos) (R ansom e 19 3 7 : 64). T h e y also inherited the
inted on Proto-Sesklo
m ythical im age o f the G reat Goddess as a bee, the Goddess o f
Dtzaki, Thessaly.
m 1 1' | I f \ 1i i / 1/ R egen eratio n , the im age o f her virgin priestesses or nym phs as bees,
o - 6200 BC
and m an y other m yths and beliefs connected w ith the bee and honey.
lI v ' / T h e Cretans on the other hand, must have held bees in high esteem
\ \ \ /
\ \ \ from the beginning o f the N eolithic era.
\\ \ /
v\ ' \ '\ /< T h e fact that w e have been considering the bee rather than the
\
butterfly does not im p ly that in ancient m y th o lo g y the bee vvas the
portrayals o f schematized toads or dancing figu res. T h e im age o f m ore im portant o fth e t w o ; both vvere equally ancient and essential in
the goddess in the shape o f a bee or som e other kind o f insect has a the sym b olism associated w ith the goddess. The difficulty is that in
v e rv lo n g h is to ry : earlicst representations occur in the N eolithic schem atic prehistoric reliefs or paintings o f the goddess vve can
P roto-Sesklo and Starevo com plexes. A creature vvith w in g-lik e recognize little m ore than an insect head or insect hands. W hether
arm s and a protruding cone betvveen the parted legs painted in cherry she is L a d y B e e or L ad y B u tterfly cannot be determ ined. In most
red on a w h ite background on a ja r from O tzaki, a P ro to -Sesk lo site N eolithic reliefs, such as that from K otacpart, the im age o f the
in Thessaly, m ay be one o f the earliest representations o f a Lady goddess can be interpreted as representing either a bee or a butterfly.
B e e . Schem atic figures vvith upraised arms and bifurcated heads The scene on the gold ring from the grave o f Isopata near Knossos,
Schematized Bee
>s< on a potsherd from have long been k n ow n in the Starevo com plex o f H u n gary. W hat dating from c. 1500 b c , ineludes four fem ale figures in festival attire,
iv ic e , Linear Pottery m ay be a headless bee appears in re lie f on a large vessel fro m the same perhaps p o rtrayin g the goddess and her devotees, usually assumcd
n Czechoslovakia site o f Kopancs. Headless bees portrayed on rosettes are knovvn from to be melissae, or bees. T h eir heads and hands are certainly those o f an
the A rtem isium o f Ephesus (m ore than 5000 years later) w here they insect, but vve cannot be sure o f vvhat kind.
vvere p robably used as eharms. In R o m a n times, headless bees to
gether w ith headless toads also occur on rosettes used as talismans to
avert the evil eye (R an som e 19 3 7 : 110 ). A figure o f a goddess in the
shape o f a bee (?) is painted in red on a Tisza dish from Ilonapart at
Szentes. H er bee-like attributes are a bifurcated insect-type head,
legs and a sting (a tail). Schem atized figures o f bees, h aving the
characteristic ridged b o d y, are quite frequent on Linear pottery.
A n alogo u s representations often appear in relief on C ucuteni vases.
3.ee Goddess, a O n a M ycenaean gem o f M inoan vvorkm anship tvvo lion-headed
'ry relief from Trufefti. genii clad in bee skins hold ju g s o ver horns from w hich a new life
sical Cucuteni. Second
springs in the shape o fa plant. W hat do these ju g s c o n ta in ? -p ro b a b ly
ffifth millennium BC
foo d o f the gods produced by the bee. T h at mead vvas used as a
jCfiii dressed iti bee libation is w cll knovvn from Classical G reek w riters. Sacrificial honcy
< h old ju g s over horns
vvas am ong the sober o fferin gs, the nephalia, but it was also knovvn
uhich a plant groivs.
naean geni as an intoxicant. H oney w as alw ays considered to be a food that
conduces to a long and healthy life. Pythagoras, vvhosc life spanned
the grcater part o f the sixth century b c attributed his lo n gevity to a
constant use o f h oney in his dict. H on ey was a healing substance.
Glaucus, the son o f M inos and Pasiphae, vvas restored to life when
buried in a h oncy ja r.
T h e apiculture o f the M inoans is docum cntcd b y hieroglyphs,
representations o factu al beehives, engraved im ages, and m yths. The
Greeks, w h o like the rest o f the Indo-Europeans k n ew on ly o f w ild
honey, inherited bee-kecping from the M inoans. T h e y borrovved
i4
T h e m otifs o f chrysalises, buttcrflics, and d ou ble-axes are vvell 149 M inoan goddess holding butterflies
knovvn to the student o f M inoan-M ycenaean art. It vvas indeed Sir (double axes)
A rth u r Evans vvho published a series o f chrysalises, buttcrflics, and
goddesses related to chrysalises or vvith butterfly vvings (Evans 1925).
H e interpreted the chrysalis as an em blem o f a nevv life after death.
C o m m o n vvhite and other species vvith eyed, indented vvings occur
repeatedly in M in o an and M ycenaean art. In a cham ber tom b at
G o ld cHrysalis jrorn a 1 5 1 Bucrania and ritual
M ycen ae a detailed exam ple in the form o f a gold chrysalis bead vvas
ber tomb at M ycenae. liorns surmounted by a
oo bc || found b y A . J . B . W ace. It has eyes, and the vving cases and articula- double a xe (butterfly).
tion o f the abdom en are indicated. In Sh aft-grave III at M ycenae, Painting on a M ycenaen
Schliem ann diseovered go ld pendants in the shape o f chrysalises k ra ter from Salam is,
C yp ru s
associated vvith golden butterflies, as w ell as butterflies em bossed on
the plates o f vvhat had been scales (Evans 19 2 5 : 56, Fig. 48a and b : 59,
Fig. 52). T h e M ycen aean butterflies are an inheritance fro m M inoan
C rete, vvhere they are knovvn from the M iddle M inoan III and later
periods. A seal from Z a k ro in eastern C rete reveals the goddess vvith
a hum an head, large vvings o f an eyed butterfly, and anim al or bird
legs.
T h e epiphany o f the goddess in the shape o f a butterfly in
Scal inipression from M in o an-M ycenaean religion cannot be doubted. W e m ay ask novv
'0, eastern Crete,
hovv far back she can be traced.
aying gbddess ivith the
s o f an iy e d butter(1y. A n upper torso o f a fem ale figurine vvith schem atized butterflies
ilc M inoan III incised beneath the breasts vvas found at Passo di C o rv o , a neolithic
settlem ent o f the sixth m illennium b c north o f F o ggia, southeast
15 0 Engravings o f butterjiie. 1 5 2 Painted representation
Italy (T in e 19 7 2 : 330). T h e figurine probably belongs to the late
on N eolithic vases from the o f goddess with ivings in the
Im presso period, M asceria de la Q uercia com plcx. A n oth er em blem Linear Pottery culture in shape o f a double a xe on a
o f regeneration o r b irth -g ivin g resembles the letter M . It vvas inciscd C zechoslovakia. Fifth M iddle M inoan I t I vase
millennium BC from Knossos
ran d o m ly on the back and front o f the torso. T h e phallic top o f the
figu rin e s head vvas encirclcd b y a spiral, p robably a snake. T h e up-
lifted face o f the figurine vvas masked and impressed dots around the M o reo ve r, on painted M inoan vases there is frequently an anth ropo
neck suggcst a bead necklace. T h e accum ulation o f sym bols allovvs m orph ic im age o f the goddess having vvings in the shape o f a double-
one to regard this figurine as a G reat Goddess in her funetion as the axe, an eeho o f the goddess epiphany in the shape o fa buttcrfly. T h e
Goddess o f R egen eratio n . T o m b o f the D o u b le-A x cs at Knossos vvas, in fact, a shrine o f the
T h e shape o f a butterfly em erges 011 C^atal H iiyu k frescoes goddess (Evans 19 2 5 : 6 1). T h e proccss o f transform ation from a
1 50 (M ellaart 19 6 7: Pl. 40) and is incised on European N eo lith ic pots. butterfly to a d ou b lc-axe m ust have been influenccd by the sim ilarity
T h e butterflies 011 D anubian Linear Pottcry jars even have dots on o f shape betvveen the tvvo or b y the influence o f the n carby Indo-
them, possibly to represent the com m a-typ e butterfly. These Europeans (M ycenaeans), to vvhom the axc o f the T h u n d er-g od vvas
schem atic buttcrflics are the prototypes o f the M inoan doub le-axes sacred since it vvas inbued vvith his potency. W hcrcas the Indo-
151 vvhich vve find p ortraycd betvveen the horns o f a buli. T h e em blem European axc vvas the vveapon o f a male god, the M inoan d oublc-
0
o f the G reat Goddess in its origin has nothing to do vvith the a x e ; it axe vvas n ever shovvn in such a context. It appears as an em blem held
antedates the appearance o f metal axes by several thousand years. In by the goddess in each hand in frescoes and on sehist plaques. 1 5 .i Painted representation
the second m illcnnium bc ; , because o f their incrcasing im portance C aterpillars appear on Cucuteni vases, both in a proccssion o f the o f goddess u'ith u>ings in
sliapc o fa double axe
axes vvere m ade in im itation o fa butterfly (therefore double-bladed). goddess animals (see Fig. 12 1) and in association vvith her dogs (see
(resanbting a btntcrfly) on a
W hen fm ally the buttcrfly becam e a double-axe, the im age o f the Pl. 164). Short zigzaggin g creatures vvith round heads at both ends flora! stem. Late M inoan /,
goddess as a buttcrfly continued to be engraved on doublc-axcs. above the belt o fsp ira llin g snakes probably vvere meant to represent island of M oclilos, C.ritc
186 187
|Gold p laau c o f B e c G oddess
i C am iro s, R h o d c s . Seventh
|ury bc
"Bee G od d ess. R e l i e f on a
Jie r d ; K o p an cs, southeastern
&gairy. C en tra l B alkan
Jithic. S ix th m illen n iu m bc
IRem'ains o f a b o w l sh o w in g
poddess painted in red on
te b a ck gro u n d . Szentes,
eastern H u n g a ry . A lfo ld
jithic
iyo
1 86, 1 8 7 B ear cub (?) fro m P av lo va c , Sout her n
45
Y u g o sla v ia . V in a, c. 4
~ o K<;
G o ddess
196
are described as jo u rn e y in g o ver the graves o f the dead and above the fen 1863 :2 4 ). In paintings on vases, the vvorshippers o f A rtem is w o re
sacrificed blood . In the days o f Aristophanes and A isch ylos she is the anim als m asks vvhile dancing. T h e girls and w o m en o f Lakedem onia
mistress o f the n ight road vvho leads travellers astray, o f cross w ays, p erform ed orgiastic dances to g lo rify A rtem is. Fat men, padded and
o f fate, and o f the w o rld o f the dead, being knovvn b y both names, m asked as com ic actors, participated in fertility dances fo r A rtem is
H ekate and A rtem is. As Q ueen o f the Ghosts, H ekate sweeps through (Jucker 1963). W e can recognize their ancestors in the m asked and
the night follovved b y her b ayin g hounds; as Enodia she is the padded m en o f the Vina culture o f c. 5000 b c (see Pls. 24, 25).
guardian o f crossroads and gates. H er sanctuaries stood at the gate O fferings to A rtem is inciude phalii and ali species o f anim als and
to a h ill-fo rt or at the entrance to a house. Pregnant w o m en sacrificed fruits, fo r she w as proteetor o f ali life, bestow ing fertility on humans,
to Enodia to ensure the goddess help at birth (W ilam o w itz- animals and fields, and the sacrifice o f any liv in g thing vvas app ro-
M oellen do rf, I, 19 5 9 : 6 9 -17 4 ). T h ere is no m ention in A ischylos priate to her. A cco rd in g to the legend adapted b y Sophocles, the
o f H ek ate-A rtem is assisting at birth. C la y figurines o fth e goddess in m ost beautiful girl o f the year, Iphigeneia, had to be sacrificed to the
a seated position w ere sacrificed to her (id .: 17 1 ) . A terracotta goddess. T h e possibility o f hum an sacrifice is suggested b y the fact
m edallion found in the A thenian A go ra portrays a triple-bodied that A rtem is herself is called Iphigeneia in Hermione and Ageira and
H ekate-A rtem is w ith stag and dog flanking her. She holds a torch, that hum an sacrifice vvas perform ed fo r Laphria w h o vvas also
w h ip and b o w -a n d -a rro w (T hom pson 1960: 367). Sophocles in A rtem is (W ilam ow itz-M o ellen d orf, ibid.: i8 if.) . M utilated beasts,
A n tigo n e m entions Enodia as Persephone, the ruler o f the dead. T h e from vvhich a m em ber vvas cut o f f , vvere sacrificed to A rtem is in
torch o f the goddess p ro b a b ly relates to the fertilizing p o w e r o f the B oeotia, Euboea and Attica. In Asia M inor, in the great spring festival
m oon since H ekates torches w ere carried around the freshly sow n o f C y b e le , the shorn genitals o f her priests vvere consecrated to her
fields to p rom ote their fertility. Statues o f R o m a n D iana sh ow her (Persson 19 4 2 : 106). H e-goat and stag vvere particularly appreciated
cro w n ed w ith the crescent and carryin g a raised torch. H ekate is sacrificial anim als, and also the hare, a m oon anim al. In nearly ali
responsible fo r lun acy and, on the positive side, is G iv e r o f V ision. shrines dedicated to A rtem is spindle-vvhorls, loo m vveights, shuttles
T h e L a d y o f free and untam ed nature and the M oth er, protectress and kallatoi have been found and from inscriptions in sanctuaries it
o f vveaklings, a d ivin ity in w h o m the contrasting principles o f is knovvn that vvoollen and linen clothes and threads vvound on spools
v irg in ity and m otherh ood are fused into the concept o f a single vvere offered as gifts to her (R o u se 19 0 2: 274, 296). O n C orinthian
goddess, w as venerated in G reece, L yd ia, C rete and Italy. She appears vases, A rtem is and her priestesses are seen holding a spindle (Jucker
as A rtem is and under m an y local nam es: D iktynn a, Pasiphae, 1963 : Pl. 20 .j) .
Europa (the w id e -g lan cin g on e), B ritom artis ( the sw eet v irg in ) She appeared at births as the b irth -givin g goddess, A rtem is
in C rete, Laphria in A eto lia, K allisto ( the beautiful) in A rk adia, or Eileithyia ( C h ild -b earing). Figurines in a seated position vvere
A g ro tera ( the w ild ), and D iana in R o m e . She, the pure and strong sacrificed to her. D iana also presided o ver childbirth and vvas called
one , w as surrounded b y nym phs, flanked b y anim als, and as huntress O pener o f the W o m b . A s the B ear-M o th er she nursed, reared and
dom inated the anim al w o rld . G am es vvith bulls w erc am o n g the proteeted the n e w ly born vvith th epietas materna o f a bear. Tithenidia,
rituals o f this goddess. She vvas present e veryw h ere in nature, above the festival o f nurses and nurslings in Sparta, honoured her nam e.
ali in hills, forests, meadovvs, and fertile vallcys, and often w as T his goddess, as O tto (1965) poetically obscrvcd, m irrors the
th erioform , app earing as a bear or doe. T h e A rkadian K allisto, her d ivin e fem in in ity o f nature. U n lik e the E arth -M oth er vvho gi ves birth
com panion and dou b le, was said to have assumed the form o f a bear. to ali life, sustains it, and in the end receives it back into her bosom ,
T h e stag is her standing attribute in plastic art; she is called stag- she refleets the v irg in ity o f nature vvith its brilliance and vvildness,
huntress in the H o m eric H ym ns. H er com panion T a y g e te was vvith its guiltless puricy and its strnngencss. A nd vet, intertvvined vvith
transform ed into a doe and in the legend o f the A lodac she hcrself this crystal-clear essence vvere the dark roots o f savage nature.
assumes that fo rm . Pausanias records (8.37.4) that in the tem ple o f A rtem is o f Brauronia aroused madness. H er anger caused the death
D espoina in A rcad ia her statue vvas clothed w ith deer pelt. N ear o f w o m en in childbirth.
C o lo p h o n lay a sm all island sacred to A rtem is to w hich it vvas b e -' It is no m ere coincidence that the venerated goddess o f the sixth
lieved pregnant does sw am in order to bear their y o u n g (Strabo and fifth centurics in A ncient Greece resem bles the Goddess o f Life
14.6 43, cited b y O tto 19 6 5 : 84). W ell-bred Athenian girls o f and D eath o f the sixth and fifth m illennia BC. M yth ical im ages last
m arriageablc age danced as bears in h onour o f A rtem is o f B rauronia, for m ariy m illennia. In her various m anifestations - strong and
and during rites o f cult-initiation girls becam e bears, arktoi (B ach o- beautiful V irg in , B ear-M oth er, and L ife -g iv e r and L ifc-takcr - the
198 199
fc??esf Sadse** isise im a tat ove && bsfefa $g
appearanee of Giasslcai Greek: civiligaiian , V iilage eemmusiitei
vvorship her to this day in the guisc o f the V irgin Mary. eoneept
The
o fth e goddess in bear shape vvas d ecp ly ingrained in m y thical thought
throu gh the m illennia and survives in coiitem porary C rete as V irgin
M a ry o f the B e a r . In the cave o f A cro tiri near ancient K y d o n ia, 3
festival in h on o u r o f Panagia (M arv) A rkouiotissa (she o f the bear)
is cclebrated on the second day o f F eb ru ar/ (Thom pson 19 0 1-6 3 ).
In European fo lk beliefs, she still moves w ifh in pregnant w om en in
the a
shape o f w an d erin g uterus or a toad. her feminine
la c h o f
aspeets, virgm U v, b irth -givin g and her
ra e th e fh e ad , as w c!l as
Tsrribie M eth er aspet, refsreiantedinfigurine thraugheut
is w ell m
ihe N eo iith ie and C h aleelith ie c?m o f O l lu r a p e .
9 Th Prggnant Vigitation Goddess
A goddess tymbolizing earth fcrtility was the natural responsc to an
agrarnoways fiife - Hej imap harbeuneaesumulatienejf% ymbsh
h o m the pie-agricultufal era as do those o f the Great Goddess and
B ird Goddess, She evelops her a w n eha ra eter in the course of time.
but her intim ate relationships to the U p p er Palaeolithic Pregnant
Goddess is obvious.
T h e seed must have been recognized as the cause o f germ ination
and grovvth, and the pregnant belly o f a vvoman m ust h ave been
assimilated to field fertility in the infancy o f agriculture. As a result,
there arose an im age o f a pregnant goddess endow ed vvith the
p rerogative o f being able to influence and distribute fertility. T h e
b elief that vvom ans fertility or sterility influences farm ing persists
alm ost u niversally in European folklore. Barren vvomen are regarded
as dangerou s; a pregnant vvoman has m agical influence on grain
because like her, the grain becom es pregnant ; it germ inates and
grovvs.
T h e Pregnant Goddess can be deciphered either b y means o f her
i]ii4fi ideogram - a dot in a lezenge, or a lozenge vvithin a loaenge -
ineised or painted on her belly, thighs. neek or arm s, or b y the
naturalistic portrayal o f a pregnant fem ale with hands above the
belly. She is related to the square, the perennial sy m b el o f earth bound
matter.
T h e pregnant figurines o f t h e seventh and sixth m illennia b c 197- 199
are nude, vvhile the pregnant ladies o ft h e fifth and fourth millennia
are exquisitely clothed exeept for the abdom en, vvhich is exposed and
on vvhich lies a sacred snake. In this series a high degree o f stylization 196, 200, 201
is o b se rv ed : the abdom inal part o f the body is emphasizcd and the
other parts are m odified. Som e figurines take the form o f bottle-
shaped am ulets o r rattles, o b vio iftly not representations o f the
goddcsses, but necessary in m agical procecdings to obtain fecundity.
200 201
19 6 P re g n a n t G od d ess in fu ll attire w ith a
snake w in d in g a b o v e the b e lly . F rom
M ed ve d n jak . V in a. 5000 - 4500 bc
T h e d o t (seed ) a n d t h e l o z e n g e (s o w n f ield )
T he dot, representing seed, and the lozenge, sym bolizing the sown
field, appear 011 sculptures o f an enthroned pregnant goddess and are
also inciscd or painted on, totally schematized figurines. A lozenge
w ith a dot or dash in its centre or in the corners must have been the
sym b olic invocation to securc fertilitv. Less abstract are the Early
Cucuteni figurines from the western U kraine vvhere the entire body,
i R a n les in the shap e oj
particularly the abdom en and buttocks, w erc impressed vvith real J.5
a p reg n an t ivontan fr o m a
g r a v e ivltich also inelud ed grain. D u rin g the subsequent Classical Cucutcni phase the idea o f
ric h ly p ain ted b la ck-o n -rcd p regnancy was expressed by the inscrtion o f clay balls into the belly
b o ivls. V y k h v a tin tsi, S o v ie
o f a fat figurine (Fig. 155).
M o ld a v ia . Late C u cu teni.
Fourth m illen n iu m c
A lozenge is often the most pronounced feature, the rest o f the
fem ale b o d y serving only as a background to the ideographic con-
eept. The idea o f pregnancy as opposed to sterility is expressed by a IS7- i 6o
dot in the centre o f a lozenge or vvithin each o f the paneis o f a
Cjuartere lozenge. This ideogram , already present on seventh-
m illennium stamp-seals from f^atal H iiyuk (M ellaart 19 6 7: Pl. 12 1),
is encountered throughout O ld Europe both on N eolithic and C h al
colithic figurines. A lozenge and dot or a quadripartite lozenge is a
very cornm on m o tif on schematic Early and Classical Cucuteni 2O4. 205. 157
(T ripolye) figurines. O ne or tvvo snakes wm d above the bclly vvith
15 6 7 erracotta figurine: its incised lozenge or surround sacred protubcranccs, most notablv
tvith g ra in im pressions. the buttocks. The repetition or m ultiplication o f lozenges and their 2 0 6 , IO
L u k a - V rtib lcvefsk ay a
settlem ent in the u pp er
association vvith snakes or spirals was ob vio usly mcant to render the
D n iester V a lle y . Proto- figurines or amulcts m ore cffectivc. Com positions o f alternating
('u c u tc n i. S tid -fifth lozenges and spirals are frcquent on figurines and pots and also on II
m illcn n iu m b c
clav plaques vvhich m ay svm bolize loavcs o f bread.
205
F igu rin e jw ith a d otted lozen ge
;cd on chjj? b e !ly . G lad n ice near
:ina, Southern Y u g o sla v ia . c. 6000 bc
4
0 1 2 3 cm
T h e p i g , t h e s a c r e d a n i m a l o f th f . G o d d e s s o f V e g e t a t i o n
2 11
2 i 6 Sn o u t o f a lifc-sizc su ck lin g pig from 2 1 7 H ead o f n p ig w ith p erforated ears fo r ear-
A n za, eastern M aced on ia. c. $ 3 0 0 -5 10 0 b c D alb ok i near Stara Z a g o ra , B u lga ria . c. 4000 b
A l l u s i o n s t o D e m e t e r , K o r e a n d P e r s e p h o n e in G r e e k
MYTHOLOGY
214
slsviHi partisalariv AsFiaiis sssgBSFd- Tnsv wsf$ ftsiiisnsd in
ali sisi?* It&fB tiis? ffliniiiHifg i@ che T h eir dijgaFaiien and
shaps FfiHge from n au ifalu iie to fsm astie: som e have a eap' of a
eircufncision and an opening on to p ; others are gcom ecricaIly
deeorated by painting or incision; still others spiral upw ards like
snakes. T h e clay phallus from Tsangli, a large Sesklo site in Thessaly,
is painted crcam , its naturalism enhaneed bv reddish-brovvn bands
and has a broad incision at the top. From iater N eolithic Sesklo comes
an enorm ous m arble phallus painted vvith red meanders top and
bottom (N ational M useum , Athens 5936; Z ervos, 19 6 3: 398). The
Vina and Lengyel elay or bone phalli vvere decorated vvith bands o f
10 The Year-God horizontal incisions and vvhite enerusted patterns o f dots sym bolizing
snakes. T h e East Balkan and Cucuteni phalli are usunlly undecorated.
T h e w h o le group o f interconnected sym bols - phallus (or cylinder, D anilo, B u tm ir and Vina scttlements yielded hundreds o f vvine
m u sh room and conical cap); ithyphallic anim al-m askcd m an, goat~ cups w ith phallus-shaped stems. M an y o f them have plain, pointed
m an and the bull-m an - represents a male stim ulating principle in stems, but others are ch arm ingly decorated and m asterfully shaped
nature w ith ou t w hose influence nothing vvould g ro w and thrive. sculptures. M ost interesting are those phalli im itating snakes, i 66 Phallic stems o f 'ivine
T his fam ily o fsy m b o ls goes back in its origin to the eariy agricultural indicatcd by incision or in relief. In som e instances tvvo heads o f cups'. Sm iliat Zadar,
era, to the same period when the Goddess o f Vegetation was born snakes or o f frogs appear on the top; others have human facial Dalmatia. c. late sixlh
millennium n e
and w h en go at- and cow -h erd existed. C h argin g bulls, buli heads features, such as a protruding nose, vvhile others again are geom etric-
or horns alone, bo vin e heads w ith hum an eyes and ithyphallic men ally decorated vvith striated zigzag bands or triangles. C ylin drical
are already knovvn to the Proto-Sesklo and Starevo cultural com - cups m odelled as human heads also occur, and dishes and bovvls ofth e
plexes, i.e. no later than the seventh m illennium 0 e. Shrines o f Gatal Late Vina com plex have a phallus standing in the m iddle (Plonik
H u y u k inciude large buli figures in vvall frescoes and sculptured buli site: A rchaeol. M useum Ni, Inv. 490).
heads and horns. A ro u n d the M editerranean the buli and he-goat A noth er category o f phallic representations is made up o f stands
played a prom inent part in religion from the seventh m illennium vvith hum an, animal or am orphous facial characteristics. Sim ple clay
onvvards. So did the phallus, recognizable as a high cylindrical neck cylinders vvith a flattened base are frequent in the Starevo and Early
o f an d rogynou s figurines, as a tand, or the stem o f a cup. Vina com plexes o f the central Balkans. Som e have human facial
T h e phallus and bison are k n ow n from the A urignacian and features and female breasts; others have male genitals. W e have
M agdalenian era o f the U p p er Palaeolithic. Isolated representations already discussed the phallic aspect o f the long cylindrical necks o f
o f phalli vvere found in the cave o f Laussel, D ord ogn e. A bison-m an the B ird Goddess and Great Goddess o f the seventh and sixth
p layin g upon a m usical instrum ent in the en graving from La Pasiega, millennia b c . T h e com bining o f fem ale and male characteristics in
Santander, and another hybridized bison-m an in the same cave one figurine did not com pletely dic out after the sixth m illcnnium b c .
(G iedion 19 6 2 : 193) illustrate that the im age o f a half-anim al, half-
hum an creature and the connection o f man vvith the vvild buli
occurred early. T h e sym b olic context, h o w cvcr, vvas different; the
bison-m an o f the U p p e r Palaeolithic vvas not a ycar-g od o f an agri 1 2 3
1-------1--------lem
cultural society. Phallic figurines from the N atufian and Pre-P ottery
sites in Palestine dem onstrate the persistent im portance o f phallic 1 67 Aiiiliropoiiiorphic '
figurin e ili a shape o fa
sym b olism in pre-agricultural and agricultural socicties. phallus U'itli a flat base.
C rnokalaika Bara, )onlrni
Vugoslavia. c. early six{/i
T he phallus niilleniiiiim u c
2 16
2 i 9 C!n>f phallus fro m T sa n g li, T h essaly . Painted in 22n lio n e ph.slliis fr o m H n itu t la v iie . .) l eti
reddish->rown on cream . C e n tra l B alk an N e o lith ic . Mte 111 M n r a v i.i l h e pir.I \\.is
c. 6000 BC e.N eem ed b y J n l l i n ^ p itted lme>
223-225 M u sh ro o m -sh a p e d objeets o f ligh t
2 2 1 Tw <| c la y phalli fro m a Late C u c u te n i site at green stone fro m the Vina site
22 6 Phallus-shaped vase d ecorated vvith ru n n in g
F rum usica, n orthern M o ld a v ia . F ou rth S te m 0 11 e u p \vith M u k c - h k e \p ir .ilv
spirals in re lie f from B u t m ir near S a ra je vo .
m illenn ium BC S m ili u .[ Z . ul.tr. l>ahn .ttM . P .i m l o eu lc u ri
M id -fifth m illenn ium b <;
M an y o f the East B alkan fem ale figurines have a canal through the
w h o le length o f the b o d y. Since the canals are about 2 m m . in
diam eter it seems that they vvere not m ade for a practical reason but
vvere sim ply im itations o f the phallic canal.
D vvelling areas at Vina yielded a num ber o f m ushroom s carved
out o f light green rock crystal vvhich m ay have stood on domestic
altars or possibly been used as studs for hip belts. M ushroom s are
universally knovvn as aphrodisiacs, and the svvelling and grovving o f
1 2 CK a m u sh room must have been noticed by the O ld Europeans causing
j.-------------1
it to be com pared to the phallus. T he fact that m ushroom s vvere
p Terracotta fig urin e carved out o f the best available stone alone speaks for the prom inent
h anthropomorphic
role o f the m ushroom in m agic and cult. T h e Indo-Europeans in the
tures and a canal dou/n
middle. Tru^ejti sile, days o f the R ig v e d a m ade their m iraculous Som a drink from fly-
them M oldavia. agaric (W asson 19 7 1), and it is possible that the Vina m ushroom s
vvere connected vvith intoxicating drin ks; at ali events they are
im itations o f phalli (cf. the m ushroom cap in Pl. 225, right). The
shape o f a m ushroom or phallus occurs frequently in sculptural art
as a hum an cap on figurines, and a phallic form can be inferred in the
beautiful B u tm ir vases vvhich are decorated in running spirals and
226 tand on cylindrical legs vvhich support a globular bovvl. M agical
povver vvas ob vio u sly attributed to phallic objeets and conferred an
appropriate benefit.
In the O rp hic m ystcry, the vvorshipper ate the raw flesh o f the buli
before he becam e B acch os . T h e ritual o f D ionysus in T h race
ineluded bull-voiced m im es w h o bellovved to the god. T h e
scholiast on L yco p h ro n s Alcxandra says that the vvomen vvho w o r-
shipped D ionysus Laphystios vvore horns themselves, in im itation o f
the god, for he vvas im agined to be bull-headed and is so represented
in art (ref. in Harrison i b i d 433). Plutarch givcs m ore particulars:
M any o f the G reeks represent D ionysus im age in the form o f a buli.
The vvomen o f Elis in their prayers invoke the god to com e to them
vvith his b ull-foot. A nd am ong the A rgives there is a ionysus vvith
the title B u ll-b o rn . T h ey sum m on him by their trumpets out o f the
vvater, casting lambs into the depths to the D o or-k cep er (Plutarch
de J s . et Os. X X X V , cited by H arrison ibid. : 433). Dionystts also
manifested h im self as the buli Zagreus, in vvhich guise he vvas torn
to pieccs by the Titans.
T h e key to a m ore com plete understanding o f the m ale god and
the B ul! G o d o f Old Europe lies in the D ionysiac festivals - A nthes-
teria, Lenaia and the Greater Dionysia. In these festivals, vvhich have
assimilated elements o f deep antiquity, D ionysus appears as a year-
227
god. T h e idea o f renevval is predom inam throughout the festivals of
w in ter and sprm g. Each re-enaccs an orgiastic agricultural scenario *
w ith phalli, phallus-shaped cups, ladles and cult dishes and the buli-
man (Dionysus) m arryin g the queen (goddess).
The Lenaia festival held in Ja n u a ry v/as preceded by a Rural
Dionysia in w hich phalli w ere carried in procession amid general
m errym ak in g to p rom ote the fertility o f the autumn-sovvn seed
and o f the soil during the vvinter recess. O fferings vvere made before
the im age o f D ionysus (including pouring porridge vvith a ladle), and
priapic and goat songs vvere sung. T h e purpose o f the Lenaia festival
vvas to aro u eth eslu m b erin g vegetation (Deubner 19 56 ; Jam es 19 6 1:
14 2 -4 3 ). T h e C ity Dionysia festival in M arch vvas also designed to
ensure fertility. T o this festival the cities o f the Athenian em pire sent
the grossest kind o f fertility em blem , the phallus, as part o f their
tribute (W ebster 19 5 9 : 59)- Anthesteria was a Festival o f Flovvers in
h on ou r o f D ionysus as the god o f spring, and included drinking and
rejo icin g. T h e second day o f the festival vvas called Choes, the Day
o f the Cups. T h e vvine vvas taken from the jars and brought to the
sanctuary o f D ionysus in the marshes, vvhere it vvas silently distributed
in sm all ju g s am o n g ali citizens o ver the age o f four. A fter everyone
had drunk, the vvife o f the magistrate vvas m arried to D ionysus in
the Bukoleion or O x-stall, attended by vvomen vvho had taken vovvs
o f chastity in the service o f Dionysus. Thither the im age o f Dionysus,
possibly in bovine form , or an actor vvearing horns and a hide, vvas
b ro u gh t on a boat-like strueture on vvheels to com plete the nuptial
rites (James 1 9 6 1 : 140).
A sanctuary o f D ionysus, vvhich can be traced back to the fifteenth
cen tury b c , has been diseovered on the island o fK e o s (Caskey 1964:
326). It yielded m ore than tw enty terracotta figurines portraying
vvomen in a dancing posture, dressed in festive attire, vvith exposed
breasts, snake collars and belts. T h e y m ay represent maenads, the
devotees and ecstatic dancers in the D ionysiac festivals. T h e sanctuary
vvas used fo r m ore than one thousand years, up to the Hellenistic
period.
Since m any elem ents o f the y e ar-g o d s festivals are represented
in the sculptural art o f O ld Europe, it seems not unreasonable to
assume that festivals took place in N eolithic and C h alcolithic Europe.
Possibly the central idea o f ritual dram a, the Sacred M arriag e , the
ritual coition o f the m ale god and a fem ale goddess, is refleeted in the
243 little sculpture from Cascioarele. T he statuette belongs to the East
Balkan C halcolithic Gum elni(a com plex and is the on ly one o f its
kind, but this does not necessarily mcan that there vvere no portrayals
o f the Sacred M a rriag e in other areas and periods o f O ld Europe.
T h e presence o f the masked ithyphallic god also im plies a festival at
vvhich a vvedding cerem ony is enactcd, the m ale god m arryin g the
m ille n n iu m BC
228
244, 245 E n th ro n ed m ale g o d fro m
P yraso s, T h essaly . Sesk lo cuiture.
G reat Goddess. From the Cascioarele figurine it is seen that she isnot
S ix th m ille n n iu m BC
a pregnant goddess, but a vouthful virgin. She is portrayed in the
nude and has a large pubic triangle.
W h e n vvas the d ra m a o f h ie r o g a m v in trodu ce d into Europe?
W n s i t a t the v e r y b e g in n in g o f t h e N e o lit h ic p eriod, o r o n the advent
ot a d v an ce d a gr icu ltu r e ? It seems unlik elv to h ave been later than
c. 6500 b c , vvhen the phallic obsession b ecam e m anifest through
representations o f phallic stands, cups and it h y p haliic gods.
246 T o r s o (seen fr o m the b a ck ) o f
seated o ld m an fr o m V u lkan esh ti,
T hi; soRRovtTUL c;on' S o v ie t M o ld a v ia . E ast B a lk a n
civ iliza tio n . L a te fifth m ille n n iu m BC
W e h a ve con sidered until novv the vo u t h fu l, strong, C r e a t iv e aspect
o f the p r im e v a l D io n y su s . Is there a n y th in g in the sculptural art o f
O ld E u r o p e to indic ate his other aspect - the pcaccful ancient? There
244. 245 are fi gures o f a squ attin g o r seated man on a stool or th ro n e ; his arms
248-252 either rest p e a c e fu lly on his lap, or they are p ro p p e d 011 his knees to
p r o v id e a sitpport fo r his head. H e shovvs n o signs o f e m o t io n and is
not a n im a l- m a s k e d ; his a.ttitude and the f.icial expression o f the mask
he vvears i m p l y c o n t e m p la t io n and w o r r y . W e n i a y c a ll him , there-
fo re. the sorrow fi.il g o d . T h e r e are not e n o u g h data to reveal his
fu netions, but vve m a y suppose that he is either a g o d o f vegetation,
an old v e a r - g o d w h o m u s t die in ord e r to be re b orn the fo llo w in g
sp ring, o r a g o d o f death, con sort o f t h e G r e a t G o d d e s s in her aspect
o f D eath . T h e vvide te m p o ra l and g e o g r a p h ic a l distrib ution o f this
tvp e o f g o d speaks for his established position in the p antheon o f O ld
E u r o p e . His im p o r t a n c e is stressed b y the fact that the sculptures o f
a sorrovvfu l g o d are fr e q u e n tly p ro d u c e d vvith e x t r e m e care, some
ra n k in g as m asterpic ces o f N e o lith ic art. A m o n g these are the
V u lk a n e sh ti and H a m a n g i a (C e r n a v o d a ) men in a leaning position
seated on a small stool. B o th are nude and in the m vve find the best
p o r tr a v a ls o f t h e m ale b o d v dating fr o m the fifth m ille n n iu m b c .
T h e back o f t h e V u lk a n e sh ti figure, is pe rfe ctlv re n d e re d ; o n e feels
011 it the totich o f t h e g o d - m a k e r 's fm gers. U n fo r t u n a t e i v it is badly
d a m a g e d and ali that rem ains intact is its b a c k ; legs, a r m s a n d half o f
its head are missing. In G e r a s i m o v s reconstru ctio n . t h is m an has his
24C) elbovvs 011 th e knees. O n e o f t h e most celebrated sculptures o f the
B a lk a n N e o lit h ic is the H a m a n g i a T h i n k e r (so n am e d after K o d i n s
T h i n k e r ). a m an sitting 011 a stool. leaning forvvard. h o ld in g his
head 011 c o lu m n a r a rm s vvith elbovvs 011 the knees. His legs are
m assive and as stable as those o f a th rone. T h e facial features are o n ly
24^-250 r o u g h l v in dicated and no atte m p t has been m ade to m o d e l his hands.
T h e head is d e fin itely m a s k e d : it is flat and has p e rforation s in the
u p p e r corners. T h e back is neatlv c u rv e d and vvell p ro p o rt io n e d .
T h e H .im an g ian s orrovv fu l g o d ' vvas pl.iced in .1 g r a v e vvith a female
247 fi gurin e, p r o b a b lv re p re se n tin g the G r e a t G odde ss. S h e is also of
T h e G rea t G od d ess o f H am an gia
Eageeher vvith 'T h in k e r ' in
g fa vc o f t h e eem eccry u f C tm a v o d a
T h e s o r r o w fu l g o d o r
o f H am a n g ia . F ro m a
im
in the ce m e tcry o f C e m a v o d a ,
R o m a n ia . c. 5000 BC 2 5 1 , 2 5 2 T h e so rro w fu l g o d
o f T irp c $ti, M o ld a v ia . c. m id -fifth
m illcn n iu m BC
unique w o rkm an sh ip, portrayed in a seated position vvith her arms E rich th o n io s to A thena. A ccord in g to legend A thena hid the child
resting on one leg w h ich is draw n up. She has a large pubic triangle in a chest together vvith snakes and ga ve the chest to the three
and a m assive cylin d rical neck. H er face, a mask vvith deep triangular tnaidens, A glauros the B rig h t one , Pandrosos the ali D e w y on e ,
incisions fo r eyes, like that o f the m ale figurine, is ju st as sorrovvful and H erse d e w , to guard. T h e oldest lite ra ry testim ony, the C ata-
as his. B o th figurines are o f the same style, sie and colour and vvere logue o f the Ships o f the Iliad, says that the corn -yield in g Earth bore
p rob ab ly m ade b y the same gifted sculptor. In addition to the pair o f him and Athena fostered him . In the Eleusinian M ysteries, the holiest
gods, this grave in the C ernavod a cem etery yielded three schematic and m ost ancient cult o f A ncient G reece, the D ivin e C h ild Ploutos
w h ite m arble figurines o f the G reat Goddess type. A figurine por- (i.e. Erichthonios) is given to others to rear. Erich thonios association
trayed in alm ost the same posture, but m ade in a Cucutenian style, vvith the snake recalls the prom inent place the snake occupies in the
vvas unearthed in the settlem ent o f Tirpe$ti in northern M oldavia. Eleusinian cult and in the festival o fT h e sm o p h o ria . D u rin g the latter,
From the artistic point o f vievv the Tirpeti sculpture is not a master- m ysterious sacred objeets vvere in use, m ade o f w h eat dough in the
piece, but again the value o f the sculpture lies in the peculiar tension shape o f snakes and men (Nilsson 19 50 : 558 -6 3). H yakinthos and
it con veys through its crouching posture and the erude head (a mask) C retan Zeu s represent the same god o f yo u n g vegetation under
held betvveen the lon g arms and inarticulate hands. different names. H yakinth os connection vvith the vegetation cult is
W e shall conclude this su rvey vvith the illustration o f a T h inker further evidenced b y his nam e vvhich denotes a flovver (id. : 558 vvith
fro m V id ra, vvithin the East Balkan Gum elni{a com plex. H e sits vvith a ref. to M achteld J . M ellink, Hyakinthos, Diss., 1943). Cretan Zeus,
his righ t arm resting on his lap and the left supporting his ehin - a the H o ly B ab e born in the C a ve o f D ikte, has on ly an Indo-European
natural position fo r rum inating. T h e relationship o f his gesture to (Greek) nam e, but is no other than the p re-G reek M in o an -O ld
that o f the G reat G oddess, as portrayed on the vessel o f Sultana (see European D ivin e C h ild . A nd it is significant that this child vvas not
Pl. 15 s) and on m an y other figurines, suggests he has povvers similar reared b y the m other (Ge, R h ea, the Indo-European Earth Goddess),
i T he iorrouiful go d ' o f to those o f the G reat Goddess. A conspicuous feature o f the Vidra but b y A rtem is, the Mistress o f A nim als, D em eter or Athena.
idra, lower Danube. East
man is his single eye, vvhich m ay sym bolize m agical and chthonic As a sym b ol o f the perpetuation o f life the D ivin e C h ild vvas at
ilkati civilization. c. late
th milletihium s c - 4 0 0 0 characteristics. In the Late C ucuteni civilization alm ost ali knovvn the heart o f the w h ole com plex o fim a g e s o f an agrarian religion, and
m ale sculptures are one-eyed. represents the m ost traditional o f m otifs. The chances are that rites
sim ilar to the Eleusinian M ysteries w ere perform ed in O ld Europe.
A ritual hym n o f invocation com m em oratin g the birth o f the
T he D iv in e C h il d
Infant dating from the second or third century a d vvas found
T h e Y e a r-G o d cycle starts vvith the birth o f the D iv in e C h ild . T h e en graved on a stone stele at Palaikastro in eastern C rete. S u rely it
m asked goddess in the shape o f a bear, snake or bird nurses the baby origins m ust lie in O ld European sym bolism , transmitted through
(see Pls. 13 2 , 18 9, 1 9 3 - 1 9 5 ; Figs. 26, 96). T h e infant appropriately the agen cy o f M inoan culture.
appears in the shape o f a cub, baby snake, baby bird - ali sym bols o f
Io, K ouros most Great, I give thee hail, Kronian, Lord o f that is wet and
y o u n g life in nature. M asked figurines h old in g and feeding babies, or glcaming, thou art comc at the head o f thy Daimoncs. T o Dikte for the
figurines vvith sacks on the back or vvith a hum p - probably a Ycar, O , march, and rejoice in the dance and song, that we make to thee
schem atic representation o f a sack (see Pl. 26) - and their portrayals vvith harps and pipes mingled together, and sing as w e comc to a tand
as parts o f ritual vases, (see Pls. 26, 13 2 , 189, 190) occur frequently at thy well-fenced altar.
enough to attest a ritual rc-enaction o f the m yth o f the birth and For here the shicldcd Nurturers took thcc, a child immortal, from Rhea
nurturing o f the Infant. and vvith noise o f beating feet hid thee away.
T h ere is a striking sim ilarity between the O ld European D ivine And the Horai began to be fruitful ycar by year and Dikte to possess
C h iid and the infant Erichthonios, H yakinthos, and Cretan Zeus in mankind, and ali wild living things werc held about by wealth-loving
the ancient G reek m yths, vvhich have a prc-G rcek origin. The peacc.
D iv in e C h ild represents the aw akenin g or a nevv-born pirit o f io, Kouros, the Great . . .
T o us leap for full jars, and leap for flcccy ftoeks, and leap for fields o f
vegetation. Erichthonios appears as a snake or a h a lf snake, h a lf
fruit, and for hives to bring incrcasc. Io, Kouros, the G r e a t . . .
hum an. A scene on a G reek am phora show s him em erging from a (Quotcd in original and transiation and analyzed by Harrison,
chest guarded b y tvvo snakes by w hich Athena also stands (British T h em is, 1912, 1962 edition: 1-29).
M useum , E .4 18 ) ; on other vases, G e (Earth) holds out the small
234 235
p a n th e o n o f gods. S h e , th e Great Goddess, is associated vvith m oon
crescents, quadripartite designs and bulPs horns, svm bols o f con-
tinuous creation and ehange. The m ysterious transform ation is m ost
vivid ly expressed in her epiphany in the shape o f a Caterpillar,
chrysalis and butterfly. Indeed, through this sym bolism our ancestor
p r o e la im s that he believes in the beauty o f yo u n g life. T h e ubiquity
o f phallic sym bols eonnotes the glorification o f the spontaneous life
posvers. Phallieism eertainly had no obscene allusion; in the context
o f religious ritual it vvas a form o f catharsis, not o f sym b olie pro-
crsadon. T h ere is no evidence that ifj mankind
N eolithic times
undcrstood b io legical conceptkm .
Ceneiuiiong the
W ieh agrieulture,
inee-ption o f began toobserve
farm ing man
she phenomena the
of mar etasclv and more
m iraeuleus I i r t h
J :5 figOnne 3rt and pictorial paiiiting she agrieuitur'a! anccstors jntensiveiy than the prcvious hunter-fisher had done. A separate
reefeate their m ythieal w 6 rld and the vvorship o f their gods. deity em erged, the Goddess o f Vegetation, a sym bol o f the sacral
Prinlordial events, principa! pcrsonalities o f the pantheon vvith their nature o f the seed and the sovvn fiel, vvhose ties vvith the Great
innum erable epiphanies, vvorshippers and participants in ritual Goddess are intimate.
cerem onies, ail scem to have a life o f their ovvn in their various Significantly, alm ost ali N eolithic goddesses are com posite
representations. images vvith an accum ulation o f traits from the pre-agricultural and
M yth s and seasonal dram a must have been enacted through the agricultural eras. T h e vvater bird, deer, bear, fish, snake, toad, turtle,
m edium o f the idol (the figurine), each vvith a different intention and and the notion o f hybridization o f animai and man, vvere inherited
vvith the invocation o f appropriate divinities. T h e m ultiplicity o f from the Palaeolithic era and continued to serve as avatars o f go d
purpose.and design is shovvn b y sanctuaries, sacrifices, festive attire, desses and gods. T h ere vvas no such thing as a religion or m ythical
masks, figures in dancing or leaping postures, musical instruments, im agery n e w ly created b y agriculturists at the beginning o f the
shrine equipm ent, ladles and drin kin g cups, and other num erous and foo d -prod u cin g period.
varied representations o f objeets and events vvhich m ade up the In O ld Europe the vvorld o f m yth vvas not polarized into fem ale
contcxt o f these religious festivals. In m aking im ages o f gods, vvor and m ale as it vvas am o n g the Indo-European and m an y other
shippers and actors o f the dram a, man assured the cyclic returning nom adic and pastoral peoples o f the steppes. B oth principles vvere
and renevval o flife . M a n y figurines vvere ex-vo to s and like the vvords m anifest side by side. T h e m ale d ivinity in the shape o f a yo u n g man
o f prayer vvere dedicated to the Great Goddess, the B ird or Snake o r a m ale anim ai appears to affirm and strengthen the forces o f the
Goddess, the Vegetation Goddess, or the M ale G o d, a prototype o f Creative and active fem ale. N either is subordinatc to the oth er; by
D ionysus, the daem on o f vegetation. com plem entin g one another, their povver is doubled.
Fem ale snake, bird, egg, and fish played parts in creation myths T h e central theme in re-enaction o f m yths ob vio usly vvas the
and the fem ale goddess vvas the C r e a t iv e principle. T he Snake G o d celebration o f the birth o f an infant. The baby as the sy m bol o f a nevv
dess and B ird Goddess create the vvorld, eharge it vvith en ergy, and life and the hope o f survival is hugged by m asked goddesses, Snake,
nourish the earth and its creatures vvith the life-givin g element B ird and B ear. M asked N urses bearing a sack (the hunch -back
conceived as vvater. T h e vvaters o f heaven and earth are under their figurines) seem to have played a role as protectresses o f the ehild vvho
control. The G reat Goddess em erges m iraculously out o f death, out later m atures and becom es a yo u n g god. T h e male god, the p rim eval
o f the sacrificial buli, and in her body the nevv life begins. She is not D ionysus is saturated vvith a m eaning closely related to that o f the
the Earth, but a fem ale hum an, capable o f transform ing h erself into G reat Goddess in her aspect o fth e V irgin N ature Goddess and V e g e
m any livin g shapes, a doe, dog, toad, bee, butterfly, tree or pillar. tation Goddess. A li are gods o fn a tu re s life c y e , concerned vvith the
T h e task ofsu staining life vvas the dom inating m o tif in the m yth i- problem o f death and regeneration, and ali vvere vvorshipped as
cal im agcry o f O ld Europe, hence regeneration vvas one o f the fore- sym bols o f exuberant life.
m ost manifestations. N atu rally, the goddess vvho vvas responsible for The pantheon refleets a society dom inated by the, m other. The
the transform ation from death to life becam c the central figure in the role o f vvoman vvas not subject to that o f a m an, and nnich that vvas
236 237
c r e a te d b e t w e e n th e in c e p t io n o f th e N e o li t h i c a n d th e b lo s so rn in g Abbreviations
o f th e M in o a n c iv iliz a t io n w a s a re su lt o f th a t s tr u e tu r e in w h ic h ali
r e s o u rc e s o f h u m a n n a tu r e , fe m in in e a n d m a s c u lin e , v ve re u tiliz e d
to th e fu ll as a C re a tiv e fo r c e .
A A A SH : Acta Archaeologica Acadcmiac gija i kult neolitskog ehoveka na Central
T h e O ld European m ythical im agery and religious practices vvere Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest. nom Balkanu, Neolit Centralnog Balkana,
continued in M inoan C rete. T h e M inoan culture m irrors the same A JA : American Journal o f Archaeology, N ew 1968.
values, the same manual aptitude in artistic endeavour, the same York. Gaul, Neolithic Bulgaria: ] . H. Gaul, T h e
Banner, Kdkenydomb: J. Banner, Anthro- Neolithic period in B ulgaria; early food
glorification o f the virgin beauty o f life. T h e O ld Europeans had
pomorphe Gefasse der Thcisskultur von producing cultures in Eastern Europe,
taste and style - w him sical, im aginative and sophisticated; their American School of Prehistoric Research,
der Siedlung K oknydom b bei Hod-
culture was a w orthy parent o f the M inoan civilization. mez6v<*f$ifrhely (U ngarn), Germama, Bulletin 16. 1948.
Som e seholars did in the past classify European prehistory and X X X V III: 14- 35. 1950. Georgiev-Angclov, R u sa Georgi I, Geor-
early h istory into m atriarchal and patriarchal eras respectively. The B C H : Bulletin dc Correspondance Hellettique, gicv and N. Angelov, Razkopki na
beginn ing o f the psych ological-m atriarch al ag e , says N eum ann, is . Athens-Paris. selitnata mogila do Ruse prez 1948-1949
Bcrciu, Contribufii: D. Berciu, Contribufii la god, izvestija. Bulgarska Akad. na
lost in the haze o f prehistory, but its end at the daw n o fo u r historical
problemele neoliticului in Rotninia in lumina Naukite, Archeol. Inst. X V III (1952):
era unfolds m agnificen tly before ou r eyes (N eum ann 19 5 5 : 92). It 119 -19 4 and X X X I (1957).
noilor cercetcfri. Bucharest, 1961.
is then replaced b y the patriarchal w o rld vvith its different sym bolism B R G K : Berichte der Romisch-Cermanischen Gcorgicv, Beitrage: Georgi I. Georgiev,
and its different values. T h is m asculine w o rld is that o f the Indo- Kommission. Beitrage zur Erforschung des Neolithi-
Europeans, w h ich did n ot develop in O ld Europe but vvas super- B S A : Annual ofthe British School at Athens. kums und der Bronzczeit in Siidbul-
London. garien, Archaeologia Austriaca, X L l-
im posed upon it. T w o entirely different sets o f m ythical im ages met.
B U : Belgradc Univcrsity. X L II: 90-144. 1967.
S y m b o ls o f the m asculine gro u p replaced the im ages o f O ld Europe. Godishnik, Plovdiv: Annuaire de Musee
Czalog, Szegvdr-Tuzktives: J s e f Czalog,
S om e o f the old elements vvere fused together as a subsidiary o f the Dic anthropomorphon Gefasse und Idol- National Archeologique. Plovdiv (in Bul-
nevv sym b olic im agery, thus losing their original m eaning. Som e plastikcn von Szegvar-Tuzkoves, Acta garian).
im ages persisted side b y side, creating ehaos in the form er harm ony. Archaeologica. X I: 7-38. Budapest, 1959. Grbi, Plonik: M . Grbi. Plonik aneoli
T h ro u gh losses and additions n ew com plexes o f sym bols developed Dacia: Recherchcs ec decouvertes areheo- thische Ansiedlung. Belgradc, 1929.
logiqucs en Roum anio IX II, 1924-47. Grbi, Porodin: M . Grbi et al., Poroditi,
vvhich are best refleeted in G reek m y th o lo g y . O n e cannot alw ays
Dacia R cv u c d archeologic et dhistoire kasnoneolitsko naselje na Tumbi kod Bitolja.
disdnguish the traces o f the old since they are transform ed or Bitola, 1960.
. ancicnne, N .S. I- X V , 19 57-1972.
distorted. A n d yet it is su'rprising h o w long the O ld European Dom bay, Zengovdrkony\ jsfaos Dombay, Guldcr, Maissau: Alois Gulder, Die urnen-
m ythical concepts have persisted. T he study o f m yth ical im ages Dic Siedlung und das Graberfeld in felderzeitliche Fraucnkrote von Maissau
provides one o f the best proofs that the O ld European w o rld vvas not Zengova'rkony\ Archaeologia Huttgarica. in Niedcrostcrreich und ihr geistesges-
37. Budapest, 1960. ehicjullcher Himergrund', Mittcilungen
the p roto-In d o -E u ro pean vvorld and that there w as no direct and
Dumitrescu, L'art Romanie: V. Dumitres der PrUhistorischen Kommission der ster-
unobstructed line o f d evelopm ent to the m od em Europeans. T he reichischen Akadcntic der Wissenschaften.
cu, L'arttjvolithiaucen Rotnanic. Bucharest,
earliest European civilization vvas savagely destroye b y the patri- X : 1157-
I9rt8.
archal elem ent and it never recovered, but its legacy lingered in the Dumitrescu, Traian: V. Dumitrescu, La Hcsperia: Hfspvrit1 Journal o f the American
substratum w hich nourished further European cultural d evelop- station prhistorique dc Traian; fouilles School at Athens. Athens-Princeton.
de 1936. 1938 et 1940 , Dacia, N .S. IX -X IP E K : Jahrbuchfur Prtihistorische unci Bthno-
ments. T h e O ld European creations vvere not lost; transform ed, they
graphische Kunst. Berlin.
enorm ously enriched the European psyche. ( 1941- 44). 1945-
Evans, Palae 0/ Minos: Sir Arthur Evans, Izvestija: Bulgarska Akademija na Naukite.
T h e teaching o f W estern civilization starts with the Greeks and The Palacv o f Minos, a toniparative account Izvestija na Artihcologichcskija Institut.
rarely do people ask themselves what forces lay behind these begin- of the successiiH' stages o f the Barly Cretan JH S : Journal of Helletiic Studies, London.
nings. B u t European civilization vvas not created in the spacc o f a fevv Civilization as illustrated by the discoveries Kalicz, D ieux: Nandor Kalicz, Dieux
at Knossos. London, vol. 1 - 1 9 2 1 ; vol. D Argile. L dge de pierre et de cuivre en
ccnturies; the roots are deeper - by six thousand years. T h a t is to say,.
II-19 28 ; vol. II I - 1930; vol. IV -19 35 . Hongrie. Budapest. 1970.
vestiges o f the myths and artistic concepts o f O ld Europe, vvhich
Galovi, Predionica: R . Galovi, Predionica: Kandyba. Schipemtz: O . Kandvba, Sclti-
endured from the seventh to the fourth m illennium b c vvere trans- penitz. Kunst und Gerate eines ncolithischen
Neolitsko Naselje Kod Pritine (German
mitted to the m odem W cstcrn world and became part o fits cultural translation: Predionica: Aneolithischc Dorfes. Biicher zur U r- und Friihges-
heritage. Ansiedlung bei Pritina). Pritina. 1959. chichte. V. 1937.
GaraSanin, Religija: D . GaraSanin, 'R e li Korocc. Prehistorijska plastika: Josip Koro-
ec, P rahistorijska glinenu
Jugoslavija (Prehistoric plastic art m
plastika u iiuniisnuiliscli-a rch'aologiselicu Abtci Inu%der Details of sites ineluding radiocarbon dates
Siebenhtirgischen Naiional Mm?uni. Koio*,
Vugoslavia), Arthcohkl Raitci'i i Ras vhr-Ciuj, 1941
prave, I ( 1959 ), 6 1 - 1 1 7 ; II (196 2). 1 0 3 - R ybakov, Comogony: B. A. Rybakov
174. A ch ilicion , near Farsala, Thessaly, Greece, 6400/6300 b c (LJ 2337): 7080 x 100 BP,
C osm agonv and m ythology o f the
K S llM K : Kmikie Sooks'mhmja 0 Dokiatlnkh a siMtified teli o f the Sesklo cuiture with true age c. 6000 a c (LJ 2339); 7070 :i ioo
agriculturalist* o f the Eneolithic, Soviet
i Vok-vykh hsledomiijakh Instituta hiniti Aii(hr0polo#y and Afchacology, IV, z: continuous habitation from c. 6600 a c to c. BP, true age c. 6000 b c (LJ 2342); 7030
Matcfifiinoj Kuhury. MdftCavv, j8oc> B c. The superimposed villages yielded 320 BP, true age c. 6000 b c (LJ 2 15 7 );
36 and 3:3 3 -5 1. iy $~ 66. Transistian
MeliaafJ. Cotal: James Mellaart. 4iy62 daincstic shrines and cm)e places ceiitered 6880 x 250 BP, true age c. 6000 c (LJ
from Russiim, ofiginai!y pubHhcd in
SSavatiafi* at Osa! Huvtik- Scccmd Sm'tskfljfl AfkhMkgijd. 196$, 1 and 2: afpund the ovens in the cortyards, over joo 2333).
pf?lliTiiiiary repoffc . AthV.olm Studits, anfhropomorphic and zoomorphic figurines Anza U : 6980 80 BP, true age c. 5900/
S A : $\m nlm ja A rMitologiji!.
XU\: o f ay and ssoe, removable maaks, mssk- 5800 b c (LJ 2409); 6900 i. 80 B P , true age
S C IV ; Snuiii fi m m fi <k Im tie l'cehe, c. 5900/5800 uc (LJ 2405)-
M i A ' M vM iair i I s M m fs lj p Afkheolitgii dcoted vases, stumps, altar table?, tlmmes.
Ak-!i.>mirt Rtfpubltaet P o p u lar Romins, Anza III: 6700 .1 8 0 BP, true age c.
k - , Msaw*L?ii?figraL iaj{jgi m other eultie cquipmeru. Oated by
nstitwt'iii v AfJiv8lag&- 5700/5600 iu; (U C L A 1705C ); 6560
HAM Nfitisn} AittipiEi*? fe n ? tadioeafbe H dstes, Artiilteisu is a
Siisftteki G m lsu e C . k e n fftw The 120 BP, tfue a^e c. 57eo/.sr?oo s e (U C L A
im im * 8f Affiai8gy Ofiri? bartfeane fer the sttiv o f the Sesklo
4 & 3?m eier*m > 23tieh3r(?s. in ? ej ite fifsi f m i m , Quy 1705U): 6 0 5 i 250 BP. ffuc age c. 5700/
M M t n ift archiisefura!, cersmic. aiis M
Ni&jdlftV, Cififtoni&i Bogdan Nikdi&v. dsvciapments. The avurage datss are: l hass 1 5600 c (LJ 2185).
Hineftfl ploka s pismeni znai Ot s. Taie, Valu? : N. Tasi, 'Hraistorisko naselje (Early C eram ic and Proto-Sesklo) Anza IV : 6250 i 100 B P, true age r.
Oraderiica, Vraanski okryg* (Rsum <5 kod Valaea (Prehistoric settlement at 7470 + 7 0 - 7 3 8 0 + 40 B.P., true age around 5300 b c (LJ 2329): 6200 200 BP. true age
in Frcneh: Plaque cn argiie avec des signes Vala?), Glasnik Muzeja Kosova i Metohije, 6500 b c ; Phase II (Early Sesklo) C. 5300 BC (LJ 24ii).
dVcriturc du village GradeSnica, dtfp. de II. IV. V :45 957- 7310 + 30 7262 + 50 B .P., true age c. 6300 A rgissa. or Gremnos, near Larisa, Thessalv,
Vraa), in joint article vvith Vladimir I. Tasi-ToiuicS Cmokalaka Bara: N. Tasi uc; P h ase III (tra n sitio n a l) Greece. A stratified Neolithic and Bronze
Georgicv, Debuts d criture de Chalco- and E. Tom i, Cmokalaka Bara Naselje 7221 + 50 7160 + 40 B .P., true ager. 6200 Age teli. In over 8.5 m. ofcultural material,
lithique dans les terrcs bulgares, Archaeo- Starce vuke i Vinanske Kulture, Disscrta- b c ; Phase IV (classical Sesklo) fifteen strata vvere observe, representing
logija, X II, 3 : 1-9 . 1970. tiones. VIII. Krusevac, 1969. 7040+ 7 0 :6900 B .P., true age 6000-5900 the tollovving scquence: pre-ceramic Neoli
NM Belgrade: National Museum Belgrade. Todorovic'-Ccrmanovi. Batijica: Jovan BC (the uppermost level, IV b, vvas not thic, early ceramic, Proto-Sesklo, Dimini,
NM Belgrade Catalogue (1955): Norodni Todorovi and Aleksandrina Cermano- radiocarbon dated). Finds in the Larisa and Mvcenaean. Excavated 1955-58 by V.
Muzej Beograd, Praistorija II. Katalog vi, Banjica'naselje vintanske kulture. (Ban- archacological museum. Publ. Gimbutas Miloji. Publ. Miloji 1955, 1958. 1965;
Keramike I (1955). Includes: B. Stalio, jica, Siedlung der Vina-Gruppc). Bel 1974; Ferguson, Gimbutas and Suess 1976. Miloji-Boessneck-Hopf, 1962. Museum:
Zlokuani-Gradac, R . Galovi, Lipovac grade, 1961. The final report to appear in 1983 in
Larisa.
- Dizaljka, and Sremski Karlovci - Tsountas, Diminiou kai Sesklou: Ch. Monumenta Archaeologica, Institute o f A r- C 14 dates. Pre-ceramic Neolithic; 8130
Kara. With German translacion. Tsountas, A i proistorikai akropokis Dimi- chaeoIogy, University o f California, Los : 100 B P. true age c. 7150 b c (U C L A
Pa<sek, Cnimicfiic tripolienne: T . S. Passck. niou kai Sesklou- Athens, 1908. Angeles. Excav.itcd 1973-74 by the author. 1657A ); 7990 ; 95 BP, true age c. 7000 uc.
La C<?ramiquc tripolienne. Izvestija U C L A : University o f California at Los (U C L A 16570).
Gosudarstvennoj Akademii istorii Ma- Angeles. A nza. at the villagc ol An/abcgovo be Early ceramic: 7500 : 90 B P, true age
tvrinlnoj Kut*tury. Leningrad-Moscov/, Vasi, Vina: Miloje M . Vasi, Praislorijska tvveen T itov Veles and Stip. East Macedo
f. 6500 b c (GrN 4145).
m s- Vinca, IIV. Belgrade, iy 32 "}6 . nia, southeast Vugoslavia. Stratitlcd Central
Petrescu-Dimbovi^a, Tru$e$tii M. Petrescu- Vildomec, S irselits: F. Vildomec, 'Ein Balkan Neolithic site beginning vvith the Ariu^d. distriet south o f Glieorghe, region
jungsteinzeitliclies GeHiss mit cingc- earliest painted pottery complcx related to o f Bratov. A stratified settlement o f the
D im bavita. Dic vvichtigsten Ergcbnisse
stoehenen Monsehengestalten und Tier- Proto-Sesklo in northern Greece (Anza I) C'lassical and Late Cucuteni civilization.
der archSologischen Ausgrabungcn in
plastiken Strzelitz (Sudmiihren)*, IViencr contimting throughout the vvholc Neolithic Excavated 1907-8. 19 10 -12 and 1925. Publ.
der ncolithischcn Siedlung von True$ti
praimtorisehe Zeitschrift. X X V II: 1-6. (Anza II and III), and ending vvith Earlv F. Laszlo Dacia I (1924).
(Moldau), Prahistorische Zeitschrift, X L I:
17 2-18 6 . 1963. 1940. Vina (Anza IV). Excavated 1960 by J.
A szod . located northeast o f Budapcst.
P Z : Prahistorische Zeitschrift. Berlin. Vulpe, Izroare: R . Vulpe. Izvoare: Sapa- KoroSecand 1969-70 by thejoint Yugoslav-
I lungary. A site and eemetery o fth e Leng-
turilc din 1936-194$. Summaries in American team, M. (araanin and M.
R G K : Romisch-Gcrmanische Kom mis- vcl cuiture. Excavated 1960-66 by N.
Russian and French: Izvoare: Les Fouilles (fimbutas. M useum: 5^tip. Publ. Marija
sion. Kalicz. Museum: Aszod.
de 1936-1948). Biblioteea de Arheologie Gimbutas Arclnieology. 25. 2, 1972: 1976.
Rosetti, Vidra: Dinu V. Rosctti, SApa turile C 14 dates: 5100 : 105 BP, tru e. age
1. Bucharest. 1941. C 14 dates for Anza I: 7340 ; 250 BP,
de la Vidra*. Materiale (i Cerccttiri Archeol- 4200-3800 b c (UOLA 1225).
Zervos. Crete: C. Zervos. L Arl de la Crete, true age c. 6400/6300 u <: (LJ 2 1 80): 721 o :
ogie. V II: 7 1-7 8 . 1961,
Nolitlnqne et Minoenne. Pari, 1956. 100 BP, true age c. 6400/6300 11c: (LJ 2330/ A z m a k , near Stara Zagora, central Bul
Roska. Torma Collection: Marton Roska. Zervos. Naissance: C*. Zervos, Saissance de 3 0 - 7140 : 250 B P, true age c. 6400/6300 garia. Large teli site vvhich yielded a com-
Div Santinlung Zsofi a von Torma iti der la civilization en Grive. Pari, 1962-63. BC (LJ 2332); 7 120 : 100 BP. true age c. plete sequenee o f the East Balkan or
240 241
'Karanovo* civilization. Excavated 1960-63 VSS-S7 b y j. T odorovi and A. Cormano- Vallev. Excava.ted 1926-30 bv A. Leszik. Boian and Gumelnifa settlements o f the
by Cl. I. Georgiev. Museum: Stara Zagora. vic and published in 1961. j. Hillebrand and F. T om pa; 1948 by J. East Balkan civilization. The former yielded
Publ. Georgiev 19 61, 1962, 1963, 196$, C 14 ates: 57*0 d: 90 BP, true age c. Korek and P. Patay. Museum: Miskolc. the sanctuary vvith tvvo pillars, the Iatter a
1969. 4550 b c (GrN 1542) for the Late Vina Publ. Tom pa 1929; Korek and Patav clay model o fan edifice. Excavatcd 1925 by
C 14 ates for the Karanovo I phase: horizon. Rcgesziti Fiiz, II. 2 ( 195*0 - Gh. Stefan; 1962-69 by H. and V. Dumi-
7303 }: 150 B P, true age c. 6350 b c , (Bln trcscu. Museum: N A M , Bucharest. Publ.
B erc$ti, at Bujor, eastern Rom ania. Classi B ran , Nitra, Slovakia, Czechoslovakia.
93)'. 7*58 150 BP, true age c. 6200 d c V. Dumitrescu 1965, 1970; H. Dumitrescu
cal Cucuteni (Cucuteni A) settlement. Lengyel settlement defended by a strong
(Bln 2 9 1); 6878 x: ioo BP, true age c. 5900 1968.
Museum: Galami. Publ. Ion T. Dragomir palisade. The site belongs to the Brodzany
b c (Bln 292); 6768 100 B P , true age c. C 14 dates o f the Boian-Spanfov settle
Dan ubius i (*967). and Ludanicc phases o f the Lengycl culture.
5800 b c (Bln 294): 6 7 7 9 1 100 BP, true ment: 5570 100 BP, true age c. 4400 bc
age c. 5800 b c (Bln 296); 6720 100 BP, B e rn o v o L u k a, western Ukraine, middle The Ludanice phase is represented by (Bln); 5K60 { 100 BP,true age c. 4800 BC,
true age c. 5750 b c (Bln 295); 6812 100 Dniester. Early Cucuteni (Tripolye) settle scvcntcen childrens burials. Excavated (Bln); 5980 100 BP,true age c. 4900 b c :
BP, true age c. 5850 bc (Bln 299): 6675 ment. Excavated 1952 by T. S. Passek et al. 1961-62 by J. Vladrfr. Museum: Nitra. (Bln).
100 B P, true age c. $700 c, (Bln 297); 6540 Publ. Passek Doklady VI, Inst. Arch. Kiev Publ. j . Vlada'r 1969. Gumelni^a settlement: 5618 r 120 BP.
4. 100 B P, true age c. 5550 b c (Bln 298); (195$) true age c. 4450 b c, (Bln); 5485 . 120 BP.
B u tm ir, near Sarajevo, Yugoslavia. Epony-
6652 150 B P, true age c. 5700 b c (Bln true age c, 4350 b c (Bln).
B ilc z e Z lo te , south o f Tarnopol, upper mous site o f the Butm ir complcx. The
224); 6483 . 100 BP, true age c. 5500 b c :,
Dniester Basin. A Late Cucuteni cave site. settlement was stratified into three habita- avd ar. 60 km. east o f Sofia, Bulgaria.
(Bln 30 1); 6426 150 B P, true age c. 5450
Excavatcd at the end o f the nineteenth-early tion horizons representing continuous de- Neolithic, East Balkan teli o fth e Karanovo
bc (Bln 300); 6279 i : 120 B P, true age c.
twentieth century by G. Ossowski and W. velopmcnt. Excavated 1893-96. Museum: I period. Excavation 1970 by R . Katinarov.
5300 b c (Bln 430).
Demetrykiewicz. Museum: Arch. Mus. Zemaljski Muzej, Sarajevo. Publ. Radim - Museum: Sofia.
Karanovo V phase: 5840 i 100 BP.
Cracovv, Poland. sk^ 1895; Fiala 1898.
true age c. 4800 b c (Bln 136); 5737 150 C ern avo d a, northv/est o f Conscam;a,
BP, true age c, 4550 b c (Bln 143); 5630 B y la n y , near Kutini Hora. Kolin, Bohe- Danube delta, Rom ania. Cem etery site o f
B la g o e v o . at Ra2grad, Bulgaria. East
150 B P. true age c. 4450 b c (Bln 150): 5829 Balkan civilization, Chalcolithic, Karanovo mia, Czechoslovakia. Large settlement o f the Hamangia culture. Excavated 1957 by
roo BP, true age c. 4750 b c (Bln 15 1) ; VI period. Find place o f marble figurine, the Linear Pottery culture, followed by a D. Berciu. Museum: N A M , Bucharest.
5760 :: *50 B P, true age c. 4600 b c (Bln Fig. 102, ehapter VIII. settlement o f the Chalcolithic Lengyel Publ, Berciu, 1966. Pls. 247-250, Ch. X .
148); 5803 150 B P, true age c 4700 b c culture. Excavated 1953-61 by B. Soudsk?. C i4 dates for Hamangia 111: 5880 70
(Bln 142): 5697 i- 100 B P, true age c. 4550 B o ro g k e re sz tu r, northeast Hungary.
Museum: Bylany and Prague. Publ. Soud- BP, true age c. 4800 b c (G rN 1986).
bc (Bln 137 ); >219 150 B P, true age c. Name o f the cultural group and period o f
sky 1958, 1959. 1960, Anti(jnity, X X X V I
the Hungarian Copper Age follovving the C ernica, locatcd at Bucharest, Rom ania.
4200-4000 B C (Bili 147). (1962). 1966.
Tiszapolgifr com plex: indudes a cemetcry Cemeterv o f the East Balkan civilization.
Karanovo VI phase: 5888 ; 100 BP, C i 4 dates for the Early phase: 6320
o f 50 excavated graves. Excavated 1921-26 Chalcolithic, Early Boian phases. 340 burials
true age c. 4850/4800 b c , (Bln 149); 5390 230 BP, true age c. 5350 bc ( M i897); 6250
by L. Bella.J. Hillebrand and F. V. Tompa, uncovcred. Excavated 1960-67 by G. Can-
: 100 BP. true age c. 4350 bc (Bln 145); 230 BP. true age c. 5300 b c ( M i896).
Publ. Bella Jl>. der Urg. Arch. Ges. (1923), tacuzino and S. Morintz. Museum: N A M ,
5035 150 BP. true age c. 4200/3800 BC M id-phase: 6270 65 BP. true age c.
Hillebrand IV P Z 13 (1926). Bucharest. Publ. Cantacuzino 1967-
(Bln 146); 5 7 17 ioo BP, true age c. 4550 5300 b c (G rN 454); 6 170 I 45 BP. true age
b c (Bln 1 3 1 ) : 5703 .l 100 B P, true age c. c. 5100 b c (G rN 4752). C hacro nea, Bocotia, central Grcecc. Settle
B o ian , island in Lake Boian north o f the
4550 b c (Bln 139); 5597 120 B P, true Danube, bet\vcen Olteni^a and Calara$i, Late phase: 6180 145 BP, true age c. ment with 6 m. o f cultural material, basical-
age t\ 4450 b c (Bln 144): 5700 100 BP, southeast Rom ania. Eponvmous site o f the 5100 b c (GrN 4755): 5^10 i 65 BP. true ly Proto-Sesklo with red-on-white painted
true age c. 4550 b c (Bln 135 ); 5621 200 Boian variant synchronous vvith Karanovo age c. 4700 b c (GrN 4751). vvarc. Excavatcd 1902-7 by G. Sociriadis.
BP, true age c. 4500 b c (Bln 138 ); 5620 ; IV and V o f the East Balkan civilization. Museum: Chacronea. Publ. Sotiriadis
100 BP. true age c. 4550 b c (Bln 14 1) : 5520 C alo m fire$ti. dist. ofTeleorm an. Southern Athen. Miri. 30(1905); Epheut. Arch. (1908);
Excavatcd 1924 bv V. Christescu; 1956-59
: 200 BP. true age c. 4400 b c (Bln 134). Rom ania. East Balkan civilization. Chalco Rev. Etmies Greque.< 25 (1^25).
by E. Com$a. Museum: N A M Bucharest.
lithic. Museum: N A M . Bucharest.
Publ. Christescu Daria Ii (1925); Com$a C orin th . Peloponnese. Greece. Contains
B an jata, central Bulgaria near Kapitan Mat. Cere. Arh. 5-S (1959-62). C ap ri. Orotta dclle Felei, NaplirS, Jtalv. Nvera! laver? o f Nooiitliic scttlefnents fovind
Dim itrijevo at Pazarik. Teli site vvith
Chalcolithic and Bronze Age settlement urnier lanica! remains. Exciwatc^ since
remains o f East Balkan Karanovo I11. 111. B o rd jo g. near N ovi Beeej. northern Yugo-
with ccramie ware ofth e Capri. Ripolj and 1896. Publ. S. W cinberg Htsperi* 6 (1957);
V and VI phases. Excavated 1947-48 by P. slavia. Find place o f figurine. Pl. 94. Ch.
Diana groups. Excavated 1921 by V. Relli- 17 (19 4 8 ); 29 ( 1960); A JA { 1939), 5 * (947):
Detev. M useum: Plovdiv. Publ. Detev, VII. Tisza settlement.
ni. Museum: M useodi Capri. Publ. Rellini V. Miloji GnoMio 22 (1950)-
1950.
B o rets. near Plovdiv. central Bulgaria. East Monumenta Antiqua 29 (1923).
C rn o k alak a Ba**a, near Ni, 20 km.
Balkan civilization. Chalcolithic.
B an jic a. northeast o f Belgrade. Stratified C flscioarelo, southern Romania near Olte- southeast o f the mouth o f the M orava.
Vina site vvith 4 m. o f cultural remains. B o rso d . near Miskolc. northeastern Hun- ni^a. an island in the lovver Danube. A Southern Vugoslavia. Stratified Central
Five phases have been noted. Excavated gary. A Neolithic Bukk site in the Sajo stratified Chalcolithic site including late Balkan Neolithic (Starevo II) and Chalco-
242 -43
Elateia (Drakhmani), Phokis, Greece. The site yicled exquisite graphite painted
Jirhic Vinca site. The Vinca culture consists lithic Dimini group. E.scavuted ?oS by
Xw o Neolithic teli sites. Excnvuted 1909-10 potterv, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic
oj three phases. Escaviued iy}& bv M. Ch. TscHHitas. Museum: A ih em uju! Vobs.
Miiffcovj; 195 i by M. and D. GaraJanin; Publ. Tsmmtas 190K. fov G. Sotiriadis and 1959 by S. Weinberg. vases, over 100 figurines, a.o. cult objeets.
M useum o f Kruevuc and N M o f Belgradc Museum: Chacronea. Publ. Soiiriadis The Chalcolithic period (Karanovo V , Sava
C 14 date: 56*0 i. 150 BP, true age c.
(R . Cinlovi) 1959-60 and 1967- Publ. Tasi 4450 15c (GrN). Atheti. Mitt- 30 (1905), 31 ( 1yo6); Bphm , variant) daeed by radiocarbon: Level III
Arch- ( 1908); fiev. Bttidcs Griu/ucs 2 5 (19 12 ); (Bln) 5940 100 B .P. and Level IV (B ln 924)
and T o iili i&ty. Divotffift, near Kiagiycv;ic\ ceiuraj Yugo- Vodice and Thompson Pnhistoric Tln,ssiiiy 5 8 4 0 + 10 0 , true age c. 4800 - 4700 l>c. The
C r v s B ft near P e tro v ^ i. M on te- slaviu. Central Balkan Neolithic Starevo 19 12 ; Weinberg A JA 65 (iy fli): Hetpvria 31 Copper Ago (later Karanovo VI); Level IX
V ugOIsviii. C a ve ti? vvifh ifviifiH't* and Lace Vma settlement. Excavated (Bln 921) 5515 1 00and Level XII (Bln 920)
(1962). .
u/H'Hftrflltfftt-iK the PalaettliEftu:, MvsuUtliic.', [^ ^> 69 by fhc joint Yugaslav A meriean Horizons vvith the earliest monoehrome 5590 + 100, (Bln 920a) 5640 1OO, true age c.
and Early N eolith ic. E g ca vattd 19 5 4 -5 7 bv team, A. McPlierron and D. Srejovi. 4400 - 4300 b c . Finds in the Varna
potccry: 7480 x 70 BP, true age c. 6500 bc
A . lioii;u' ;wvd M , B ro d ar. Publ. B enae and M useum : Kragujevnc.
(GrN 2973); 7360 90 BP, true age c. 6400 archaeological museum. Publ. Todorova,
lirtidar Glasnik A r/i. <2 (1957); 1 3 C i 4 dates for the Starevo phase: 6950 Ivanov, Vasilev, Hopf, Quitta, and Kohl
liC (GrN 3037); 7*90 i 100 BP. true age
( I95-H). i 00 UF. true age c. 6000 ii0 (Bln 896) and
c. 6200 b c (GrN 3041). 1975-
for the same pit, thermoluminescence dat
C scpa, southeast Hungary. Neolithic Cen Follovving horizon vvith painted pot
ing (Aitkcns O xford Lab.) yicldcd a value G o m o la v a , on the R iv er Sava, Vojvodina,
tra! Balkan Starevo (Koros) settlement. terv: 7040 . 330 B P, true age c. 6050 b c
o f 6190 800 BC. Other Starevo dates: northern Yugoslavia. A stratified teli vvith
M useum : Szarvas, southern H ungary. Publ. (GrN 3502).
7080 180 BP (Bln 823); 7020 100 BP the M id-Vina layer belovv Baden-Kosto-
F. K-rccsmarik Arch. En. 32 (19 12}.
(Bln 826); 6970 100 BP (Bln 824); 6910 Fafos, at Kosovska Mitrovica, Southern lac, Middle and Late Bronze Age, La Tene
C u cu ten i. near Tirgu-Frumosf. district o f : ioo BP (Bln 827); 6995 100 BP (Bln Yugoslavia. Fafos I-E.irly and Fafos Il-Late II and III, Rom an and Medieval cultures.
Ia?i. Moldavia, northeast Rom ania, Strati 862); 7060 .: 100 BP (Bln 866); 7200 Vina settlements. Excavated 1956 and Excavated since 1904 b v j. Brunsmed. 1953
tiod svtdement vvith Cucuteni A, A - 13, and :oo BP (Bln 899). True age c. 6000 b c . 1959-61 by B. Jovan ovi and J. GliSi. by R . Raajski and S. N agy, 1965-71 by
B phases which gave its name to the Cucu Vina phase: dates for Pit 121 vvere M useum : Pritina. B. Brukner and B. Jovanovi. Museum:
teni civilization in Moldavia. Evidence o f 5860 : 100 BP, true age c. 4S20 b c (Bln N ovi Sad.
898); 5247 : 100 BP, true age c. 4300 b c Fru m u sica, near Moldavia. Classical Cu
copper from the earliest phases. Excavated
(BM 5 7 4 ) : thermoluminescence measure- cuteni settlement. Excavated and published G o rn i Pasarel, central Bulgaria. Chalcoli
1909-30 by H, Schmidt; 1961-68 by M.
ment vieided a value o f 4920 BC 700 for 1946 bv C . MatasS. Museum: Piatra thic settlement o f the East Balkan civiliza
Petrescu-Dim bovip. M useum: Berlin and
the same pit. Other Vinca dates: 5825 Neam$. tion. Excavated 1952-53 bv N. Petkov.
Bucharest, la$i and Birlad. Publ. Schmidt
Cttatfi'iii 19 32: Petrescu-D im bovip Ciitii- 100 BP. true age c. 4800 b c : (Bln 863); 6020 Museum: Plovdiv. Publ. Petkov 1957.
G h clae$ti (or Nedeia near Ghelaeti).
H'tii 1 9 6 6 . i00 BP. true age c. 5000 c (Bln 865),
district Neam{, northeastern Romania. a G o rz a, at Hdmez>va'sitrhely, southeastem
D o n o v a M o g ila (Bikovo), central Bul Cucuteni A /B -B , settlement, c. 4000- 3600 Hungarv. ScEtlement and burials o f fhe
C u in a T u rc u lu i, located 011 bank o fth e
garia. Teli o fth e Chalcolithic East Balkan b c , noted for the discovory o f a Central Chalcolithic Tisza group. Exeavated 1956-
Danube at che Iron Gates. district o f Turim
civilization o f Karanovo V and VI periods. strueture vvith a ritual find. In an egg-shaped 63 by G. Gazdapusztai. Museum: Hod-
Scverin. Rom ania. Central Balkan Neo
Exeavated 1948-49 by P. Detev. Museum: vase four figurines (tvvo unpainted and tvvo mezovasa'rhelv. Publ. Gazdapusztai \hrni
lithic Starevo site vvith three eonsecutive
Plovdiv. Publ. Detev. Codhlmik 1 (1954). vvith black-painted heads and feet) had been Fer. Mu. fi\konyi>i' 1963.
phases, xcavated 1967-72. Museum:
placed at the Cardinal points. Six vases,
N A M . Bucharest. D on ja B ra n je vina, near Deronj, northern
painted vvith snake and double-seed bands, G rad en ica (Gradeshnitsa) near Vraa,
Yugoslavia. Central Balkan Neolithic
D an ilo , near Sib enik. Yugoslavia. Eponv were arranged in a circle around it. The northvvestern Bulgaria, Neolithic and Chal
Starevo settlement. Excavatcd and pub-
mous site o f the Danilo culture. Excavated assemblage probablv was instrumental in colithic teli, cxcavated bv B. Nikolov 1964
h*>hed bv S. Karmanski 1968. Museum:
1952 by D. Rcndi-Miocevi?: 19 53-55 bv rituals dedicated to the resurgence o f plant 73. The Neolithic sire o f three succcssive
Odaci.
J . Koroec. M useum: ibenik. Publ. life. Excavated in 1970 bv Niju, C'ucoj and horizons parallels Starevo II Karanovo I. c.
Koroec 1964. D ude$ti. southeast o f Bucharest, Romania. Monah, publ. 1 9 7 1 : Ouco 1973. Finds in the 5800 - 5600 BC. 16 houses oftim ber uprights
Stratified site vvith remains o fth e East Bal- museum o f Piatra Neamj. and wattlc and daub uncovered. some \vith
D ik ili-T a s h . at Philipi, Macedonia, Lm Karanovo III and Earlv Vina materials geometric decoration on interior vvalls and
Greece. Eponymous site o fth e Maccdonian hich succeeded the Starevo (Cri) culture. G lad n ice. near Pri:ina. S o u t h e r n Yugo-
ineluded richlv svm bolicallv decorated
variant o f the East Balkan civilization. I- w.ivatcd 19 5 4 -5 6 bv E. Com$a. Museum: slavia. Central Balkan Neolithic Starevo
polichrome painted globular and anthro
Stratified mound vvith culturalstrata parallel N A M , Bucharest. Publ. Com$a S C U ' 7 settlement. Excavatcd 1960 bv J. (Jlii.
pomorphic vases. The three Chalcolithic
to Sitagroi. Excavatcd by J. Deshayes and 11956); Kotigrcss (1958). Museum: Pritina.
levels run parallel vvith early Vina, around
D. Theocharis 1965; 1968-70. Publ. j.
D v o r y N ad ita v o u , near N ove Zam ky, G o lja m o D clch evo , a Neolithic, Chalcol 5000 b c 63 houses excavated arranged in
Deshayes, Bullctin <lc Corrtspoiuhmcc
vvestern Slovakia. Cemoterv o fth e Linear ithic and Copper Age teli and a ccmeterv o f 30 streets. Houses are 6 to 9 m. long, rec
Hcllati(jin\ volf. 86, Pt 2: 9 12 -3 3.
Potterv culture. eliozovce group. Mit- graves in the va!ley o f R. Luda Kamchija. tangular. some o f several rooms vvith ovens
D im in i (D him oni). near V olo s, Thessaly, seum: Nitra. Excavated and published by tiortheastern Bulgaria. e.vcavated bv D. and pitehed roots. Horizon B vieided a
G reece. E p o n ym o u s site o f t h e Late N eo J. Pavuk Slof. Arh. X X I. 1 {1964). Zlatarski 1931 and H. Todorova 1968-71. temple model vvith svmbois and signs
-44 -45
arranged in panels on the ro o f and vvalls and a
58. Museum: Nitra. Publ. C. Ambros and i (1958). M ikov, Georgiev and Dzambazov cavated 1934-38 by T. S. Passck. Museum:
shallovv dish vvith inscriptions. More than a
B. N ovotny Arch. Rozltl. 5 (1953); P y 0dac za Arch. M uz. I (1952). Claul B A S P R Moscovv, Inst. Arch. Publ. Passck 1949.
dozen vases were inscribed. O ver 200
aplovic Arch. Rozhl. 8 (1956); B . Novot-
schematic anthropomorphic figurines col- 16(194)- K op an cs, in Hodmez6vasarhcly, south
ny Poiatky vytvarneho prejavu na Slovensku C 14 dates from the Karanovo II phase:
lected, some inscribed with signs. eastern Hungary. Comprises several Neoli
(1958); H. Quitta P Z 36 (1960).
6807 >oo BP, true age c. 5850 b c (Bln
G ro tta S c a lo ria , Manfredonia, Foggia, thic and Chalcolithic settlements ineluding
H v ar, island. cave site located at Grapeva 152); 6573 1 0 0 B P, true age c. 5600 b c
Italy. Adriatic civilization: Neolithic cave the Central Balkan Starevo (Koros) suc-
spilja. Adriatic civilization, Chalcolithic (Bln 201); 6300 150 BP, true age c. 5550
site vvith flint and obsidian tools, red painted ceeded by the Tisza comp!ex. Excavated by
period. Excavatcd and publ. by G. Novak b c (Bln 234).
and impresso vvares. Excavated 1930 by Q. J. Banner. Museum: Hodmczova'sa'rhciy.
1955. Museum: Zagreb. Karanovo III phase: 6360 i BP, true
Quagliati. M useum: Foggia. Publ. by U. Publ. Banner Dolgozatok 8 (1932); 9 -10
age c. 5400 B C (Bln 158).
Rellini La piti antica ccramica dipivta in l falia Ilon ap art, near Szcntes, southeastern Hun- (* 9 3 3 -3 4 ); 13 ( 1937 ).
Karanovo VI phase: 5840 + 230 BP,
gary. Linear Pottcry settlement, excavated
19 3 4 ; B P / L V I-L V II(1936- 37). Scaloria. true age c. 4800 BC (Bln 236). K o sz y Io w c e (Koshilovce), near ZaliSiki,
by J. Czalog in the early sixties. Museum:
G u m e ln ifa , near Oltcni^a, Southern R o Szcntes. vvestern Ukraine. Late Cucuteni (Tripolye)
K arbu n a, Ci misli district, Sovice Moidavia,
mania. The type site o f the Chalcolithic settlement. Excavated 1906-13. Museum:
Iz v o a re le . near Baca u. Moidavia, north- U S S R . yieldcd a hoard o f 852 objeets in a
East Balkan civilization, synchronous vvith Lvov (Lvvovv), Publ. K. Hadaczek, La
eastern Rom ania. Settlement o f the Early vase attributed to the Pre-Cucuteni (Tri-
Karanovo VI in ccntral Bulgaria. The coloniv itidastriellc de Koszylowce (Cracovv
Cucuteni civilization on the R iv er Bistrica. polye A) cuiture. O ver h alf the objeets vvere
settlement has been dividcd into two main 1915).
Five horizons have been identified as be o f copper and over 250 vvere o f shell. The
phases corresponding vvith Gumc!ni{a II vase vvas uncovercd in an uncxcavated K o tacp art, at Hc5dmezovasa'rhcly, south
longing to the Proto-Cucutcni and Cucu
and III. Excavatcd 1925 and 1960 by V. eastern Hungary. A Central Balkan Neoli
teni A. Excavated 1936-48 by R . Vulpe. settlement. Publ. Sergecv SVI (N o. i, 1962).
Dumitrcscu. M useum: N A M , Bucharest. thic Starevo (Koros) settlement ineluding
Museum: N A M . Bucharest. Publ. Vulpe
Publ. V. Dumitrcscu Dacia II (1925), VI/ K ato Ierapetra, located 011 the Southern
1957. eight burials in rubbish pits. Excavated
VIII (1937/40), IV N. S. (1960): Archaeology coast o f Crete. Middle Neolithic settlement.
1933 34 by G. Banner. M useum: H<5d-
(1966). Jasatep e. Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Teli site ofthe Museum: Heraklion, Crete (Giamalakis
mezova'sarhely. Publ. Banner Dolgozatok 8,
C 1 4 dates: 5865 50 BP. true age c. East Balkan civilization containing Kara Collection).
9 -10 (1932. 1933- 34).
4800 b c (Bln): 5675 80 BP, true age c. novo III, V and late VI characteristics.
K aza n lik , located at Kazanlik, central C 14 date: 6450 ioo B P, true age r.
4500 b c (Bln); 5400 120 BP. true age c. Excavated 1945. 1950-59 by Detcv. Mu
Bulgaria. A large teli vvhich yielded a com- 5500 bc (Bln 115).
4350 BC (Bln); 5715 7 0 BP. true age seum: Plovdiv. Publ. Detev Godishnik 1
(1948). 3 0959). plete sequence o f the Neolithic East Balkan
c. 4550 b c (G rN 3025); 5400 i : 90 BP. true K ryn ic h k a . district o fB a lta, Podolia, vvest
civilization. Excavated 1966-70 by G. I.
age c. 4350 B c (GrN 3028). K ak an j, near Visoko, Bosnia, Yugoslavia. Ukraine. Late Cucuteni settlement exca-
Georgiev and R . Katinarov. Museum:
Late Central Balkan Starevo settlement vatcd during the ninetecnth centurv. pri vate
Habae$ti, near Tirgu-Frum o$, Moidavia, Kazanlik.
col. E. N. Antonovich-M clnik, Kiev. Publ.
northeast Rom ania. A classical Cucuteni vvith Adriatic (Danilo) elements. Excavated
K en ezlo , near Tokaj, northcastern Hun- Makarenko IP E K (1927).
settlement. Cucuteni A complex. The 954 by A. Bcnac and 1968 by G. Sterud.
Museum: Zemaljski Muzej, Sarajevo. Publ. garv. Ncplithic Biikk and Chalcolithic K u k o v a M o g ila (Duvanli). near Plovdiv.
settlement vvas fortified by tvvo defensive
Benac Glasnik Sarajevo Arh. N F 11 (1956). Tisza settlement. Excavated by N. Fettich.
ditches. Excavaccd 1949-50 by V. Dumitres- central Bulgaria. Settlement o f the East
Museum : Nyfregyh.i?a. Publ. Toni pa
cu. Museum: N A M . Bucharest. Publ. V. K a lo ja n o v e c . 18 km. southvvest o f Stara Balkan civilization, Karanovo III period.
Dumitrcscu 1954. C 14 ; 5330 + 80 B P true Zagora, central Bulgaria. Settlement o f the K o d a d c rm c n . near umen, northcastern Exeavated 1928-30 by B. Filov. Museum:
age 4360 BC (G rN 1985). East Balkan civilization. Karanovo IV Bulgaria. A 7 m.-high teli o fth e East Bal Plovdiv.
H lu b o k e M a u v k y , near Znojm o, M ora- period. Museum: Stara Zagora. kan civilization vvith remains o fth e Boian
L a n g -E n z e rsd o rf. located at Korneuburg.
via, Czechoslovakia. Settlement o f the cuiture follovved by Gumelni'a. Excavated
K ap itan D im itrie v o . Central Bulgaria. eastern Austria. Settlement o f the Lcngvel
Lincar Potterv and Strelice group o f the 1914 bv R . Popov. Museum: Sofia. Publ.
sve Banja ta. cuiture. Excavatcd 1952 bv H. Ladenbauer-
Chalcolithic Lcngyel cuiture. Exeavated Popov Izvestija 6 (19 16 -18 ); Gaul B A SP R
Orel. Museum: Vienna, Naturhistorisches
1927-39 by F. Vildom ec; 1949-50 by J. K aran o v o . near N ova Zagora, central Bul 16 (1948).
Museum. Publ. Ladenbauer-Orel IP IiK 19
Neustupnv. Publ. Vildomec and Salm l PUK garia. Large teli and eponvmous site o f the
K 6 k e n y d o m b . in Hodmezovasarhelv. (1954- 59); //>, Landeskd. SicJvrostcneidi 36
11 (19 31 -3 7); Ohzor Prehist. 13 (1946); Karanovo cuiture vvhich provides the back-
southeastern Hungarv. Settleinent and ce- (1964).
Neustupnv Arch. Rozhl. 2 (1950); 3 (19 51): bonc o f the East Balkan cultural sequence.
meterv o f the Tisza cuiture. Exeavated C 14 dates: 5950 : 130 BP, true age c.
asopis Nar. Mus. Prag. (1948-50). Contains the major phases: Karanovo 1
1929. 1940-42 and 1944 bv j . Banner. 4850 bc : (Neustupnv 1969): 5880 ; 120
and II (parallel to Starevo). IN (Veselinovo),
H u rb an o v o , near Hurbanovo. Komarno. Museum: Hmlmezovasa'rhelv. Publ. BP. true age c. 4800 i h : (Neustupnv 1969)*
IV. V (Marica phase). VI (Gumelni^a), VII
Southern Slovakia. Neolithic settlement (Earlv Bronze Age). Excavated 1936-57 by Banner. Kokatydomb.
L a rg a -Jijic i. district o f la$i. Moidavia.
vvith ceramic rem ains attributed to the V. M ikov and G. I. Georgiev. Museum: K o lo m ijsh c h in a , at Khalepje. south o f northcastern Moidavia. Multiplesettlement
Linear Potterv eliezovce variant. Lengyel. N ova Zagora and Sofia. Publ. M ikov Kiev, Ukrainian S S R . Settlement o f the site vvith Linear Potterv. Earlv ('Pre-
Tisza and Biikk cultures. Excavated 1953 Izvestija 5 (1937), Anti(juity XIII (1939). S/l Classical Cucuteni (Tripolyc) cuiture. E.\- Cucuteni') and Late Cucuteni (Cucuteni B)
246
-4 7
seum- Unpublished. foundations. Aegean civilization. Exca-
material. Excavated and published by A. D. Museum: Argos. Publ. Cnskey Hesperia 23
Alescanrescu. Duda V and S C U ' C l 4 date for carbonizcd grain sample: vated 1954 bv D. R . Theocharis. Museum:
(954). 25 (>9 0 ). 26 ( 1957). 27 (1958),
6100 100 B P (LJ 2521), true age c. 5000 Volos. Publ. Theocharis Athen. Miti. 71
X II. 2 (i9 6 1). (9$y)-
(1956).
bc .
L e n g y e l, near Szeksza'rd, Tolna, Hungary. L e f (Varheghiu), at St Gheorghe, Transyl- N e a N ik o m e d e ia , near Verroia, Mace
F,ponymous settlement and cemctery o f the vania, Rom ania. The site consists o f various M egara H yb la ea, Syracusc, Sicily. Neoli
donia, Grccce. Early Neolithic (Proto-
Lengycl cuiture. The Earjy Chalcolithic Neolithic and Chalcolithic settlements. The thic settlement o f the Adriatic Impresso
Sesklo) o f tvvo levels and Late Neolithic
cemecery includes 90 graves. Excavatcd earliest stratum belongs to the Central Bal cuiture, Stentinello group. The site vvas
settlements. Excavatcd 1961-6 3 by R . J.
1882-88 by M. Wosinszky. M useum: kan Starevo (Cri$) cuiture divided into surrounded by a defensive diteh. Excavated
Rodden. Museum: Verroia. Publ. Rodden
Szekszdrd. Publ. Wosinszky Dtis prcihis- tvvo phases, followed by the East Balkan 19 17 by P. O rsi; 1950 by F. Villard. Mu
P P S 28 (1962); Scientific American (1965,
iMisth? $duw zw irk von Uii$ycl f S88; Tol- Boian and Cucuteni-Ariud Chalcolithic seum: Museo di Siracusa. Publ. P. Orsi
April).
ttirtenet? 1 896. ct?mplexe$. Excavated >949~55 by Z . Szc- Monumenta Anticjua 27 (19 2 1); Vallet and
C 14 dates for the first Early Neolithic
kely, 1- Nestor and E. Zaharia. Museum: Villard B o li Aete 45 #3 (1960).
LpSnfc! Vttf. on the fefink f the Danube building horizon: 8180 i 150 BP. true age
N A M : Btivhare>it. Publ- isharia O m a N,S. c. 7200 BC (Q 655); 77^0 270 13P, true
i>t jhi? ?f;r CJate*. VtigOslv'if*. A Vllifigv $ f M o h cin icc. Za'br?h, umperk. Moravia,
VI (ititii). age c. 6800 b c (G X 679)- Following hori-
hinises. pr<?fe;biy &?ig}ji)dly lafe- C*cehoslovakia. Linegr Pottery settlement
tjrrjir**jrt. ineluding rvtanjzuiaf sfone- (>o
Lipovac, near Anuidjelovac, km. south- follovvcd. by a Lcngyel settlement. ftecar
vated 1953 *>>' Tichy. Museum: Brno.
zon: 7 5 5 7 i 9 ftP> true age c. fifioo b c
(P IZ02); 7281 i 74 BP, true age c. 6300
s^ilken heflffhs and plastered fjo rs eiisi of Belgrade. Late Vinca site. E?iavated
iftv^fotir large irg^ahaped stt>hv stslj?- iyn bv M. Vasi; 1930 l?y M. Gfbie and Publ- Tiehy Arch Rozhl. 8 (1956); Sbornik bc (P 120 3A).
tarif w?re found. CiiHttffiipor&fv with he 1931 bv V. Pewkes. Museum: NM 8el*- Afch- Vst. Brno 1 (1960); 2 -3 ; Preliled N c b c , near Travnik. Bosnia, Vugoslavia.
Neolithic Early Starevo com plex, but grade. Vyzkuwm Brno 1960; 1962: Pam. Arch. 49 A Butmir settlement. Ceramics are Classical
iftcUies local Danubian Mesolithie ele~ (95); 53 (1962). and Late Butmir in styie. Excavated 194S-
ments, especially in the physical tvpe o f Lisiii, near Konjic, Hercegovina, Yugo~
M o lfetta, Bari, Puglia, Icaly. Impresso 49by A. Benac. Museum: Zemaljski Muzej,
people, massive CrtVMagnon. Hxcavated slavia. A settlement o f the Adriatic (Hvar)
settlement. Fifty burialsexca vated. Graphite Sarajevo. Publ. Benac Prehistorijsko naselje
1965-69 by D . Srejovi and Z . Letica. civilization, vvhich is divided into three
and painted ware similar to the Serra d Alto Nebo i Problem Butmirske Kulture 1952';
Museum: Universitv, Belgrade. Publ. living horizons. Excavate 1952-54 by A.
complex vvere found. Excavated 1908-10 Glasnik Sarajevo Arh. N F 8 (1953).
Srejovi 1969. Benac. Museum: Zemaljski Muzej, Sara
jevo. Publ. A. Benac Neolitsko naselje u by A. Mosso and M. Gervasio. Museum: N itra , Slovakia, Czechoslovakia. Within
C hron ologv: end seventh-early sixth
Lisiiima kod Konjica 1958. Museo Archeologico di Bari and Seminario the city the following sites vvere e.veavated:
millennium uc.
di Molfetta. Publ. Mayer Le Stazioni an early Linear Pottery site vvith 77 graves
C i 4 dates: 6560 100 B P. true age c. L o ve ts, near Stara Zagora, Bulgaria. East preistoriche di Molfetta 1904: Messo M .A .L. located on the left bank o f the R iv er N itra;
$600 b c (Bln 655); 6630 ; 100 BP. true Balkan civilization o f the Chalcolithic X X (1910). a Lengyel site vvith houses o f the Ludanice
age c. 5650 b c (Bln 654); 6820 r 100 BP. period (Karanovo Vl-Gumelni^a typc). tvpe. Excavated by J. Lichardus and J.
true age c. 5850 bc: (Bln 650): 6620 100 Museum: Stara Zagora. M u ld a v a , central Bulgaria. Teli site vvith a
Vladar. Publ. Vladar Slov Arch, 18-2
BP. true age c. 5650 uc (Bln 652): 6820 rich layer o f the Neolithic East Balkan
L u k a -V ru b le v e tsk a y a , located in the (1970).
100 BP. true ager. 5850 b c (Bln 576); 6843 (Karanovo I typc) civilization. Excavated
100 B P . true age c. 5850 BC (Bln 647); upper Dnicster Vallcy. district o f Kamenec- and publ. by Detev. Godishnik VI (1968). N itrian sk y H rad o k . N ove Za#mky, Slo
6860 100 BP, true age c. 5900 uc. (Bln Podolski, Ukraine, U .SSR. Early Cucuteni Museum: Plovdiv. vakia, Czechoslovakia. Settlement o f the
575); <>Hoo 100 BP. true age c. 5850 bc: (Tripoive A ) settlement. Exeavated 1946- Lcngvel cuiture. Middle Danube civiliza
50 by $. N . Bibikov, Museum: Moscovv. M u rgecch ia, Matera, Basilicata, Italy.
(Bln 649); 6900 i 100 BP. true age c. 5950 tion. Excavated 1957-59 bv A. Toik.
inst. Arch. Publ. Bibikov 1953- Neolithic settlement o f the Adriatic Matera Museum: Nitra. Publ. Toik Referaty Lib
<: (Bln 678): 6900 : 100 BP. true age r.
cuiture. Site surrounded by two concentric
5950 b c (Bln 379): 7040 : 100 BP. true ila 13 (1959) i Lichardus. Pam. Arch. 57
M atera, Basilicata, ltaly. Several Neolithic ditches. Excavatcd 1K98 by D. Ridola.
age c. 6050 b c (Bln 653): 6984 ; 94 BP. (1966).
sites o f the Adriatic civilization, Matera- Museum: Matera. Publ. Ridola BPI 44
true ager. 60001* c (Z 1 15 ) : 7300 : 124 BP. N osa. at Subotica, northern Yugoslavia.
Capri complexes. contemporaneous vvith (1924): 45 (925).
irue age c. 6350 b c (Z 143): 7 310 ; 100 BP. Neolithic Starevo (Koros) settlement vvith
the Sesklo and Dim im groups o f Greece.
true age c. 6350 uc: (Bln 740a): 7360 : 100 M u rg ia T im o n c , Matera. Basilicata, ltaly. remains o f rectangular houses. Excavated
Excavated 1912 bv D. Ridola. Museum:
BP, true age c. 6400 b c (Bln 740b): 6970 Adriatic civilization, Matera complex. Mu >967-58 by D. Garaanin and L. Szekeres.
Matera. Publ. D. RidoJa La Grotla dei
: 60 BP. true age c. 6000 bc: (U C L A ). seum: Matera. Excavated 1897 by D. Museum: Subotica. Publ. D. Garaanin
Pipistre!Ii e la Grotta Funeraria in Matera
1912. Ridola and G. Patroni. Publ. Ridola BPI Berichte Rom. - Germ. Kom. 39 (1958).
L ern a. near Argos. eastern Peloponnese.
44 (1924). N o v y e R u sesh ty I, near Kishenev, M oi
Greece. Settlement consisting o f t\vo Neoli M ed ved n jak . at Staro Selo, near Sine-
thic cultural layers follovved bv Earlv derevska Palanka, central Yugoslavia. Large N ea M ak ri, Marathon, Attica, Greece. davia, U S S R . Classical Cucuteni settle
Bronze Age remains. The upper Late Neo settlement ofthe classical Vina civilization. Settlement consisting o f Early Neolithic ment. Excavated by V. 1. Markevich in the
lithic layer consists o f eight building hori- Excavated 1968-70 by R . Galovi spon- (Proto-Sesklo) and Late Neolithic layers. sixties. Museum: Kishenev. Publ. Marke
zons. E.veavated 1956-59 bv J. L. Caskev. sored bv the Smederevska Palanka Mu- Both contain rectangular houses vvith stone vich 1970.
249
O bre I, near Kakanj, Bosnia, YugosIavia. O v c h a ro v o near Trgovite, northeastern pctrc$ti group. Excavatcd 1963 by luliu Radm illi. Publ. Rellini La piu antica cera-
Settlement consists o f four habitation hori Bulgaria, a Neolithic Starcvo-Criij site vvith Paul. Museum: Sibiu. Publ. Paul 1965. ntica dipinta in Italia 1934; Radm illi R S P
zons, the earliest representing Starevo semi-subterranean dvvcllings and a 16, (19 6 1); 17 (1962).
P ie tre le, near Bucharest, Rom ania. East
complex vvith geometrically painted black- Chalcolithic-coppcr age teli with thirteen
Balkan Chalcolithic settlement vvith re R o s k e -L u v a r, south o f Szeged, Southern
on-rcd ware. The upper three beiong to an habitation levels, cxcavated by H. Todorova
mains o f Late Boian and five phases o f H ungary. Central Balkan Starevo (Koros)
end phase o f the same Central Balkan 19 7 1-7 2 . The later parallels Karanovo
Gumclni^a comp!excs. Excavatcd 1943-48 Neolithic settlement. Excavated 1965 by
Neolithic culture, locally called Kakanj , IV -V I. Extraordinary discoverics vvere
by D. Berciu. Museum: N A M , Bucharest. O. Trogm ayer. Museum: Szeged.
Excavated 1968 bv A. Benac and M. made in Karanovo VI levels. Level 9 yieldeda
Publ. D. Berciu Mat. Cere. Arh. 2 (1956). R u d n ik K o so v sk i, near Prizrcn, Southern
Gimbutas. M useum: Zemaljski Muzej, cultic scene o f 26 miniature cult objeets
Sarajevo and Cultural History Museum, including four figurines vvith upraised arms P lo n ik , Southern Yugoslavia at Prokuplje. YugosIavia. Central Balkan Neolithic
U G L A . Los Angcles. Publ. Marija Gim and decorated vvith meanders and parallel Large Late Vina site vvith c. 3 m. o f cultural Starevo settlement. Excavatcd 1966-69 by
butas Archaeology, 23, 4 (1970). lines, three temple fa^ades or altar screens, deposits. Excavatcd 1927 by M. Grbi; J . GliSi. Museum: Pritina.
C 14 dates for the lovvest horizons ninc ehairs, three miniature tables, three 1968-70 by B. Stalio. Museum: NM R u g B a ir, near Sv. Nikole, eastern Mace
(Phase A ): 7240 4; 60 BP, true age c. 6250 vessels vvith lids, tvvo large dishes, and three Belgrade. Publ. Grbi 1929. donia, southeastem Yugoslavia. Central
BC (U C L A 1605 I): 6795 + 150 BP, true drums suggesting the ritual u seof music. The Balkan Neolithic Starevo and Early Vina
P o ro d in , near Bitola, Southern Y ugoslavia.
age c. 5780 b c (Bln Lab. 636); 6710 60 group vvas in association vvith a shrine model stratified site. Excavated 1970 by American
Central Balkan Neolithic settlement. Star
BP, true age c. 5750 bc (U C L A (605G). including an altar and oven. Quantities o f (U C L A ) and Yugoslav (Naroden Muzej,
evo complex, Macedonian variant. Exca-
Middle phase (Phase B ) : 6430 60 BP, schematic figurines, other shrine models, tip) teams (M. Gimbutas and V. Sancv).
vated 1 9 5 3 - 5 4 by M. G rbictal. Publ. Grbi
true age c. 5450 BC (U C L A 1605F). anthropomorphic vases, graphite-painted Museum: tip.
1960.
Upper horizons (Phase C ): 6230 80 pottcry, and ceramic vvorkshops ame to
C 14 dates: 7 110 i 470 BP. true age c. R u g in o a sa , district o f Ia$i, Moldavia,
BP (Bln 659), true age c. 5150 b c ; 6150 ;j_- light. Finds in Trgovite museum. Publ.
Todorova 1976. 6150 b c (H 1486/987). northeastern Rom ania. Settlement o f the
70 BP, true age c. SO60 b c (U C L A 1605H).
C'lassical Cucuteni (Cucuteni A) culture.
O bre II, near Kakanj, Bosnia, Yugoslavia. Padina, Iron Gate Gorge, northern Yugo- P re d io n ica, in PriStina. Southern Yugo~
Museum: N A M , Bucharest. Publ. H.
Most important site o f the Butm ir culture. slavia. Central Balkan Neolithic settlement, slavia. Vina site o f several periods. Earlv
Dumitrescu Dacia IIIIV (1927-32).
Nine habitation horizons have been estab- Danubian regional group vvith Starevo and Late, the latter half o f the tvvo phases.
lished and three developmental phases. Excavated 1955-56 bv R . Galovi. Mu R u se, northern Bulgaria. East Balkan
elementi. Related to Lepenski Vir. Exca-
Excavated 1967-68 bv A. Benac and M. seum: Pritina. Publ. Galovi 1959. civilization, Chalcolithic site. (Karanovo
vated 1968-71 by B .Jo v an o v i, sponsored
Gimbutas. Museum: Zemaljski Muzej. C i4 dates for Early Vina: 6279 : 80 VI-Gum elni;a period). Excavated 1950-53
by the Belgrade Arch. Institute. Publ.
Sarajevo. Publ. M. Gimbutas Archacolo$y BP, true ager. 5300 b c . (Bln 435). by G. I. Georgiev and N . Angelov.
jovan ovi A rit. Pregl. 10 (1968); Stare
23-24 (1970); A. Benac Obre //, Neolitsko Museum: Ruse. Publ. Gcorgiev-Angelov
Kulture u Djerdapi 1 (1969): Arch. Ittgoslavica
P yraso s, located at Nea Anchialos near Ruse.
naselje butmirske grupe na Gornjem Polju 9 ( 1971). Volos, Thessalv. Greece. Stratified teli site
(Sarajevo 197 0 - S a b atin o v k a II, Proto-Cucuteni (Early
Par$a, south o f Timisoare, vvestern R om a vvith the follovving succession o f Thessalian
C 14 dates for the lovvest lavor (Butmir Tripolye) settlement near Uljanov, district
nia. Early Vina settlement. Museum: Neolithic: Proto-Sesklo, Sesklo, Arapi-
1): 6175 : 80 BP. true age c. 5100 bc (Bln ofK irovograd , vvestern Ukraine. Excavated
Dimini, Larissa and Rakhmani. Exeavated
639): 6075. : >00 BP. true age c. 5000 b c Timo$oara. 1947-49 by M. L. Makarevich. Museum:
1956 bv 1). R . Theocharis. Publ. Theo
(Bln 792); 6 110 ;; 60 BP, true age c. 5000 Odessa. Publ. bv Makarevich in Arkheol.
P aza rd ik (Junacite), Central Bulgaria. charis Thessalika 2 (1959).
b c (GrN 5683); 60io : 60 B P . true age Pa inja ik i Ukrainskoj R S R , vol. IV (1952)
Teli site o f the Chalcolithic East Balkan
4950 b c (GrN 5684): 5925 : 80 BP, true R a d in g ra near Razgrad, northeastern and Makarevich 1960b.
civilization. follovved bv a Bronze Age
age 4850 b c (Bln 657). Bulgaria, a teli vvith several phases, parallel to Salcu^a. near Craiova. southvvestern R o
layer. Excavatcd 1939 by V. M ikov. Mu-
Middle lavor (Butmir H): 5875 60 Karanovo IV, V , excavated by Totju Ivanov mania. Tvpe site o f the Salcu^a variant o f
seum: Plovdiv.
BP, true age c. 4840 b c (U C L A 160.sC). in 1974-78. Unpublished. The most remark the East Balkan civilization vvith seven
Upper laver (Butmir II): 5740 t. 80 P erieni. near Birlad. northern Moldavia. able discovery vvas a tvvo-storey temple. Its phases o f development. Follovvs the Central
BP, true age c. 4550 BC (U C L A 1605B). Romania. Neolithic settlement o f the first floor had a ceramic vvorkshop vvith a Balkan Neolithic Starevo ( C riO civiliza
Other dates shovv the same period. Central Balkan Starevo (*Cri$') tvpe. large oven and tools for potterv making and tion. Excavated 19 16 -20 bv I. Andriesescu:
follovved bv a layer o fth e Linear Potterv decoration. the second floor comprised the 1947 bv H. Dumitrescu: 1951 by D. Berciu.
O tzak i. near Larisa. Thessalv. Greece.
culture o f Music N ote tvpe. E.vcavated temple proper vvith a clay altar 75 cm. high. M useum: N A M . Bucharest. Publ. Berciu
Large teli site vvith four main cultural l.jvers
1949 and 1955 bv M. Petrescu-Dimbovi^a. vertical loom . figurines. and temple models. 1961.
beginning vvith Proto-Scsklo. follovved bv
M useum : Ia$i, Moldavia. Publ. Petrescu-
Pre-Sesklo. Classical Sesklo, and Late Neo- R ip o li. Corropoli, Terano. Abruzzi e Sarva. near Osijek, northern YugosIavia.
Dimbovi^a 1957; Acta Arch. Acad. Sc. Ilung.
lithic. Excavated 19 5 3 -SS bv V. Milojic. Molise. Italv. Eponvmous settlement and Lovvest horizons o f this stratified Ste in-
9 (1958).
Museum: Larisa. Publ. Milojic Auli. cemeterv site o fth e Adriatic Ripoli cotu- cluded a Central Balkan Starevo laver.
Anzeiger 1954. !955- >959: Jb . Romisih- P ianul de Jo s. near Sibiu. Hunedoara. plex. Excavated 1910 bv A. Mosso: 1913- follovved bv the Lengyel and then Baden
(ierm. Zentral Aluseuni 1959. Rom ania. Settlement o f the Chalcolithic 1915 by l. PairO sso and 1961 bv A. M. and Vuedol cultures. Excavated 1942-43
250
bv R . R . Schmidt. M useum: Osijek and C 14 dates for Pre-pottery period: 775, T a n g iru , near Giurgiu, lovvcr Danube,
Souphli- at Larisa. Thessalv. Greece.
Arheol. Muzej. Zagreb. Publ. Schmidt i 97 BP (P-1681). true age c. middle ofthe Rom ania. Stratified teli vvith tvvelve levels
Stratiti^ teli ineluding Pre-ceramic, Proto-
I 'ueJol (i94$)- seventh millennium BC. o f Boian and nine o f the Gumelni^a periods
Sesklo. Sesklo, and Late Neolithic Post-
Sc a lo ria (see also Grotta Scaloria), a cave site Early Potterv period: 7 6 11 + 8 3 (p_ piniini phases. Excavated 1956 bv D. R . o fth e East Balkan civilization. Excavated
1679), 7427 it: 7 ( P - i M ) . 7300 93 (p 19 33 -3 5 ; 1956; 1957 by D. Berciu. Publ.
at Manfredonia. south ofGargano, southeas -j'heocharis. M useum: Larisa Publ, Thco-
tern ltaly, exftvafed by Marija Gimbutas sriHo). true age o f ali three dates is wich$n Bere iu 1961.
chafis Tltt'.'salika > (19$#).
and Shan Winn 1978-80. The upper cave the second half o f seventh millennium ac.
S t a r a ja B u d a . upper Siniukha Valley,
vidd habitation remains and 140 burials. Classical Sesklo: 6964 i- 92 (P-1674), T eci, near Kragujcvae, ccntral Y ugoslavia.
vvestern Ukraine. Late Cucuteni settlement.
most o f vvhich wcrc probably sacrificial; in 6?4* :i: 103 (P -1677), 6694 87 (P-1675), Central Balkan Neolithic Starevo settle
.publ. Passek Ceraniique tripolienne 1935.
the lovvcr cave with stalagmites and stalac- true age vvithin the first half o f seventh ment and tvvo burials. Excavated 1960 by
tjtes, a sacred Wll, and quantities o f vases millennium uc. Late Classical 6504 Starevo , near Belgrade, Yugoslavia. Epo- R . Galovi. Museum: N M Belgrade. Publ.
vvere found. Total o f c. 1500 symbolically (P-1672), true age c. middle o f sixth nymous site ofthe Neolithic Central Balkan Galovi 1964.
decorated vases, inscribed bone and clay millennium bc. Starevo cuiture. Excavatcd 1930 by M.
artifacts. and very rich flint industry vvas Dimini Period: 5622 4 80 (P-1671), Grbi; 19 3 1-3 2 by V. Fevvkes, H. Goldman
T irp e$ti, district o f T g. Neam(, region o f
uncovcred from the main period o f the cave, true age c. middle o f fifth millennium b c . and R . W . Ehrich. Museum: N M Belgrade.
Bacau, northeastern Rom ania. An Earlv
c. 5600 - 5300 b c , based on six radiocarbon Publ. V. Fevvkes Buli. Am. School Preli.
S ip in tsi (Schipenitz), northvvest o f Cher- Cucuteni (*Pre-Cucuteni UP) settlement.
da tes; (LJ-498o) 6800 + 160; (LJ -4649) Research 9 (1936): D. Arandjelovi-Garaa-
novitsi. on the bank o f the R iver Prut, Excavated by V. Dumitrcscu a n d j. Mari
6720 + too B .P .; (LJ-4981) 6620 3 8 0 B .P .; nin, Stareratka Kultura (1954).
vvestern Ukraine (Bukovina), U S S R . Late li escu-BUcu in the earlv $ixties. Museum:
(LJ-4650) 6490 140 B .P .; (LJ-4651) S t e n tin e llo , Syracu.se. Sicilv. Eponvmous
Cucuteni settlement, Publ. Kandvba Schi- N A M , Bucharest and Bacau.
6.130 + 90 B .P .; (LJ-4983) 6 0 5 0 + 13 0 B.P.
p enitz J947- Vienna, Naturhistorisches site o f the Stentinello group. Defended by a
The report due to appear in Monumenta ditch and stone vvall. Exeavated 1890, 1912,
Museum. T isz a p o lg a r-B a sa ta n y a at the villagc o f
Archaeologica, Institute o f A rehaeology, 1920 bv P. O rsi; 1961 by S, Tine. Museum :
U n iversityof California, Los Angeles, 1984. Polga'r near Tiszalok, southeastern Hun-
S ita g ro i. Plain o f Drama, northeastern Museodi Siracusa. Publ. Orsi BP I 16 ( 1 S90);
On water cultin the Iower cave .<*<'Tine 1972. gary. Eponytnous ccmetery site o f the
Greece. Large rell o f the East Balkan 36 (19 10 ); Tine Arch. Stor. Siracusano 7
Finds are in the archaeological museum o f Chalcolithic period (or Early and Middle
civilization \vith 12 m. o f cultural debris. (1961).
Manfrcdonia and Foggia. Copper Age o f the Carpathian Basin). 166
Five periods. I-V . I and 11. Late Neolithic
Strelice, JeviSovice, Zn ojm o. Southern graves exeavated. E.veavated 1929 by F.
svnchronous vvith Karanovo III and IV;
S e lev ac. 15 km. vvest o f Smederevska Moravia. Czechoslovakia. Contains several Tompa and 1946 by I. Bogna'r-Kutzian.
III, Chalcolithic svnchronous \vith Kara-
Pajanka, centra! YugosIavia. Settlement o f sites o f the Chalcolithic Strelice group o f Museum: N M Budapest. Publ. I. Bogna'r-
novo VI. foIUnved bv periods IV and V o f
early classical Vina tvpe. Exeavated 1969- the Lcngvel cuiture. Escavated bv Palliardi Kutzia'n 1963. In the same area. tclls vvith
rhe Earlv Bronze Age Balkan-Danubian
70 by K. Galoviand K. Miloseviand 111 '70S and J. Vildomec at the end o f the nine- Neolithic-Chalcolithic remains are knovvn:
cuiture. Excavated 1968-69 bv A. C. Ren-
by R. Tringham . Museum: Smederevska tecnth-earlv tvventieth centurv. Museum: Tiszapolgar - Csoszhalom. Tiszapolgar-
Palanka. frew and M. Gimbutas. Publ. Colin Ren-
frcvv Prm'. Prdi. Soc. 36 (1970). BoskovStcjn near Znojm o and Brno. Publ. Folyra's-Szilmeg and others.
Scrra d A lto , Matera. Basilicata, ltaly. J. Palliardi M P C . I (Vienna 1897): U 'P Z I C 14 dates: 6940 : 100 BP. true age c.
C i 4 dates for Phase I: 6625 : 170 BP.
Settlement and cemeterv site ofthe Adriatic (19 14): Vildomec ()P 7/8 (Prague. 1928/ 4700 b c (Bln 5 13): 5845 : 60 BP. true age
true age c. 5650 b c, (Bln 779}; 6425 100
M atera-Capri cuiture and tvpe site o f the BP. true age c. 5450 BC (Bln 778). 29); 12 (Prague. 1940): Neustupnv A R 3 <\ 4700 b c (GrN 1934): 5 7 7 5 :. 100 BP,
Serra d Alto complex. Site surrounded bv a (95 0 - true age c. 4700-4600 b c . (Bln 512). Later
Phase II: 5920 ; 120 BP, true age c.
defensive diteh. Graves vvere excavated level: 5575 : 100 BP. true age <\ 4400 i h :
4S50 b c (Bln 777); 5720 : 100 BP, true
Su lica. near Stara Zagora, Central Bul (Bln 509).
otitside the settlement. Excavated 1919 bv age c. 4550 b c (Bln 776); 6240 ; 100 BP,
garia. Chalcolithic site, Karanovo VI period
D. Ridola and U. Rellini. M useum: Museo true age (. 5300 b c (Bln 884): 5904 l 66
o f the East Balkan civilization. Museum:
di Matera. Publ. M aver Molfetta mul Matera BP. true age c. 4850 i h : (BM 649). T raian . northern M oidavia, northeastern
Stara Zagora. Publ. Gaul Neolithic Bulgaria.
1924; Rellini Not. Se, so (1925). Phase III: 5795 ; too BP, true age c. Romania. The site o f several Neolithic
4650 b c (Bln 882): 5555 : 100 BP, true Ncttlcmcnts: 1. Dcalul Fintinilor ineluding
Sesk lo . near Volos. Thessalv. Greece. Su ltan a, located on the shore o f Lake
age 1. 4400 BC (Bln 88 i); 5545 : 100 BP. Mosti$tca. district ot Oltcni(.\. S o u th e rn Linear Potterv. Earlv and Classical (Cucu-
Eponvmous site o f the Sesklo cuiture.
true age <\ 4400 b c (Bln 883); 5100 : ioo Rom ania. Belongs to the East Balkan teni A -B ) remains and 2, Dcalul Viei vvith
represented by the middle laver. Preeeded
BP. true age r. 4200-3800 i h : (Bln 774)- civilization, Museum: Olteni^a. Publ. a single laver belonging to the Earlv Cucu
by the Pre-potterv. Earliest Potterv and
teni (Pre-Cucuteni I) civilization. Exea-
Proto-Sesklo and foIUnved bv Dimini Marinescu-Btlcu Dacia XI (1967).
S m il i . near Zadar, Dalmatia. Yugo- vatcd 1 9 5 1 - 5 9 by H. Dumitrcscu. Museum:
and Post-Dimini complcxes. F.nc.i vated slavia. Contains an earlv level o f the Adria S z e g v a r -T iiz k d v c s . at Szcntes. south N A M . Bucharest. Publ. H. Dumitrcscu
19 0 1-2 by Ch. Tsountas; 1957 bv tic Impresso cuiture overlaid bv a horizon
eastern Hungarv. Settlement and cemeterv . s c / r i u (1 95 2 ); i v (1 9 5 3 ) ; v (1 95 4 ); v i
D. R . Theocharis. Museum: Volos. Publ. ofthe Danilo compleN. Excavated 1957-59 ofth e Tisza cuiture. Excavatcd 1956-57 bv (t<; 55 ); Mm. ('ere. Arh. III (1957) and V
Tsountas 190 8; Theocharis Praktika 32 1962 bv . Batovi. Museum: Zadar. Publ. j. Czajog. Museum: Szcntes. Publ. Czalog (1^59); H . and V. Dumitrcscu Mat. Cere.
( 1957 ) : Ihessalika 1 (195K). Batovic Diatlora 2 (19 6 0 -6 1): 1966.
Szegiuir- 7 V/ckores. Arh. VI (1959).
T r ip o Iy e , near K iev, vvestern Ukraine. Central Balkan Neolithic Starevo culture, thic (Gumclni(a) site o f the East Balkan
cultural stratum 0.90-1.20 m. thick. Exca-
Classical Cucuteni settlement and name above vvhich were 7 111. o f deposits charac- civilization. Excavated by T. S. Passek.
vated 1957 by N. Tasi and J. Glii. Mu
used for the Cucuteni civilization in Soviet teristic o f the Vina civilization. The Vina Museum: Kishenev. Publ. Passek and
seum: Kosovska Mitrovica. Publ. Tasi
Moldavia and western Ukraine. Excavated civilization has been subdivided into four Gerasimov, 1967,
1959; 1(X>*
1899 hy V. V. Khvojka (Chvojka). M u C 14 dates: 5895 80 BP, true age c. co n sec u tive phases. Excavated 1908-12, V y k h va tin tsi, district o f Rybn ica, upper
seum: Kiev. Publ. Khvojka Trud) X I Arkh. 4850 b c (Bln 436). Corresponds to 4 m. 1924, 1928-32 bv M . Vasi. M useum: BU Dniester, Soviet M oldavia, U S S R . Late
sjezda, Kiev 1901. depth at the Vina site. and N M Belgrade. P u b l. M. Vasi Pre- Cucuteni (Tripolye) cemetery. Excavated
Tru$eti, near Botoani, northern M ol istoriska Vinca I-IV (193 2-36). 1952 by T. S. Passek and E. K. Chernysh.
V alea L u p u lu i, district oflai, northeastern C 14 dates for Early and M id-Vina:
davia, Rom ania. Large habitation site in Before this cxcavation, several graves vvere
Rom ania. Large Late Cucuteni (Cucuteni 6190 B P , true ager. 5100 b c (G rN 1546);
. vvhich 98 houses vvere uncovered, most o f uncovered by M. V . Voevodskij and A. E.
B) settlement on the terrace o f River 5845 160 B P, true age c. 4800 n e (GrN
vvhich belonged to the Classical Cucuteni Alikhova in 1947. Excavatcd again in 1951
Bahlui, Excavated 1953-57 by M . Pctrescu-
(Cucuteni A) period. Excavated 19 5 1-5 9 ; 1537)- by I. G. Rosenfeldt. Publ. Passek 1954.
Dimbovi^a and M. Dinu. Museum: Ia$i.
1961 by M . Petrescu-Dimbovi^a. Museum:
Publ. Petrescu-Dimbovi^a S C I V V (1954); V la d im iro v k a , Southern Bug Valley, Z cle n ik o v o , near Skopje, Macedonia,
lai. Publ. Petrescu-Dimbovi^a Tru$e$ti.
Dinu Marin Matcriale Cere. Arh. 3 (1957); western Ukraine. Classical Cucuteni (Tri- Yugoslavia. Located near the R iv e r Vardar.
T sa n g li, Thessaly, Greece. Neolithic settle 5. G ( i 959)- Tvvo phases: the Central Balkan Neolithic
polye B) settlement vvith about 200 houses.
ment o f the Sesklo culture. The uppermost Excavatcd 1927-28 by B. Bezvenglinski; Starevo civilization and the Late Vina
Varna, a Copper A ge cemetery o f c. 4500 bc
layer associated with the Early Helladic 1940 by T . S. Passek. Publ. Passek Cra- civilization. Excavated 1950-53 by R .
(Karanovo VI period) near the tovvn o f
Bronze Age. Excavatcd 1905 bv Ch. ntique Tri po licune 19 35; Passek 1949; E. K. Galovi. Museum: Gradskij Muzej, Skopje.
Varna on the Black Sca coast in Bulgaria.
Tsountas; 19 10 by A. J . B . Wace and M . S. Chernysh K S IIM K 40 (19 51). Publ. Galovi 1964.
Diseovered in 1972 and excavated in
Thompson. M useum: Athens. Publ. Wace
1973-77 by Ivan Ivanov, the cemctery is Z en g d v rk o n y, near Pecs. Baranva.south-
and Thompson 19 12. V rsnik, north. o f tip, Macedonia, south-
particularlv noted for quantitics o f gold and vvestern Htingarv. Large settlement and
T san i, Thessaly, Greece. Stratified Neoli copper artifacts, marble rhytons, gold- castern Yugoslavia. Central Balkan cemeterv o f the Lengvel culture. The
thic teli including remains o f JPre-Sesklo painted vases, and life-size funerary clay Neolithic stratified site o f four main de- cemeterv included 368 burials most o f
(red monoehrome pottery), classical Sesklo, masks with gold attributes. Finds in the velopmental phases, parallel to Anza IIV. vvhich vvere single inhumations containing
Varna archaeological museum. Publ. by Begins vvith the earliest Starevo (or Anza grave goods. Excavatcd 1936-48 by J,
Dimini and Late Neolithic characterized bv
a coarse grey vvare and Urfirnis \vare. Gimbutas 1977 a and b and Ivanov 1978. I) and ends vvith Early Vina. Excavated Dombav. Museum: Pecs. Publ. Dombav
Excavated 1909 by A. J. B. Wacc and M. S. 1958 by M. and D. Gara.anin. Museum: A Zengdva'rkonvi oskori telep os te meto,
V a rv a ro v k a , near Kishenev. Soviet Mol
Thompson. Museum: Athens. Publ. Wace tip. Publ. by the excavators 1959 and 1961 Arch. Huug. 23 ( 1 939): 37 ( 19<'o).
davia. Late Cucuteni (Tripolve) settlement.
and Thompson 1912. in tip Mus. Publ.
Excavated 1967 by V. I. Makarevich, Z h van cts, district o f Kiev, Ukraine.
C 14 for Vrsnik III: 6865 150 BP. true
M useum: Kishenev. U S S R , Late Cucuteni (Tripolve) settle
T u r d a f (Tordo), La Lunea locality on the age c. 5900 b c (H 595/485).
bank o f the R iver Murc$, Transylvania, V ese lin o v o . district o f Jam bol, eastern ment. Excavated bv T. G. Movsha
region o f Huneodara, Rom ania. Early Bulgaria. Teli o f the Late Neolithic, Kara V u lk a n csh ti. Soviet Moldavia. Chalcoli Arhfteologija X IX (1965).
Vina settlement. Unsystematicexcavation. novo III period, East Balkan civilization.
end o f the nineteenth century. Museum: Excavate bv V. M ikov. Publ. Mikov
Institute o f History, C luj. Publ. Roska, Izi'cstija 13 (1939).
Torma CoUection 1941.
V id ra, near Giurgiu. southeast o f Bucharest,
Vadastra, near Corabia, Oltenia, south- Rom ania. Settlement o f the East Balkan
vvestern Rom ania. Eponymous site o f the civilization particularlv noted for its figur
VSdastra variant o f the East Balkan civiliza ine and plastic art. Lovvest level belongs to
tion; contcmporary vvith Boian. Preceded the Boian-Giulc$ti phase and is follovved by
by a late middle Aurignacian Palaeolithic the Boian-Vidra. then the Gumelnifa layer.
layer; overlain by a laycr o f the Salcuta xcavated 19 31-3 3 and 1958 by V. Rosctti.
complex. Excavated 1926 by Vasile Chris- Museum: Bucharest C ity. Publ. V. Rosetti
tescu; 1934 bv 1). Berciu: 1946-62 bv C. Sdpaturilc dc la l idra 1934: Publ. Muz.
Matecscu. M useum: N A M , Bucharest. Municip. Ihieurcsti t-2 (1935-36); IP B K 12
Publ. Christescu Dacia III-IV (19 27-33): (1938): Mar. Cere. Arh. 7 (1961).
Mateescu S C I V 6 (1955); Cere. Arh. 5-6
(1959): Arch. Rozhl. 14 (1962). V in a. 1 4 km. southeast o f Belgrade 011 the
Danube, localitv o f Belo Brdo. Yugoslavia.
V ala, near Kosovska Mitrovica, Southern Mound 10.5 m, deep. The t\vo earliest
Yugoslavia, Late Vina settlement vvith settlements (belovv X 111.) belong to the
1 .U
M eteorites) , V o l. III parts I and II.
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Boto^ani (Comitetul Judejean dc Cultura , 1977. The First Wave o f Eurasian Steppe antropomorfe nella Grotta del Buc tiszavidekrol es torteneti osszefuggeseik
51 Educajie Socialista, M uzeulJudsjean dc Pastoralists into Copper A ge Europe/ The Marino-Cala Gononc, Dorgali, Sardegna (with summary in English: Nevv Figural
Istoric Boto$ani). Journal o j Irjdo-European Studies, V, 4: Centro-Orientale dal Neolithic alla Fine Representations o f the Koros Cuiture
Cuco, t , 1973. lUn com plcx ritual 277- 339- Mondo Antico (Sassari): 53-55, pls. from the Middle Tisza Region and their
cucutenian deseoperit la Ghelacci (jud. , 1980. The Temples o f Old Europe, M ak k a y , J anos , 1972. Eingeritztc und Historical Connections), A Szolnok
Neams)/ Studii <i Cercetari de Istorie Vec'ne Archaeology (Nevv Y o rk ): 4 1- 5 1. plastisehe Menschendarstcllungcn der Megyei Muzeumok Evkonyve 1979-1980,
24, 2 (Bucharest), 207 ff. , 1980. The Kurgan W ave # 2 , c. transdanubischcn Linicnbandkeramik', Szolnok: 5-33.
, 1973. Ceramique neolithique du musee 3400-3200 bc in The Transformation o f Idole, prahistoriche Kerarniken aus Ungarn, R obbins , M iriam , 1980. 'The Assimilation
archeologique de Piatra Neam{. Piatra European and Anatolian Cuiture at Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum, N.F. o f Pre-Indo-European Goddesses into
Ncam j (Acta Musci Petrodavcnsis. Bib- 4500-2500 bc , The Journal o j Indo- 7): 16 -19 , T af. 13 - 15 . Indo-European Society\ in The Trans
liotheca Mcmoriae Antiquitatis) European Studies, VIII, 3 -4 : 2 7 3-317 . M arinescu - B ilcu , S ilvia , 1974. Cultura formation o f European and Anatolian
, 1975. Doua vase zoomorfe eneol i tice/ G oldman , G yo rcy , 1978 Gesichtsgefasse Precucuteni pe teritoriul Romaniei, Buch Cultures at 4500-2500 bc , ed. M. Gim
Carpica (MuzeulJudejcan dc Istoric 51 Arta und andere Mcnschendarstellungen aus arest (Institute o f Archaeology o f the butas, TheJournal ojIndo- European Studies,
Bacau), V II: 7 -14 - Battonya, A Bekes Megyei Muzeumok Acadcmy o f Sciences o f SR Romania), VIII, 1 - 2 : 19-31-
C zalog , J zsef , 1972. Throncndes Frau- Kozlemenyei (Bekes) 5: 13-60. Biblioteca de arheologie X X II. T heocharis , D. R., cd. 1973. Neolithic
cnidol von Szegvar-Tiizkovez , Idole, G raziosi, P aolo , 1975. N uovc manifes- , 1974. La plastica in terracotta della Greece, Athens (National Bank o f Greece).
prahistorische Kerarniken aus Ungarn, tazioni darte mcsolitica c neolitica nel cultura precucuteniana, Rivista de Scienze THiMME.jURGHN.ed., 1976. Art and Cuiture o j
Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum, riparo Gaban presso Trento , Rivista di Preistoriche (Florence), X X IX , 2:399-436. the Cyclades (Pat Getz-Preziosi, trans, and
N .F,7): 20-23, Taf. 17-20. Scienze Preistoriche (Florence), X X X , 1-2 : M a r s h a c k , A., 1978. The Meander as a editor o f the English edition). Karlsruhe.
D ' an n a , A., 1977. Les statues-nienhirs et steles 237- 78. System : the Analysis and Recognition o f T ine , S anto , 1972. Un culto neolitico nelic
anthropomorphes du midi mediterraneen. F ercuson , C. W., M. G imbutas and H. E. Iconographic Units in Uppcr Palaeolithic acque nella grotta Scaloria, Symposium
Pari. Suf.ss 1976. Historical Dates for Neolithic Compositions, Form in Indigenous Art, sulla Religioni della Preistorica, Valca-
D amf.s , M ichael , 1976. The Silbury Trea- Sites o f Southeast Europe Science 19 1: Canberra (Australian Institute o f Abor- monica.
sure. The Great Goddess Rediscouered. 1170-72. iginal Studies): 286-317. T odorova . H enrieta , 1974. Kultszeneund
London. Fi.orf.scu, M aru.ena 1979. Contribujii la , 1979. Ukrainian Uppcr Palaeolithic Hausmodell aus O vcarovo, Bez.
D elporte, H., 1979. L Image de lajemme dans cunoa*jterea conccpjilor despre lume i Symbol Systems: A Cognitiveand Com - Targovi$tc\ Thracia (Sofia) III: 39-46,
l'art prehistorique. Pari. viafa a comunitaplor tribalc monteorcne, parative Analysis o f Com plex Ritual . 1976. Oi'AmM'c). Sofia.
D umitri-sc u .V ladim ir , 1974. Artapreistorica Carpica (Bacau. Romania). X I: 57-134. M arking, Current Anthropology, june J978. The Eneolithic Period in Bulgaria in
in Romania. Bucharcst. F riedrich , P aul , 1978. The Meaning oj the Fifth Millennium b c . London.
1979-
E ken vai .l , A st a , 1978 Batrachians as Aphrodite. Chicago and London. N ica . M arin . 1976. Circea, cea mai vcche T o d o ro v a , H.. St. Ivan ov. V. Vasii.j-v, M.
Symbols o f Life. Death, and W omcn, Iv a n o v , I. S., 1978. Les fouilles archolog- 'ajezare neolithica de la sud de Carpap Hopf. H. Q u itta . and ( 5. K o m . 1975.
Kuinnhistoriskt arkiu. 14 (Goteborg). iques dc la necropole chalcolitique a (vvith rsume in French: Circea, le plus Selishchnata Mogila pri (joljamo Delchero,
G imbutas , M a r ija , 1974. Achilleion: a Varna, 1972-1975 Studia Praehistorica, ancicn etablissement neolitiquc au sud des Sofia
Neolithic Mound in Thessalv: Prc- i-2 (Sofia): 13-26. Carpates). Studii < Cercetari de Istorie Tko<;mayek. O tt o . 1972. fruhneolithische
liminary Report on 1973 and 1974 Exca- . 1978. Sakrovishchata na l arnenskija l'eche, vol. 27, 4 (Bucharest). an thro po m or ph e Gc tassc *. Ido lc, prahistor
vations '.Journal of Field Archaeology. vol. khalkoliten nekropol. Sofia. N i k o i.o v . B o g d a n . 1974. Gradechintza. ische Kerarniken aus l ngarn. Vienna (Na-
1 : 277- 302. Kai.k:/, N an d o r andJANos M akkay, 1972. Sofia. turhistori^ches Museum. N .F. 7): 7-8.
, 1976. Figurines*. Neolithic Macedonia as Gefasse mit Gesichtsdarstcllungen der . 1975. aminets. Sofia. 7 .i f. 1-4.
Reftected hy Excavation at Anza, Southeast Linicnbandkeramik in Ungarn, Idole,
Vugoslauia, M . Gimbutas, cd. M on prahistorische Kerarniken aus Ungarn,
umenta Archaeologica I (the Institute o f Vienna (Naturhistorisches Museum. N.F.
Archacology ofthe University ofC alifor- 7): 9~ 1 5 Taf. 11, 12.
nia. Los Angeles): 198-241. ---, 1977. Die Linienbandkenvntk in dergrossen
. 1976. Ideograms and symbolic Design ungarischen Tiejehene. Buda pest.
on Ritual Objeets o f Old Europe (Neol Karm anski, Si-rcij. 1977. Katalog antropoin-
ithic and Chalcolithic Southeast Europe)*. orfne i zoomorjne plastike iz okoline Odaka.
268
Catalogue Vidra mound, lovver Danube region, 29 18 Mask and phallic tand found in Phase IV
at Achilleion, near Farsala, Thessaly, Greece.
km. southeast o f Bucharest. Excavated
1 9 3 1 - 3 3 t>y Dinu V. Rosetti. Bucharest Grey clay vvith traces o f vvhite slip. Fore-
T E X .T F I G U R E S
City Museum. Publ. D. Rosetti, 1P EK , 12 head damaged. Excavated 1973 by M.
1 Tcrracotta torso. H. 8.75 cm. Fine brovvn Gimbutas. H. o f removable mask 3 cm., o f
7 Terracotta torso vvearing a checkerboard (1938)- 2^ 2'
fabric. Black lines about the abdomen skirt indicatcd by whitc-fillcd incised lines tand 6 cm.
\ Cylindrical terracotta head vvith incisions
indicate decoration by painting. Hip-belt and dots. H. 7.6 cm. Lower part in form o f
'i indicating hair and cyes. Nose in relief iq Five masks from different periods: 1, Vina
shown by application. Found 6.9 m. dcep a cylinder. Classical Vina. Found 5.6 m
i H. 3-3 ein. Starevo settlement at Pavlovac, found 8.5 m. deep (Starevo). Publ. Vasi,
in Vina mound. Vasis excavation. B U deep in Vina mound, Vasis cxcavation
locality ukar. N M Belgradeand Archaeol Vina, III: Fig. 50, Vina collection, inv.
Collection, 4971. Publ. Vasi, Vinca, I: N M Belgradc. Publ. Vasi, Vina, I: fig
ogical Institute N M Belgrade, 15035 exca~ 874; ii, Vina, found 7.3 m. deep (Early
Fig- 95; Vol. III: Fig. 152. 144.
vations o f 1955. Publ. M. Garaamn in 39. Vina). Publ. Vasi, Vina, II, 94, Fig. 187;
S Terracotta female torso with incisions B R C K 1958, I. 2. N M Belgrade Catalogue iii, Vina, found 6.5 m. dcep (Mid-Vina).
2 Terracotta figurine o f fine fabric vvith
indicating dress. H. 11 cm. Grey fabric Publ. Vasi, Vina, II: Fig. 340, inv. 538;
vvhitc-encrusted incisions indicating dress. (1968): 34
medium coarse. M id-Vina. Found 6.7 m. iv, Vina, found 4.2 m. deep (carly Late
Classical Vina. Potporanj, Kremenjak
14 Terracotta masked head vvith incisions Vina). Publ. Vasi, Vinca, I: Pl. X X X V I ;
locality, settlement south o f Vrac, north deep in Vina mound. Vasis excavation.
indicating hair divided into tvvo sections. v, Vala at Kosovska M itrovica (Late
eastern Yugoslavia. Regional Museum N M Belgradc 976. Publ. Vasi, Vina, HJ:
Fig. 168. H. 7 2 cm. Fine grey fabric. polished surface. Vina). Publ. Tasi, Vala.
Vrac. Excavated at end o f nincteenth
M id-Vina. Found 6.5 m. deep in Vina
century. F. Milleker, Die steinzeitliehe Fiituie !> Lowcr part o f terracotta figurine from jo Terracotta head vvearing broad triangular
mound. Vasisexcavation. B U Collection.
von Potporanj bei Vrac (Vrac 1934): 1-2 3. Beletinci at Obrc, district o f Sremska mask. H. 6.4 cm. Sevcn pairs o f perforations
363. Publ. Vasi, Vina, III: 28. Fig. 179.
Mitrovica, northern Yugoslavia. Black in back o f head and one at cach upper
i Dark-rcd terracotta figurine. H. 11.3 cm. Terracotta head o f a masked vvoman from
burnished. Decorated by white-cncrusted corner. Found 4.6 m. deep in Vina mound.
Eroded surface. Found 7.8 m. deep in the settlement o f Crnokalaka Bara at
incisions and dots. Traces o f black paint. Vasis cxcavation. Publ. Vasi. Vina, III:
Vina mound. Vasis cxcavation. B U Rujitc near Raanj, 20 km. southeast o f
H. 7cm . Excavation ofVojvodjanski Muzej, Fig. 366.
Collection, inv. 948. Publ. Vasi, Vinca. the mouth o f Southern Morava river.
N ovi Sad, by B. Brukner, iy 6 i. Vojvod-
1U: Fig. 13 1. southeastem YugosIavia. Late Vina. H. 6 >1 Baked clay model o f a sanctuary vvith bird-
janski Muzej, N ovi Sad. Publ. B. Brukner,
'Praistorisko naselje na potesu Beletintsi cm. Black-baked. polished, lustroussurface. goddcss image above the round opening
4 Seated terracotta female figurine from the and plumage indicatcd by incision. L. 20
kod O breia, Rad Vtijpotljanskikh Muzeja, Pentagonal mask shovvs vvell modelled eyes.
settlement o f Banjica near Belgrade. H. 9.2 cm. Dark-brovvn fabric. Derives from un-
I! (iyf>2): 10S. Pl. V III: 1. brovv-ridges and nose. Top of head at back
cm. Head and part o f stool broken otf' svstematic excavations o f end o f nincteenth
incised to indicate hair. 1959-60 excavations
Dark-grey fabric. White-encrustcd inci u 1 Terracotta figurine o f a man vvith a chest- centurv at La Lunca county o f Turda?
o f Krucvac museum carried out bv E.
sions. Front and middle part o f back painted band. hip-belt and dagger indicatcd in (Tordo) on the bank o f R . Murc$ (Maro),
Tom i and N. Tasi. Publ. Tasi-Tom i.
black. Tvvo perforations on each arm stump. reliet. Orange-red fabric. Head and portions Transylvania, Rom ania. Early Vina cul-
Crnokalaka Bara: Pl. X , i.
Knees and contours o f legs indicatcd al- o f legs broken otf. H. 7 . cm. Cucuteni A turc, early fifth millennium b c . Arch.
though legs shovvn merged vvith those o f settlement at Bcre$tt near Bujor. district o f 16 Female figurine in tcrracotta from Late Museum o fth e Institute o f Histor>\ Cluj.
throne. Excavated 195557 b v j. Todorovi Galami, eastern Rom ania. Regional Mu- Cucuteni (Cucuteni B) settlement at K rv- Publ. Roska. Torina Collection.
and A. Cerm anovi. Publ. J. T od orovi- setitn o f Historv, G.ilap Publ. Ion T. nichka, district o f Balta. Podolia. Ukrainian
A. Cermanovi, Banjica: Pi. V ili. 2. t. Dragomir. SJpJturi arheologice la Tg. S S R . H. 10.5 cm. Naturalisticallv rendered _j C lay model o f a shrine. Izvoarelc. Gumcl-
Bcrcjti (r. Bujor. reg. Ga lati)'. I nude bodv vvith long hair indicatcd bv ni{a site. lovver Danube. N A M Bucharest.
Terracotta torso o f a Late Vina female (|<X>7 ) : 4 1 - 5 7 . incision ending in a tfat disc vvhich apparcnt- >i C lay model o f a shrine from Popudnia.
figurine. D ark-grev fabric;. vvhitc-fillcd ly portravsa large round coil. Face flat vvith
11 rerracotta figurine of a seated man from upper Dniester region. vvestern Ukraine.
incisions. Found 4.1 m. dcep in Vina distinet contours o f a mask. Figure in a
Valac at Kosovska Mitrovica. Kosovo Late Cucuteni. After M. Himner. 'tude
mound. H. 5.2 cm. Vasi's excavntion. NM slightlv stooping position. Arms held be-
Metohije province. Yugoslavia. Found 1.26 sur la civilisation prmvceniennc*.
Belgrade. Publ. Vasi. Vina. III: Fig. 419. neath long breasts. Ninctecnth-centurv
m. deep in this Late Vinca settlement. Dark- trit. X IV ( 1933): Pl- XV III.
cxcav.ition. Ovvncd bv E. N. Antonovich-
Terracotta torso o fa female figurine vvear grev fabric. smooth surface. Head broken
Mclnik. Kiev. Publ. N. E. Makarenko >4. 11 Plan and decorative detail ofthe Cascioarele
ing a skirt indicatcd bv inciscd vertical and otf. H. 7.S cm. Whitc-fillcd inerustations
'Sculpture dc la civilization tripolienne cn shrine, after V. Dumitrescu 'difice destine
horizonta] lines. H. 10 cm. Gradac settle indicate trousers. blouse and fmgers. Broad.,
Ukraine', I PUK (1927): 1 19. au culte decouvert dans la couche Boian -
ment at ZJokuchani. Morava Vallcv, cNca- V-shaped collar painted red. 1 y 55 excava-
Span(ov dc la station - teli dc Cascioarele .
vatcd 1909 bv Vasi. N M Belgradc. inv. tion bv N. Tasi. National Museum, 17 Tcrracotta masked head vvith a conical cap Dacia. X IV (1970): 20. Fig. 8 and colour
7S5. Publ. Vasi. ( lla< Scrh. Kongl. Akadeinic Kosovska Mitrovica. Publ. Tasi. I \ilar. found 5 m. deep in Vina mound. Mid- plate.
( 1 9 1 1). B. Stalio. Zlokuani-Gradac, NM Pl. IX . Fig. 3. Vina. H. > cm. Light-brovvn fabric. Vasi*s
Belgrade ('aialo^uc II (1955): Pi. X V I. u Representation o fa decorated shoc, part o f e.Ncavation. BU Collection. Sfi.S. Publ. j.v jfl Plan o f a shrine and figurines found 011 its
\a.h. a sculpture. Gumelnita lt-1 phase from the Vasi. I ina. III: Fig. >73- altar. From Earlv Cucuteni (Tripolve)
270 271
Painted geometric designs on Late Cucuteni
Found in the inside o f a clay silo dug in the 56, 37
settlement at Sabatinovka, Southern Bug mound. N M Belgrade. After Popovitch vases from Sipintsi. A fter Kandyba, Schipe-
earth. Medvednjak at Sm cderevska Palan
Vallcy, Soviet Moldavia. After Makare Revne Archeologicjue, II (1955). nitz (1946).
ka, southeast o f Belgrade. Excavated 1969
vich. 1960.
40 Miniature terracotta vessels from the Vina by R . Miloevi o f the Naroden Muzej in Exploded dravving o f decoration on a vase
27, 28 Contents o f the shrine at Gournia (27): site. Early Vina period. After Z . Letica Sm ederevska Palanka. Housed in this from Dimbul M orii, a settlement o f Cucu
perforated vessels from Knossos (2$). After Minijature sudovi iz Vina, Zbornik museum, Inv. M 23. Courtesy o f the teni A - B phase at Cucuteni in northern
Nilsson 1950: 80. National Museum Belgradc, V (1967): 77- Sm ederevska Palanka Naroden Muzej. Moldavia. Excavatcd 19 0 9 -10 by R . R .
29 Zoom orphic tand vvith angular perfora 126. Schmidt and from 1961 on by M. Petrescu-
^8 Terracotta stamp vvith incised quartcred
tions from Turda, Transylvania. Early design. Ruse, northern Bulgaria. Gumel- Dimbovi^a. Historical Museum o f Molda
41 Tcrracotta spindle-vvhorl from the mound
Vina period c. 5000 bc. Museum o f Cluj. ni$a com plcx. After Georgiev-Angelov. via, Iai. Publ. by M . Petrescu-Dimbovi^a,
o f Dikilitash near Philipi, Macedonia. After
io Plan o f a shrine from the Palae o f Knossos Ruse: Fig. 48, j . Cucuteni (1966): Fig. 36.
Deshaycs, B C H , X C II (196): 1072.
(detail). After A. J. Evans, BSA VIII
49 T erraco tta m iniature horns o f consecration. 59 Askos from the Early Vina layer o f the
(19 0 1-2 ): 9 5-102. 42 Inscribed vessels from Gradenica near
2, from the Ruse mound on the Danube Anza site betvveen Sv. N ikole and tip,
Vraa, vvestern Bulgaria. After B. Nikolov,
32 Gold ring from Mycenae. After Nilsson in northern Bulgaria. After G . Georgiev eastern Macedonia, Yugoslavia. Grey fab
*Plaque en argile avec des signes dcriture
1950: 81. and N . Angelov, Izvcstija, X X I (1957): 90, ric. Burnished dark grey or black. H.
du villagc Gradenica, dp. dc Vraa and
Fig. 50, 4, 5. 3, Vina, afterj. Koroec. Acta approx. 60 cm. Low er part reconstructed.
33 Terracotta ehairs or thrones from the settle Vladimir I. Georgiev, Lcriturc sur la
et Dissertationes 1! (1962, Zagreb): Pl. Naroden Muzej, tip. Excavation by M.
ment o f Ruse on the Danube, northern plaque en argile du villagc Gradenica,
Arkheologija, X II, 3 (1970): 1-9 , Figs. 6, 7. X X X I X , 2. Gimbutas Publ. 1972 and 1976.
Bulgaria. Gumelni^a complex, East Balkan
civilization. After Georgiev-Angelov, 50 Cucuteni vase vvith profile indicatcd (left
43 Burnt clay tablets, figurines, clay anehor 60 Vase vvith bird and egg design. Knossos,
Ruse: 93. Fig- 53- side) (a) and exploded dravving o f the temple repository. After Evans, Palae o f
or figurine, and Sponylus bracelet found
34 Reconstruction o f a cult table vvith vases decoration (b). Cucuteni A phase from the Minos, Vol. I: Fig. 405, d.
in the ritual pit o f the Early Vina layer at
from the settlement o f Pianul de Jos, settlement o f H5b3$e$ti, northern Moldavia.
Tartaria near Cluj, Transylvania, vvestern
Pe trepti II phase, excavated 1963 by Itiliu After V . Dumitrescu, Htibd{e$ti (1954): 289, 61 Vase vvith bird design. Phylakopi III, Melos.
Romania. After N. Vlassa, *Chronology o f
Paul. Scale o f vases is about 1:8 , ofjar under Pl. L X V 11. After Evans, Palae o f Minos, Vol. I: Fig.
the Neolithic in Transvlvania in the light o f
the table 1 :1 6 . Reconstruction after luliu the Tilrtilria settlements stratigraphy, +05
5/ Dccorative motifs 011 Cucuteni B vases
Paul, Ein Kulttisch aus der jungsteinzeit- Dacia, N .S. VII (1963): Fig. 7. from Sipintsi on R iver Prut, 15 km. north- 62 Hoilovvanthropomorphic-ornithomorphic
lichen Siedlung von Deutschpien (Pianul terracotta figurine. Starevo complex. C v
44 Inscribed clay objeets from Sukoro-Tora- vvest o f Chernovitsi (Czcrnovvitz), Buko
de Jos). Forschungen zur Volks- und Landes- iindrical head broken off. Spiraliform ehan-
vina. Exca vated at the end o f the nincteenth
bunde, VIII. i (1965): 69-76. diilo, east o f Szkesfehrva'r. Early Vina
century by J . Szombathy et al. nelling around the buttock-shape
(Bicske type) settlement contemporary vvith
jj; Minoan seal depieting a priestess vvith posterior. Fine light-brovvn fabric. H. 7.5
Linear Pottery culture. After j. Makkay,
triton shell beside an altar. After R . R . 52 Terracotta cult vessel. Porodin. Recon- cm. Excavation by S. Karmanski. at Donja
'The Late Neolithic Turdag group o f signs,
Schmidt, Cucuteni (1932): Fig. 2 i ; also S. strueted. After Grbi. Porodin (1960): Pl. Branje vina near Deronj. Archaeological
Alba Regia (Szekesfehervar 1969): I, 2.3.
Alexiou. Minoan Civilization (1969)* Fig. X X V III: 4. section, Museum at Odaci, northern Y u go -
49. 45 Dishes from the Gumelnifa Iayer o f the slavia. Publ. by S. Karmanski, rtvenici,
53 Classical Cucuteni vase and exploded dravv
Tangiru mound, locaIity 2, lovver Danube, statuete i aniuleti sa lokaliteta donja Branjevina
36 Late Vina terracotta figurine. Dravving ing o f decoration from Vladimirovka,
Rom ania. Diam. 16.5 cm. and 17.2 cm. kod Deranja. (Odaci 1968): Fig. 1.
from photograph by Zervos reproduced in Southern Bug Valley, vvestern Ukraine.
Painted vvith graphite. Excavation by D.
Naissance. II: 460. Fig. 734. 1927-28 excavations by B. Bezvenglinski. 63 Tcrracotta figurine from Karanovo I depo-
Berciu, 1959. N A M Bucharest. D. Berciu,
After T . S. Passek, Cerainicjue tripolienne: sit at the teli o f avdar, c. 60 km ., east o f
Tangiru (1959): Fig. 8; and Coniribufii: 434,
37 Inscribed terracotta figurine from 'the Pl. X X I. Sofia in central Bulgaria. The figurine is
Fig. 2 i i .
Middle Minoan palae o f Tvlissos. After flat in front. has a broad and high neck,
54 Tvvo dishes vvith black-on-rcd painted
Evans, Palae o f Minos. I: 634, Fig. 472. 46 Signs incised on inside and outsideofBylany pinehed nose and horizontallv incised cyes.
and other Linear Potterv dishes and jars in decoration from Tomashevka, northeast o f
Buttocks vvere probablv formed around a
{0> Cvlindrical Late Vina figurine in terra Uman, vvestern Ukraine. Late Cucuteni
Czechoslovakia. After B. S o u d sk y -1. Pavlu, birds egg. Stands on a cylindrical base.
cotta incised vvith ideograms and script (Tripo!ye C). Excavated 1924-27 by P. P.
Imerpretation historique de lornement Excavatcd 1970 by R . Katinarov. Archae
signs. Light-brovvn fabric. H. n .6 cm. Kurinnv. ;. 1 : 1 0 : 2, 1 : 5. After T . S. Passek.
linoaire*. Pamatky Archeologicke. LV II1 ological Museum o f the Bulgarian Academv
Found 3 m. deep in Vina mound. Vasi's (1966): 9 1-12 5 . Ceramujue tripolienne: Pl. X X X III.
o f Sciences, Sofia.
excavation. N M Belgrade. Publ. Vasi.
47 Terracotta figurine vvith a flat crovvn bear 55 Gumclnita vase from Tangiru, Southern
I 'ina. 111: 89. Fig. 455. 64 Neolithic terracotta figurines vvith exag-
ing a quartercd incised design. Arms are Rom ania. H. 10.8 cm. Graphitc-painted.
gerated buttocks from : /, Lepenski Vir.
30 Terracotta figurine. Earlv Vina. H. approx. reduced to stumps and legs to a pointed Excavation by D. Berciu, N A M Bucharest.
northern Yugoslavia, Starevo com plex:
5 cm. Light-brovvn fabric. From Vina cone. 11. 4.5 cm. Fine reddish-brovvn fabric. Publ. Berciu. ('outribufii: 441. Fig. 202.
272 273
2, Crete; j , Karanovo I at Stara Zagora, trijevi, Starevaka Kultura u Slavonsko- N M Belgrade. Vasi, Vina, II: 159, Fig. Collection from Tur da 5, Murc R iv er
centrai Bulgaria. i, after D. Srejovi, srijemskom prostoru, Vukovar, 1969. 330. valley, vvestern Rom ania. Archaeological
Lepenski Vir (1969): Fig. 43; 2, after P. Museum o f the Institute o f History, Cluj,
79 Terracotta double-headed tand vertically M. Roska, Torma Coll.: PL C X X X I X : 4.
Ucko, Anthropomorphic figurines (196 $): No. 72 Neolithic ay stamp seals: 1 , Starevo
perforated, from the Early Vina settlement
5 5; 3, after G . G eorgiev, Kulturgruppen der cuiture from Grabovac, Southern Yugo-
at Cm okalaka Bara near Raanj, south 86 Fragment o f cylindrical terracotta figurine.
jungstein- und der Kupferzcit in der Ebene slavia. Publ. in Arheoloki Pregled, 9, Pl. I;
eastern Yugoslavia. H. 5 cm. Light-brovvn Light-brovvn fabric. Vina site at Agino
von Thrazien , UEurope a la fin de l'ge de la 2y 3, 5, Karanovo I cuiture from avdar,
fabric. Polished. Shovvs contours o fa mask. Brdo, Grodska, near Belgrade. Belgrade
pierre, Prague (1961), Pl. X X X II, 2. 60 km. east o f Sofia, Bulgaria, courtesy G.
White-cncrusted incisions. Kruevac Mu C ity Museum, Inv. 3829. Courtesy o f this
Georgiev, Archacological Museum in
63 Upper part o f a cult vase on the neck o f seum excavations 1959-60. Tasi-Tomi, Museum.
Sofia; 4, R u g Bair at Sveti Nikole, eastern
vvhich the flattened mask o fa Bird Goddess Cmokalaka Bara: Pl. X IV .
Macedonia, YugosIavia. Authors excava-
is portrayed in relief, from Sultana at 87 Terracotta figurine from Vina. Bottom
tion (U C L A and tip Museum) 1970, 80 Terracotta seal from Predionica, Pritina.
Olteni^a, !ower Danube, southvvestem part o fa female figure on a throne. H. 6.5
Archacological Museum o f tip. Diam. 6.9 cm. Brick-red, fine fabric. 1955
Rom ania. Acdentally diseovered in 1957- cm. Broken offat vvaist. Vasis cxcavation.
excavations o f Pritina and N M Belgrade. N M Belgrade, Inv. 9232.
H. 18.18 cm. Reddish-brown clay. Fine 7 j Terracotta lid from Early Vina settlement
National Museum Pritina, Kosovo M eto
fabric vvith some admixture o f mica and at Par^a, district o f Timioara, vvestern
hije, Yugoslavia. R . Galovi, Predionica: 88 Terracotta lid decorated vvith design o f
chalk. The original shape o f the vessel vvas Rom ania. H. approx. 20 cm. Muzeul
roughly biconical. The neck is graphite- Pl. 79: i, 2. meanders, chevrons and parallel lines;
Banatului, Timioara. Courtesy o f this
painted vvith rain torrent and spiral snake* Museum. vvhite-encrusted incisions. Lovver part
81 Terracotta lid vvith anthropomorphic
motifs in negative design. The goddess broken off. H. 9 cm. Fine grey fabric. Early
features and incisions. H. approx. 20 cm.
arms indicated in relief on the shoulders. 74 Fragment o f a terracotta lid vvith eyes, beak, Vina. Aiud, Transylvania. Courtesy o f
Fine fabric, grcy in colour. Early Vina
Olteni^a Museum. Publ. by S. Marincscu- incised chevrons and vvater streams. Fine History Museum, Cluj.
settlement at Par{a, south o f Timioara,
Biicu and B. Ionescu, Catalogul sculpturilor fabric, coloured red. H. 13.5 cm., W . 11 cm. vvestern Rom ania. Approx. 1 :2 . Museul
eneoliticedin. Museul raionalOlteni^a (1968). Radacje, Mala near Ni, Southern Y ugo- 89 Ellipsoid plaquc vvith a flat base. Meander
Banatului, Timi$oara.
slavia. Early Vina settlement, excavated design surrounded by chevrons and semi-
66, 67 Pots from Tomashevka and Staraja Buda, circlcs. L. 15.5 cm., W. 9.1 cm. Light-
from 1956 onvvards by D. Krsti. National 82 Terracotta head o fa Classical Vina figurine
uppcr Siniukha Valley, Late Cucuteni brovvn fabric. One end reconstructed.
Museum o f Ni, Inv. No. 4 5 11. Publ. in: decorated vvith incised and vvhite enerusted
(Tripolye) sites in the vvestern Ukraine. Vina settlement at Banjica near Belgrade.
Les civilisations prhistoriques de la Morava et meanders and parallel lines. H. 10:0 cm.
After Passck, Ceramique tripolienne. Excavation o f Belgrade C ity Museum by
de la Serbie orientale. National Museum Ni, Kremcnjak at Potporanj, south o f Vrac,
Catalogue o f 1971 exhibit, No. 76. northeastern Yugoslavia. Excavated 1957 J. Todorovi. Belgrade C ity Museum. Inv.
68 Decorative motifs on Cucuteni B (Late
by R . Raajski o f the National (Narodni) 1944.6. Publ. j. T od orovi-A Cerm anovi,
. TripoIyc) vases, painted in black. Sipintsi
75, 76 Terracotta figurines from the Sitagroi Museum o f Vrac, Inv. No. 81223. Publ. in Banjica: PL X III: 5.
(Schipenitz), Bukovina, the upper Dnicstcr
mound. Drama Plain, northeastern Greece. Praistorijska nalazita Vojvodine! Catalogue
Valley. After Kandyba, Schipenitz. 90 C lay tablet vvith a !abyrinth design (Cn
Sitagroi III. East Balkan civilization, Chal o f the exhibit in N ovi Sad. 19 7 1: No. 7.
1287.V) from Pylos, vvestern Greece. After
69 Designs painted in dark-brovvn on orange colithic. M. Gimbutas (U C L A )-A . C.
8 1 Upper part o f erude terracotta figurine o f L. J. D. Richarson, The labyrinth\ In
on a footed vasc from the Neolithic settle Renfrevv (Sheffield Univ.) excavation 1968.
Philipi Museum. grey fabric, shovving masked head tilted Palmer, Chadvvick. eds. Cambridge Collo-
ment o f Anza, central Macedonia. Anza Ili
upvvards. Large meander incised over neck. qttiuni on Mycenaean studies (1966): 286.
(gcometric phase) vvhich equates vvith
77 Fragment o f a terracotta figurine: head o f mask. arm stumps and chest. Potporanj at
Late Starevo in central and northern 91 C iay model o f a temple dedicated to the
Bird Goddess incised vvith chevrons and Vrac. Early Vina settlement. Vrac mu
Yugoslavia. Authors cxcavation o f 1970. Bird Goddess. Excised. vvhite-encrusted
parallel lines on top. Lozcnge-shaped eycs. seum exeavation. Courtesv o f this Museum.
Publ. M. Gimbutas, Excavation at Anza, meander pattern over entire front part.
Ali incisions vvhite-encrusted. H. 3.5 cm.
Macedonia, Archaeology, 25, 2, 1972; 1976. 84 Terracotta figurine o fa bird vvith meander Rectangular gate in centre has a polished
Fine dark-grcy fabric. R ug-Bair at Sveti
incised on the back and vvings. Starting surface. Necklaces indicated in relief. H.
Nikole, central Macedonia, Yugoslavia.
70 Beaker from Tsangli, Thessalv. After K. belovv the beak, a hole runs through to the vvith the head (not preserved) about 38 cm.,
1960 excavations. Archaeological Museum
Grundmann, Figurlichc Darstellungen in back. Found 6.2 m. deep in Vina mound. W. 28 cm. Vadastra, dist. o f Corabia,
o f Skopje, Inv. No. 90. Publ. by National
der neolithischen Kcramik Nord und Mit- Classical Vina. H. 3.8 cm. Grev fabric. southeast o f Oltenia. Rom ania. Publ. C. N.
Naroden Museum in tip: Les civilisations
telgriechenlands*, Jahrbuch des Deutschen Vasis excavation. B U Collection. 614 Mateesco. 'U n maestru .ii escmilui arhe-
prehistoriques de la Macedoine, Catalogue o f
Archaologischen Institufs, 28 ( 1 9 5 3 ) : Abb. 28. (1279). Vasi. Vina. III: PL C X X X I . Fig. ologic Dionisie pecuraru*. Studii <i ccrcctari
the cx hi bit 19 71. N o. 71.
614. de Istoria A rte. Seria Arta Plastica, X V II, 2
71 Designs painted in black on a red back 7 8 T erraco tta fi g ur ine p ro babi y pa rt o f a sm a! I (n;70): Fig. 2.
ground on Late Starevo vases from Gornja cult vessel. Grey fabric. H. 5.3 cm. Incised. 8$ Stylized Early Vina terracotta figurine
Tuzla, Bosnia. Starevo at Belgrade and white-encrusted. Found 8.5 m. deep in the vvith incised eyes, meanders and necklaces. 92 Details o f vase decoration and a decorated
Vinkovci at Vukovar. Based on : S. Dimi- Vina site. Earlv Vina. Vasi's excavation. Light-brovvn fabric. H. 4.2 cm. Z. Torma vase from Traian (Dcalul Fintinilor), Cu-
274 -275
cuteni A -B Iayer o f the settlement in north 98, 99 Terracotta figurines from Hacilar, Konya 42.5 cm. high and its lid (noc recovered) northvvest o f Chernovitsi, Bucovina in
ern M oldavia, northeastern Rom ania. After probab!y portrayed the Goddess face. A vvestern Ukraine. After Kandyba, Schi-
Plain, central Anatolia. 98, H. (recon-
Hortensia Dumitrescu, Dacia, N .S. IV strueted) 10.2 cm .; 99, 9.2 cm. After J. gold pendanc vvas found on her chest petiitz: 57. Figs. 41 and 42-
(1960): 34, Fig. 2. Mellaart, Excavation at Hacilar, Anatolian bccvveen the breasts. Gumelnita B (or
114-116 Late Minoan decorative dravvings. Afcer
Studies, X I (1961): Figs. 11 and 14. Gumelnita III in D. Bercius classificacion).
Evans, Palae o f Minos. 1 1 4 : Vol. II, b, Fig.
9 j Upper Palaeolithic figurines o f bone vvith Incised lines, circles and lozenges enerusted
engraved meanders and chevrons from 100 Cycladic figurine o f vvhite marble vvith a 456; 1 1 5 : Vol. IV, 1, Fig. 2 9 1 , 1 1 6 : Vol. Ih
vvith vvhite colour. D. Rosettis 1934 ex-
Mezin on the R iver Desna, vvestern massive phallus-shaped head. Protruding b, Fig. 368.
cavation. Publ. Rosetti, Vidra; Idem, Scein-
Ukraine. After A. Salmony, Some Palae nose, but no eyes. Breasts slightly indicatcd kupferzeitliche Plastik aus einem Wohn-
and held by hands. Almost conical legs. 1/7 Vessel in che shape o f a dog. H. 8.2 cm.
olithic ivory carving from Mezine, Artibus h ii gel bei Bucharest, IP E K , 12. Bucharest
Rounded, vvell proportioned buttocks. H. Found 7.8 m. deep at the Vina site.
Asiae, 12, N o. 1/2 (1949): *07. Figs. 1 and 2; Cicy Museum.
12.9 cm. After Marie Luise and Hans Shoulders have perforations for a scring or
and 1. G. Shovkopljas Mezinskaja stoj an ka,
Erlenmeyer, Von der fruhen Bildkunsc der ehord to be drawn chrough. Vasis ex-
Kiev (1965), Pl. 48. 106 Pottery dish from Pietrele, county Giurgiu,
Kykladen, Antike Kunst, VIII, 2 (1965): cavation. B U Colleccion. Publ. by Vasi,
district o f Ilfov, area o f Bucharest. Graphite-
94 Proto-Sesklo terracotta figurine in form o f Pl. 18 :6 and 7. painted. Diam. 46.3 cm. Gumelnifa com- Vinca, 11: Pl. X C L 347-
a bird-phallus hybrid. Hole on top. Bird- 101 Fragments o f seated marble figurine vvith plex. East Balkan civilization. Excavated
. 1 1 8 Lid handle o f a poc in che shape o f a masked
like vvings and tail indicatcd. Broken ac folded arms from the settlement o f Ruse, 1943-48 by D. Berciu. N A M Bucharest.
dog. H. 4.5 cm., L. 5 cm. Diseovered dur
bottom. Light-brovvn fabric. H. 10 cm. northern Bulgaria. Gumelni^a comp!ex Publ. by D. Berciu in Materiale Cercetari
ing che excavation o f 1952-53 in Goljamata
Tsangli, Thessaly. Excavated and published (Karanovo VI). Excavaced betvveen 1948 Arheol. 2 (1956): Fig. 42.
Mogila at Gorni Pasarel, central Bulgaria,
by A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson, and 1953- Publ. by Georgiev-Angelov, 107, together vvith graphite-painced poctery.
Prehistoric Thessaly (1912). Archaeological 107 Pottery dish from Petreni, vvescern Ukraine.
Fig. 64. Fiat face vvich a pronounced conical nose -
Museum in Volos, Thessaly. Painted in chocolace-brovvn on oehre-red.
102 Marble figure vvith folded arms from near obviousIy representing a mask. Notches on
Diam. 51 cm. Afcer Passek, Cramiqtte
95 Large vase from Anza, central Macedonia, the village o f Blagoevo, region o f Razgrad, the back and on the front legs. East Balkan
tripolienne.
Yugoslavia. Anza IV period, Early Vinca. Bulgaria. H. approx. 32 cm. Found in frag Karanovo VI. Excavacion o f the Institute o f
H. 92 cm. The pithos vvith bird's face ments in the area o f che settlement mound. 108 Double-egg (or buttock)-shaped poctery Archaeology o f the Bulgarian Acaem y o f
indicatcd on the neck (24 cm. high) vvas O val head vvith nose, cyes (pupils shovvn bowl. Pietrele. Gumetnifa complex. Diam. Sciences, carried out by N. Petkov. Publ.
diseovered broken into many small frag- vvith little pics), and ears. The ears have four 15.8 cm. Graphice painted on outsie. N. Petkov, Zhivotinski dekorativen ele
ments. The body o f che vase except for the perforations each, to vvhich copper ear- Source as 106. ment v eneoiitnata keramika pri Gorni
bottom p3rt is decorated vvith bands painted rings vvere attached. Other features inciude Pasarel, Izvestija, X X I (1957): 291-94.
an arm-band 011 the right arm, a small pit 109, n o Figurines vvich che upper pare broken otf.
altcrnately in cream and red. A red band
shovving double-eggs in the inside o f the 119 Lid o f a sceatite pyxis vvich a handle on top
slants dovvn on either side o f the beak. for the navel. a pubic triangle, depressions
bclly. N o vye Rusesluy I setclemenc. Classi in the form o f a dog. From Mochlos, Earlv
Necklace vvith tvvo pendants ac the ends for trigonum tumbale on the butcocks and
cal Cucuteni (Tripolye). After V. I. Marke- Minoan II settlement, eastern Crete. Repro-
shovvn in relief. U C L A (auchors) and cip back of the knees. Traces o f red colouring
vich. Mnogoslojnoe poselenie N ovye uccd from R. Dussaud, Les civilisations
Naroden Museum excavacion o f 1970. on the eyes and ears. Afcer cuccing vvith
Rusesluv I'. K S IIM K . 123 (1970): 64. prehelleniques dans le bassin de la mer Egee
Housed (unreconstructed) in Naroden Mu flint. che figure vvas smoothed vvith sand-
(Pari 1914, 2nd ed.) : 38. Fig. 20.
zej. tip. Publ. M. Gimbutas Exeavacions seone. and the pits vvere made vvith a bone
111 Anthropomorphic vase in shape of female
at Anza, Macedonia'. Archtieology, 25. 2. tool, sand and vvater. Publ. bv G. Georgiev, 120 Stylized dog in a menaeing attitude. painted
butcocks vvich tvvo small lugs on top.
1972. Also 1976. 'Eine Marmorscatuecce aus Blagoevo, i 11 black on a very large, oehre-red vase o f
Painted vvhite on red. H. 10. i cm. Cucuteni
Bezirk Razgrad . Izrestija. 19 (1955), 1 1 - 1 3 . Cucuteni B period from che seetlement o f
A phase. Izvoare at Piatra Neam^. district
96 Terracotta figurine o fa vvoman seated on a Varvarovka near Kishenev. Soviet Mol
ii\i Fiat figurines o f bone from the settlement o f Bacim, northeastern Romania. Excava-
cabouret holding a babv. Head broken olf. davia. Excavated 1967 bv V. 1. Markevich.
of Ruse on the lovver Danube. norehern tions ofth e Instituce o f Archaeologv ofth e
Painted in brovvn on cream in horizontal, Archaeological Museum o fth e Institute o f
Bulgaria. Diseovered in the settlement area. Academv o f Sciences. Bucharest, bv R .
vertical and spiral bands. Dimini period ac Historv ofth e Academv o f Sciences o fth e
Kxcavarios o f 1950 53 bv Georgiev- Vulpe 1936-48. N A M Bucharest. Publ.
Sesklo near Volos, Thessalv. Excav.ued and Moldavian S .R ., Kishenev.
Angelov. Ruse. Vulpe. Izvihirt". Figs. to6. 107.
published bv Tsountas, 1908. Athens
National Museum: 36. Inv. 5937. Zervos. 1u Black-on-rcd painted design on inside o fa 12 1 Black-on-rcd painted vase from Kruto-
104 Invemorv from a single grave in the
.\aissancc, Vol. II: 305, Fig. 395. bovvl. Koszylovvce. vvescern Ukraine. Late borodintsi. vvestern Ukraine. Late Cucuceni
cemeterv o f Vykhvacintsi, Soviet Mol
Cucuteni (Cucuceni B) period. After R vba- civilization. Reproduced from R vbakov,
davia. See ref. 149. 150 (half-tone plates).
97 Painted figure ofa Snake Goddess on the leg kov. (?osw(>i*ony: Fig. 24. Cosmogony (1965).
o f an altar-table from Phaistos, Southern /<>5 Anthropomorphic vase. knovvn as God
Crete. H. 18 cm. Proto-palatial period. 1 i i Exploded dravvings o f shoulder decoration 122 Painted vase trom-Valea Lupului, northern
dess o f Vidra', from the Gumelnija settle
Heraklion. Archaeological Museum, Gal- ment at Vidra, district o f Giurgiu south o f motifs 011 large amphoras from the Cucu Moldavia. Rom ania. 11. 52.8 em. Black and
!cry III. Case 42. No. 10576. teni B settlement o f Sipintsi (Schipenitz). red on cream background. Cucuceni B
Bucharest, lovver Danube basin. The vase is
276 277
period. After M . Petrcscu-Dimbovifa, 5730 from this level range from 5850 94 tf 7 Modern folk toads made o f wax from the 146 Gold ring from a grave at Isopata, north o f
S C IV , V I : 704, Fig. 14, 1. to 5781 96. After Meilaart, Qatal: 127, Austrian Alpine region. j, 2, after R . Kriss Knossos. Diam. 2.6 cm. Redravvn from the
Fig. 40. Die O pferkrote, Bayerischer Heimatschutz photograph in C . Zervos, Crete: Fig. 632.
123 Potsherds vvith representations o f a tree in (1930): 10 7 ; 3, after K. Spiess, Die Krote,
association vvith dogs, from Sipintsi, 15 km. 130 Figure incised on a globular vase from the 1 4 7, i 48 Mycenaean gold chrysalis and Minoan seal
ein Bild der Gebarmutter , Mitra (19 14):
northvvest o f Chem ovitsi, Bukovina. After settlement at Borsod, Biikk cuiture. Mis- impression. Reproduced from Arthur
209.
Kandyba, Schipenitz: 75. kolc, Hermann Otto Museum. Excavation Evans, The R in g o f Nestor, J H S , X L V ,
by A. Leszik, J. Hillebrand and F. Tom pa Terracotta hedgehog from O scioarcle, Part I (1925): Figs- 45. 47-
124 Patterns on large conical bowls, betvveen 1926-48. F. Tom pa, Die Bandheramih in Gumelni^a layer, Southern Rom ania. H.
30 and 50 cm. in diameter, from Cucuteni 6.1 cm. N M Bucharest. Publ. Dumitrcscu, 149 Rcpresentation, on a mould, o f goddess
Ungarn, Budapest (1929): PL X V III, 3.
B settlements in the vvestern Ukraine. Black U art Roumanie: Pl. 109. holding butterfiies (double-axes). After
or chocolate-brovvn painted on ochre red. 13 1 Anthropomorphic figure engraved on a Zervos, Crete: 451, Fig. 746.
1, 2, 4, 5, 7 after Passek, La iramique tripo- sherd from the base o f a dish o f early Lincar O nyx gem from Knossos, c. 1500 b c .
Pottery cuiture. Settlement o f Koleovice, Reproduced from Zervos, Crete: Fig. 629. 130 Butterfly signs engraved on inside and out-
lienne (1935): V II; 3, 6, 8 after Kandyba,
district o f Rakovnik, Bohemia, Czecho side o f jars and dishes from the Linear
Schipenitz: 84-87.
slovakia. After H. Quitta, Forschttngen zur 140 Design on one face o f three-sided bead seal Pottery sites o f B ylan y and elsevvhere in
125 Orange-coloured bovvt shaped like a Vor- und Fri'ihgeschichte, Leipzig (1957), 2, from Kateli Pedeada, southeast o f Knossos, Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. After B . Soud-
modern salad bovvl, vvith abstract design on 81. 2. Pot from the Linear Pottery settle Crete. After Evans, Palae oj' Minos, vol. sky and I. Pavlu, Interpretation historique
inside. D og, inner crescents and leavcs ment o f Prague-Bubenec, after A. Stock^, III: R 4 , Fig. 93 A, d. de lornement lin<5aire, Pamdtky Archeolo-
around the cdge painted red, rest o f design La Boheme Prhistorique, I, L'age de Pierre, giclte, LVII, 1 (1966): 9 1-12 5 .
black. Diam. 41 cm. Bilcze Zlote, south o f 141 Design on a painted Boeotian amphora.
Prague (1929): 183.
After Efemeris Archeol. (1892): PL 10, /. 13 1 Myccnacan krater from Salamis, Cyprus
Tarnopol in vvestern Ukraine. Late Cucu
132 Painted amphora. H. 12.5 cm. First Palae (Enkomi). British Museum. First publishcd
teni. Courtesy o f Archacological Museum,
Cracovv. o f Phaistos, Southern Crete. Middle Minoan 142 Masked figure painted in chcrry-re on by Arthur Evans in J H S , X X I (19 0 1): 107,
I. After Zervos, Crete: Fig. 346. vvhite Proto-Sesklo vase (shovvn in black; Fig. 3.
126 O val containers vvith stylized zoomorphic other similar figures reconstructed). Lovvcr
Bronze toad. L. 8.2 cm. Peloponnese. Exact 132 Detail o f a Middle Minoan III vase from
design. Sipintsi, Late Cucuteni site betvveen 133 layer o f the Otzaki Magula, 8 km. north o f
proveniencc not knovvn, but Corinth is Knossos, painted vvith a zone o f double-
the upper Prut and upper Dniester. R ep ro- Larissa, Thessaly. xcavated 1954 by Vladi
highly probable. Inscription Afiiov Lcovdov axcs. After Zervos, Crete: 304, Fig. 440.
uced from Kandyba, Schipenitz: 89, Figs. mir Miloji. Larissa Museum. Publ. by V.
123 and 124. Bodcovi, as reconstructed by Frankel, is Miloji, Ausgrabungen in Thessalien,
133 Painted m otif on a Late Minoan 1 vase from
connected vvith the name o f the vvorshipper. Nette deutsche Ausgrabungen in Mittelmeer-
Mochlos. After A. B. C ook, Zeus, vol. II,
127 Terracotta figurine-from Hacilar, Konya Datcd not later than the early part o f the gebeit und in Vorderen Orient: 226, 22829,
1: 527, Fig. 395 (republished from G. B.
Plain, central Anatolia, north o f Kizilkaya. fifth century b c . Berlin, Museum o f the Abb. 2. Typological relationships to other
G(ordon), The doubIe-axe and some other
L. 7 cm. Found in House Q s o f the Late Archaeological Institute. After M. Frankel, Proto-Sesklo sites (Argissa, Nea Niko- symbols , University o f Pcnnsylvania: The
Neolithic village (early sixth millennium 'Gevveihter Frosch, Jahrbuch des Kaiserlich medeia) place the Proto-Sesklo phase at Museum Journal 1916 , VII, 48: Fig. 38).
b c ) . Hacilar VI period. After J. Meilaart. Deutschen Archaologischen Instituts, Bd. I Otzaki vvithin the period o f6 5 0 0 -6 3 0 0 b c .
Excavations at Hacilar'. Anatolian Studies, (1887): 48-53- 134 Terracotta rattles containing clay balls, in
XI (19 6 1); 59, Fig. 20.' 143 R elief o f a schematized Bee Goddess on a
shape o f a pregnant goddess, found in a
134 Terracotta figurine o f a toad. A face, breasts Linear Danubian potsherd from Holaovice.
grave. The rattles are perforated through
128 Female figure in relief on'a potsherd o f a and vulva are indicated on the underside. After V. Karger. Publ. by Gulder. Maissau.
the neck. Painted black on red. Cucuteni B
large vase o f Starevo type from SarvaS, Found in a crcmation grave in the ccmetcry period. Vykhvatintsi cemetcry in Sovict
Vlastelinski brijeg, district o f Osijek, R iver o f Maissau, lovvcr Austria. After Gulder. 144 Potsherd vvith a relief portraying a figure
Moidavia, childs grave No. 13. Attcr T . S.
Drava basin, northvvestern YugosIavia. Maissau: 10 1. Abb. 56. 2. vvith upraised arms and outspread legs
Passek, K S IIM K . 56 (h ;54): 94- 95-
Found in the iovvest laver o f this stratified flanking a triangular protuberance. Classieal
site knovvn for its Lcngvel and Vuedol t j3 Amber toad from Vetulonia. diseovered by Cucuteni (Cucuteni A 2 phase) settlement 133 Broken-off lovvcr portion o f terracotta
settlements above the Starevo, during I.Falehi in 1894. L. 3.5 cm. After Gulder. o f Tru$c$ti-Tuguicta, northern Moidavia. figurine, vvith a clav bali vvithin the bellv.
R . R . Schmidts excavation o f 1942-43. Maissau: 53. Reproduced from I. Falehi. Rom ania. Publ. by M. Petrcscu-Dimbo- N ovye Ruseshty I settlement near Kishe
Osijek Museum. Publ. by R . R . Schmidt. Not. d. stari 1895: 316, Fig. 33. vi^a, Einigc Probleme der Cucuteni-Kultur nev. upper Dniester region. Sovict M oi
Dic Bi trg Vuedol (Zagreb 1945). Dravving im Lichte der ncucn archaologischen Gra- davia. After A. P. Kusurgasheva, Anthro-
after authors photograph in 1968. t j Ivorv figurines from the sanctuary at bungen . tudijne Zvesti, No. 17 ( f 9^9) ; pomorfnaja plastika iz poselenija N ovye
Orthia at Sparta. After R . M. Davvkins, 368. Ruscshty*. K S IIM K , 123 (1970): Fig- 74-
129. Shrine from (,!atal Hiiviik. Konva Plain, 'Excavation at Sparta'. Annual ofthe British
central Anatolia. Reconstruction b v j. Mcl- School at Athens. No. XIII, Session 1906-7, 143 A Mycenacan gem. after G. E. Mvlonas. 13 0 Terracotta figurines vvith grain impressions.
laart, Level VI A. shovving restored north and H. J. Rose. 'The Sanetuarv o f Artemis Mycenae and the Mycenaean age (1966): 125. Luka-Vrublevetskaja, Proto-Cucuteni
,md vvest vvalls. C 14 dates.vvith half-life o f Orthia .u Sparta, J H S 1906-10: Pl. G X V . No. 27. (Early Tripolyc) settlement in Dniester
27* 279
valley. After B ibikov, Luka-Vrublevetska- D iam . approx. 4 cm . T eli o f Ploskata Perforations above each leg and through 17 1 Terracotta figurine o f a nude seated
ja, M IA , 38 (1958): Pls. 77, 7#, 82. M ogila, Z la ti trap near P lo v d iv , central nose and tail for suspension. Painted black Thinker vvearing a large mask vvith six
B ulgaria. Gumelni^a cuiture. P lo v d iv M u on red. H. 10,6 cm., L. 16.44 cm. Sitagroi perforations for attachments. Fine brovvn
1,57 Lower part o f terracotta figurine from Luka mound, Drama Plain, eastern Macedonia, fabric. H. 7 cm. Vidra, Gumelni^a settle
seum. Publ. P. D etev, Izvestija, Scries 2,
Vrublevetskaja, Proto-Cucuteni (Early Greece. Period III o f Sitagroi. Dikilitash ment, lovver Danube. 1934 excavation by
V ol. 18 (19 5 2 )' 337 . Fig- 333 -
Tripolye) site, vvestern Ukraine. H. 8 cm. (Gumelni{a) variant o f East Balkan civiliza D. Rosetti. Bucharest C ity Museum. Publ.
Light-brovvn fabric, vvhite-filled incisions. 165 Fragmentsofterracotta figurinesportraying
tion. Diseovered in 1968 during M. Gim V. Rosetti, IP E K , 12 (1938): 29-50.
Quadripartite lozenge vvith a dot in each pigs impressed vvith grain from the Proto-
butas (U C L A )-A . C. Renfrevv (ShefTield
section incised above belly, snake spirals on Cucuteni (Early Tripolye) settlement o f
Univ.) excavations. Philipi Museum, SF
buttocks. Tapering legs totally schematized Luka Vrublevetskaja, uppcr Dniester basin.
1207.
and incised with horizontal lines. Museum After Bibikov, M IA , 38 (1958): 406, Fig.
o f Ethnology, Leningrad. Publ. Bibikov, 114 . Leningrad, Museum o f Ethnology o f
M IA , 38 (1958): 400, Pl. 108. the Academy o f Sciences.
158 Schematic terracotta figurine from Vidra, 166 Phallus-shaped clay artifacts, possibly used
Southern Rom ania. Gumclni{a A phase. as stems for vvine cups , as reconstructed
Bucharest C ity Museum. After D. Rosetti, by . Batovi. Danilo settlement at Smili
Steinkupferzeitliche Plastik aus einem near Zadar. Excavated 1958 by S: Batovi.
Archaeological Museum in Zadar. After H A L F -T O N E PLATES
Wohnhugelbci Bukarest , IP E K , 12 (1938):
Pl. 12. . Batovi, Problem kulta phallosa u 1 Bird Goddess from Achilleion, near Farsala, o f the cemetcry o f Cernica - Cildraru,
Danilskoj kulturi, Diadora, 4 (1968): Fig. 3, Thessaly, Greece. H. 6.1 cm. Orange-pink distr. o f Ilfov, near Bucharest, Rom ania.
159 , 160 Schematic terracotta figurines from the Pl. IV, 3. clay, originally vvhite-slipped. Incised Early Boian complex. Excavated 1961-6 7
Sitagroi mound, Macedonia, Greece. H. coffee-bean eyes. The head is that o f a by Gh. Cantacuzino. N A M , Bucharest.
167 Cylindrical terracotta figurine vvith
approx. 5 cm. Period II o f this mound (fifth beaked bird but the hair-do is human and
pinehed-up nose, incised eyes, and breasts. Publ. Gh. Cantacuzino, The prehistoric
millennium b c ) . Light-brovvn fabric. 159: made. to resemble a bun. The cylindrical
Incisions around the top. Widening ba$e. necropolis o f Cernica and its place in the
SF 313 0 ; 160: SF 498. Philipi Museum. neck damaged during recovery. Excavated
H. 5.5 cm. Cmokalaka Bara at Rujite neolithic cultures o f Rom ania and o f
161 Terracotta plaque vvith incised and vvhite- near Raanj. Found in Starevo layer ofthe 1973 by M . Gimbutas. Europe in the light o f recent iscoveries,
encrusted lozenges and spirals. Vinca settle stratified settlement. Excavated 1959 by R . Dacia, N .S. XIII (1969): 53, Fig. 5, jo .
2 Terracotta schematized figurine found in
ment at Potporanj (upper layer o f this site) Galovi. N M Belgrade. Publ. R . Galovi,
the lovvcst layer o f the Vina mound. 7, 8 Terracotta figurine o f a seated nude female
near Vrac, northeastern Yugos!avia. 13,4 Die Starevo-kultur in Jugoslaw ien\ Die
Starevo comp!ex. Hair incised on top o f from Thessaly, assigned by D. R . Theo
x 7.9 cm. Narodni Muzej Vrac, Inv. No. Anfange des Neolithikums von Orient bis
cylindrical upper portion. Fine brovvn charis to the Sesklo period. Isolated fmd.
1233. After Praistorijska nalazita Vojvodine, Nordeuropa, U: Pl. 13. 4.
fabric. Excavated 1931 by Vasi. H. 10.6 H. 8 cm. Fine light-brovvn fabric. Three
Novi Sad (1971), Fig. 6. 1 68 Phallus-shaped terracotta tand vvith male cm. B U Collection, No. 856. Publ.: Vasi, panels o f hair indicated in relief. Coffee-
162 Fragment o f a terracotta figurine. R ed- genitals. Broken at neck and at arm stumps. Vina, II: Pl. 22, Figs. 54/7,6; III: Fig. 36; bean eyes. Pronounced nose. Pointed
slipped, and vvith black-painted design. Pavlovac (locality called ukar), upper N M Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 44. buttocks. Archaeological Museum Volos,
Period III o f Sitagroi teli: Gum elnip Morava basin. Southern Yugoslavia. Early ShefTield Catalogue (1969): 48. Thessaly. Publ. D. R . Theocharis, Bakala-
cuiture. Excavated 1968 by A. C. Renfrevv Vina. H . 5.2 cm. Fine )ight-grey fabric. kis Festschrift (1971).
(ShetHel University) - M. Gimbutas NM Belgrade and Archaeological Institute 3, 4 Early Vina schematic figurine found 8.4 m.
(U C L A ), Philipi Museum. excavationof 1955. N M Belgrade, Inv, No. deep in Vina mound. Vasis cxcavations. 9 Classical Vina terracotta figurine vvith
14923. Publ. M. and D. Garaanin in H. 12.4 cm. Baked clay, pale red. Normal flattcned upper, and rounded lovvcr part.
/6? Fragment o f a figurine comprising ab- Starinar (1956-57): 398. breasts, conical belly, pronounccd buttocks. Pentagonal (masked) head. Tvvo perfora
dominal area and part o f a thigh. Geo- Stumps for arms. Triangular head indicates tions in each arm stump. From the site o f
169 Terracotta figurine from the habitation sire
metrical patterns o f vvhite-encrusted incised mask. B U Collection, 885. Publ. Vasi, Selevac near Smederevska Palanka, south
o f Tru$e$ti-Tuguieta. district o f Ia$i,
lines and dots. Gumelnifa A (or 1) phase Vinca, I: Pl. X V III, Fig. 92. east o f Belgrade. Fine grey fabric. H. 12 cm.
northern Moidavia. Rom ania. Cucuteni
from che Tangiru mound, lovver Danube A' phase. Light brovvn fabric. H. 3.2 cm. 1969 excavations o f N M Belgrade and
region. Max. dimension9.4 cm. Excavation ^ Marble figurine from the site o f Gradac, Smederevska Palanka Museum by R .
Excavated 1953 by M. Petrescu-Dimbovifa
by the Institute o f Archaeology o f the near Leskovac, Southern Yugoslavia. H. Galovi. National Museum, Smederevska
and Adrian C. Florescu. Archaeological
Academy o f Sciences o f the Romanian 6.5 cm. Excavated 1909 by Vasi. N M Palanka. Courtesy o f this museum.
Museum Ia$i. Publ. A. and M. Florescu,
P .R . by D. Berciu. N A M Bucharest. After Belgrade, 861. N M Belgrade Catalogue
Santierul arheologie Tru$e$ri\ Materiale
(1955), 1: 22, II, Pl. 17. Fig. 5. 10 Terracotta squatting figurine vvith a smooth
D. Berciu, Sur les resultats du controle si Cercetari Arheologice. V II: 8 1, 82. Figs. 2
grey surface. Incisions and punetate design
stratigraphique a Tangiru et a Petru Rare\ and 3.
6 Bone figurine. No head, globes for arms. indicate dress. Late Vina. Found 5.1 m.
Docia, 1959: 65. Fig. 5. 7-
170 Srvlized buli o f red baked elav. burnished Emphasized abdominal area. Legs reduced deep in Vina mound. H. 7.9 cm. B U
1 64 Black polished disc vvith vvhite enerustation. and vvell fired. Probably used as a lamp. to a cone. H. 4.8 em. Diseovered in a grave Collection, 1197. Vasi, Vina, II: 150, Fig.
280 281
3 i }a,b,c; HI: Fig. 499; N M Belgrade published by N . Slavkovi-D juri: Clasnik cm. Contours o f rough!y triangular mask 3 1 Terracotta animal head o f grey fabric from
Catalogue (1968): N o . 154. Muzeja Kosova i Metohije, VIIV III: Fig. 3. with large nose and plastically modelled Vina site at Gradac, upper M orava Valley.
Regional Museum Pritina, B a-S N /i. N M eyes clearly indicated. The figure leans for- H. 5.5 cm. Excavatcd 1909 by Vasi. N M
11,12 Terracotta figurine o f a squatting man.
Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 105; Sheffield ward slightly. Protruding belly and but Belgrade, inv. 783. B. Stalio: N M Belgrade
Hands on tightly drawn-up knees. Fafos I
Catalogue (1969): PI. 15. tocks indicate padded knickers. Knickers Catalogue (19 5 5 ), 1: 22, II Pl. X V III. 5.
at Kosovska M itrovica. Early Vina period.
and V-nccked blouse rendered by incision.
H. 6.8 cm. Fine dark-grey fabric. xcavatcd 18, 19 Terracotta figurine from Late Vina settle 32 Stvlized animal mask o f terracotta from
Hands broken off. Excavated 1959 by J.
1959 b y J.G li5iand B.Jovan ovi. Regional ment o f Crnokalaka Bara at Rujite near Plonik near Prokupljc. Late Vina. Fine
Gliiand B .Jovan ovi. Regional Museum,
Museum Pritina, Inv. F-I-7c~d/2250. N M Raanj, north o f Ni, Yugoslavia. H. c. 14 grey fabric. Scmi-globular eyes shiclded by
Pritina, F -I-i7 0 / 12 5 1. N M Belgrade Cata-
Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 62; Sheffield cm. Head missing. B row n fabric, burnished, brow ridges. Fiat cheeks vvith three radial
logue (1968): 60; Sheffield Catalogue (1969):
Catalogue (1969): 66, Pl. 13. vvhite-encrusted incisions indicating dress. incisions. Vertical incisions along the upper
64 (misleadingly called a wom an).
Tvvo perforations in each shoulder. Navel part o f forehead. Excavatcd 1927 by M.
13, 14 Terracotta figurine from the Cucuteni B indicatcd by depression. N M Belgrade 26 Terracotta figurine from the Vina mound. Grbi. N M Belgrade cxhibit. Publ. Grbi,
period ofthe Sipintsi (Schipcnitz) settlement excavations o f 1959 by R . Galovi. Cour- Grey fabric, Arms broken. Hump on the Plonik.
15 km. northwest o f Chernovitsi in the tesy o f N M Belgrade. back. O riginally part o f a large vessel.
upper Prut Valley, Bukovina, U S S R . 33 Large figurine o f dark grey fabric, bur
Pentagonal mask considerably larger than
Orange-red fabric, polished surface. H. 11 20 Terracotta seated figurine from arija at nished, vvith pentagonal mask made in a
head. N o facial features. Vasis cxcavation.
cm. Female body schematically rendered. Ripen, central Yugoslavia. Fine grey fabric, mould. Beaked nose, raised semi-spherical
B U Collection, 4403. Museum: Kosovska
Perforations for eyes. Head flat at the back, polished surface. H. 16.1 cm. Head, arms eyes and bovv-shaped brovv ridges. De
M itrovica (H 1-V0-80). Sheffield Catalogue
protruding nose, no arms, a cone for legs. and feet broken off. One side and buttocks pression belovv nose. Ears and hair indi
(1969): 178, Pl. 13.
Breasts and navel indicatcd. White-filled damaged. Otherwise vvell preserved. cated. Perforations through shoulders.
Breasts, navel, hip-belt, apron, and leg 27 Masked head found 5.7 m. deep in Vina Navel and hip-belt indicatcd. Crovvn o f
incisions for necklaces, belt and fringes in
bindings indicated by white-encrusted in mound. Ears are indicated protruding from head and nape painted red. Protruding
front. On the back. a lung-shaped design,
cisions. Excavatcd 1906 by Vasi and pub belovv the mask. Dark-red terracotta. R e buttocks in imitation o f birds body. H.
probably symbolic. Excavated 1893 by J.
lished by him in Glas Sprske Kraljevske mains o f red paint on top o f head and over 30.6 cm. Classical Vina. Found 6.2 m.
Szombathy et al. Naturhistorisches M u
Akademije, L X X : Pl. X and X I, Fig. 14. the ears. H. 9.6 cm. Vasis excavation. BU (7.445 m.) deep in Vina mound. Vasis
seum, Vienna. Publ. O. Kandyba, Schipe-
N M Belgrade, 765. N M Belgrade Catalogue Collection, 4956. Publ. Vasi, Vina, III: excavation. B U Collection, No. 999. Publ.
nitz: 15 1, Fig. 5 1.
(1968): 14 1. Pl. X X V III, Fig. 139. Vasi. Vina, II: Pl. L X X IX and L X X X ,
15 Terracotta figurine. H. 12 cm. Impressed Fig. 301 a~d\ III: r. 33, Fig. 203 : D. Srejovi,
21 Lovver part o f terracotta statuette from Late 28 Masked head o f fine dark-grey fabric on
dots form necklaces and hip-belt and border 1965: PI. 18. j .
Vina settlement o f Crnokalaka Bara at cvlindrical neck. Late Vina. H. 7.7 cm.
pubic triangle. Arm stumps and hips per-
Rujite near Raanj, north o f Ni. Light Surface find during 1955-56 N M Belgrade 34 Cylindrical model o f a masked goddess,
, forated. Head broken off. Legs shown.as a
brovvn fabric vvith vvhite-encrusted inci excavation by R . Galovi. Regional Mu originally attached to the roof o f a sanc-
cone. End o f skirt indicated by two rovvs o f
sions, polished surface. H. 13 cm. N M seum, Pritina, inv. 162. Publ. R . Galovi, tuarv. Hollovv inside. H. 20.8 cm. Fine
circles. Fine light-brovvn fabric. Burnished.
Belgrade. inv. 20945. Galovi, Archeol- Predionica: Pl. 16: /; NM Belgrade (1968): brovvn fabric. Porodin mound near Bitola,
Bilcze Zlote. Late Cucuteni settiement,
oki Pregled (1960). 100; Sheffield Catalogue (1969): Pl. 13 : 107. Southern Yugoslavia. Radiocarbon date
upper Dniester basin. Courtesy Craco.vv
29 R ed terracotta head from Crnokalaka from Porodin: 5300 bc. True age: end o f
Archaeological Museum. 22 Legs o f a large tcrracotta statuette found
Bara at Rujite near Raanj. north o f Ni. the seventh millennium b c. Excavation by
16 Upper part o f a large terracotta figurine. 5.1 m. deep in Vina mound. H. 6.9 cm. M. Grbi, et al., 1953. Archaeological
Southern YugosIavia. Large semicircular
H. 28.7 cm. Fafos II, at Kosovska Mitrovica, Diagonnl incisions over calves. Toes indi Museum Bitola, 68. Publ. Grbi. Porodin:
cyes. ridge nose and rovvs o f incisions on the
Kosovo Metohije. Yugoslavia. Late Vina. catcd by incision. R ed paint on toes. Black N M Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 19.
cheeks. Spiraliform ears are cut on the mask.
Fine dark-grey fabric. Incisions over mask fabric. smooth. lustrous surface. Vasis
Hair indicated in relief. H. 9 cm. N M 3 Terracotta masked and crovvned head on a
and body. Eyes and medallion ih raised excavation. B U Collection. 4 .12 13 . Publ.
Belgrade occavation bv R . Galovi. cvlindrical neck from the Porodin mound
relief. Hands on hips. Excavated 1959 bv Vasi. Vina, I: Pl. XI. Fig. 36.
Courtesv o f N M Belgrade and the excava- near Bitola. Southern Yugoslavia. Exca~
J. Glii and B. Jovan ovi. Regional Mu 23 Upper part o f a Late Vina figurine o f a tor. vated I953~54 bv M. Grbi. et al. Archaeol
seum. Pritina, F-II-2B/263. N M Belgrade masked man from Plonik near Prokupljc, ogical Museum. Bitola. Publ. Grbi. Poro
Catalogue (1968): 97: Sheffield Catalogue: 30 Neck ofpottery vessel o f fine brovvn fabric
YugosIavia. H. 18 cm. Incised and red- din, Pl. X X X : 2.
104. from Gladnice bv ihe monasterv ofG raa-
painted bands 011 chest and neck. Fine dark-
nica. Kosovo Metohije. Yugoslavia, Star 36 Terracotta masked Vina head, black
grcv fabric. Excavatcd 1927 by M. Grbi.
17 Tcrracotta figurine. originallv seated on a evo. Large ears at sides o f vvell delineated polished vvith vvhite-fllled incisions. Red-
NM Belgrade, 2257. On display. Publ. M.
throne (novv lost). Orange-red fabric with contours o f mask. Coffee-bean eves. H. painted at corners and centre. Perforations
Grbi. Plonik: 80, Pl. 7.
\v hi te- filled incisions. H. 25 cm. Surface 10.4 cm. E\cavated t<;r)0 bv j . (Jlisi. at upper corners. Medvednjak near Sme
find from Bariljevo near Gazimestan. 24. 25 Terracotta figurine o f fine dark-grey fabric Regional Museum. Pritina G -2E (1246 a). derevska Palanka, southeast o f Belgrade.
district o f Pritina. Kosovo Metohije pro- from Fafos at Kosovska Mitrovica. dis NM Bei grade ('atalogue (1968): 2(k Publ. Hxcavation o f NM Belgrade bv R . Galovi
vince o f Ytigoslavia. Late Vina, First eovered in laver lb. C'lassical Vina. H. 20 Sheffield. Caiulogue (1969): PI. 5. 1969, Smederevska Palanka Museum.
282
37 Head and shoulders o f dark-grey burnished 42 Baked clay model o f edifice, coloured red on cream. Cucuteni A phase. H. 32 cm. group o f Linear Pottery cuiture. Snake
terracotta figurine vvith perforations vvith originally vvell polished surface, H. Trueti settlement, district o f Boco$ani, application inside. Nitra Archael. Museum
through mask and shoulders from Crnoka- 24.2 cm., L. (max.) 51 cm., W . 13 cm. northern Moidavia. Excavation by M. o f the Institute o f Archaeology, Publ. J.
laka Bara near Raanj, north o f Ni, Temples on top are approx. 8 cm. vvide Petrescu-Dimbovi^a 19 5 1- 6 1. N A M Bu Pavuk, Grab des eliezovce-typus in
Southern Yugosiavia. Late Vina. H. 10 cm. and 9 em. high, forming a superstrueture charest, Inv. N o. II. 2285. Publ. Dumitrescu, D vory nad itavou, Slovenska Arheologia,
Excavation by R . Galovi, 1959. N M Bel 49.8 cm. long. Diseovered at Cascioarcle, L art Roumanie : 49. X II1 (1964): Figs. 5, 6.
grade, inv. 16009. R . Galovi, Arkheoloki an island settlement o f the Gumelni^a cui
51 Vase from Podei at Targu Ona, northern 60 Detail o f a Late Cucuteni piriform orange-
Pregled 2 {1960): 24; NM Belgrade Cata- ture, 20 km. west o f Olteni^a north o f the
Moidavia. Rom ania Cucuteni B settlement. red vase vvith dark-brovvn painted design.
logue(i<)6S): 12 4 ; ShefTield Catalogue (1969); lovver Danube in Southern Rom ania by
H. 33 cm. W . (max.) 29 cm. Painted in Bilcze Zlote. Courtcsy o f Archaeological
PL 17, 131- Hortensia and Vladimir Dumitrescu. H.
dark-brov/n on vvhite background. Bulls Museum in Cracovv.
Dumitrescu, Un modle dc sanetuaire
38 Ornamented Vina mask from Predionica head and horns in relief. Archaeological
dcouvert dans la station enolithique de 6 1 ,6 2 Terracotta snake protomes: fragments o f
at Pritina, Kosovo Metohije, Southern Cascioarcle , Dacia, N .S. XII (1968): 3 8 1- Museum o f Piatra Neam{, Inv. 2790. Publ.
cult vessels. 6 1, approx. actual sie; 62,
Yugoslavia. Fine dark-grey fabric, bur C . Matasa, Asezarea eneolitica Cucuteni B
94- L. 5 cm. Fine light-brovvn fabric. Porodin
nished. H. 10 cm. Excavated 1955-56 by de la Tirgu Ocna-Podei (raional Tirgu
345 Terracotta altarpieces from Trueti, Classi near Bitola, Southern Yugoslavia. Archae
R . Galovi sponsored by Kosovo Metohije Ona, rcg. Bacau) , Arheologia Moldouei,
cal Cucuteni settlement in the district o f ological Museum Bitola, Inv. 5 6 2 .17 5 , 353,
Museum in Pritina and N M Belgrade. IIIII (1964): 11-6 6 .
Regional Museum Pritina (157). Publ. R . Boto$ani, northern Moidavia, excavated 6 31, 635.
19 5 1-6 1 by M. Petrescu-Dimbovii;a. 43: 52 Terracotta figurine in the shape o f a horned
Galovi, Predionica: Pl. 16. 63,64 Pottery vessel vvith a horned head and
H. approx. 150 cm.; 44: H. 65 cm .; 45: 73 tand vvith female breasts. One horn broken.
snakes shovvn in relief. Brovvn fabric. H.
39 Monumental Vina head vvith almond- x 70 cm. N A M Bucharest. Publ. Petrescu- Has a deep hole in the middle. H. 5.2 cm.
6.9 cm. Teli Azmak at Stara Zagora. Neoli
shaped eyes from Predionica, near Pritina. Dimbovi^a, Tru$e$ti: 172-86. Mcdvednjak, Vina site at Smederevska
thic Karanovo I complex. Excavation by
White-encrusted incisions above and belovv Palanka. N M B excavation o f 1970 by R .
', 47 Seated masked male figure holding a sickle, G. I. Georgiev 1962-65. Stara Zagora
eyes. Fine light-brovvn fabric, burnished. Galovi. National Museum, Smederevska
from Szegvar-Tiizkoves. Arm-ringsshovvn Museum. Publ. Georgiev, Beitrage.
H. 17.5 cm., W. 15 cm. Surface fmd. Palanka, No. 126. Courtesy o f this museum.
Kosovo Metohije Regional Museum Pri in relief. Legs broken offbelovv knees. Nose 65 Seated terracotta figurine vvith folded legs
damaged. Belt indicated by incision o f 53 Terracotta figurine o fa buli vvith exagger-
tina {158). Publ. Galovi, Predionica: Pl. 1. from Kato Ierapetra, Crete. Unusual for its
chevrons. Fine brovvn fabric. Tisza cuiture. atedly large horns, broken at each side. L.
state o f preservation in the Aegean area.
40 Clay model o f a sanccuary from Vadastra H. 25.6 cm. Koszta Jo zscf Museum in 13.5 cm. W. (acrosshorns) 8.5 cm., H. 9 cm.
H. [4.5 cm. Triangular head vvith a promi-
(II), southeastern Oltenia, 14 km. north- Szentes, southeastern Hungary. Czalog Fafos settlement at Kosovska M itrovica:
nent nose, crovvned by a triangular cap or
vvest o f Corabia, above the Danube. H. Collection, 5 9 .1.1. Publ. Czalog, J., Die phase lb (Mid-Vina period). Archaeo
eoitTure vvhich flares out around the head.
approx. 15 cm. Grey fabric deeply en- anthropomorphen Gcftisse und Idolplasti- logical museum o f Kosovska Mitrovica.
Massive cylindrical neck. Stubby arms, held
erusted vvith vvhitc. R am and buli heads on ken von Szegva'r-Tuzkoves , Acta Archaeol Source same as Pls. 24, 25.
close to sides o f protruding, angular abdo
roofs o f tvvo temples painted red. 1959 ogica (1959), 7-38 ; Kalicz, N, Dieux: 32-34. men. Exaggerated buttocks. Hair indicated
54 Pottery snake o f fine dark grey fabric
exeavaon by Corneliu N. Mateesco. N A M on the crovvn and the back ofthe neck. Eyes,
48 Copper sickle from Zalaszentmiha'ly, decorated vvith zigzag incisions and punc-
Bucharest. Publ. C N . Mateesco: Sapaturi fmgers and toes rendered by incision. Lips
vvestern Hungary. L. 54 cm., W . 5.7 cm. at turings. Diam. (max.) 3.7 cm. Predionica.
arheologice la Vadastra', Materiale $i Cer shovvn plastically. Decoration or dress
top, 2.5 cm. at perforation. Balaton M u Early Vina settlement. Excavated 1955 by
cetari Arheologice VIII (1962): 189, Fig. 2; indicated above breasts. front shoulders, and
seum. Keszthely. Publ. F. Czalog, *Das R . Galovi. Regional Museum Pritina, 76.
Idem. Acta VI Intern Congress of Pre- and along the spine at the back by tvvo parallel
Krummschvvert des Idols von Szegvar- Publ. R . Galovi, Predionica (1959): Pl. 5.
Protohistoric Sciences, R om e (1962). lines o f incision. Surface is o f ashen colour
Tiizkoves. Acta Archaeologica, 12 : 58-59. , 56 Snake bovvT vvith holes betvveen raised tinged vvith red. vvell burnished. The ore
41 CIay model o f a sanctuary vvith T-shaped tip, Naroden Muzej. SF 14 21. Publ. M. design on inside from Kukova Mogila darker red vvith some impurities. Surface
entrance and hole for a ehimnev-shaped Gimbutas, Excavations at Anza, Mace- (Duvanli) near Plovdiv, Bulgaria. Grey
donia'. Archaeo!ogy, 25. 2, 1972. fmd at the Neolithic settlement presumed
figurine o f the type shovvn in Pl. 34. God fabric. Diam. 20 em. Excavated 1928-30 bv to belong to a period coinciding vvith the
dess necklace indicated in relief. Protuber- B. Filov. Found associated vvith Karanovo
ances at each corner o f roof. H. 17.1 cm., 49 Polvehrome dish. Dark-brovvn and vvhite Middle Neolithic at Knossos. The collection
Ili-jasatepc tvpe finds. Plovdiv Museum. o f Dr Giamalakis in Heraklion. Publ. bv
L. 25.6 cm. Fine dark-brovvn polished sur on orange-red. Diam. 29 cm. Vale a Lupului,
Courtesy o f Plovdiv Museum. S. S. Weinberg, Neolithic figurines and
face. Porodin mound near Bitola, Southern 5 km. vvest o f lni. northern Moidavia.
northeastern Romania. Cucuteni B settle S7 R im sherd vvith a horned-snake relief. Aegean interrelations, A JA , vol. 55, No. 2
Yugos!avia. Radiocarbon date for Porodin
ment. Excavated 1953-57 by M. Petrescu- Brovvn, medium thiek, unpainted vessel. (April 19 51); Pl. IA. Also bv P. J. Ucko.
(grain sample) 5300 bc: (Berlin Lab.).
Excavated 1953 by M. Grbi, et al. Bitola Dim bovija et al. lai Museum. Moidavia. Dibel at uplevee. north o f Bitola. Cour- Anthropomorphic figurines, London (1968):
Publ. V. Dumitrescu, L'art Roumanie: 50. tesy o f Archacological Museum in Bitola. 246-48.
Arch. Museum, inv. i, Publ. Grbi, Poro
din : Pl. X X X IV , /; N M Belgrade Catalogue 50 Polvehrome Classical Cucuteni vase. , 59 Thin-vvalled polished dish from the ceme 66 Zoom orphic lid found 7.2 m. deep in
(1968): 10: ShefTield Catalogue (1969): u . Painted in red bordered vvith dark-brovvn Vina mound. Early Vina. Fine liglu-
terv o f D vorv nad itavou. Zeliezovce
28 4 28>
brovvn fabric. 12 X 10.5 cm. T ip o f nose ni Muzej Leskovac, Inv. 139 1. Publ. N M 86 Upper part o f Early or M id-Vina double- 92 Altar table in form o f seated vvoman vvith
broken. Tvvo holes belovv the nose indicate Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 113 . headed figurine from Rastu, southvvestern arms around a vessel, decorated vvith in
repair. B U Collection, 399. Vasis cxcava- Rom ania, district o f Dolj. H. 7 cm. Per cised meandering bands alternately painted
77 FunncI-shaped vae found 4.3 m. deep in
tion. Vasi, Vinca, II: Pl. X L V . forations through shoulders. V s and mean in red. Fafos I at Kosovska M itrovica,
the Vina mound. Divided by vertical
ders incised belovv breasts. Heads damaged. southem Yugoslavia. H. 17.6 cm. Exca-
67 Late Cucuceni vase painted in dark brovvn and horizontal incisions into panels vvith
Originally had prominent semicircular eye- vated 1959 by J- Glii and B .Jo v a n o v i.
on orange-red. The cosmogonical (snake, clusters o f vertical zigzag lines, dots, or a
brovvs and noses (beaks). Round holes Regional Museum Pritina, F-I-3B-502.
egg, plane) design covers the entire surface. meander motif. H. 16 cm. Brovvn fabric.
belovv the noses. Fine grey fabric. Traces o f N M Belgrade Catalogue (1968): 54; Shef-
Bilcze Zlote, vvestern Ukraine, upper B U Collection, Inv. 744. Vasi, Vina, II:
red colouring ali over. N A M Bucharest, fiel Catalogue (1969): 58.
Dniester Valley. Pl. CII, Fig. 367; IV, Pl. LVI. Inv. N o. 4833.
78 Zoom orphic tcrracotta lid found 8.2 m. 93 Slightly tapering spoutcd pot. Whitc-
68 Egg-shaped stone sculpture vvith an en 87 Vase from Kenzlo belonging to the Bukk enerusted incisions. Settlement o f Borsod,
dcep at the Vina site. H. 17 cm. Fine fabric,
graved design vvhich probably portrays a group. OriginaIly in the Archaeological province of Borsod-Abauj-Zcm pln,
grey colour. Decorated by incision filled in
vulva. Found at the corner o f the hearth in Museum o f Nyiregyhaza, northeastern northeastern Hungary. Tisza-Biikk border.
vvith vvhite paste. Reconstructed portions
house N o. $ 1 at Lepenski Vir, northern Hungary, lost during W orld War II. Publ. Excavation by A. Leszik, J. Hillebrand and
plain vvhite. Vasis excavations. B U C ol
Yugoslavia. In the classification o f D. F. Tom pa, Ober einige ungarische Denkmaler F. Tom pa, 1926. F. Tom pa, Die Bandkcramik
lection, N o. 410. Publ. Vasi, Vinca, II: Pl.
Srejovi it belongs to the lc phase o f the der prahistorischen Kunst (192&), 23, Pl. II, 3 ; in Ungarn (1929): Pl. X L IV , 5.
LX I, 110 .
site. L. 16 cm., W . 13 cm. D. Srejovi, idem, D ic Bandkcramik in U ngarn, Ar
excavation o f 1968. B U Collection, No. 19. 79 Red tcrracotta lid found 4.2 m. deep at the chaeologia Hungarica, 5/6 (1929): 4 1, PI. 3 1, i . 94 Terracotta figurine o f a seated vvoman
Publ. D. Srejovi, Lepenski Vir (1969): Pl. Vina site. Decorated by bands o f incised holding a shallovv basin, from Bordjo
' 48. parallel lines filled in vvith vvhite paste. H. 88 Jar vvich breasts and incised parallel-line near Beej, northern Yugoslavia. Fine red
5.5 cm. N M Belgrade, No. 1489. Publ. decoration on central band. H. 8 cm. fabric. Surface find. N M Belgrade, Inv.
69, 70 Ornithomorphic vase found 2.3 rn. (4.1 m.) Vasi, Vina, II: Fig. 154. Painted vvhite. Early Cucuteni ( Pre- 16281. M iodrag Grbi, A neolithic statu
deep at Vina site. Late Vina. Fine red Cucuteni III) settlement o f Negreti at
80, 8 1 Bear-shaped cult vessel from the settlement ette from Beej in Banat, Archaeologia
fabric. L. 20.7 cm., H. 14 cm. Opening in Vaslui, northern Moldavia. History Mu
at Smili near Zadar, Adriatic coast o f Yugoslavia, I (1954): 16 - 17 , Figs. 1-4.
the tail. Ova) body. Channelled decoration. seum o f M oldavia, Ia$i.
Yugoslavia. H. 10 cm. Archaeological
Head modelled in detail and shovving zoo 95 Tcrracotta head o f a figurine from Crnoka
Museum, Zadar. Excavated and published
morphic features. Ears broken. Stands on a 89 Terracotta head o f a Bird Goddess figurine laka Bara at RujiSte near Raanj, north o f
by S. Batovi: Neolitsko nalezite u
ring base. Classical Vina. Vasis cxcava- vvith incised and vvhite-encrusted chevrons Ni. Clear representation o f a pentagonal
Smilicu, Radovi Instituta Jtigosl. Akad.
tion. B U Collection, Inv. 19 13 . Publ. Vasi. above the beak. Eyes indicated by incised mask decorated vvith vertical incisions and
Znanosti i Umjestnosti u Zadru, X : 8 3-138 .
Vinca II: Fig. 356. semicircular lines. W . 6 cm. Kalojanovcc, meanders above the righc cye. Raised semi-
82 Tcrracotta pavv o f a bear vvith bands o f 18 km. southvvest o f Stara Zagora. East circular eyes, large nose, no mouth. Grey
71 Ornithomorphic vase from Cascioarele, an incisions. Obre II, Sq. V, 2, depth 1.20- Balkan civilization. Karanovo IV Period. fabric. H. 6.8 cm. N M Belgradc cxcava-
island settlement in the lovver Danube j.40 m. H. 9 cm. U C L A (M. Gimbutas)- Archaeological Museum o f Stara Zagora, tions o f 1959. N M Belgradc, Inv. 16006.
region, 20 km. vvest o f Olteni^a, Gumel- Sarajevo Zemaljski Muzej (A, Benac) ex- Inv. No. 18 1. Publ. R . Galovi, Arkheoloki Pregled, 2
nita Iayer. Excavation by H. and V. ca vat ion o f 1968. Publ. A. Benac. Obre II (1960): 24. Sheffield Catalogue (1969): 124,
Dumitrescu (see 42). H. 13.2 cm. Fine (19 7 1): Pl- X X V III. 2. 90 Terracotta figurine o f a double-headed
fabric. burnished. N A M . Bucharest. Publ. goddess found 6.1 m. deep in the Vina 96 Terracotta masked head o f fine grey fabric
Dumitrescu. L'art Roumanie: Fig. 109. 83. 84 Sesklo terracotta bust o f a female figurine
mound. M id-Vina. H. 4.5 cm. Grcy fabric. incised vvith meanders above and spirals
from M. Vrysi. Archaeological Museum o f
Incised on front and back. Remains o f red belovv large raised eves. H. 5.6 cm. Med
7 2 .7 3 .7 5 . Sandstone sculptures from Lepenski Vir. Volos. Publ. by Zervos, Naissance: 166, Fig.
paint over side panels o f the larger head, vednjak near Smederevska Palanka. R .
76 northern Yugoslavia. 73, Brovvn, 22 cm. 104.
around the neck. over the inside o f V-sign Galovi (N M Belgrade) excavation of 1970.
14 cm. From House 40: 76, brovvn, H.
<s5 Upper part o f a figurine vvith cylindrical in front, in the back o f the neck and 011 the Courtesy o f Smederevska Palanka National
t. 50 cm., lovver pnrt damaged. From House
head and bird's beak. Perforated ears. Deep back o f masks (contours o f masks as thcv Museum.
n/5; 75, brovvn. H. 50 cm. From House 44:
hole for mouth. Three bosses applied belovv appear from the back). Vasi. Vina, II:
72, grey, H. 40 cm. From House 44, near 97 Terracotta figurine vvith vvhite-encrusted
the hole on the neck. One breast and per Pl. 86, Fig. 323.
the sculpture reproduced in PI. 75. D. incisions found 2.5 m. deep in Vina mound.
forated arm stump preserved 011 the lcft
Srejovi excavation 1965-68. BU Collec
side. H. 13 cm. Brovvn fabric. Porodin at 91 Terracotta altar table o f fine grey fabric, Late Vina. She vvears a birds mask. Arms
tion. Publ. D. Srejovi. Lepenski Vir( 1972): painted red, vvhite-encrusted. Female figure
Bitola. Southern Yugoslavia. M. Grbi et broken off. Small breasts, betvveen vvhich
Pls. 24, 26, 3 1. 52. V. VII. broken o ff at vvaist. Cylindrical vessel partly is a raised medallion. Perforations through
al. excavation o f 1953-54. sponsored by the
74 Potsherd in form o f a fish from Mala Archaeological Institute o f the Serbian damaged. H. 9 cm. L. 10.2 cm. Found 5.8 hips, sides o f mask and crovvn o f the head.
Grabovnica near Leskovac, central Yugo- Academv o f Sciences, Belgrade. Archae m. deep in Vina mound. Mid-Vina. 1-1. 1 5.8 cm. Vasi's excavation. N M Bcl-
slavia. Fine dark-gretf fabric. L. (>.3 cm. ological Museum. Bitola. Publ. M. Grbi, Vasis excavation. N M Belgrade. Inv. grade Vasi. Vina. I: Pl. X X X I . Fig. 14 1:
Excavation 1953 bv M. Garaanin. Narod- Porodin: Pi. X X IX . J. 1295. Vasi. Vina III: 108. Fig. 512. III: 94. Fig. 4(17.
286
98 H a]f o f a terracotta disc vvith incised spiral 110 Details o f vase decoration and a decorated vase. Eyebrows and beak form a letter T. slender, fat hips and buttocks. Decorated
and meander patterns. T w o broken pro- vase from Traian (Dealul Ftntinilor), Cu Circular plastic eyes. Most o f left side re vvith incisions. Six stabbings in front o f
jections in the middle. Light-brovvn fabric. cuteni A -B layer o f the settlement in north constructed. H. 11.4 em. Classical Cucuteni neck. Female breasts slightly indicated.
Found 5.4 m. deep at the Vina site. Vasis ern Moidavia, northeastern Rom ania. After (Cucuteni A ), Ruginoasa, district o f lai. Short stumps for arms. H. 16.3 cm.
excavation. B U Collection, Inv. 537. Vasi, Hortensia Dumitrescu, Dacia, N .S. IV N A M Bucharest, II, 4681. Publ. V. Dumi Bernovo Luka site, vvestern Ukraine. After
Vinca, IV : Pl. LIV , Fig. 14 1. (1960): 34, Fig. 2. trescu, U art Roumanie: N o. 80. P. P. Efimenko and I. G. Shovkoplias,
Arkheologicheskie otkrytja na Ukraine za
99 Upper part o f a Vina terracotta figurine. 1 1 1 Crude cylindrical terracotta figurine vvith 120 Terracotta female figurine vvearing birds
poslednie go d y\ X IX (1954): 5- 4-
Settlement o f Medvednjak. Smederevska female breasts and male genitals. Conical mask from the Vina mound. Surface find.
Palanka Museum excavations o f 1969. abdomen and sharply protruding buttocks. In standing position vvith stump arms and 129, 130 Terracotta figurine decorated vvith vvhite-
National Museum Smederevska Palanka. Eyes indicated by deep incision. Painted tvvo perforations in each. Small breasts. encrusted incisions ali over the body.
Courtesy o f this Museum. nose. H. 5.5 cm. Light-brown fabric. Vina. Large eyes, V-neck and skirt indicated by Forvvard-leaning posture. Fine fabric.
Vasis excavation. B U Collection, Inv. incision. Neck and upper top corner o f the Classical Cucuteni (Cucuteni A ) period,
100, 101 Double-headed terracotta figurine. Fine
5.76. Publ. Vasi, Vina. mask painted in red. Fine dark-grey fabric, found in Moidavia, locality unknovvn.
dark-grey fabric vvith vvhite-encrusted in
burnished. H. 16 cm. N M Belgrade, 4654. N A M , Bucharcst, Inv. N o. 573- Publ. V.
cisions. Three perforations through each 1 12 Marble figurine from Attica, Greece. H.
N M Belgrade Catalogue 1968: 146. Dumitrescu, La civilisation de Cucuteni,
arm, four through each crown and one 22.5 cm. Typologically early Sesklo. Exact Berichten van de rijksdienst voor het audheid-
through the sides o f the masks. Legs broken provenience not knovvn. Museum o f Eleu- 12 1 Terracotta figurine from Supska near
off. Vina layer o f the Gom olava mound on kundig Godemonderzoek, 9 { 1 959) Fig- 10
sis. After Zervos, Naissance: 210, Fig. 203. uprija, central Yugoslavia. Surface find. 2.
the R iv e r Sava, district o f Sremska M itro
Fine rcddish-brovvn fabric. H. 15 cm.
vica, northern Yugoslavia. 1965 excavation 1 1 3 - 1 1 5 Terracotta figurine from Anza, eastern 13 1 Terracotta female figurine from the early
National Museum, uprija, Inv. 300. N M
by Vojvodjanski Muzej, N o vi Sad. Cour- Macedonia, found above house vvall built Lengyel settlement at Strelice at Boskov-
Belgrade (1968): 129.
tesy o f this Museum. o f convex bricks and associated vvith a tejn, district o f Znojm o, Moravia. Fine
barbotine sherd and a sherd vvith floral 122, 123 Terracotta masked head in shape o f a duck. light brovvn fabric. H. 15.5 cm. Five neck
102, 103 Seated goddess from Szegvar-Tiizkoves at
Central Balkan Neolithic II design. Beaked Four perforations, one through each eheek laces indicated by horizontal incisions
Szentes. Tisza cuiture. Head and legs
nose, slanting excised eyes, slight protru-. and one above each eye. Deep and vvide around the neck. Eyes incised. Beak-nose.
broken off. H. c. 22 cm. Light-brovvn
sions for vvings, vvell modelled buttocks. incisions for eyes and decoration. H. approx. Hair rendered by application and incision.
fabric, Decoration in form o f incised panels
Legs merge together ending in a conical tip. 5 cm. The Vina mound. Late Vina. NM N o indication o f dress. Stumps for vvings.
o f meanders and zigzags. Excavated 1956-
Buff-orange burnished. Rem ains o f red- Belgrade, Inv. 1443-
57 b y j. Czalog. Czalog, Szegvar-Tiizkoves, F. Vildom ccs excavation and collection.
painted hip-belt. H. 4 .11 cm. Authors Moravian Museum, Brno, Czechoslovakia.
Koszta Jozsef Museum, Szentes, Hungary. 124 Miniature bird-shaped head o f a terracotta
excavation 1969. Naroden Muzej, tip, Publ. by W. and B. Forman an d j. Pouh'k,
104 Vessel on a pedestal from Szegvar- figurine. Tvvo incised channels round the
SF21. Publ. M. Gimbutas, Excavation at Prehistoric Art (in Czechoslovakia), London
Tiizkoves. H. 11 cm. Szentes, Koszta neck. Peaked crovvn. Excise dots for eyes.
Anza, Macedonia, Archaeology, 25, 2: 120.
H. 1.9 cm. Fine light-brovvn fabric. Sitagroi (undated, c. 1955): Fig. 47.
Jzsef Museum, Inv. 59.1.58. J. Czalog,
Das Wohnhaus E von Szegva'r- 116 , 117 Cult vase in the shape o f a crovvned duck mound, northeastern Greece. Early Gumel- 132 Baked clay figure o f mother and ehild
Ttizkoves, Acta Archaeologica Hungarica, 9 vvearing a human mask found 7.05 m. deep ni^a cuiture. M. Gimbutas (U C L A )-A . C. vvearing bird masks attached to a burnished
(1958): Pl. I, Fig. 1. Kalicz, D ieux: 48. at the Vina site. Terracotta vvith very thin Renfrevv (ShefTield Univ.) excavation o f pottery fragment found 4.7 m. deep in the
vvalls o f light-brovvn fabric. Hollovv. Has 1968. Philipi Museum, Sitagroi, SF 412.
10 5 -10 7 Vase in the form o f a seated goddess. Vina mound. Fine dark-grey fabric. H.
an opening in the tail. Rippled, polished
Kdknydom b, Tisza cuiture. H. 33 cm. 125 Upper torso o f a terracotta figurine. H. 4.8 14.4 cm. Lovvcr part damaged, childs mask
surface. Decorated vvith bands o f bitumi-
Light-brovvn fabric. Excavation b y j. Ban cm. Fine grey fabric. Exsed and vvhite- broken of}'. Eyes, decoration o f masks, dress
nous material. L. 36 cm., H. 20.8 cm. B U
ner, 1942. Tornyai Janos Museum, Hod- encrusted decoration, forming spiral and and nccklace indicated by vvhite-encrusted
Collection, Inv. 2005. Vasi, Vina, I: Pl.
mezova'sa'rhely. Inv. 762/42. Banner: meander designs. Fiat head indicates a mask incisions. Small stumps for arms. probablv
X X IV .
Koknydomb: 14 -3 5 ; Kalicz, Dieux: 37. vvith representation o f Bird Goddess face: symbolizing vvings. Masks are pentagonal.
1 1 8 Vase in the likeness o f Bird Goddess. Fine eyebrovvs connected vvith the beak. Vadas Mothcr's mask has tvvo perforations on
108, 109 Altarpiece o f clay, 46 cm. high, 53 cm.
light-brovvn fabric, channelled surface, tra dist. ofC orabia, Oltenia. Rom ania. MF either side. Small breasts indicated. Vasis
\vide at base, 18.5 cm. deep, from the
Mask shovvn in relief. Eyes and nose 1948. N A M Bucharest. excavation. B U Collection, Inv. 1233.
settlement at Koknyom b southeastern
plastically rendered. Breasts and knees Publ. Vasi. Vina. II: Pl. L X X X V , Fig.
H ungary. Tisza cuiture. Excavated 1942 by
indicated. Tvvo perforations in each arm 126, 127 Heads o f terracotta bird-headed figurines 322.
JL Banner. TornyaiJanos Museum Hodmc-
stump. H. 32.5 cm.. W. 15.5 cm. Vina, vvith double spiral curls. Three holes in
zovasarhely, Inv. 1089/42. J. Banner and ^33* *34 Terracotta head o f a ram, broken o ff at the
Vasis excavation. N M Belgrade, Inv. front. Sitagroi mound, East Balkan civiliza
J. Korek, Les campagnes IV et V des fouilles neck. Painted bright red vvith traces o f vvhite
1481. Publ. Vasi, Vina, I {1932): 43, Pl. tion, as 124 above.
pratiques en K5kenydomb de HtSdmc- around eyes and betvveen the lines o f the
XV II.
zovasarhely\ Archacologiai lirtesito, 76 12S Early Tripolye (Proto-Cucuteni) terracotta horns. Fine fabric, orange clav. H. 3.9 cm.
( 1949)- 9-23. 24-25, Pl. VIII, Fig. S-9. 119 Head o f Bird Goddess modelled on the figurine. Siightlv forvvnrd-leaning posture. Anza. eastern Macedonia, Yugoslavia. Anza
Kalicz. D icux: 3S-39. neck o f a polychrome painted Cucuteni Cvlindrical neck. upper part ot bodv IV. Earlv Vina. Found 1970 above the top
288 289
floor o f Vina house during authors 139 Cylindrical head o f a terracotta figurine 146 W eli preserved figurine from the teli o f fired and compact. Burnished. Fine fabric:
excavation o f site. tip Museum, SF 1691. vvith prominent pinehed-up nose and slit Sulica near Stara Zagora. Local grey light pink/buff surface, grey ore. Floor o f
eyes. Deep incisions near upper end. Canal marble. H. 13 cm. Wide head, semicircular Late Neolithic house, Level 17. Argos
135 Terracotta head o f a he-goat or ram that
ends in a hole on top. H. 4.7 cm. Fine grey eyes, pronounced nose. Five round de- Museum. Excavation by J. L. Caskey
formed part o f a vase. Horns broken off.
fabric. Rudnik Kosovski near Prizren, pressions belovv the mouth, three in each (University o f Cincinnati) 1956. Publ.
R ou gh ly triangular head vvith ridge down
Kosovo Metohije, Southern YugosIavia. ear. Breasts slightly indicated. Left hand J. L. Caskey and M. A . Elliot, Neolithic
middle. Raised and sliteyes. Deep parallel
Central Balkan Starevo com p!ex. Found covers the right. Short tapering legs. Stara figurines from Lerna , Hesperia, X X V
lines incised round neck, encrusted vvith
in 1966. Later this settlement vvas excavated Zagora Museum. Publ. Gaul, Neolithic (1956), 17 5 -7 7 ; Idem, Where Hercules
white. Red-painted neck betvveen and
by J. Glii. Regional Museum in Pritina, Bulgaria, Pl. L X , 2. slevv the H ydra: a neolithic sculpture o f
below incisions. Black burnished surface.
R U -A 3-V III-IC . N M Catalogue (196S): 32. "classic beauty and the relics ofsom e 2500
L. 10 cm., W . (of head) 5.4 cm. Sitagroi 147 Figurine vvith folded arms, no breasts, legs
mound, eastern Macedonia, Greece, Period 140 Standing tcrracotta figurine vvith pillar- years from Peloponnesian Lerna, Illustrated
together. Head broken o ff belovv neck.
III. East Balkan civilization, Dikilitash neck, phallus-shaped massive breasts, large London Neu/s, January 1957: 6 8 -7 1.
Borets (Topra-Asar) near Plovdiv, central
compIex. Diseovered in the stratigraphic abdomen and folded arms. Back is flat. H. Bulgaria. H. iocm . Locallight-grey marble. 153 Schematized terracotta figurine vvith large,
area during the 1968 excavation by C. A. 15 .7 cm . Fine brovvn fabric. Cem etery o f Accidentally diseovered by farmers in incised pubic triangle. Hole on top for
R en frew (Sheffield U niversity)-M . Cernavoda on the lovver Danube, north- 1908. Plovdiv Archaeological Museum. inscrtion o f a cylinder. Legs reduced to
Gimbutas (U C L A ). Philipi Museum, vvestofConstanta. I9 5 7 c x c a v . by D. Berciu, Assigned to the period o f Karanovo VI on protruding feet. Fine greyish-brown fabric.
SF 203. sponsored by the Archaeological Institute typo!ogical grounds. Publ. Gaul, Neolithic Isolated find from Vina. N M Belgrade,
o f the Academy o f Sciences, Rom anian Bulgaria: 189, Pl. L X , 3. Inv. N o. 5023. Publ. J. Koroec in Arche-
136 Terracotta cult vessel in the shape o f a ram.
P. R . N A M Bucharest, Publ. D. Berciu, oloski Vestniki, 3 ( i952),55f*.and Prehistorijska
Horns connected vvith the rim. Fine light 148 C y ad ic marble figurine from Syros. H.
Cultura Hamangia (1966), I: Fig. 53.
grey fabric. H. 5.8 cm. Incisions o f V s and 2 1.6 cm. Red colouring preserved on chest. plastika.
chevrons encrusted vvith vvhite paste. Traces 141 Marble figurine found in the nincteenth After Zervos, Cyclades: 188, Fig. 248. 154 Marble figurine in vvhich the child stands
o f red paint. From the Vina mound, century in the vicinity o f Sparta. Publ. in
149. 150 Slender schematized terracotta figurine. on top o f mothers head. H. 23 cm. Isolated
Classical Vina. Vasis excavation. B U Athenische Mitteilungen X V I: 52, Fig. 1.
Breasts and buttocks emphasized, large find housed in Badisches Landesmuseum,
Collection, Inv. 117 5 . Publ. Vasi, Vinca. Later by Tsountas, Diminiou ha i Sesklou:
incised pubic triangle. Punctate decoration Karlsruhe. Inv. 64/100, N eg. No. 6275.
II: Pl. L X X V IH , Fig. 335. Fig. 3 1 1 , and Zervos, Naissance: Fig. 114 ,
around head, arm stumps and over hips. Publ. J. Thimm e, Antike Kunst, VIII, Taf.
137 Zoom orphic ritual vase, rectangular vvith a 142 Marble figurine. Athens Nat. Museum, inv. Holes for cyes, large nose. H. approx. 15 2 1 : 2. Courtesy o f D r Jtirgcn Thimm e,
horned ram s head at one end. H. 10.5 cm., 8772. H. approx. 13 cm. cm. Vykhvatintsi cemeterv, grave No. 29. Badisches Landesmuseum, Karisruhe.
L. 16.5 cm. Grey fabric. Decorated vvith Cucuteni B - late T ripolyc period. Arch.
143 Upper part o f a terracotta figurine cupping 155 Anthropomorphic vase, decorated vvith
incised and vvhite-encrusted concentric or Museum o f the Institute o f History, Acad.
breasts. From Sesklo, Thessaly. Sesklo vvhite paint on reddish-brovvn background.
parallel lines. Banjata at Kapitan Dim i- o f Sciences, Kishenev, Soviet Moldavia.
complcx. Tsountas excavation. Publ. Slipped. H. 32.3 cm. Diseovered in the
trievo, district o f Pazazdzik, central Bul Publ. I. G. Rozenfeld, Vvkhvatinski 1110-
1908 Tsountas, Diminiou kai Sesklou: Fig. settlement area o f the East Balkan Gumcl-
garia. Gumelni^a compIex. Excavation by gilnik po razkopkam 1951 goda , K S IIM K ,
14. Courtesy o f Athens National Museum, ni^a culture at Sultana on the shore o f Lake
P. Detev 1947-48 o f the Archaeological 56: 98-104.
inv. 5942. Mostistea. Acquired bv Barbu Ionesar,
Museum Plovdiv. Publ. P. Detev, 'Le teli
i 51 Fiat figurine o f bone vvith large incised direetor o f the Olteni^a Museum. Publ. by
Baniata pres de Kapitan Dim itrievo , God- 144 White marble figurine. H. 7 cm. Teli S. Marinescu-Btlcu, Dic Bedeutungeiniger
pubic triangle and punetated decoration.
ishnik, Plovdiv (1950) II, iC. Azmak, central Bulgaria. Karanovo I. Stara Gesten und Haltungen in der jungsteinzeit-
Holes for eves. One hole in middle o f neck
Zagora Museum. 1960-63 excavations by lichcn Skulptur der ausserkarpatischen
13.8 C lay sculpture o f a female in standing posi and tvvo in the back belovv the vvaist. On
G. I. Georgiev and P. Detev. Publ. by G. I. Gebiete Rumaniens. Dacia, X I (1967)'
tion vvith cylindrical neck and folded arms. the side o f the head three pairs o f holes for
Georgiev Bcitrage: Abb. 12. 47- 58.
H. 17.5 cm. Grey fabric. Made in sections ear-rings (novv broken). Perforations
(head. torso and tvvo legs) and then pegged 545 Tcrracotta torso vvith folded arms. Head through arm stumps and feet. Copper 156. 1 57 Squatring vvoman vvith exaggerated but
together before thcy hardened. Inciscd eycs. and lovver part not preserved. Fine brovvn plates above legs. H. 15 cm. Northern cocks and dravvn-up legs. H. 7.6 cm. Face
pinehed-up nose. Small breasts. Found fabric. H. 3.5 cm. Settlement o f Pianul de central Bulgaria. district o f Stara Zagora. masked. R ight hand at the mouth. left
vvithin the house o f the early phase o f the Jos near Alba. Transylvania. 1962-63 exca- Museum o f Stara Zagora. Bulgaria. Publ. broken off. Fine black fabric, but not
Neolithic settlement o f Nea Nikomedeia vation by Iuliu Paul. Pctrc$ti group vvith M. Dim itrov. Kostena ehoveshka figurka burnished. Excised lines encrusted vvith
at Verroia, vvestern Macedonia, Greece. strong Gumelni^a influcnces. Sibiu Mu at s. Lovets, Starozagorsko . Arkheologija. vvhite paste inciude concentric circles vvith
Central Balkan Proto-Sesklo comploc. seum. Publ. Paul, I, Der Forschungsstand IV. 1 (1962): 65-68. a dot in the middle. 011 back and side ofcach
19 61-6 3 excavations o f Cam bridge and iiber die Petrc$ti-Kuitur\ Studijn z vesti. 22: 152 Terracotta figurine from Lema near Argos. buttock and ac knees. Narrovv vvaist. Be-
Harvard Universities. Excav. and publ. by 3 3 1. Abb. 2: 10. I don. Asezarea neo- eastern Peloponnese. H. 18.2 cm. Found hind. there is a dot in the middle ofth e back
R . J. Rodden, An carly neolithic villagc in cneolitica de la Pianul d ejo s (Podei), Jud. and a lozenge belovv the vvaist. Medvednjak
beneath the debris o f third building level.
Greece, Scientific American. Vol. 212 , No. Alba*. Studii fi cominunicari (Sibiu. 1967): at Smederevska Palanka, central Yugo-
Worn and slightly chipped. Head and
4, April 1965. Pl. VI. 8. lovver part o f right leg broken otf. Hard siavia. Classical Vina. R . M iioScvi'scxca-
29O 291
vation o f 1969. Smederevska Palanka Naro- Bucharest. First donated vvith other fmds to 167, 168 Terracotta vase in the shape o f a doe. L. 64 174 Terracotta figurine o f a tortoise found on
den Museum, Inv. 944. Courtesy o f this the local museum o f Targu-Ocna and later cm., H. 39 cm. Fine light-brovvn fabric, the surface at the Vina site. L. 6 cm., W.
Museum. taken over by N A M Bucharest, Inv. 5714. painted in vvhite on red. Carefully modelled 3.9 cm. Fine grey fabric. N M Belgrade,
The object vvas first published by R . Vulpe, head and neck. Slit-eyes in raised relief. Inv. N o. 4334 (bought by N M Belgrade
158 A large pithos, vvith tvvo large supematural
Figurine theriomorphe de la civilisation Round opening at mouth. Cyiindrical from a farmer in 1934). N M Belgrade
hands worked in relief on both sides o f the
Cucuteni B , IP EK , 12 (1938): 57-65, Pl. 33. neck to opening 011 back. Muldava mound, Catalogue, 1968: 72. Publ. Garaanin, Reli
upper, and two smaller ones on the lovver
central Bulgaria. Found associated vvith the gija: 2 5 1, Fig. 23.
part o f the jar. The vessel, approx. 1 m. 163 D ogs head carved from rock crystal. H. Neolithic pottery o f Karanovo I type.
high, has a short cylindrical neck and three 4.3 cm., L. 6 cm. Crnokalaka Bara near 175 Terracotta head ofa hedgehog from a classi
Plovdiv Archaeologica! Museum. Exca-
lugs. Low cr part in barbotine, uppcr part Raanj north o f Ni, Southern Yugoslavia. cal Vina site at Crnokalaka Bara, north o f
vated and published by P. Detev, Prai-
brovvn burnished. Banjata at Kapitan Dimi- N M Belgrade (R . Galovi) excavation o f Ni, Southern Yugoslavia. H. 6 cm. N M
storichestoto Selishche pri selo M uldava ,
trievo near Plovdiv, central Bulgaria. Gu- 1960. N M B Inv. No. 16071. Publ. N M Belgrade by R . Galovi 1969. N M Bel
Godishnik, Plovdiv, VI (1968): 33, Fig. 26.
melni^a complex. East Balkan civilization, Belgrade Catalogue 1968: 125. grade, Inv. 20195. .Unpubiished. Courtesy
Chalcolithic. Excavations o f the Plovdiv 169 Vina figurine ofan erect toad found 7.1 m. o f the cxcavator.
Archacological Museum by P. Detev in 164 Cucuteni B 2 vase from the settlement o f deep in the Vina mound. Vasis excava
1947-48. Plovdiv. Arch. Museum. Lit.: P. Valea Lupului 5 km. west o f Iai, northern 176 Terracotta lid in the form o f a hedgehog
tion. B U Collection, Inv. 12 8 1. Vasi,
Moidavia, Rom ania. H. 3 1.5 cm. Lovver vvith an anthropomorphic face. Gumelni^a
Detev Le teli Baniata prs dc Kapitan Vina, vol. III: Fig. 616.
Dim itrievo , Godishnik, Plovdiv (1950); II, 1. part o f the vase is reconstructed. The design, B settlement at Vidra, south o f Bucharest,
cxccuted in dark red, bordered vvith black 170 White marble figurine o f a toad. H. 7.5 cm. lovvcr Danube basin. H. 5 cm. D. Rosettis
159 Vase from Mulava, Neolithic settlement H alf o f conical head missing. Starevo layer cxcavation o f 1934. Bucharest C ity Mu
on vvhite, is applied to the cylindrical neck
near Plovdiv, central Bulgaria. H. 11 cm. o f the stratified Neolithic settlement at seum. Publ. by D. Rosetti, Steinkupfer-
and extends over the shoulder (seen only
Karanovo I period. Plovdiv Archaeological Anza (Anzabegovo) near tip, southeastern zeitliche Plastik aus einem W ohnhugel bei
on the other side o f the photographed
Museum excavation by P. Detev. Publ. P. Yugoslavia. Naroen Muzej tip, SF 2221. Bukarest, IPEK, 12(1938): 29-50. Repeatcd
object). Betvveen the metopes vvith a flying
Detev, Godishnik, Plovdiv, III, 3 (1959). M. Gimbutas (U C LA )-N aroden Muzej by V. Dumitrescu, L'art Roumanie: Pl. 100.
dog and catcrpillars, winding snakcs are to
160 Binocular vase. Ochre-red vvith chocolatcr- be seen. On the shoulder, belovv the toothcd tip (M. Garaanin) excavation 1970-
177 Terracotta hedgehog from Cascioarcle,
brovvn decorations. Cucuteni B. Bilcze line, large eggs are painted in black bands
17 1 Toad carved out ofgrecnish blue serpentine Gumelni^a layer, Southern Rom ania. H.
Zlote, vvestern Ukraine. Courtesy o f Cra- (not visible in the photograph). Excavated
from Nea Nikomedeia. Courtesy o f the 6.1 cm. N M Bucharest. Publ. Dumitrescu,
cow Archaeological Museum. 1953-57 by M. Petrcscu-Dimbovi^a et al.
excavator, R . J . Rodden. See 138. L'art Roumanie: Pl. 109.
History Museum o f Moidavia, Ia$i. Publ.
161 Reining terracotta animai, half fox, half
S C IV V (1954) and VI (1955). Also: V. 172 Part o f Late Vina vasc vvith human figures 178 Bulis head vvith large horns cut out o f a flat
dog. Fine brovvn fabric. Eyes and mouth
Dumitrescu, L'art Roumanie: 52; R ybakov, and snakes in relief. 15.7 < 24.6 cm. Gom o- piece o f bone. Image o f the goddess in the
vvhite-encrusted. L. 6 cm. Gumelni^a site
Cosmogony: 4.2. lava teli at Sremska Mitrovica, northern centre o f the head is geometrically rendered
at Pietrele, districtofllfov. N A M Bucharest
I.3472. Publ. by D. Berciu, Conlribufii, and [65 Detail o f large ochre-red, pear-shaped Yugoslavia. Red-brovvn fabric, polished by means o f punetate lines. The figure is
V. Dumitrescu, L'art Romanie: 103. vase shovving frieze vvith black-paintcd surface. Found on the floor o f Vina house. composed o f two triangles mceting vvith
design on the bulging upper part. This Excavation o f 1955 by Vojvodjanski Mu their tips at the vvaist. Legs narrovv dovvn
162 Dog-shaped handle - fragment o f a pear-
design ineludes large discs betvveen tvvo seum, N ovi Sad. Vojvodjanski, N ovi Sad. to a point. Head and navel portraycd by
shaped, slightly biconical Cucuteni B vase.
spiralling bands above vvhich fly dogs northern Yugoslavia, Inv. A 2185. Publ. larger dots. Raised arms bifurcate halfway
Fine fabric, ochre-red vvith traccs o f orna- S. N agy, Rad vojvodjanskikh muzeja, 9 up. Punetate line also runs dovvn middle o f
stvlized in Late Cucutenian fashion. The
mentation in black paint vvhich through horns and along top o f head. Perforations
top ofthe frieze has a border o f three parallel (1960): 119 , Pl. IV, 2. N M Belgrade
vveathering has lost its original lustre and
lines and a rovv o f triangles. H. 36 cm., W. Catalogue (1968): 89. at each o f the four corners and on top o f the
colour. The animai figure vvas perpendicu-
33 cm. Animai figures 5 cm. long. Bilcze head probablv vvere used for attaching it to
larly attached to the upper part o f the vessel. 173 Neck o fa pithos, H. 11 cm. Diam. 20.5 cm.
Zlote settlement. upper Dniester Valley. some other object. Bilcze Zlote (Polish),
The fragment measures 9.5 ' 4.5 cm., the Handles in the shape o f human arms.
formerly Polish Galicia. novv vvestern BilcheZolotoe (Ukrainian).south ofTarno-
animai itself bcing 6.5 cm. long and 2.5 cm. Incisions round rim. Designs inelude a face pol. on the Seret (N.) basin in the vvestern
Ukraine. Archaeological Museum in Cra-
high. Its firm attachment by legs and tail to vvith eves, mouth and raised nose above an
covv. Poland. Courtesv o f this Museum. Ukraine, upper Dniester. a Cucuteni (Tri-
the vvall o f the vase suggests that it served as M-sign. and dccplv incised snake and
poIye) cave site excavated in the ninctcenth
a handle. The anim afs head is rendered 166 Fragment o f a storage vessel vvith figure o f a meander patterns. Diseovered at Szentes-
and earlv tvventicth centuries by G. Ossovv-
schcmatically, but the rest o f the boy is stag in relief. H. 18 cm., W. 29 cm. Csepa, Jaksorpart, eastern Hungarv. Szaka'lha't ski and W. Demetrykiewicz. Early Cucu
na tura listi, vvith even the tensed museles southeastern Hungarv. An isolated find o f com plex o f the Linear potterv cuiture. teni B (Tripolyc C II in the classification by
shovving. Found at Podei, located on a the Starevo (Koros) complex. Tesscdik Houscd in Koszta Jozsef Museum in Szentes.
T. Passek, 1949). Archaeological Museum,
tcrrace o fth e R iv e r Trotus near the small S.imucl Museum. SzarvaS. Publ. by Krecs- 54. >56. 3 1. Publ. G. Csallany, Gcsiehts- Cracovv.
tovvn o f Targu-O cna, northeast o f the marik in Archaeologiai Ertesito, 32 (19 12 ); darstellungen auf Gefassen der Theiss-
Carpathian Mts in Moidavia. bv I. lacobo- 366-68; I. Kutzian. The Koros Cuiture Kultur*. (/{THiiJHitj. 23 (1939): IJ1. X V . Fig. 179 Bee Goddess on a gold plaque from Cam i-
vici, profcssor o f the medica! faeultv at (1944): l'l- II. / N. Kalicz. DiVi/.v: Pl. 8. 2; Kalicz, D ieux: Pl. 25. r o s , Rhodes. Seventh centurv b c . Courtesy
292 293
o f Museum o f Fine Arts, Boston (Neg. No. ukar), upper Morava Valley, southeastem 194 Terracotta figurine o f mother holding baby. 199 Hamangia-type standing terracotta figurine
B2578). Publ. Ransom , The Bee, 1937: Yugoslavia. Small stumps for arms. H. Head and legs missing. Was originally v/ith hands on the abdomen. Pillar head,
Pl. V. 16.6 cm. Fine dark brovvn fabric. 1955 seated on a throne. Tvvo perforations feet and left shoulder reconstructed. Large
excavation o f N M Belgrade and Archae through each shoulder. Massive arms, breasts, very wide hips. H. 2 1.7 cm. Cer-
180 Pottery fragment showing Bee Goddess in fingers crudely incised. Dress indicated by navoda cemetery, Dobruja. Light brovvn
ological Institute o f Serbian Acadcmy o f
relief (part only). Kocacpart at Hodme- vvhite-encrusted incisions. H. 8 cm. Fine fabric. N A M Bucharest, Inv. V .22003.
Sciences. N M Belgradc, Inv. 15369. Publ.
zovas^rhely, southeaster'n Hungary, a Star grey fabric. Vina site at Gradac near Excavation o f 1957 by D. Berciu o f the
M . Garaanin in 39. B R G K (1958): Pl. 1,
evo (Koros) site. Museum o f Tornyai Zlokuani, Morava Valley, excavated by Institute o f Archaeology, Academ y o f
a, b. Assumed to be o f Late Vina (Vina-
Janos at Hodmezovasrfrhely, Inv. N o. 748/ M . Vasi in 1909, but the figurine is a Sciences, Rom anian P .R . Publ. D. Berciu,
Plonik) period.
32. Publ. by J. Banner, Die neolithische surface find. N M Belgrade, Inv. 775. Publ. Cultura Hamangia (1966).
Ansiedlung von Hdm ezovasarhely-Ko- 188 Terracotta figurine in half animal, half
M. Vasi in Glas Serb. Kralj. Akademie
pancs und Kocacpart und die III periode der human form. Applied ears, pinehed-up 200, 201 Lovver half o f terracotta seated figurine,
nose, cyes and mouth exeised. Left arm and ( 19 11).
Theiss-Kultur, Dolgozatok, VIU (1932): broken at vvaist and end o f legs. Accentated
1. 32-48, Pl. X V III, 2. Also in I. KutziAn, left breast broken off. Right hand on the 195 Mother and child plastically rendered on a abdominal part vvith vvide hips and pregnant
The Koros culture (1944): Pl. X L l, 1. In both abdomen. Lovver part missing. H. 9.5 cm. pottery fragment from early Lengyel vil- belly. Incised vvith vvhite-encrusted lines,
publications the figure appears upside down. Fine brovvn fabric. Starevo comp!ex. lage o f Zengovrkony near Pcs, province spirals and dots: double spiral on the belly,
Porodin near Bitola, Southern Vugoslavia. o f Baranya, Hungary. Holes for eyes. triangles vvith a dot inside each forming
181 Fragments o f a bowl from Ilonapart at Excavated 1954 by M. Grbi et al. Archae band on the back. Diagonal lines above the
Schematized animal-shaped head. Massive
Szentes, southeastem Hungary, with a ological Museum Bitola, Inv. N o. 14. Publ. legs suggest skirt or trotisers. Upper back
arms and hands. H. 5 cm. Excavation b y j.
figure ofthe Bee Goddess painted in red on a Grbi, Poroditi, Pl. 39; Sheffield Catalogue Dom bay in 1939. Janus Pannonius Mu plain except for tvvo holes marking Trigo-
white baekground. Diseovered b y j. Czalog (1969): Pl. 6. seum in Pcs, Inv. 5.187.1939. Published num lumbale and tvvo holes at the back o f the
Szentes-Ilonapart, Acta Archacologica
i, 190 Terracotta sculpture o f a seated mother by D om bay, Zengovdrkony: 2 17 , Pl. 87, neck. Brown/grey fabric. H. 3.5 cm. M ax.
(Szeged 1966). Courtesy o f Szentes Mu width 3.1 cm. 1968 excavation o f Sitagroi
holding a large child 011 her lap. V s, Fig. 6; PI. 114 , Fig. ^a-b.
seum. mound by C . A. Rcnfrevv (Sheffield) and
meanders and crcscents incised on the back.
Both heads missing. Legs and right arm o f 196 Terracotta standing figurine from Med- M. Gimbutas (U C L A ). Period III, equiva-
182 Brown-on-eream painted vae from a
the mother broken off. H. 12.4 cm. Fine vednjak near Smederevska Palanka, south lent to the East Balkan Gumelni^a civiliza-
Cucuteni B settlement o f Podei near Tirgu-
light-brovvn fabric. Early Vina settlement east o f Belgradc. H. 15.7 cm. One arm tion. Philipi Museum, Macedonia, Greecc,
Ocna, district o f Bac5u. H. 19 cm. Diam.
at Rastu near Dolj, southvvescern Rom ania. stump and head broken off. Fine dark-grey SF 1276.
22.5 cm. Piatra Neam{ Museum, Inv. 1514 .
N A M , Bucharest. Publ. V. Dumitrescu, fabric. Black polished vvith vvhite-encrusted
183 Animal-headed female figurine seated on a 202 Schematized figurine o f pregnant female
Raport asupra activitdfii $tiin{ijice a Muzeului incisions indicating both dress and magical
scool o f red baked terracotta, dccorated vvith vvith band o f inciscd snakes around che
National de Anrichitafi in anii 1942 $i 1943 signs - a snake on the abdomen and mean
dcep incisions filled in vvith vvhite. Navel belly. Orange/buff fine baked c!ay. White-
(Bucharest 1944); 84-87, Fig. 16. der on the back. Snake and meander bands
indicatcd by hole vvithin an encired raised enerusted incisions. H. 5.15 cm. M ax.
are painted in red. Excavated 1970 by R .
1. 192 Terracotta figurine o f fine dark-grcy fabric diam. 3 cm. Sitagroi mound (Period III),
bclly. Tvvo perforations through arm Milosjevi, direetor o f the Narodin Muzej
from Supska near uprija. H. 9.2 cm. Greek Macedonia, Philipi Museum, SF
stumps, hips and mask. Four perforations Smederevska Palanka, Inv. 112 . Courtesy o f
Lovver part and lefc arm missing. Pcrfora- 4489.
at back ofcrovvn. Found 4.1 m. deep in the this museum.
tions through shoulders and elbovvs. Inci
Vina mound. Vasis excavation. NM 203 Terracotta figurine in a squatting position.
sions indicate eves, blouse lines, constricted 197 Terracotta figurine o f a seated pregnant
Belgrade cxhibit. Publ. Vasi, Vina, I: 12 1, H. 3.9 cm. Schematically rendered. Head
slecvcs, fingers, navel and notehed cord by vvoman vvith hands above the abdomen.
Figs. 139a,/;,c; and III: 1 1 4 ,-Figs. 541 a,h.c. broken off. Incised lines mark legs. Lozenge
vvhich pouch on back vvas atraehed. Central Legs like cones. Head missing. H. 2.5 cm. vvith a dot in the middle on bclly. Gladnice,
184, 185 Tcrracotta figurine o f a masked goddess, section at front and back (betvveen incisions) Fine rcddish-brovvn fabric. Porodin near . site at Graanica near PriStina in Kosovo
painted in black and red diagonal bands. painted in black. Surface find. N M Bel Bitola as above, Inv. 1306. Publ. Grbi, Metohije, Southern Yugoslavia, a Neolithic
Eves, nose, centre o f forehcad and ehin grade 20196. NM Belgrade Catalogue Porodin: Pl. X X X I : 7. Starevo settlement. j. Glisis cxcavation
painted black. Perforations through the (1968): 128.
o f 1960. Regional Museum Pritina, Inv.
shoulders and arms and through the corners 198 Terracotta torso o f a nude and pregnam
193 Terracotta figurine o f a bear-masked No. G-2E/1205. Belgrade 1968 Catalogue:
o fth e pentagonal mask. Lovver part miss- vvoman holding her hands above the belly.
vvoman in a seated position holding a bear 3*
ing. Was originally seated on a throne. Lefc Lefc arm broken. Head and lovver porcion
cub. Light-grey fabric. Itnpure clay. H. 5.7
arm broken belovv che shouldcr: right hand missing. H. 5.25 cm. Fine reddish-brovvn 204, 205 Terracotta figurine o f a standing female
cm. Excavated 1959 by J. Glii and B.
011 left breast. H. 15.1 cm. Luscrous surface. Jovanovi. Fafos factorv in Kosovska fabric. Porodin mound near Bitola. vvestern inciscd ali over vvith lines and magical signs.
Found 4.38 m. deep in Vina mound. BU Mitrovica, Kosovo Metohije, YugosIavia. Macedonia. Excavated 1953 by M. Grbi In front. in the vcry centre, a quadripartite
Colleccion. Inv. No. 1222. Vasis excnva- Found in later horizon o f the settlement, rt al. Central Balkan Neolithic. Starevo lozenge vvith a dot in each section and a
tion. Publ. Vasi. Vina, I: PI. X X X V I. com plex. Bitola Archaeological Museum. snake design above it 011 chest. Breasts not
labellcd Fafos II. National Museum, Kosov
ska Micro vica. Inv. 2090. N M Belgrade Inv, 470. Publ. Grbi, Porodin, but objccc indicated. Arm stumps incised on front and
1X6, 1X7 Terracotta figurine (cylindrical srand) vvich
Catalogue (1968): 96. mu illustrated. back vvith parallel lines. V-line belovv the
head o fa bear cub from Pavlovac (localicv
295
-9 4
schematized head vvith pinched-up nose. Dumitrescu, Raport asupra activitafii ftiinti- 219 One o f the terracotta phalli found in the ments o f a belt (?) on vvaist. H. 12 cm. Fine
Hair indicated by application o f small lumps fice a Muzeului National de Antichitati in anii Proto-Sesklo compIcx in the Tsangli light-brown fabric. Later layer o f Fafos
o f clay. Fine reddish-brovvn baked clay. 1942 si 1943 (Bucharest 1944): 84-87. mound, Thessaly. Excavation by A. J. B. (Fafos II) at Kosovska M itrovica, Southern
Polished surface. H. 15 cm. Cucuteni, Wace and M. S. Thom pson: Prehistoric Yugoslavia. Mid-Vina phase. Excavated
northern Moidavia. Cucuteni A phase. 214 Terracotta head o f a pig from Vina. Thessaly (19 12), cf. Figs. 74b, 76b, 77c, e, 1959 by J . Glii. Kosovska Mitrovica
N A M Bucharest. Leskavica near tip, Macedonia. Fine light- 9 1a, 109b, h, i, k, i4 ia -c . This phallus has a Archaeological Museum, 7-B-850. Publ.
brovvn fabric. H. 19 cm. Surface fmd in the cream colour thickly applied and is painted by R . Galovi in Reuiew magazine 1968.
206 Terracotta figurine in seated position,
area o f Vina settlement. Naroden Muzej, vvith horizontal reddish-brovvn bands. The
placcd on a terracotta throne (not found 228 Terracotta sculpture from Sesklo, Thessaly.
tip. Publ. N M Belgrade catalogue (1968): rounded top has a slit. H. 9 cm. Volos
together). The figurine, vvith a multiple H. approx. 9 cm. Tsountas excavation.
93- Museum, Thessaly, Greece. c. 6000 b c .
lozenge design incised above the pregnant Publ. by Kh. Tsountas, Dimeniou kai
After Zervos, Naissance, I (1962): 250, Fig.
belly, from Selo Kalekovets near Plovdiv, Sesklou (1908); repeated by Zervos, Nais
215 Naturalistically rendered terracotta pig 283.
central Bulgaria; the chair (throne) from sance (1962): Fig. 276. National Museum
from the Nea Makri mound, Attica Proto-
Kapitan Dimitrievo. Both are o f Karanovo 220 Bone phallus from Bohuslavice, a Lcngycl Athens, Inv-. 5945. Photo: Courtesy o f
Sesklo cuiture. Volos Museum. L. 6.5 cm.
VI-Gumelni^a type. H. approx. 10 cm. settlement near Znojm o. The dotted snake National Museum Athens.
Fine reddish-brovvn fabric. Excavated 1954
Plovdiv Archaeological Museum. by D. R . Theocharis. Publ. Theocharis in pattern is vvhite-encrusted. Brno Archae 229, 230 Masked ithyphallic and horned (horns
Athenische Mitteilungen, 71 (1956): iff. ological Museum, Inv. N o. 2.637. Courtesy
07-209 The seated goddess o f Pazardik at Plovdiv, broken off) man vvith the right hand over
central Bulgaria. H. approx. 15 cm. Polished o f this museum. the left shoulder. Left hand holds penis
216 Fragment (snout) o f a life-size sculpture o f a vvhich is painted red. H. 8 cm. Bracelets
surface, fine fabric. White-encrusted in 22! Phalli from the Cucuteni B settlement o f
pig. Unbaked clay. From the Vina layer o f indicated by incision. Eyes incised. Light
cised lines. Naturhistorisches Museum, Frumuica, Moidavia, northeastern R om a
the stratified site o f Anza betvveen Titov brovvn fabric. Late Vina settlement o f
Vienna. Publ. by M . Hoernes, Urgeschkhte nia. H. 13 and 7 cm. In both, a canal runs
Veles and tip in eastern Macedonia. Dis Crnokalaka Bara at Rujite near Raanj,
Europas, p. 204. Republished by E. Neu- from top to bottom. Excavation by C.
eovered by the author during the season o f . north o f Ni, southeastern Yugoslavia. N M
mann, The Great Mother (1955), Pl. 6. MatasS. Publ. MatasS, C. Frumuftca (Bu
Courtesy o f Naturhistorisches Museum, 1970. With the exception o f one leg, ali Belgrade, Inv. 20.942. Excavated 1959 by
charest 1946). Archaeological Museum in
Prahistorische Abteilung. other parts o f the pig had completely
Piatra Neam{, Moidavia, Inv. 9081296. R . Galovi. Publ. R . Galovi Archvoloki
disintegrated. Made o f local orange clay
Prvgled (1960).
10, 2 1 1 Anthropomorphic red-painted vessel in the vvith chaflf temper and ineluding some large 222 Phallus-shaped clay artifacts, possibly used
form o f an enthroned goddess. Fine reddish- quartz grains. Rough, buff-coloured, un- as stems for wine cups, as reconstructed by 231 Crude terracotta figurine o f an enthroned
brovvn fabric. H. 23 cm. N o head. Legs polished surface. Vertical cross-section o f . Batovi. Danilo settlement at Smili male figure in an irhyphallic position.
broken o ff below the knees. Small breasts. snout 3.9 cm. Test pit X IX , 5. Naroden near Zadar. E.veavated 1958 by . Batovi. Cylindrical head vvith no facial features.
Schematic folded arms each vvearing tvvo Muzej, tip. Archaeological Museum in Zadar. After Arms broken off. H. 5.3 cm. Grey fabric.
bracelets and one arm-ring. Navel indi . Batovi, Problem kulta phallosa u From the Porodin mound. E,xcavated 1954
cated by a semi-globular protuberance vvith 2 17 Terracotta head o f a pig. It has large cars Danilskoj kulturi , Diadora, 4 (1968): Fig. 3, by M. Grbi et al. Archaeological Museum,
a dot in the middle. Incised geometric vvith three perforations in each and deep Pl. IV. 3- Bitola. Porodin 629. Publ. M. Grbi,
design, originally vvhite-encrusted, covers holes in the snout. Plastically rendered eyes. Porodin: Pl. X L.
lovver part o f the body. Koknydom b at L. 9.1 cm. Light-brovvn fine fabric. Dal- 23-225 Mushroom-shapcd studs or stands o f light
Hodmezovasa'rheIy on R iv er Tisza in baki, 15 km. east o f Stara Zagora, central green marble. H. a 3.5 cm .; b 3 cm .; c 2.3 232 ithvphallic man seated on a stool from
southeastern Hungary. Tisza cuiture. T om - Bulgaria. Marica-Gumelni^a cuiture. Cour- cm. Vina sire. Vasis excavarion. Belgrade the area o f Larisa. Thesaly. Terracotta.
yai Ja'nos museum. Hodmez6vasa'rhely, tcsy o f Stara Zagora Archaeological Univ. Collection, 500. 543. 708. Raised right arm touching right car. Mouth
Inv. No. 761/42. Publ. J. Banner, Kokvny- Museum. 226 Butm ir vase. Butmir settlement, Bosnia, indicated by incision. nose broken off. Left
domb. arm on left knee. Tense posture. Engraved
Yugoslavia. Fine dark grev fabric. H. 20.5
2 18 Pigs head and neck o f red baked terracotta, necklace around the neck. Radtal incisions
212 Enthroned goddess from Predionica, Vina cm. Exeavations o f 1893-96 by V. Radim -
vvith polished and rippled surface. Hollovv. and rvvo semicircles above the genitals.
site at Pritina Kosovo Metohije, Southern skv. F. Fiala and M. Hoernes. Sarajevo
Black-painted bands around the neck and Penis broken. H. approx. 50 em. National
Yugoslavia. H. 18.5 cm. Fine red fabric. Zemaljski Muzej. Publ. V. Radim sky and
eyes. Face (mask) sharply outlined. Per Museum Athens. Inv. 5894.
Surface fmd during excavation. Regional M. Hoernes, Div nvolitischv Station t'on
forations on both sides. Probably part o f
Pritina Museum, Inv. 16 1. Publ. by R . Butmir, I (1895). Dare bv analogv to Obre
the cult vase (or a rhyton) found 7.6 m. -33 Irhvphallie rerracotra figurine o f a sranding
Galovi. Predionica, Pritina (1959): Pl. 3. setrlemenr near Kakanj: r. mid-fifth millen
(5.8 m.) deep in the Vina mound, during male vvith horned animai head (mask).
nium BC.
213 Uppcr portion o f terracotta figurine o f Vasis cxcavarion. L. 7.8 cm. B U Collec- Caretullv modelled horns. Semi-spherical
goddess vvith pigs head or mask. Fine grcy tion. Publ. Vasi, I'VmV, I: Pl. 27 and Figs. 227 Terracotta masked figurine o fa nude ithv- cves. Folded arms vvith arm-rings on the
fabric. H. 9 cm. Rastu, lovver Danube 118 ,/>; II: Pl. X C V II and Fig. 363. Vasi: phallic man in a jum ping or dancing upper arms indicated in clay. Legs fused
region, vvestern Rom ania. Early Vina Illustratvd London Nvws, 1930, October 18 posture, Hands on rhighs. Legs broken off. into a narrovv base. H. 4.3 cm. Fine brovvn
settlement. N A M Bucharest. Excavation as a rhvton of red clay in the form o f a Top o f head rounded. Confours o f mask fabric. Earliest laver o f Fafos (Fafos la) ar
by V. Dumitrescu in 1942 and 1943: V. goat. visibJe. Eves indicated bv deprcssion. Frag- Kosovska M itrovica, Southern Yugoslavia.
296 297
Excavated 1959 by J . Glii. M id-Vina 239 Bull-legged pottery tripod from Med perforated ears (female, two holes; male, Vulkaneshti, K S IIM K , N o. Hi (1967):
period. Regional Museum, Pritina, Inv. vednjak near Smederevska Palanka. Fine one hole) and the female has three holes in 38 -41.
FI1 7 C / 1 2 5 1. Publ. by R . Galovi, Review red fabric. H. 11.5 cm. Vina culture. the mouth area. H. 6.8 cm. Fine light-
247-250 Male and female gods from the cemetery o f
1968. Diseovered by R . Miloevi before the brovvn fabric. Gumelni^a mound, district
Cernavoda, northvvest o f Constan^a, in the
234 Schematized terracotta figurine o f an ithy~ systematic excavations in 1969-70 together o f Ilfov, lovver Danube. Final Gumelni^a A,
area o f the Danube delta. Hamangia culture.
vvith tvvo other tripods, one larger, another found at a depth ofo.90 m. belovv the present
phallic man vvith animal head. Horns Fine brovvn fabric, polished dark-brovvn
smaller, and a figurine (female, in festive ground level. Excavated by V. Dumitrescu.
slightly indicated. Applied large circular surface. H. (male) 11.5 cm., (female) 11.3
attire and wearing a pentagonal mask, in a Olteni^a Archaeological Museum. Publ.
eyes and a conical phallus. Left hand hold cm. Completely preserved. Both wear
standing position). Narodni Muzej, Sme Antiquity (1964): PI. X X X V III a (note by
ing phallus. R igh t arm and horn damaged. masks. Flatnecksandbacks. i957excavation
derevska Palanka, M V III48. Publ. Sheffield V . Dumitrescu); V. Dumitrescu 'N ew
Fiat base. H. approx. 7 cm. Found 6.7 m. by D. Berciu sponsored by Archaeological
Catalogue (1969): 181-8 4. discoveries at Gumelni(a , Archaeology, X IX
deep at the Vina site. Vasis excavation. Institute o f the Academ y o f Sciences o f the
B U Collection, Inv. 12 5 1. Vasi, Vina, III: (1966), 3 : 16 2 -7 2 ; Idem, Vari Roumanie: 90.
240 Vase in shape o f a crouching buli vvith a Rom anian P. R . N A M Bucharest, Inv.
585. half-human, half-bull mask attached to the 244, 245 Terracotta figurine o f an enthroned male V 6496. Publ. by D. Berciu, Neolithic
235 Masked head o f a terracotta figurine por- neck. The mask has very large perforations. god. Head, right leg and tvvo legs o f the figurines from Rom an ia, Antiquity,
traying a horned animal, painted in red and Opening at the top o f the head. H. z i .4 cm. throne broken off. Hands on knees. H. 7 X X X IV , N o. 136 (1960): 283-84. Ibid.,
black, with incised vvhite-encrusted lines. Decoration by graphite painting: five con cm. Painted red on back and front. The Mamifcstation d art nolithique en R o u
Large semicircular eycs. Horns broken. centric circles belovv the head, three on each Pyrasos mound at the modem village o f manie. Le couple de Cernavoda', IP EK ,
H. 7 cm. Crnokalaka Bara south o f Ni, side o f the body and tvvo spirals on either Nea Anchialos, m idway betvveen Volos 2t (1964/65): 42-45-
Southern Yugoslavia. Excavated 1959 by side o f the raised ridge representing the and Alm yros. Found in second Neolithic
2 5 1,2 5 2 Terracotta seated man vvith hands to his
R . Galovi. N M Belgrade, Inv. No. 19 110 . spine. Gumelni^a mound, lovver Danube stratum (from the bottom) from the Sesklo
head from Tirpejjti, district o f T g. Neam?,
Unpublished. Mentioned in Arheoloki district o f Ilfov, Southern Rom ania (Wala- end o f the Proto-Sesklo period. Excavated
region o f Bacau, Moldavia, Rom ania, an
Pregled (1960) by R . Galovi. ehia). Excavations by V. Dumitrescu o f the 1956 by D. R . Theocharis. Volos Archaeo
early Cucuteni ( Pre-Cucuteni III") settle
Institute o f Archaeology o f the Academy logical Museum, Inv. 2429. Publ. D. R .
236 Terracotta figurine o f a masked man in a o f Sciences, Bucharest, 1925-60. Gumelni^a ment. H. 7.7 cm. Fine oehre-red fabric.
Theocharis 'Pyrasos\ Thessalika (1959):
seated position. Head (mask) and shoulders B period. N A M , 13451. Publ. S. Marinescu, Polished surface. Flattened back. Legs
29-68, Pl. III, b.
disproportionally large, the lovver part Doua vase zoomorfe din cultura Gum el- broken off. Long cylindrical neck and upper
compressed. Legs broken o ff belovv knees. 246 Terracotta torso ofa seated man vvith a wcll arms. Fiat head, suggesting a mask. Exca-
ni{a\ S C IV , X II, 2 (1961): 345-56; Dum i
Ornament by incision and vvhite enerusta- trescu, L art Roumanie: 107. modelled back. Vulkancshti, Soviet M ol vatcd by V. Dumitrescu and S. Marinescu-
tion. Fine grey fabric. H. 22 cm. W. (across davia. Excavated by T . S. Passek. Archae Bilcu. N A M Bucharest. Publ. by S. Mari-
shoulders) 15.4 cm. Vala near Kosovska 241 Head o f a buli broken o ff at the neck. ological Museum o f the Institute o f History nescu-Bilcu, Reflets des rapports entrc les
Mitrovica, Southern Yugoslavia. Excavatcd Pentagonal, flattened face suggesting a o f the Acadcmy o f Sciences o f the Molda- civilizations de Hamangia et de Precucuteni
1957 by N. Tasi. Publ. N. Tasi, Kosmet mask has large diamond-shaped cyes and vian S .R ., Kishenev. Publ. by T . S. Passek dans la p!astiquc Prcucutenicnne de T ir-
Glasnik, 2 (1957): 44, Pl. 1 }a sb. Museum o f line o f incisions along the nose ridge and and M. M. Gcrasimov, Novaja statuetka iz pe$ti\ Dacia, VIII (1964); 3 0 7 -12 .
Kosovska M itrovica. eyebrows. Tvvo incised lines round neck,
originally painted red. Reddish~brown
237 Tcrracotta figurine o fa buli vvith a human
burnished surface. H. 4.4 cm. W . (of mask)
head (mask) from later Fafos layer (Fafos
4.6 cm. Sitagroi mound, Period III. Dikili-
II). Late Vina. L. 12.3 cm., H. 5.6 cm. Fine
tash variant (equals Gumelni^a). Diseovered
grey fabric. Excavated 1959 by J. Glii and
1968 during M. Gimbutas (U C L A )-A . C.
B .Jovan ovi. Regional Museum, Pritina,
Rcnfrcvv (Sheffield Univcrsity) excavation.
F 11-2A -160. N M Belgradc Catalogue (1968) :
Philippi Museum SF 1286.
95; Sheffield Catalogue (1969): Pl. 16.
242 Head o f a buli that formed part o f a cult
238 Human-headed buli. Tcrracotta figurine
vessel. Horns missing. Ears indicatcd. Well
from the site o f Vala near Kosovska
modelled semi-globular eycs. Distinct nose
Mitrovica. Body and hind legs missing.
ridge. Brovvn burnished. H. (of face) 4.6
Fine brovvn fabric, incised decoration vvhite-
cm., W. 2.7 cm. Sitagroi mound, Period
enerusted and painted dark red and black.
III. Philippi Museum SF 210.
Eycs and middle parts o f forelegs painted
black. H. 10.5 cm. National Museum 243 The Gumelni^a lovers : conjoincd female
Kosovska Mitrovica V a -113/2 . N. Tasi and male tcrracotta statuette. The male
excavation: publ. N. Tasi, Kosmet Glasnik (ithvphallic) embraces the female, vvho is
,(1960): Fig. 4. N M Belgrade Catalogue characterized by a large pubic triangle and
(i 96.x): ro4. Sheffield Catalogue (19 6 9 : 11 1. small breasts. Both have pinehed-up noses,
29S 299
in East Balkans 30-3 dog, and the Moon Goddess 169-71
in Middle Danube Basin 27-9 Donova M ogila 244
in M oldavia-W est Ukraine 33-5 Donja Branjevina 244
chevron symbols 1 1 3 - 1 7 , 132, 135 dot symbols 20 1, 205-8
Chikalenko, Levko 135 D ove Goddess 146
childbirth, goddess o f 79 Drenovac 22, 195
Chotnica 32 dresses, ritual costume 45-51
coiffure, ritual costume 54-5 Dude 244
Colophon 197, 198' Dumitrescu, Hortensia 68
Corinth 177, 243 D vory Nad itavou 244
cosmic egg 10 1- 7 egg, primordial 10 1-7
cosmic vvaters 124-32 eggs, Great Goddess and 163-8
cosmogonical images 8 9 - 111 Eileithyia 79
Index costume, ritual 44 5^> Elateia 245
creation, the 10 1- 7 Enodia 197, 198
Crete 18, 66, 74. 93. *0 Ephesus 183
Abri M ge 1 17 Bilcze Zlote 182, 242
see also Minoan cuiture Erichthonios 234-5
Achilleion 6 1, 241 Bird Goddess 81, 85, 95, 107, 112 -5 0 , 152,
Cri 19-22 Eros 102
Acrotiri 200 2 i i , 236
Crnokalaka Bara 22, 50, 6 1, 74, 243 Euripidcs 227
Aglauros 235 str also Snake Goddess
cross symbols 89-91 Europa 198
Agrotera 198 birds 106
Crvena Stijena 244 Evans, Sir Arthur 75, 186
Aischylos 198 see ako water birds
Csepa 244
Alfold cuiture 27 bisexualism 135-6 Fafos 43, 51. 60. 66, 83, 190, 195, 220, 245
Cucuteni cuiture 32, 33-5, 44 244
Am orgos 157 Blagoevo 242 fertilitv, Pregnant Vegetation Goddess and
Bird and Snake Goddess in 112 , 125, 132,
Anthesteria 227, 228 Bodrogkeresztur 28, 242 20 1-35
142
Antigonos o fK arystos iSt Boian 32, 242 Fcrtility Goddess 152-200
Great Goddess in 158, 166, 168, 169, 17 1,
Anza 24, 74, 85, 1 13 ,1 3 6 ,16 3 ,1 9 0 ,2 1 4 . 241 Bordjo 83, 242 figurines
172. 179. >82, 184. 187
Aphrodite 95, 149 Borets 242 costume 44-56
male sculptures 234
Argissa 241 Borsod 242 inscriptions on 85-7
masks 57
Argos 149 Brane 67, 74. 243 role o f 67-8S
Pregnant Goddess in 205, 208. 211
Ariadne 149 Britomartis 198 fish and fish images 10 7 -11
ritual costume 43, 50, 5 1, 54
Aristophanes 148 Biikk cuiture 27, 94. 117 , 125, 176 footvvear, ritual costume 51
symbols 9 1, 93. 95. 101
Aristotle 179 Buli God 227 four corners o fth e vvorld 89-91
temples and shrines 72-4, 80, 82. 83
Ariu$d 241 bulls and buli images 91--3, 176, 18 1- 3 , 224 Frumuica 82, 245
Cuina Turcului 244
Arkalokhori 79 Butmir 25, 43, 44, 93. 116 , 243
uprija 45 Gaia 102
Artemis 158, 163, 172, 182, 183, 196-200. butterflies and butterflv images 18 1-19 0
Cvbele 197. >99 Gazi 146
*35 Bylany 243
Cvprus 149 Ghelaesti 245
Aszod 241
Callimachus 183 Gladnice 6 1, 245
Athena 95, 14 7 -9 . - 34-5
Calomfire$ti 243 Danilo cuiture 114 , 116 . 244 Glaucus 184
Athena Aithuia 148
Ca marino 214 dating. radiocarbon and dendroehrono- Goddess o f Fare 158
Athenagoras 102
C'apri 243 logicai 13 - 15 Goddess o f Regeneration 152, 17 1-4 . 18 1-19 0
Azmak 29, 30. 32, 10 1, 157, 241-2
Caria 197 deer and deer images 1 7 1 4 Goddess o f Transformation 181 -90
Daden 146 Ciiscioarele 32, 68, 7 1. 7N, 88. u>6. 228-9. Demeter 82, 163. 214-20 Goljamo Delchevo 245
Biinilkcrtnnik see Linear Potterv cuiture -43 endrochronologieal dating 14 -15 Gomolava 124. 245
Banja ta 242 Catal H i i v i i k 56, 1 1 6 . 152. 176. 1 N6. 19 0 . Diana 198 Gorni Pasarel 169. 245
Banjica 24. 242 205 Dikili-Tash 32, 244 Gornja Tuzla 24
Bariljevo 45 Cavdar 29. 243 Diktynna 198 Gorza 245
bears and bear images 1 13 - 1 6 . 134, 190-5 Cernavoda 30, 243 Dimini 177. 220. 244 Gournia 75
Boe Goddess 110 Cernica 32. 39, 243 Dionvsus 95. 220. 227-30. 236 Gradac 39, 195
bees and bee images 181-9 0 Chaeronca 243 Divine Child 234- 5 G radosnica 86. 245-6
belts, ritual costume 45 Chalcolithic cultures Divostin 24, 74, 244 Great Goddess ot Life and Death So. 91,
Bcrcsfti 242 in Adriatic 25 7 doe, and the Goddess ol Regeneration 152 200. 2 t t . 230, 234, 236-7
Bernovo Luka 242 in Aegean and Central Balkans 22-5 171 .1 Greater Dionvsi.i 227
300 30 1
Grivac 22, 13 7 , 77 Kokenydom b Lady 208 Great Goddess in 108, 197 Passo di C orvo 27, 186
Grotta Scaloria 79, 246 Kolomijshchina 73, 247 masked figures 66 Patso 147
Gumelni^a culture 32-3, 50, 125, 158, 163. Kopanes 184, 247 shrines 74-80 Pausanias 198
174, 208, 246 Kore 163, 214-20 Minos 184 Pazardik 250
Koros 19-22 M ochlos 146, 169 Pazardik Lady 208
Habacti 246
Kostcnki IV 132 Mohelnicc 249 Perachora 149
H acilar 56, 152, 153, 163, 174
Koszylowce 168, 247 Molfetta 249 Perieni 250
Hagia Triadha 66, 79, 146
Kotacpart 185, 247 moon and moon symbols 9 1, 169-71 Pcrsephone 163, 198, 214 -2 0
hair, ritual costume 54-5
Koumasa 78 M oon Goddess 9 1, 152, 169-71 Petreni 166
Hamangia culture 30-2, 153, 230
Krannon-Duraki 69 M other Goddess 152-200 Petrcscu-Dimbovi^a, M . 34
hedgehogs and hedgehog images 179--S1
Krynichka 247 mother symbo!s 142, 190-5 Petrcjti culture 28-9, 81
Hekate 163, 17 1, 196-200
Kubaba 197 M uldava 172, 249 Phaistos 79
Hera 149-50
Kukova Mogila 94, 247 Murgecchia 249 Pianul d ejo s 81, 250-1
Heraion II 150
Kurgen W ave N o 2 34 Murgia Timone 249 Pietrele 251
Herakles 102
Kybebe 197 mushroom symbols 220 pigs, Vegetation Goddess and 2 1 1 - 1 4
Herodotus 150, 214
musical Instruments 85 Plato 150, 179
H erse 235 Iabyrinth symbols see meander symbols
M ycenac 146, 186 Plonik 22, 251
Hippocrates 178 Lakedemonia 199
Myccnaean culturc Plutarch 227
Hirova 32 Lang-Enzersdorf 247
Bird Goddess and Snake Goddess in 147 Podei 169
Hluboke M auvky 246 Laphria 198
Great Goddess in 168 Popudnia 69
Homer 149, 150 Larga-Jijiei 247-8
shrines in 75-80 Porodin 6 1, 67, 95, 116 , 190, 251
horns 9 1, 93, 176 Lenaia 66, 227, 228
Poros 93
Hurbanovo 246 Lengyel culture 27-8, 32, 44, 116 , 125, 342, Naxos 157
Porphyry 382
Hvar 246 169, 248 Nea Makri 2 1 1 , 249
Porto Badisco 74, 101
Hyakinthos 234, 235 Tengyel Madonna 195 Nea Nikomedeia 39, 106, 153, 174, 249
Potporanj 94
'H yde vase 1 36 Lepenski Vir 102, 110 , 163, 248 N ebo 2^9
Predionica 24, 60, 64, 94, 251
Lerna 157, 248 Neolithic culture
Ilonapart 184, 246 Pregnant Vegetation Goddess 2 0 1-3 5 , 236
Lesbos 149 in Adriatic 25
Impresso culture 25, 186 Preller, Ludwig 150
Let 248 in Aegean and Central Balkans 19
Iphigeneia 199 primordial egg 301-7
Linear Pottery culture 27, 30, 94 in East Balkans 29-30
Isopata 185, 197 Pritina 208
Lipari 25 in Middle Danube Basin 27
Izvoarele 69, 246 Proto-Sesklo culture 19-22, 163, 174, 176,
Lipovac 248 in Moldavia-West Ukraine 32
184,220
Jakovo-Korm adin 80 Lisiii 248 N ezvisko 83
Psychro 79
j asa tepe 246 Lortet cave i 10 Ninkhursag (Nintiuugga) 196
PyIos 125
Lovets 248 Nitra 249
Kakanj 246 Pyrasos 251
lozenge symbols 201, 205-8 Nitriansky Hradok 249
Kalicz, Nandor 83 Radingrad 251
Luka-Vrublcvetskaya 248 Nosa 249
Kallisto 198 radiocarbon dating 13 - 1 5
Lykosura 82. 215 N o vyc Ruseshty I 249
Kalojanovec 246 rain, invocation of' 1 1 3 - 1 7
nurse symbols 142-5, 190-5
Kamares 79 Maissau 177. 179 Ram ad 95
N y x 102
Kapitan Dim itricvo 246 M akkay,J. 83 Rastu 195
Karanovo 24, 28-30, 32, 87, 174, 246-7 Mallia 79. 166. 183 Obre 116 , 250 Rhodcs 182
Karbuna 247 Marica culture 32 Otzaki 184, 250 Ripoli 251
Kateli Pcdcada 182 Marshack. AIexander 107 Ouranos 102 Roszke-Ludvar 67, 251
Kato Ierapetra 247 Masceria de la Quercia 186 O vcharovo 250 Rudnik Kosovski 251
Kazanlik 29, 30, 157, 247 masks 57-66 O vid 181 Rug Bair 251
Kcnezlo 117 , 247 Matera 248 Ruginoasa 251
Keos 22N meander symbols 124-32, 135, 147 Padina 250
Ruse 32, 69, 157, 251
K h v o jk a . V . V. 34 Medvednjak 22, 24, 74. 8 1, 248-9 Paestum 149
Khronos 102 Megara 148 Palaikastro 146, 235 Sabatinovka II 72, 251
Kishenev 69 Megara Hyblaea 249 Pandrosos 235 Sacred Marriage' 228
Knossos 75, 78. So. 93. 125. 168. 1X7. 197 Mezin 132. 135 parallel line syrnbols 1 1 3 - 1 7 . *45 Sa kuta 251
K odadcrm en 32, 247 Minoan culture 87 Par{a 117 . 250 Samos 149
K 6 k nydom b 125, 13 1.2 4 7 Bird Goddess and Snake Goddess in 14 5 50 Pasiphae 1X4, 19H Sa rva 176, 2 5 1-2
303
Scaloria period 2 5 ; site 252 Tru$e$ti 8 i, 9 1, 254
Schliemann 1X6 Tsangli 254
Schmidt. Hubcrt 34 Tsani 254
scripts 85-7 Tsviklovtsi 74
Selevac 22, 43, 252 Turda$ (Tordo) 254
Scrra d'A lto 25, 252 turtle symbols I74~9
Sesklo 19-22, 114 , : 16, 152, 153, 163, 220, Tuzla 24
252 Tylissos 85, 93
Shmaglij, N . M . 34
Vadastra 32, 67, 13 1, 137. 254
shrines 67-88
Valac 22, 64, 254
Sluivkovka 70
Valea Lupului 91, 254
Sipintsi (Schipenitz) 252
Varna 254
Sitagroi 32, 116 . 2 S2
Varvarovka 254
Smili 252
vases, ritual 8 1-3
Snake Goddess 80. 85. 10 1. 112 -5 0 , 2311
Vasi, M. 22, 23, 54, 60
Si'C also Bird Goddess
Vegetation Goddess 9 1, 2 0 1-35 , 236
snakes and snake symbols 9 3-10 1
Venus o f Vina 136
Sophoeles 198, 199
Veseli novo 254
sorrowful god 230-4
Vetulonia 177
Souphli 253
Vidra 32, 163, 234, 254
Sparta 177
Vina 37, 43, 80, 14S, 77. 79. 2 1 1 , 220, 254-5
Srejovi, Dragoslav 60, 110
Vina cuiture 22-5, 32
Stachelkugel 181
Bird and Snake Goddess in 1 14 - 1 7 , 124,
Sca raj a Buda 253
135-7, 142, 148
Starevo 19-22, 1 14, 152. 163, 17 1. 174, 176.
Great Goddess in 158, 163, 174. i 77. ' 79.
184, 220, 253
190. 195
steatopygia 106-7
masks 57-66
Stentinello 253
Pregnant Goddess in 21 1 , 214, 220, 224
Strelice 169, 253
ritual costume 44, 45, 50, 51, 54, 55
Sukoro 87
shrines 67, 74, 81, 85, 87
Sulica 254
symbols 94, 101
Sultana 32, 163. 253
Vladimirovka 70. 255
Sua 68
Volos, 19
Suvodol-Dibel 94
Vorou 93
Svetozarevo 166
votive o rterings 85-7
Szegvar 83. 125
VrSnik 44, 255
Szegvar-Tiizkoves 253
Vulkaneshti 230, 255
Vvkhvatintsi 158, 255
T alnoe 34
Tangiru 32. 253 Wace, A . J. B. 1S6
TartSria tablets 14. 24, 87 \vater and vvater symbols 1 12-50
Taygete 19 vvater birds 95. 102. 106, 125. 134-5. >4-- '47
Teci 253
Thcra 182 Zaerszentmihaly 83
Tirpejti 234, 253 Zakro 79
Tisza cuiture 27, 95. 1 17. 125, 131 Zelenikovo 255
Tiszapolgar eomplex 28, 32 elezovce 94
Tiszapolgar-Basatanya 28, 253 Zengovarkony 195. 255
toad symbols 174-v Zcrvnthia 197
Traian 132. 253 Zcryntlms 197
T ri pol ye 34. 254 Zeus 149, 234, 235
Tripolvc cuiture scc Cucuteni cuiture /.hv.mets 255
T rov 146 zigzag svmbols 113 17. 145
304