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723
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3x = 24
23.
x + 2 y = 0
Solve the first equation for x and substitute into
the second equation:
x=8
x + 2 y = 0
8 + 2y = 0
2y = 8
y = 4
The solution of the system is x = 8, y = 4 or
using ordered pairs (8, 4)
5 x y = 21
21.
2 x + 3 y = 12
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
add the equations to eliminate y:
15 x 3 y = 63
2 x + 3 y = 12
17 x = 51
x=3
Substitute and solve for y:
5(3) y = 21
15 y = 21
y = 6
3x 6 y = 2
y = 6 25.
The solution of the system is x = 3, y = 6 or 5 x + 4 y = 1
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
using ordered an pair ( 3, 6 ) . each side of the second equation by 3, then add
to eliminate y:
6 x 12 y = 4
15 x + 12 y = 3
21x =7
1
x=
3
Substitute and solve for y:
3 (1/ 3) 6 y = 2
1 6y = 2
6y = 1
1
y=
6
1 1
The solution of the system is x = , y = or
3 6
1 1
using ordered pairs , .
3 6
724
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
4 x + 2(2 x) = 12
4 x + 4 x = 12
8 x = 12
3
x=
2
3 3
Since x = , y = 2 = 3
2 2
3
The solution of the system is x = , y = 3 or
2
3
2x + y = 1 using ordered pairs ,3 .
27. 2
4 x + 2 y = 3
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
y = 1 2x
4 x + 2 y = 3
4 x + 2(1 2 x) = 3
4x + 2 4x = 3
0 =1
This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
x + 2y = 4
31.
2 x + 4 y = 8
Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
x = 4 2 y
2 x + 4 y = 8
2(4 2 y ) + 4 y = 8
8 4y + 4y = 8
0=0
These equations are dependent. The solution of the
system is either x = 4 2 y , where y is any real
2 x y = 0 4 x
29. number or y = , where x is any real number.
4 x + 2 y = 12 2
Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the Using ordered pairs, we write the solution as
second equation and solve: {( x, y) x = 4 2 y, y is any real number} or as
y = 2x 4 x
( x, y ) y = , x is any real number .
4 x + 2 y = 12 2
725
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
726
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
3(8 v) 5v = 0 4
Multiply each side of the first result by and
24 3v 5v = 0 5
8v = 24 add to the second result to eliminate y:
4 y 4 z = 8
v=3
1 1 4 y + 7 z = 11
Since v = 3, u = 8 3 = 5 . Thus, x = = , 3z = 3
u 5
1 1 z =1
y= = . The solution of the system is Substituting and solving for the other variables:
v 3
1 1 1 1 x 2(1) + 3(1) = 7
x = , y = or using ordered pairs , . y 1 = 2
5 3 5 3 x+2+3= 7
y = 1
x=2
x y = 6 The solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 or using
43. 2 x 3 z = 16 ordered triples (2, 1, 1) .
2 y + z = 4
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and x y z =1
add to the second equation to eliminate x:
47. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2
2 x + 2 y = 12 3x + 2 y
=0
2x 3 z = 16
Add the first and second equations to eliminate z:
2 y 3z = 4 x y z =1
Multiply each side of the result by 1 and add to 2x + 3y + z = 2
the original third equation to eliminate y:
3x + 2 y =3
2 y + 3z = 4
Multiply each side of the result by 1 and add to
2y + z = 4
the original third equation to eliminate y:
4z = 0 3x 2 y = 3
z=0 3x + 2 y = 0
Substituting and solving for the other variables: 0 = 3
2y + 0 = 4 2 x 3(0) = 16 This equation is false, so the system is inconsistent.
2y = 4 2 x = 16
y=2 x =8 x y z = 1
The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or using 49. x + 2 y 3 z = 4
ordered triples (8, 2, 0). 3x 2 y 7 z = 0
Add the first and second equations to eliminate
x 2 y + 3z = 7 x; multiply the first equation by 3 and add to
45. 2 x + y + z = 4 the third equation to eliminate x:
3x + 2 y 2 z = 10 x y z = 1
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and x + 2 y 3z = 4
add to the second equation to eliminate x; and y 4z = 3
multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and
add to the third equation to eliminate x:
2 x + 4 y 6 z = 14 3x + 3 y + 3 z = 3
2x + y + z = 4 3x 2 y 7 z = 0
5 y 5 z = 10 y 4 z = 3
3x 6 y + 9 z = 21 Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and
3x + 2 y 2 z = 10 add to the second result to eliminate y:
4 y + 7 z = 11
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 x 2 y + 3z = 6 x + 2 y z = 3
51. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 0 55. 2 x 4 y + z = 7
2 x + 3 y 7 z = 1 2 x + 2 y 3z = 4
Add the first and second equations to eliminate
Multiply the first equation by 2 and add to the
z; multiply the second equation by 3 and add to
second equation to eliminate x; add the first and
the third equation to eliminate z:
third equations to eliminate x:
x + 2y z = 3
4 x + 4 y 6 z = 12
2x 4 y + z = 7
4x 3y + 2z = 0
3x 2 y = 10
y 4 z = 12
6 x 12 y + 3z = 21
2 x 2 y + 3z = 6 2 x + 2 y 3z = 4
2x + 3y 7z = 1 4 x 10 y = 17
y 4z = 7 Multiply each side of the first result by 5 and
Multiply each side of the first result by 1 and add to the second result to eliminate y:
add to the second result to eliminate y: 15 x + 10 y = 50
y + 4 z = 12 4 x 10 y = 17
y4z = 7 11x = 33
0 = 19 x= 3
This result is false, so the system is inconsistent. Substituting and solving for the other variables:
3(3) 2 y = 10
x+ y z = 6 9 2 y = 10
2 y = 1
53. 3 x 2 y + z = 5
x + 3 y 2 z = 14 1
y=
Add the first and second equations to eliminate 2
z; multiply the second equation by 2 and add to
the third equation to eliminate z:
x+ y z = 6
3x 2 y + z = 5
4x y = 1
6 x 4 y + 2 z = 10
x + 3 y 2 z = 14
7x y = 4
728
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
729
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
730
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
731
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
81. Let x = the number of servings of chicken. A system involving only 2 equations that contain
Let y = the number of servings of corn. 3 or more unknowns cannot be solved uniquely.
Let z = the number of servings of 2% milk. 1
Multiply the first equation by and the
Protein equation: 30 x + 3 y + 9 z = 66 2
1
Carbohydrate equation: 35 x + 16 y + 13 z = 94.5 second equation by , then add to eliminate y:
2
Calcium equation: 200 x + 10 y + 300 z = 910
4 x 3 y 3 z = 13.05
Multiply each side of the first equation by 16 5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
and multiply each side of the second equation by
x + z = 2.75
3 and add them to eliminate y; multiply each side
of the second equation by 5 and multiply each x = 2.75 z
side of the third equation by 8 and add to
eliminate y: Substitute and solve for y in terms of z:
480 x 48 y 144 z = 1056 5 ( 2.75 z ) + 3 y + 4 z = 15.80
105 x + 48 y + 39 z = 283.5 13.75 + 3 y z = 15.80
375 x 105 z = 772.5 3 y = z + 2.05
1 41
175 x 80 y 65 z = 472.5 y= z+
3 60
1600 x + 80 y + 2400 z = 7280 Solutions of the system are: x = 2.75 z ,
1425 x + 2335 z = 6807.5 1 41
y = z+ .
Multiply each side of the first result by 19 and 3 60
multiply each side of the second result by 5 to Since we are given that 0.60 z 0.90 , we
eliminate x: choose values of z that give two-decimal-place
7125 x 1995 z = 14, 677.5 values of x and y with 1.75 x 2.25 and
7125 x + 11, 675 z = 34, 037.5 0.75 y 1.00 .
The possible values of x, y, and z are shown in
9680 z = 19,360
the table.
z=2
Substituting and solving for the other variables: x y z
375 x 105(2) = 772.5
2.13 0.89 0.62
375 x 210 = 772.5
2.10 0.90 0.65
375 x = 562.5
2.07 0.91 0.68
x = 1.5
2.04 0.92 0.71
30(1.5) + 3 y + 9(2) = 66
2.01 0.93 0.74
45 + 3 y + 18 = 66
1.98 0.94 0.77
3y = 3
1.95 0.95 0.80
y =1
1.92 0.96 0.83
The dietitian should serve 1.5 servings of
1.89 0.97 0.86
chicken, 1 serving of corn, and 2 servings of 2%
milk. 1.86 0.98 0.89
732
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.1: Systems of Linear Equations: Substitution and Elimination
733
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2x + 3y 6 = 0
9.
4 x 6 y + 2 = 0
Write the system in standard form and then write
the augmented matrix for the system of equations:
2x + 3 y = 6 3 6
2
4 x 6 y = 2 4 6 2
10
91. sin 1 sin follows the form of the
9 11. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
( ) ( )
equation f 1 f ( x ) = sin 1 sin ( x ) = x , but equations:
0.01x 0.03 y = 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.06
10
we cannot use the formula directly since 0.13x + 0.10 y = 0.20 0.13 0.10 0.20
9
13. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
is not in the interval , . We need to find
2 2 equations:
x y + z = 10 1 1 1 10
an angle in the interval , for which
2 2 3x + 3 y = 5 3 3 0 5
x + y + 2z = 2
10 10 1 1 2 2
sin = sin . The angle is in
9 9
15. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
quadrant II so sine is positive. The reference equations:
10
angle of is and we want to be in x+ yz = 2 1 1 1 2
0 2
9 9
quadrant I so sine will still be positive. Thus, we x y
3 2 = 2 3 2
5 x + 3 y z = 1
10 5 3 1 1
have sin = sin . Since is in the
9 9 9
17. Writing the augmented matrix for the system of
equations:
interval , , we can apply the equation
2 2 x y z = 10 1 1 1 10
above and get 2 x + y + 2 z = 1
2 1 2 1
3 4 0 5
10 3 x + 4 y = 5
sin 1 sin = sin 1 sin = .
9 9 9 4 x 5 y + z = 0
4 5 1 0
1 3 2 x 3 y = 2
19.
2 5 5 2 x 5 y = 5
Section 12.2
R2 = 2r1 + r2
1. matrix 1 3 2 1 3 2
2 5 5 2(1) + 2 2( 3) 5 2( 2) + 5
3. third; fifth
1 3 2
5. b
0 1 9
734
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
1 3 4 3 x 3 y + 4 z = 3 R3 = 3r1 + r3
21. 3 5 6 6 3 x 5 y + 6 z = 6 1 3 2 6
0 1 1 8
5 3 4 6 5 x + 3 y + 4 z = 6
3 6 4 6
R2 = 3r1 + r2 1 3 2 6
0 1 1 8
1 3 4 3
3 5 6 6 3(1) 3 3(3) 6 3(2) + 4 3(6) + 6
5 3 4 6 1 3 2 6
3 0 1 1 8
1 4 3
3(1) + 3 3(3) 5 3(4) + 6 3(3) + 6 0 15 10 12
5 3 4 6
1 3 4 3 5 3 1 2 5 x 3 y + z = 2
0 4 6 3 25. 2 5 6 2 2 x 5 y + 6 z = 2
5 3 4 6 4 1 4 6 4 x + y + 4 z = 6
R3 = 5r1 + r3 R1 = 2r2 + r1
1 3 4 3 5 3 1 2
0 4 6 3 2 5 6 2
5 3 4 6 4 1 4 6
1 3 4 3 2(2) + 5 2( 5) 3 2(6) + 1 2(2) 2
0 4 6 3 2 5 6 2
5(1) 5 5(3) + 3 5(4) + 4 5(3) + 6 4 1 4 6
1 7 11 2
1 3 4 3
2 5 6 2
0 4 6 3
4 1 4 6
0 12 24 21
R3 = 2r2 + r3
1 3 2 6 x 3 y + 2 z = 6
23. 2 5 3 4 2 x 5 y + 3z = 4 1 7 11 2
2 5 6 2
3 6 4 6 3x 6 y + 4 z = 6
4 1 4 6
R2 = 2r1 + r2 1 7 11 2
1 3 2 6 2 5 6 2
2 5 3 4 2(2) + (4) 2( 5) + 1 2(6) + 4 2(2) + 6
3 6 4 6 1 7 11 2
1 3 2 6 2 5 6 2
2(1) + 2 2(3) 5 2(2) + 3 2(6) 4 0 9 16 2
3 6 4 6
x = 5
1 3 2 6 27.
0 1 1 8 y = 1
3 6 4 6 Consistent; x = 5, y = 1, or using ordered pairs
(5, 1) .
x = 1
29. y = 2
0 = 3
Inconsistent
735
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x + 2 z = 1 x + y = 8
39.
31. y 4 z = 2 x y = 4
0=0 Write the augmented matrix:
Consistent; 1 1 8 1 1 8
( R2 = r1 + r2 )
x = 1 2 z 1 1 4 0 2 4
y = 2 + 4 z 1 1 8
z is any real number ( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 1 2
or {( x, y, z ) | x = 1 2 z , y = 2 + 4 z, z is any 0 6
1 ( R1 = r2 + r1 )
real number} 0 1 2
The solution is x = 6, y = 2 or using ordered
x1 = 1
pairs (6, 2).
33. x2 + x4 = 2
x + 2x = 3
3 4 2 x 4 y = 2
41.
Consistent; 3x + 2 y = 3
x1 = 1 Write the augmented matrix:
x2 = 2 x4 2 4 2 1 2 1
( R1 = 2 r1 )
1
x3 = 3 2 x4 3 2 3 3 2 3
x4 is any real number
1 2 1 ( R2 = 3r1 + r2 )
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 1, x2 = 2 x4 , 0 8 6
x3 = 3 2 x4 , x4 is any real number} 1 2 1
3 (
R2 = 18 r2 )
0 1 4
x1 + 4 x4 = 2
1 0 12
35. x2 + x3 + 3x4 = 3
( R1 = 2r2 + r1 )
0=0 0 1 34
Consistent; 1 3
The solution is x = , y = or using ordered pairs
x1 = 2 4 x4 2 4
x2 = 3 x3 3 x4 1 3
x , x are any real numbers , .
3 4 2 4
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 2 4 x4 , x2 = 3 x3 3x4 ,
x + 2y = 4
x3 and x4 are any real numbers} 43.
2 x + 4 y = 8
x1 + x4 = 2 Write the augmented matrix:
1 2 4 1 2 4
x + 2 x4 = 2 ( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
37. 2
2 4 8 0 0 0
x3 x4 = 0
This is a dependent system.
0=0
x + 2y = 4
Consistent;
x = 4 2y
x1 = 2 x4
The solution is x = 4 2 y, y is any real number
x2 = 2 2 x4
or {( x, y ) | x = 4 2 y, y is any real number}
x3 = x4
x4 is any real number
or {( x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ) | x1 = 2 x4 , x2 = 2 2 x4 ,
x3 = x4 , x4 is any real number}
736
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
2 x + 3 y = 6 1 1 0 6
45. 1
x y = 2 2 0 3 16
0 2 1 4
Write the augmented matrix:
2 3 6 1 3 3 1 1 0 6
2 ( R1 = 12 r1 )
0 2 3 4
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
1 1 12 1 1 1
2 0 2 1 4
1
3
3
2 ( R2 = r1 + r2 ) 1 1 0 6
0 5 5
2
1 3 3
2
0
1 32 2
( R2 = 12 r2 )
2 (
R2 = 52 r2 ) 0 2 1 4
0 1 1
3
1 0 32 8
1 0 2 (
R1 = 32 r2 + r1 )
R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 1 0 1 32 2
R
3 = 2 r2 + r3
3 3 0 0 4 0
The solution is x = , y = 1 or , 1 .
2 2 0 32 8
1
3x 5 y = 3
47.
0 1
32 2
( R3 = 14 r3 )
15 x + 5 y = 21 0 0 1 0
Write the augmented matrix: 1 0 0 8
R1 = 32 r3 + r1
3 5 3 1 5 1 0 1 0 2
3 ( R1 = 13 r1 ) 0 0 1 0
R2 = 3 r3 + r2
2
15 5 21 15 5 21
53 1 The solution is x = 8, y = 2, z = 0 or (8, 2, 0).
1 ( R2 = 15r1 + r2 )
0 30 6
x 2 y + 3z = 7
53 1
51. 2 x + y + z = 4
1
0
R2 = 30
1
(
1
r2 ) 3x + 2 y 2 z = 10
1 5
0 4 Write the augmented matrix:
1 3
0 1
1
(
R1 = 53 r2 + r1 ) 1 2
3 7
5 2 1 1 4
4 1 4 1 3 2 2 10
The solution is x = , y = or , .
3 5 3 5
1 2 3 7
R2 = 2r1 + r2
x y = 6 0 5 5 10
R3 = 3r1 + r3
49. 2 x 3 z = 16 0 4 7 11
2y + z = 4
1 2 3 7
Write the augmented matrix:
0 1 1 2 (
R2 = 15 r2 )
0 4 7 11
1 0 1 3
R1 = 2r2 + r1
0 1 1 2
0 0 3 3 R3 = 4r2 + r3
737
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 0 1 3 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 2 (
R3 = 13 r3 ) 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 1 3 2 7 0
1 0 0 2 1 1 1 1
R1 = r3 + r1
0 1 0 1 1 2 3 4 ( R1 = r1 )
0 0 1 1 R2 = r3 + r2 3 2 7 0
The solution is x = 2, y = 1, z = 1 or (2, 1, 1) . 1 1 1 1
R = r +r
0 1 4 3 2 1 2
R = 3r1 + r3
2x 2 y 2z = 2 0 1 4 3 3
53. 2 x + 3 y + z = 2 1 0 5 2
3x + 2 y =0 R = r +r
0 1 4 3 1 2 1
R = r2 + r3
Write the augmented matrix: 0 0
0 0 3
2 2 2 2
The matrix in the last step represents the system
2 3 1 2
x 5z = 2 x = 5z 2
3 2 0 0
y 4 z = 3 or, equivalently, y = 4 z 3
1 1 1 1 0=0 0 = 0
2 3 1 2 ( R1 = 12 r1 ) The solution is x = 5 z 2 , y = 4 z 3 , z is any
3 2 0 0 real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 5 z 2, y = 4 z 3, z
is any real number}.
1 1 1 1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 5 3 0 2 x 2 y + 3z = 6
0 5 3 3 R3 = 3r1 + r3
57. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 0
2 x + 3 y 7 z = 1
1 1 1 1
Write the augmented matrix:
0 5 3 0 ( R3 = r2 + r3 ) 2 2
0 0 0 3 3 6
4 3 2 0
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent. 2 3 7 1
x + y + z = 1 1 1 3 3
2
55. x + 2 y 3 z = 4
3x 2 y 7 z = 0 4 3 2 0
( R1 = 12 r1 )
Write the augmented matrix: 2 3 7 1
1 1 3
3
2 R2 = 4r1 + r2
0 1 4 12
0 1 4 7
R3 = 2r1 + r3
1 0 5 9
2 R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 4 12
0 0 0 19
R3 = r2 + r3
There is no solution. The system is inconsistent.
738
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
x+ y z = 6 1 0 1 13
4 4
59. 3 x 2 y + z = 5 3 1 R1 = 2r2 + r1
x + 3 y 2 z = 14 0 1 8 8
R3 = 6r2 + r3
0 0 11
4
11
4
Write the augmented matrix:
1 1 1 6 1 0 1 13
4 4
3 2 1 5 0 1 8
3 1
8
( R3 = 114 r3 )
1 3 2 14 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 6 1 0 0 3
R2 = 3r1 + r2 R1 = 14 r3 + r1
0 5 4 23 0 1 0
1
2
0 2 8 R3 = r1 + r3 3
1 0 0 1 1 R2 = 8 r3 + r2
1 1 1 6 1 1
The solution is x = 3, y = , z = 1 or 3, , 1 .
0 1
54 23
5
( R2 = 15 r2 ) 2 2
0 2 1 8
2
15 7
3x + y z = 3
1 0 5
R1 = r2 + r1
0 1
4 23 63. 2 x y + z = 1
5
5
R3 = 2r2 + r3
0 0 3 6 8
5 5 4x + 2 y =
3
1 0 1 7
Write the augmented matrix:
5 5
3 1 1 2
0 1
4
5
23
5
( R3 = 53 r3 ) 3
0 0 1 2 2 1 1 1
8
1 0 0 1 4 2 0 3
R1 = 15 r3 + r1
0 1 0 3
R2 = 4 r3 + r2 1 1 1 2
0 0 1 2 5 3 3 9
739
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 3 2
3
0 6
0 1 1
13
( R3 = 12 r3 )
0
1 2 4
( R3 = 15 r3 )
0 1 2 2
0 0 1 1
0 0 3 13 13
1 0 0 1
3 1 0 0 1 0
R1 = r3 + r1
0 1 0
2
( R2 = r3 + r2 ) 0 1 0 0 2
3
0 R2 = 2 r3 + r2
0 0 1 1 0 1 2 2 R = 3 r + r
4 4
1 2 1 2 0 0 0 7 7
3
The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or , , 1 .
3 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 2
x+ y+ z+ w= 4
0
( R4 = 17 r4 )
2x y + z = 0 0 1 2 2
65. 0 0 0 1 1
3x + 2 y + z w = 6
x 2 y 2 z + 2 w = 1 1 0 0 0 1
Write the augmented matrix: 0 1 0 0 2 R1 = r4 + r1
1 1 1 1 4 0 0 1 0 0 R3 = 2 r4 + r3
2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
3 2 1 1 6 The solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 0, w = 1 or
(1, 2, 0, 1).
1 2 2 2 1
1 1 1 1 4 x + 2y + z =1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 3 1 2 8
67. 2 x y + 2 z = 2
0 1 2 4 6 R3 = 3r1 + r3 3x + y + 3z = 3
R = r + r
4 1 4
0 3 3 1 5 Write the augmented matrix:
1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1
0 1 2 4 6 Interchange 2 1 2 2
0 3 1 2 8 r2 and r3 3 1 3 3
0 3 3 1 5
1 2 1 1
1 1 1 1 4 R2 = 2r1 + r2
0 5 0 0
0 1 2 4 6 0 5 0 0 R3 = 3r1 + r3
0 3 1 2 8
( R2 = r2 )
1 2 1 1
0 3 3 1 5
1 0 1 3 2 0 5 0 0 ( R3 = r2 + r3 )
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 4 6
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 5 10 10 R = 3r + r The matrix in the last step represents the system
4 4
0 0 3 13 13
2
x + 2y + z = 1
5y = 0
0=0
Substitute and solve:
5 y = 0 x + 2(0) + z = 1
y=0 z = 1 x
The solution is y = 0, z = 1 x, x is any real
740
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
number or {( x, y, z ) | y = 0, z = 1 x, x is any 1 1 1 0
real number}.
0 1 7 7
( R2 = 2r3 + r2 )
0 2 4 5
x y+ z= 5
69. 0 0 0 0
3x + 2 y 2 z = 0
Write the augmented matrix: 1 0 8 7
1 1 1 5 0 1 7 7 R1 = r2 + r1
3 2 2 0 0 0 18 19 R3 = 2r2 + r3
1 1 1 5 0 0 0 0
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 ) 1 0 8 7
0 5 5 15
0 1 7 7
1 1 1 5
(
R2 = 15 r2 )
0 0 1 19
(R3 = 181
)
r3
18
0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 2
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) The matrix in the last step represents the system
0 1 1 3 x 8 z = 7
The matrix in the last step represents the system y 7 z = 7
x=2 x = 2
or, equivalently, z = 19
y z = 3 y = z 3 18
Thus, the solution is x = 2 , y = z 3 , z is any Substitute and solve:
real number or {( x, y, z ) | x = 2, y = z 3, z is 19 19
y 7 = 7 x 8 = 7
any real number}. 18 18
7 13
2 x + 3 y z = 3 y= x=
x yz =0 18 9
13 7 19
71. Thus, the solution is x = , y= , z= or
x + y + z = 0 9 18 18
x + y + 3 z = 5
13 7 19
Write the augmented matrix: , , .
9 18 18
2 3 1 3
1 1 1 0 4x + y + z w = 4
73.
1 1 1 0 x y + 2 z + 3w = 3
1 1 3 5 Write the augmented matrix:
1 1 1 0 4 1 1 1 4
2 3 1 3
interchange 1 1 2 3 3
1 1 1 0 r1 and r2 1 1 2 3 3 interchange
1 1 3 5
4 1 1 1 4 r1 and r2
1 1 1 0 1 1 2 3 3
0 5 1 3 R2 = 2r1 + r2 ( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
R3 = r1 + r3 0 5 7 13 8
0 0 0 0
0 2 4 5 R4 = r1 + r4 The matrix in the last step represents the system
x y + 2 z + 3w = 3
1 1 1 0
5 y 7 z 13w = 8
0 5 1 3 interchange The second equation yields
0 2 4 5 r3 and r4
0 0 0 0
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
5 y 7 z 13w = 8 1 0 12 12
5 y = 7 z + 13w 8
0 1 1 5
2 2
( R3 = 12 r3 )
7 13 8
y= z + w 0 0 1 3
5 5 5
The first equation yields 1 0 0 2 R1 = 12 r3 + r1
x y + 2 z + 3w = 3
0 1 0 1
R2 = 1 r3 + r2
x = 3 + y 2 z 3w 0 0 1 3 2
Substituting for y: The solution is a = 2, b = 1, c = 3 ; so the
8 7 13
x = 3 + + z + w 2 z 3w equation is y = 2 x 2 + x + 3 .
5 5 5
3 2 7 77. Each of the points must satisfy the equation
x = z w+
5 5 5 f ( x) = ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d .
3 2 7
Thus, the solution is x = z w + , f (3) = 112 : 27 a + 9b 3c + d = 112
5 5 5
f (1) = 2 : a + b c + d = 2
7 13 8
y = z + w , z and w are any real numbers or f (1) = 4 : a+b+c+d = 4
5 5 5
f (2) = 13 : 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 13
3 2 7 7 13 8
( x, y, z , w) x = z w + , y = z + w , Set up a matrix and solve:
5 5 5 5 5 5
27 9 3 1 112
z and w are any real numbers . 1 1 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 4
75. Each of the points must satisfy the equation 8 4 2 1 13
y = ax 2 + bx + c . 1 1 1 1 4
(1, 2) : 2 = a+b+c
1 1 1 1 2 Interchange
(2, 7) : 7 = 4a 2b + c 27 9 3 1 112 r3 and r1
(2, 3) : 3 = 4a + 2b + c 8 4 2 1 13
Set up a matrix and solve: 1 1 1 1 4
1 1 1 2 R2 = r1 + r2
0 2 0 2 2
R = 27 r1 + r3
4 2 1 7 0 36 24 28 4 3
4 2 1 3 R4 = 8 r1 + r4
0 4 6 7 19
1 1 1 2
R2 = 4r1 + r2 1 1 1 1 4
0 6 3 15 R = 4r + r
0 1 0 1 1
0 2 3 11 3 1 3
0 36 24 28 4
( R2 = 12 r2 )
1 1 1 2
0 4 6 7 19
0
1 2
1 5
2
( )
R2 = 16 r2 1 0 1 3
0
R1 = r2 + r1
0 2 3 11
0 1 01 1
R3 = 36 r2 + r3
1 0 1
12 0 0 24 8 40
2 R4 = 4 r2 + r4
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 6 3 15
0 1
1 5
2 2
0 0 2 6 R3 = 2 r2 + r3 1 0 1 3
0
0 1 0 1 1
( R3 = 241 r3 )
5 5
0 0 1 3 3
0 0 6 3 15
742
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Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
743
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 0 0 8 1 44
R1 = 4r3 + r1 0 0 0 23
0 1 0 5
R2 = 2r3 + r2 0 1 0 0 2 R1 = 5 r4 + r1
0 0 1 10 16
0 0 1 0 23 R3 = 6 r4 + r3
The company should produce 8 Deltas, 5 Betas, 28
and 10 Sigmas. 0 0 0 1 23
44 16
85. Rewrite the system to set up the matrix and The solution is I1 = , I 2 = 2 , I3 = ,
solve: 23 23
4 + 8 2 I 2 = 0 2I2 = 4 28
I4 = .
8 = 5 I 4 + I1 23
I1 + 5I 4 = 8
4 = 3I 3 + I1 I1 + 3I 3 = 4
I 3 + I 4 = I1 I1 I 3 I 4 = 0
744
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.2: Systems of Linear Equations: Matrices
745
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x z = 35, 000 7
system Therefore the solution is x = 50 z,
y + 2 z = 5000 4
Thus, the solution is x = z + 35, 000 , 1
y = 75 + z , z is any real number.
y = 2 z 5000 , z is any real number. 8
However, y and z cannot be negative. From Possible combinations:
y = 2 z 5000 , we must have y = z = 0.
Supplement 1 Supplement 2 Supplement 3
One possible investment strategy
50mg 75mg 0mg
Amount Invested At
36mg 76mg 8mg
7% 9% 11%
22mg 77mg 16mg
30,000 0 0
8mg 78mg 24mg
This will yield ($30,000)(0.07) = $2100,
which is more than the required income. 91 93. Answers will vary.
1 0 7 50
4
1 ( R1 = r1 2r2 )
0 1 8 75
The matrix in the last step represents the system
x + 74 z = 50
1
y 8 z = 75
746
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Section 12.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
95. 2 x2 x 1 (2 x + 1)( x 1)
R( x) = = p ( x) = 2 x 2 x 1; q ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 1;
x2 + 2x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1)
2 x2 x 1
Domain: { x x 1} . R ( x) = is in lowest terms.
x2 + 2 x + 1
2 02 0 1 1
The y-intercept is f (0) = 2 = = 1 . Plot the point ( 0, 1) .
0 + 20 +1 1
1
The x-intercepts are the zeros of p ( x) : 1 and .
2
2 x2 x 1
R( x) = 2 is in lowest terms. The vertical asymptotes are the zeros of q( x) :
x + 2x + 1
x = 1 . Graph this asymptote with dashed lines.
2
Since n = m , the line y = = 2 is the horizontal asymptote. Solve to find intersection points:
1
Plot the line y = 2 using dashes.
Graph:
Section 12.3
3 1
1. ad bc 9. = 3(2) 4(1) = 6 + 4 = 2
4 2
3. False; If ad=bc, the the det = 0.
6 4
7. = 6(3) (1)(4) = 18 + 4 = 22
1 3
747
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3 4 2 Dx 51 Dy 34
x= = =3 y= = =2
11. 1 1 5 = 3 1 5
4 1
5
+ 2 1 1 D 17 D 17
2 2 1 2 1 2 The solution is (3, 2).
1 2 2
= 3 ( 1) ( 2) 2(5) 4 [1( 2) 1(5) ] 3 x = 24
19.
+ 2 [1(2) 1( 1) ] x + 2y = 0
= 3( 8) 4( 7) + 2(3) 3 0
D= = 60 = 6
= 24 + 28 + 6 1 2
= 10
24 0
Dx = = 48 0 = 48
4 1 2 0 2
6 1 0 = 4 1
0 6 0 6 1 3 24
13. (1) +2 Dy = = 0 24 = 24
3 4 1 4 1 3 1 0
1 3 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
= 4 [ 1(4) 0(3) ] + 1[ 6(4) 1(0)]
D 48 D y 24
+ 2[ 6( 3) 1(1) ] x= x = =8 y= = = 4
D 6 D 6
= 4( 4) + 1(24) + 2(17) The solution is (8, 4) .
= 16 + 24 34
= 26 3 x 6 y = 24
21.
5 x + 4 y = 12
x + y = 8
15. 3 6
x y = 4 D= = 12 (30) = 42
5 4
D = 1 1 = 1 1 = 2 6
1 1 Dx = 24 = 96 (72) = 168
12 4
8 1 = 8 4 = 12
Dx = 3 24
4 1 Dy = = 36 120 = 84
5 12
8
Dy = 1 = 48 = 4 Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
1 4 D 168 Dy 84
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: x= x = =4 y= = = 2
D 42 D 42
D 12 Dy 4 The solution is (4, 2) .
x= x = =6 y= = =2
D 2 D 2
The solution is (6, 2). 3x 2 y = 4
23.
6 x 4 y = 0
5 x y = 13
17. 3 2
2 x + 3 y = 12 D= = 12 (12) = 0
6 4
5 1 Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
D= = 15 + 2 = 17
2 3
13 1
Dx = = 39 + 12 = 51
12 3
5 13
Dy = = 60 26 = 34
2 12
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
748
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
2x 4 y = 2 15
25. Dx 2 3 Dy 5
3 x + 2 y = 3 x= = = y= = =1
D 5 2 D 5
4
D= 2 = 4 + 12 = 16 3
3 2 The solution is , 1 .
2
2 4
Dx = = 4 + 12 = 8 3x 5 y = 3
3 2 31.
15 x + 5 y = 21
2
Dy = 2 = 6 + 6 = 12
3 3 D= 3 5 = 15 (75) = 90
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 15 5
D 8 1 Dy 12 3 3 5 = 15 (105) = 120
x= x = = y= = = Dx =
D 16 2 D 16 4 21 5
1 3 3 3 = 63 45 = 18
The solution is , . Dy =
2 4 15 21
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
2 x 3 y = 1 D 120 4 Dy 18 1
27. x= x = = y= = =
10 x + 10 y = 5 D 90 3 D 90 5
D= 2 3 = 20 (30) = 50 4 1
The solution is , .
10 10 3 5
3
Dx = 1 = 10 (15) = 5 x+ y z = 6
5 10
33. 3 x 2 y + z = 5
2 1 =10 (10) = 20 x + 3 y 2 z = 14
Dy =
10 5
1 1 1
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
Dy 20 2 D = 3 2 1
D 5 1
x= x = = y= = = 1 3 2
D 50 10 D 50 5
1 2
The solution is , . =1 2 1 1 3 1 + (1) 3 2
10 5 3 2 1 2 1 3
= 1(4 3) 1( 6 1) 1(9 + 2)
2 x + 3 y = 6 = 1 + 7 11
29. 1 = 3
x y = 2 6 1 1
Dx = 5 2 1
D = 2 3 = 2 3 = 5
1 1 14 3 2
Dx =
6 3
= 6
3
=
15 = 6 2 1 1 5 1 + (1) 5 2
1
1 2 2 3 2 14 2 14 3
2
= 6(4 3) 1(10 14) 1(15 + 28)
2 6 = 6 + 4 13
Dy = = 1 6 = 5
1
1 2 = 3
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
749
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 6 1 1 3 1
Dy = 3 5 1 Dy = 2 7 1
1 14 2 2 4 3
2 5 3 5 3 2 = 1 4 7 2 2 7 + (3) 2 4
=1 1 +6 2 4 2 4 2 2
3 14 1 14 1 3
= 1(16 + 14) 2(8 14) 3(4 8)
= 1( 28 + 15) 1(42 + 5) + 6(9 + 2)
= 2 + 12 + 12
= 13 47 + 66 = 22
=6 Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule:
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: D 66 Dy 11 1
Dy 9 x= x = = 3 y= = =
D 3 D 22 D 22 2
x= x = =1 y= = =3
D 3 D 3 D 22
z= z = =1
D 6 D 22
z= z = = 2
D 3 1
The solution is 3, , 1 .
The solution is (1, 3, 2) . 2
x + 2 y z = 3 x 2 y + 3z = 1
35. 2 x 4 y + z = 7 37. 3x + y 2 z = 0
2 x + 2 y 3z = 4 2x 4 y + 6z = 2
1 2 1 1 2 3
D = 2 4 1 D= 3 1 2
2 2 3 2 4 6
=1 4 1 2 2 1 + (1) 2 4 1 2 ( 2) 3 2 + 3 3 1
2 3 2 3 2 2 =1
4 6 2 6 2 4
= 1(12 2) 2( 6 + 2) 1(4 8)
= 1(6 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(12 2)
= 10 + 8 + 4
= 22 = 2 + 44 42
=0
3 2 1
Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
Dx = 7 4 1
4 2 3
= 3 4 1 2 7 1 + (1) 7 4
2 3 4 3 4 2
= 3(12 2) 2(21 4) 1(14 + 16)
= 30 34 2
= 66
750
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
x + 2y z = 0 x y z
39. 2 x 4 y + z = 0 43. u v w =4
2 x + 2 y 3z = 0 1 2 3
1 2 1 By Theorem (11), the value of a determinant
changes sign if any two rows are interchanged.
D = 2 4 1
1 2 3
2 2 3
Thus, u v w = 4 .
=1 4 1 2 2 1 + (1) 2 4 x y z
2 3 2 3 2 2
= 1(12 2) 2( 6 + 2) 1(4 8) x y z
= 10 + 8 + 4 45. Let u v w = 4 .
= 22
1 2 3
0 2 1
x y z x y z
Dx = 0 4 1 = 0 [By Theorem (12)]
3 6 9 = 3 1 2 3 [Theorem (14)]
0 2 3 u v w u v w
1 0 1 x y z
Dy = 2 0 1 =0 [By Theorem (12)] = 3( 1) u v w [Theorem (11)]
2 0 3 1 2 3
= 3(4) = 12
1 2 0
Dz = 2 4 0 = 0 [By Theorem (12)] x y z
2 2 0 47. Let u v w = 4
Find the solutions by Cramer's Rule: 1 2 3
D 0 Dy 0 1 2 3
x= x = =0 y= = =0
D 22 D 22 x 3 y 6 z 9
D 0 2u 2v 2w
z= z = =0
D 22 1 2 3
The solution is (0, 0, 0).
= 2 x 3 y 6 z 9 [Theorem (14)]
x 2 y + 3z = 0 u v w
41. 3x + y 2 z = 0 x 3 y 6 z 9
2x 4 y + 6z = 0
= 2(1) 1 2 3 [Theorem (11)]
1 2 3 u v w
D= 3 1 2 x3 y 6 z 9
2 4 6 = 2(1)(1) u v w [Theorem (11)]
1 2 3
=1 1 2 ( 2) 3 2 + 3 3 1
4 x y z
6 2 6 2 4 [Theorem (15)]
= 1(6 8) + 2(18 + 4) + 3(12 2) = 2(1)(1) u v w
( R1 = 3r3 + r1 )
= 2 + 44 42 1 2 3
=0 = 2(1)(1)(4) = 8
Since D = 0 , Cramer's Rule does not apply.
751
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3 2 4 2 4 3
x 1 +1 =2
2 5 1 5 1 2
x (15 4 ) ( 20 + 2 ) + ( 8 + 3) = 2
11x 22 + 11 = 2
11x = 13
13
x=
11
752
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.3: Systems of Linear Equations: Determinants
59. If the vertices of a triangle are (2, 3), (5, 2), 240 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2 = 0
and (6, 5), then:
2 5 6 20 x 2 120 x + 20 y 2 + 80 y = 240
1 x 2 6 x + y 2 + 4 y = 12
D= 3 2 5
2
1 1 1 x 2 6 x + 9 + y 2 + 4 y + 4 = 12 + 9 + 4
1 2 5
= 2 5
3 5
+6
3 2 ( x 3)2 + ( y + 2)2 = 25
2 1 1 1 1 1 1
65. If a = 0, then b 0 and c 0 since
1
= [ 2(2 5) 5(3 5) + 6(3 2) ] by = s
2 ad bc 0 , and the system is .
1 cx + dy = t
= [ 2(3) 5(2) + 6(1) ]
2 s
The solution of the system is y = ,
1 b
= [ 6 + 10 + 6]
t dy t d ( b ) tb sd
2 s
=5 x= = = . Using Cramers
c c bc
The area of the triangle is 5 = 5 square units. 0 b
Rule, we get D = = bc ,
c d
61. A =
1
2 ( 6 8
1 6
+
1 6
1 3
+
1 3
6 2
+
6 2
8 4
+
8 4
6 8 ) Dx =
s b
t d
= sd tb ,
1
= [(368)+(3+ 6)+(218)+(24+16)+(64 24)] 0 s
2 Dy = = 0 sc = sc , so
1 c t
= [ 28 + 9 16 + 40 + 40] = 50.5 square units D ds tb td sd
2 x= x = = and
D bc bc
1 2 2 2 Dy sc s
x 7 3 6 y= = = , which is the solution. Note
D bc b
63.
y 5 3 2 that these solutions agree if d = 0.
x2 + y2 74 18 40
If b = 0, then a 0 and d 0 since
7 3 6 1 1 1
ax =s
= 5 3 2 x 5 3 2 ad bc 0 , and the system is .
cx + dy = t
74 18 40 74 18 40
s
1 1 1 1 1 1 The solution of the system is x = ,
a
+y 7 3 (
6 x2 + y2 ) 7 3 6
y=
t cx at cs
= . Using Cramers Rule, we
74 18 40 5 3 2 d ad
a 0 s 0
(
= ( 240) x (120) + y (80) x 2 + y 2 ( 20) ) get D =
c d
= ad , Dx =
t d
= sd , and
= 240 120 x + 80 y + 20 x 2 + 20 y 2 a s D sd s
Dy = = at cs , so x = x = =
c t D ad a
Now set this expression equal to 0. Then complete Dy at cs
the square to obtain the standard form. and y = = , which is the solution.
D ad
Note that these solutions agree if c = 0.
753
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
t Dy at cs cs at
The solution of the system is y = , y= = = , which is the
d D bc bc
s by sd tb solution. Note that these solutions agree if
x= = . Using Cramers Rule, we a = 0.
a ad
a b s b
get D = = ad , Dx = = sd tb , 67. Evaluating the determinant to show the relationship:
0 d t d a11 a12 a13
a s D sd tb ka21 ka22 ka23
and Dy = = at , so x = x = and
0 t D ad a31 a32 a33
Dy at t ka22 ka23 ka ka23 ka ka22
y= = = , which is the solution. Note = a11 a12 21 + a13 21
D ad d a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
that these solutions agree if b = 0.
= a11 ( ka22a33 ka23a32 ) a12 (ka21a33 ka23a31 )
If d = 0, then b 0 and c 0 since + a13 ( ka21a32 ka22a31 )
ax + by = s = ka11 (a22a33 a23a32 ) ka12 (a21a33 a23a31 )
ad bc 0 , and the system is . + ka13 (a21a32 a22a31 )
cx =t
t = k ( a11 (a22a33 a23a32 ) a12 ( a21a33 a23a31 )
The solution of the system is x = ,
c + a13 (a21a32 a22a31 ) )
s ax cs at a22 a23 a a a a
y= = . Using Cramers Rule, we = k a11 a12 21 23 + a13 21 22
b bc a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
a b a11 a12 a13
get D = = 0 bc = bc ,
c 0 = k a21 a22 a23
s b a31 a32 a33
Dx = = 0 tb = tb , and
t 0
a s Dx tb t
Dy = = at cs , so x = = = and
c t D bc c
754
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
755
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
4 1 1 0 1 1 3
0 3 5 1 0
21. AC 3I 2 = 6 2 3 29. 2 4 1 6 2
1 2 6 2 3 0 1
3 6 1 8 1
28 9 3 0 1(1) + 0(6) + 1(8) 1(3) + 0(2) + 1(1)
=
4 23 0 3
= 2(1) + 4(6) + 1(8) 2(3) + 4(2) + 1( 1)
3(1) + 6(6) + 1(8) 3(3) + 6(2) + 1(1)
25 9
=
4 20 9 2
= 34 13
23. CA CB 47 20
4 1 4 1
0 3 5 4 1 0
= 6 2 6 2 2 1
1 2 6 2 3 2 31. A =
2 3 2 3 1 1
1 14 14 14 7 2 Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
= 2 22 18 20 12 4 operations to find the inverse:
3 0 28 14 7 6
2 1 1 0
1 1 0 1
13 7 12
= 18 10 14 1 1 0 1 Interchange
17 7 34
2 1 1 0 r1 and r2
1 1 0 1
( R2 = 2r1 + r2 )
0 1 1 2
756
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
1 1 0 1 2 1 1 0
( R2 = r2 ) a a 0 1
0 1 1 2
1 0 1 1 1 12 12 0
1 1 2
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) ( R1 = 12 r1 )
0 a a 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
0
Thus, A1 = . 2 2
( R2 = a r1 + r2 )
1 2 0
1
2
a 12 a 1
1 12 1
0
6 5
33. A =
2
2 ( R2 = a2 r2 )
2 2 0 1 1 a
Augment the matrix with the identity and use 1 0 1 1a
row operations to find the inverse: 2
( R1 = 12 r2 + r1 )
0 1 1 a
6 5 1 0
2 2 0 1 1 1a
Thus, A1 = .
2
2 2 0 1 Interchange 1 a
6 5 1 0 r1 and r2
2 2 0 1 1 1 1
3
( R2 = 3r1 + r2 ) 37. A = 0 2 1
0 1 1
2 3 0
1 1 0 12 R1 = 12 r1
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row
0 1 1 3 R2 = r2 operations to find the inverse:
1 0 1 52 1 1 1 1 0 0
( R1 = r2 + r1 ) 0 2 1 0 1 0
0 1 1 3
2 3 0 0 0 1
1 52
Thus, A1 = .
1 3 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 2 1 0 1 0 ( R3 = 2 r1 + r3 )
2 1
35. A = 0 5 2 2 0 1
where a 0.
a a 1 1 1 1 0 0
0
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
row operations to find the inverse:
0 1 2 0 12
1
( R2 = 12 r2 )
0 5 2 2 0 1
1 0 1
2
1 12 0
R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 12 0 12 0
0 0 1 2 52 1 R3 = 5 r2 + r3
2
1 0 1
2
1 12 0
0 1 2 1
0 21
0 ( R3 = 2 r3 )
0 0 1 4 5 2
1 0 0 3 3 1
R1 = 12 r3 + r1
0 1 0 2 2 1
R2 = 1 r3 + r2
0 0 1 4 5 2 2
3 3 1
Thus, A = 2 2 1 .
1
4 5 2
757
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 1 1 2 x + y = 8
41.
39. A = 3 2 1 x+ y =5
3 1 2 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
Augment the matrix with the identity and use row 2 1 x 8
A= , X = , B =
operations to find the inverse: 1 1 y 5
1 1 1 1 0 0 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
3 2 1 0 1 0
1 1
From Problem 29, A1 = , so
3 1 2 0 0 1 1 2
1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 8 3
R2 = 3 r1 + r2 X = A1 B = = .
0 1 4 3 1 0 1 2 5 2
0 2 1 3 0 1 R3 = 3 r1 + r3
The solution is x = 3, y = 2 or (3, 2) .
1 1 1 1 0 0
1 0 2 x + y = 0
0 1 4 3 ( R2 = r2 ) 43.
0 2 1 3 0 1 x+ y =5
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
1 0 3 2 1 0
2 1 x 0
0 1 4 3 1 0 ( R3 = 17 r3) A=
1 1
, X = , B =
y 5
0 0 1 3
7 7
2 1
7
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
1 0 0 75 1 3
1 1
9
7
1
7
R1 = 3r3 + r1 From Problem 29, A1 = , so
0 1 0 7 7
74 1 2
R = 4r3 + r2
3 2 1 2 1 1 0 5
0 0 1 7 7
7 X = A1 B = = .
75 1 3 1 2 5 10
7 7
The solution is x = 5, y = 10 or (5, 10) .
Thus, A1 = 97 1
7
4
7
.
3 2 1
7 7 7 6x + 5 y = 7
45.
2 x + 2 y = 2
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
6 5 x 7
A= , X = , B =
2 2 y 2
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
1 52
From Problem 31, A1 = , so
1 3
1 52 7 2
X = A1 B = = .
1 3 2 1
The solution is x = 2, y = 1 or (2, 1) .
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
6 x + 5 y = 13 x y+z = 0
47.
2 x + 2 y = 5 53. 2 y + z = 1
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 2 x 3 y = 5
6 5 x 13 Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
A= , X = , B =
2 2 y 5 1 1 1 x 0
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : A = 0 2 1 , X = y , B = 1
1 52 2 3 0 z 5
From Problem 31, A1 = , so
1 3 Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
1 52 13 12 3 3 1
X = A1 B = = .
1 3 5 2 From Problem 35, A = 2 2 1 , so
1
4 5 2
1 1
The solution is x = , y = 2 or , 2 .
2 2 3 3 1 0 2
X = A1 B = 2 2 1 1 = 3 .
2 x + y = 3 4 5 2 5 5
49. a0
ax + ay = a The solution is x = 2, y = 3, z = 5 or (2, 3, 5) .
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
2 1 x 3 x y+z = 2
A= , X = y , B = a
a a 55. 2y + z = 2
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 2 x 3 y = 1
1 1a 2
From Problem 33, A1 = 2
, so Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
1 a
1 1 1 x 2
1 1a 3 2
X = A1 B = = . A = 0 2 1 , X = y , B = 2
2 a
1 1
a 2 3 0 z 1
2
The solution is x = 2, y = 1 or (2, 1) .
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B :
3 3 1
7
2 x + y = From Problem 35, A = 2 2 1 , so
1
51. a a0
ax + ay = 5 4 5 2
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: 3 3 1 2 12
2 1 x 7a X = A1 B = 2 2 1 2 = 12
A= , X = y , B =
4 5 2 2 1
1
a a 5
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 1 1
The solution is x = , y = , z = 1 or
1 1a 2 2
From Problem 33, A1 = , so 1 1
, , 1 .
2
1 a 2 2
1 1a 7 a2
X = A1 B = a = 3 .
2
1 a 5 a
2 3 2 3
The solution is x = , y = or , .
a a a a
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x+ y+ z =9 4 2
61. A =
57. 3 x + 2 y z = 8 2 1
3x + y + 2 z = 1 Augment the matrix with the identity and use
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form: row operations to find the inverse:
1 1 1 x 9 4 2 1 0
2 1 0 1
A = 3 2 1 , X = y , B = 8
3 1 2 z 1 4 2 1 0
( R2 = 2 r1 + r2 )
1
1
0 0 1
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : 2
75 1 3 1 2 1 1
0
( R1 = 4 r1 )
4 1
7 7
1
From Problem 37, A1 = 97 1
74 , so 0 0 2
1
7
3 2 1 There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
7 7 7 the left. Thus, this matrix has no inverse.
75 1
7
3
7 9
34
7
1 9 1
4
85 15 3
X =A B= 7 7
7 8 = 7 . 63. A =
3 2 1 1 12 10 2
7 7 7 7 Augment the matrix with the identity and use
34 85 12 row operations to find the inverse:
The solution is x = ,y= ,z= or
7 7 7 15 3 1 0
34 85 12 10 2 0 1
, , .
7 7 7 15 3 1 0
0 0 2
1
( R2 = 23 r1 + r2 )
x+ y+ z = 2 3
7 1 15 151 0
59. 3 x + 2 y z =
3
2
( )
R1 = 151 r1
0 0 3 1
10
3x + y + 2 z = There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on
3 the left; thus, there is no inverse.
Rewrite the system of equations in matrix form:
1 1 1 x 2 3 1 1
A = 3 2 1 , X = y , B = 73 65. A = 1 4 7
3 1 2 z
10 1 2 5
3
Augment the matrix with the identity and use
Find the inverse of A and solve X = A1 B : row operations to find the inverse:
75 1
7
3
7 3 1 1 1 0 0
1 4 7 0 1 0
From Problem 37, A1 = 97 1
7
74 , so
3 2 1 1 2 5 0 0 1
7 7 7
7
5 1
7
3
7
2 3 1
1 9
X =A B= 7 1
7
7 73 = 1 .
4
3 2 1 10 2
7 7 7 3 3
1 2 1 2
The solution is x = , y = 1, z = or , 1, .
3 3 3 3
760
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
1 2 5 0 0 1 25 61 12 10
Interchange
1 4 7 0 1 0 71. A = 18 12 7 ; B = 9
r1 and r3
3 1 1 1 0 0 3 4 1 12
1 2 5 0 0 1 Enter the matrices into a graphing utility and use
R2 = r1 + r2 A1B to solve the system. The result is shown
0 6 12 0 1 1
R3 = 3 r1 + r3 below:
0 7 14 1 0 3
1 2 5 0 0 1
0 1 2 0 16 16 ( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 7 14 1 0 3
Thus, the solution to the system is x 4.57 ,
1 0 1 0 1 2
3 3
R1 = 2r2 + r1 y 6.44 , z 24.07 or (4.57, 6.44, 24.07) .
0 1 2 0 16 16
7 11 R3 = 7 r2 + r3
0 0 0 1 6 6 25 61 12 21
There is no way to obtain the identity matrix on 73. A = 18 12 7 ; B = 7
the left; thus, there is no inverse. 3 4 1 2
25 61 12
67. A = 18 2 4
8 35 21
2 x + 3 y = 11
75.
0.01 0.05 0.01 5 x + 7 y = 24
Thus, A 1
0.01 0.02 0.01 Multiply each side of the first equation by 5, and
each side of the second equation by 2 . Then
0.02 0.01 0.03
add the equations to eliminate x:
10 x + 15 y = 55
44 21 18 6
2 10 15 10 x 14 y = 48
5
69. A = y=7
21 12 12 4
Substitute and solve for x:
8 16 4 9
2 x + 3 ( 7 ) = 11
2 x + 21 = 11
2 x = 10
x = 5
The solution of the system is x = 5, y = 7 or
0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01
0.02 using ordered pairs ( 5, 7 ) .
0.05 0.03 0.03
Thus, A1 .
0.02 0.01 0.04 0.00
0.02 0.06 0.07 0.06
761
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x 2 y + 4z = 2 1 5 4 3
17
77. 3x + 5 y 2 z = 17 2
0 1 3 24 R2 = r2 / 24
4x 3y = 22
0 48 32 38
Write the augmented matrix:
1 5 4 3
1 2 4 2 2 17
0 1 3 24
3 5 2 17
4 3 0 22 0 0 0 4 R3 = 48r2 + r3
The last row of our matrix is a contradiction.
1 2 4 2 Therefore, the system is inconsistent. The
0 1 10 23 R2 = 3r1 + r2 solution set is { } , or .
0 5 16 30 R3 = 4r1 + r3
1 2 4 2 2x 3y + z = 4
0 1 10 23 R2 = r2
81. 3x + 2 y z = 3
0 5 16 30
5y + z = 6
1 2 4 2
0 Write the augmented matrix:
1 10 23
0 0 34 85 R = 5r + r 2 3 1 4
3 2 3
1 2 4 2 3 2 1 3
0 0 5 1 6
1 10 23
5
0 0 1 2 R3 = r3 / 34 3
2 1
1 2 2 R1 = r1 / 2
1 2 0 8 R1 = 4r3 + r1 3 2 1 3
0 1 0 2 R2 = 10r3 + r2
5 0 5 1 6
0 0 1 2
3 1
1 0 0 4 R1 = 2r2 + r1 1 2 2 2
0 1 0 2 0 52 12 3 R2 = 3r1 + r2
5
0 0 1 2 0 5 1 6
5 5 3 1
The solution is x = 4, y = 2, z = or 4,2, . 1 2 2 2
2 2 1 6
1 5 5 R2 = 5 r2
2
0
5x y + 4z = 2 0 5 1 6
79. x + 5 y 4 z = 3 32 1
7 x + 13 y 4 z = 17 1 2 2
0 65
15
Write the augmented matrix: 1
5 1 4 2
0 0 0 0 R3 = 5r2 + r3
1 1
1 5 4 3 0 5 R1 = 3 r2 + r1
1 5
2
7 13 4 17 0 1 6
1 5 5
1 5 4 3 R1 = r2 0 0 0 0
5 1 4 2 R2 = r1 Since the last row yields an identity, and no
7 13 4 17 contradictions exist in the other rows, there are
an infinite number of solutions. The solution is
1 5 4 3
1 1 1 6
0 24 16 17 R2 = 5r1 + r2 x = z + , y = z , and z is any real
5 5 5 5
0 48 32 38 R = 7 r + r
3 1 3
762
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.4: Matrix Algebra
763
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
because 0 1 1 0 0
a11 = 47(1) + 34(1) + 33(0) = 13
1 0 0 1 1
a12 = 47(0) + 34(1) + 33(1) = 1 91. A = 1 0 0 1 0
a13 = 47(1) + 34(1) + 33(1) = 20 0 0 1 0 1
a21 = 44(1) + 36(1) + 27(0) = 8 0 1 0 0 0
a22 = 44(0) + 36(1) + 27(1) = 9
a23 = 44(1) + 36(1) + 27(1) = 19 a.
2 0 0 2 1 0 3 4 0 2
a31 = 47(1) + 41(1) + 20(0) = 6
0 2 2 0 1 4 1 0 4 2
a32 = 47(0) + 41(1) + 20(1) = 21 3
A = 0
2
1 2 0 1 A = 3 1 0 3 1
a33 = 47(1) + 41(1) + 20(1) = 14
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 2
1 0 0 1 1 0 2 2 0 1
c. 13 M ; 1 A; 20 T ; 8 H ; 9 I ;
19 S ; 6 F ; 21 U ; 14 N
2 4 5 2 3
The message: Math is fun.
5 3 2 5 4
a b A + A + A = 4
2 3
2 2 4 2
89. A =
c d 2 2 3 2 3
If D = ad bc 0 , then a 0 and d 0 , or 1 3 2 1 2
b 0 and c 0 . Assuming the former, then
a b 1 0 Yes, all pages can reach every other page within
c d 0 1 3 clicks.
1 ba 1
0 b. The largest number in row 1 (Page 1) is 5 which
a
( R1 = 1a r1 ) corresponds to Page 3.
c d 0 1
1 b 1
0 1 3
a
bc
a
c
( R2 = c r1 + r2 )
- 0
0 d a
a
1 2 2 6 3 - 2 3
3 1
1 0 93. a. XR = 0 4 = 3 3 + 2
b 1
a a
ad bc
ac 2 2 1 1
0 1 0 1
a
0
1 b 1 0
a a ( R2 = ad abc r2 )
0 1 c a
ad bc ad bc
The coordinates would be
1 0 1 bc b
0 1
a
+ a ( ad bc )
c
ad bc
a
( R1 = ba r2 + r1 ) (3 2 3,3 3 + 2 )
ad bc ad bc
1 0 d b
1 3
ad bc ad bc 0
0 1 c a 2 2
ad bc ad bc
3 1
1 0 d Db b. R 1 = 0 ; This is the rotation
D 2 2
0 1 c a
0 0 1
D D
d Db 1 d b
Thus, A1 = Dc a
= matrix needed to get the translated
D D D c a
coordinates back to the original coordinates.
where D = ad bc .
764
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
x
5. The rational expression is proper, since
2
x 1
the degree of the numerator is less than the
degree of the denominator.
765
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
766
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
2 2
= 4 + 4
2
+ 4 + 4
( x 1) ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) x + 1 ( x + 1) 2
767
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
768
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
769
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 = C
C = 1
Let x = 0 , then
02 = A(0 1) 2 + B (0 2)(0 1) + C (0 2)
0 = A + 2 B 2C
0 = 4 + 2 B 2(1)
2 B = 6
B = 3
x2 4 3 1
3 2
= + +
x 4 x + 5x 2 x 2 x 1 ( x 1) 2
770
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.5: Partial Fraction Decomposition
2x + 3 2x + 3 4 2
= 9 + 23 + 6 + 18
= 2 x 9x x x x3 x+3
4 2
x 9x x ( x 3)( x + 3)
A B C D x3 + x 2 3
= + 2+ + 47.
x x x 3 x +3 x 2 + 3x 4
2
Multiplying both sides by x ( x 3)( x + 3) , we Dividing:
x2
obtain: 2
2 x + 3 = Ax( x 3)( x + 3) + B( x 3)( x + 3) x + 3x 4 x3 + x 2 + 0 x 3
+ Cx 2 ( x + 3) + Dx 2 ( x 3) (
x3 + 3x 2 4 x )
2
Let x = 0 , then 2x + 4x 3
2 0 + 3 = A 0(0 3)(0 + 3) + B (0 3)(0 + 3) (
2 x 2 6 x + 8 )
2 2
+ C 0 (0 + 3) + D 0 (0 3) 10 x 11
3 2
3 = 9 B x + x 3 10 x 11
2
= x2+ , x 4,1
1 x + 3x 4 x 2 + 3x 4
B= Find the partial fraction decomposition:
3
Let x = 3 , then 10 x 11 10 x 11 A B
= = +
2 3 + 3 = A 3(3 3)(3 + 3) + B(3 3)(3 + 3) x 2 + 3x 4 ( x + 4)( x 1) x + 4 x 1
+ C 32 (3 + 3) + D 32 (3 3) Multiplying both sides by ( x + 4)( x 1) , we
9 = 54C obtain:
10 x 11 = A( x 1) + B( x + 4)
1
C= Let x = 1 , then
6
771
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
772
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
Let x = 1 , then r
nt
3 2 2 55. A = P 1 +
2(1) + (1) (1) + 1 = A(1 + 1)(1 1) n
+ B (1 1) 2 + C (1 + 1) 2 (1 1) + D(1 + 1) 2
365t
1 = 4B 0.18
8400 = 4200 1 +
1 365
=B
2 = (1.000493)
365t
4
Let x = 1 , then ln 2 = ln (1.000493)
365t
3 2 2
2(1) + (1) (1) + 1 = A(1 + 1)(1 1) ln 2 = 365t ln (1.000493)
+ B (1 1) 2 + C (1 + 1) 2 (1 1) + D(1 + 1) 2 ln 2
3 = 4D t=
365ln (1.000493)
3 = 3.85 years
=D
4
Let x = 0 , then 1
57. sec 52 cos 308 = cos 308
2(0)3 + (0) 2 (0) + 1 = A(0 + 1)(0 1) 2 cos 52
1 3 1
+ (0 1) 2 + C (0 + 1) 2 (0 1) + (0 + 1) 2 = cos 308
4 4 cos(360 52)
1 3 1
1= A+ C + = cos 308 = 1
4 4 cos 308
0 = AC
Let x = 2 , then
2(2)3 + (2) 2 (2) + 1 = A(2 + 1)(2 1) 2
1 3
+ (2 1)2 + C (2 + 1) 2 (2 1) + (2 + 1) 2 Section 12.6
4 4
1 27
19 = 3 A + + 9C + 1. y = 3x + 2
4 4
The graph is a line.
12 = 3 A + 9C x-intercept:
0 = AC 0 = 3x + 2
12 = 3 A + 9C 3x = 2
A=C 2
12 = 3 A + 9 A x=
3
12 = 12 A
y-intercept: y = 3 ( 0 ) + 2 = 2
1 = A and 1 = C
y
2 (0, 2)
1 3 2
2 x3 + x 2 x + 1 1 1 3 ,0
= + 4 + + 4 2
4 2 2
x 2x +1 x + 1 ( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1) x
2 2
x5 + x 4 x 2 + 2
Thus, = x +1 2
x4 2 x2 + 1
1 3
4 1
+ 2
+ + 4 2
( x + 1) x 1 ( x 1)
773
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3. y 2 = x2 1 y = 36 x 2
2 2
7.
x y =1 y = 8 x
x2 y 2
=1
12 12
The graph is a hyperbola with center (0, 0),
transverse axis along the x-axis, and vertices at
(1, 0) and (1, 0) . The asymptotes are y = x
and y = x .
y
5
(1, 0) (1, 0)
5 5 x
(2.59, 5.41) and (5.41, 2.59) are the intersection
points.
5
Solve by substitution:
36 x 2 = 8 x
y = x + 1
2
5. 36 x 2 = 64 16 x + x 2
y = x + 1
2 x 2 16 x + 28 = 0
x 2 8 x + 14 = 0
8 64 56
x=
2
8 2 2
=
2
= 4 2
( )
If x = 4 + 2, y = 8 4 + 2 = 4 2
If x = 4 2, y = 8 ( 4 2 ) = 4 + 2
(0, 1) and (1, 2) are the intersection points.
Solutions: ( 4 + 2, 4 2 ) and ( 4 2, 4 + 2 )
Solve by substitution:
x2 + 1 = x + 1 y = x
2 9.
x x=0 y = 2 x
x( x 1) = 0
x = 0 or x = 1
y =1 y=2
Solutions: (0, 1) and (1, 2)
774
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Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
x = 2 y
11. 2
x = y 2 y
(1, 1.73), (1, 1.73), (0, 2), and (0, 2) are the
intersection points.
(2, 0) is the intersection point.
775
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x 4 8 x 2 + 16 = 0
( x 2 4) 2 = 0
x2 4 = 0
x2 = 4
x = 2 or x = 2
y = 2 or y = 2
Solutions: (2, 2) and (2, 2)
776
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
25. Solve the second equation for y, substitute into 29. Solve the first equation for y, substitute into the
the first equation and solve: second equation and solve:
2 x 2 + y 2 = 18 x + y +1 = 0 y = x 1
2 2
4 x + y + 6 y x = 5
xy = 4 y =
x x 2 + ( x 1)2 + 6( x 1) x = 5
2
4 x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 1 6 x 6 x = 5
2 x 2 + = 18
x 2 x2 5x = 0
16 x(2 x 5) = 0
2 x 2 + 2 = 18
x x = 0 or x = 5
2
2 x + 16 = 18 x 2
4
If x = 0 : y = (0) 1 = 1
2 x 4 18 x 2 + 16 = 0 5 5 7
If x = : y = 1 =
x4 9 x2 + 8 = 0 2 2 2
Solutions: (0, 1), ( 2 , 2 )
5 7
(x 2
)( )
8 x2 1 = 0
If x = 3 : 3(3) 2 + y 2 = 31 y 2 = 4 y = 2 If x = 2 :
Solutions: (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2), (3, 2)
( 2)
2
3 2y = 2
35. 7 x 2 3 y 2 + 5 = 0 4
2 y = 4 y = y=2 2
2
3x + 5 y = 12
2 2
If x = 2 :
7 x 3 y = 5
2 2
2
( ) ( 2 ) y = 2
2
2
3x + 5 y = 12 3 2
Multiply each side of the first equation by 5 and 4
each side of the second equation by 3 and add 2 y = 4 y = y = 2 2
2
the equations to eliminate y:
35 x 2 15 y 2 = 25
Solutions: ( )(
2, 2 2 , 2, 2 2 )
9 x 2 + 15 y 2 = 36
39. 2 x 2 + y 2 = 2
44 x 2 = 11 2 2
x 2 y + 8 = 0
1
x2 = 2 x + y = 2
2 2
4 2 2
1 x 2 y = 8
x=
2 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
add the equations to eliminate y:
If x = 1 :
2 4x2 + 2 y 2 = 4
2
1 9 3 x 2 2 y 2 = 8
3 + 5 y 2 = 12 y 2 = y =
2 4 2
5 x 2 = 4
If x = 1 : 4
2 x2 =
2 5
1 9 3
3 + 5 y 2 = 12 y2 = y= No real solution. The system is inconsistent.
2 4 2
Solutions: 41. x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 2 2
, , , , , , , 4 x y = 24
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
and add the equations to eliminate y:
37. Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
and add the equations to eliminate xy: x 2 + 2 y 2 = 16
8 x 2 2 y 2 = 48
x + 2 xy = 10
2
x 2 + 2 xy = 10
2 2 9 x 2 = 64
3x xy = 2 6 x 2 2 xy = 4
64
7 x2 = 14 x2 =
9
2 8
x =2 x=
x= 2 3
8
If x = :
3
2
8 2 2 80
+ 2 y = 16 2 y =
3 9
40 2 10
y2 = y=
9 3
778
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
8 1 6
If x = : 45. 4 + 4 = 6
3 x y
2
8 2 2 80 2 2 = 19
+ 2 y = 16 2 y = x 4 y 4
3 9
40 2 10 Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
y2 = y=
9 3 add the equations to eliminate x:
Solutions: 2 12
= 12
8 2 10 8 2 10 8 2 10 x4 y4
, , , , , ,
3 3 3 3 3 3 2
2
= 19
x4 y4
8 2 10
, 14
3 3 4 =7
y
5 2 y 4 = 2
43. 2 2 + 3 = 0 There are no real solutions. The system is
x y
inconsistent.
3 1
+ =7
x 2 y 2 47. x 2 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
5 2 x 2 + xy = 6
x 2 y 2 = 3
Subtract the second equation from the first to
3 + 1 =7 eliminate the x 2 term.
x 2 y 2 4 xy + 2 y 2 = 6
Multiply each side of the second equation by 2
2 xy y 2 = 3
and add the equations to eliminate y:
Since y 0 , we can solve for x in this equation
5 2
2
2 = 3 to get
x y
y2 + 3
6 2 x= , y0
2
+ 2 = 14 2y
x y
Now substitute for x in the second equation and
11 solve for y.
= 11
x2 x 2 + xy = 6
x2 = 1 2
y2 + 3 y2 + 3
x = 1 + y=6
2y 2y
If x = 1:
y4 + 6 y2 + 9 y2 + 3
3 1 1 1 + =6
2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 = 4 y2 2
(1) y y 4
1 y 4 + 6 y 2 + 9 + 2 y 4 + 6 y 2 = 24 y 2
y=
2 3 y 4 12 y 2 + 9 = 0
If x = 1: y4 4 y2 + 3 = 0
3 1 1 1
(1) 2
+ 2 = 7 2 = 4 y2 =
y y 4
(y 2
)( )
3 y2 1 = 0
1 Thus, y = 3 or y = 1 .
y= If y = 1: x = 2 1 = 2
2
1 1 1 1 If y = 1: x = 2(1) = 2
Solutions: 1, , 1, , 1, , 1,
2 2 2 2
779
Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
If y = 3 : x= 3 x = y 4
So we have the system
2
If y = 3 : x= 3 x = 9 y
Solutions: (2, 1), (2, 1), ( )(
3, 3 , 3, 3 ) Therefore we have :
9 y 2 = y 4 9 y 2 y 4 = 0 y 2 (9 y 2 ) = 0
49. y 2 + y + x 2 x 2 = 0 y 2 (3 + y )(3 y ) = 0
y = 0 or y = 3 or y = 3
x2
y +1+ =0
y Since ln y is undefined when y 0 , the only
Multiply each side of the second equation by y solution is y = 3 .
and add the equations to eliminate y: If y = 3 : x = y 4 x = 34 = 81
y 2 + y + x2 x 2 = 0 Solution: (81, 3)
2
y y x+2=0
x2 2 x = 0 x2 + x + y 2 3 y + 2 = 0
55. y2 y
x ( x 2) = 0 x +1+ =0
x = 0 or x = 2 x
( x + 1 )2 + y 3 2 =
If x = 0 :
2 ( 2) 1
2
2 2
y + y+0 02 = 0 y + y2 = 0 2
( x + 12 ) + ( y 12 ) =
2 2 1
( y + 2)( y 1) = 0 y = 2 or y = 1 2
If x = 2 :
y 2 + y + 22 2 2 = 0 y 2 + y = 0
y ( y + 1) = 0 y = 0 or y = 1
Note: y 0 because of division by zero.
Solutions: (0, 2), (0, 1), (2, 1)
780
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Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
59. Graph: y1 = 3 2 x 2 ; y2 = 4 / x3 65. Solve the first equation for x, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
Use INTERSECT to solve:
x + 2y = 0 x = 2y
3.1 2 2
( x 1) + ( y 1) = 5
( 2 y 1) 2 + ( y 1) 2 = 5
4.7 4.7
4 y2 + 4 y + 1 + y2 2 y + 1 = 5 5 y2 + 2 y 3 = 0
(5 y 3)( y + 1) = 0
3.1 3
y = =0.6 or y = 1
Solution: x = 1.65, y = 0.89 or (1.65, 0.89) 5
6
x = = 1.2 or x = 2
61. Graph: y1 = 4 12 x 4 ; y2 = 4 12 x 4 ; 5
6 3
y3 = 2 / x ; y4 = 2 / x The points of intersection are , , (2, 1) .
5 5
Use INTERSECT to solve:
4.7 If x = 1: ( y + 2) 2 = 1 + 3
4.7
y + 2 = 2 y = 2 2
The points of intersection are:
3.1 ( 0, 2 3 ) , ( 0, 2 + 3 ) , (1, 4) , (1, 0) .
Solution: x = 2.35, y = 0.85 or (2.35, 0.85)
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
(y )
2 2
4 =0
y2 = 4
y = 2
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Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
a 2 x 2 + 36 12 x + x 2 = 20 2 x 2 12 x + 16 = 0
=
77. b 3 x 2 6 x + 8 = 0 ( x 4)( x 2) = 0
a + b = 10 a = 10 b x = 4 or x = 2
Solve the second equation for a , substitute into y=2 y=4
the first equation and solve: The radii of the circles are 2 centimeters and 4
10 b 2 centimeters.
=
b 3
3(10 b) = 2b 83. The tortoise takes 9 + 3 = 12 minutes or 0.2 hour
longer to complete the race than the hare.
30 3b = 2b Let r = the rate of the hare.
30 = 5b Let t = the time for the hare to complete the
b=6a=4 race. Then t + 0.2 = the time for the tortoise and
a + b = 10; b a = 2 r 0.5 = the rate for the tortoise. Since the
length of the race is 21 meters, the distance
The ratio of a + b to b a is 10 = 5 . equations are:
2
21
79. Let x = the width of the rectangle. r t = 21 r =
t
Let y = the length of the rectangle.
( r 0.5 )( t + 0.2 ) = 21
2 x + 2 y = 16
Solve the first equation for r, substitute into the
xy = 15 second equation and solve:
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Section 12.6: Systems of Nonlinear Equations
P P 2 16 A 2 x 2 + 3m 2 x 2 + 6mbx + 3b 2 = 14
If w = then
4 (3m 2
)
+ 2 x 2 + 6mbx + 3b 2 14 = 0
2 2
P P P 16 A P + P 16 A Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 2).
l= = Find the relation between m and b:
2 4 4
If it is required that length be greater than width, 2 = m(1) + b b = 2 m
then the solution is: Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
P P 2 16 A P + P 2 16 A (3m 2 + 2) x 2 + 6m(2 m) x + 3(2 m) 2 14 = 0
w= and l =
4 4 (3m 2 + 2) x 2 + (12m 6m 2 ) x + (3m 2 12m 2) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
91. Solve the equation: m 2 4(2m 4) = 0 (12m 6m 2 ) 2 4(3m 2 + 2)(3m 2 12m 2) = 0
m 2 8m + 16 = 0 144m 2 + 96m + 16 = 0
2
( m 4) =0 9m 2 + 6 m + 1 = 0
m=4 (3m + 1) 2 = 0
Use the point-slope equation with slope 4 and the
point (2, 4) to obtain the equation of the tangent 3m + 1 = 0
line: 1
m=
y 4 = 4( x 2) y 4 = 4 x 8 y = 4 x 4 3
1 7
93. Solve the system: b = 2m = 2 =
3 3
y = x 2 + 2
1 7
The equation of the tangent line is y = x + .
y = mx + b 3 3
Solve the system by substitution:
x 2 + 2 = mx + b x 2 mx + 2 b = 0 97. Solve the system:
x y = 3
2 2
Note that the tangent line passes through (1, 3).
Find the relation between m and b:
y = mx + b
3 = m(1) + b b = 3 m
Solve the system by substitution:
Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b: 2
x 2 ( mx + b ) = 3
x 2 mx + 2 (3 m) = 0 x 2 mx + (m 1) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0: x 2 m 2 x 2 2mbx b 2 = 3
( m )2 4 (1)( m 1) = 0 (1 m ) x2 2
2mbx b 2 3 = 0
m 2 4m + 4 = 0 Note that the tangent line passes through (2, 1).
Find the relation between m and b:
( m 2 )2 = 0 1 = m(2) + b b = 1 2m
m2 = 0 Substitute into the quadratic to eliminate b:
m=2 (1 m 2 ) x 2 2m(1 2m) x (1 2m) 2 3 = 0
b = 3 m = 3 2 =1
(1 m 2 ) x 2 + ( 2m + 4m 2 ) x 1 + 4m 4m 2 3 = 0
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x + 1 .
(1 m 2 ) x 2 + ( 2m + 4m 2 ) x + ( 4m 2 + 4m 4) = 0
Find when the discriminant equals 0:
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
( 2m + 4m ) 2 2
(
4 1 m2 )( 4m 2
)
+ 4m 4 = 0
101. Since the area of the square piece of sheet metal is
4m 2 16m3 + 16m 4 16m 4 + 16m3 16m + 16 = 0 100 square feet, the sheets dimensions are 10 feet
by 10 feet. Let x = the length of the cut.
4m 2 16m + 16 = 0
m 2 4m + 4 = 0 x
x
( m 2 )2 = 0 x 10
m=2
The equation of the tangent line is y = 2 x 3 .
10 2x 10
99. Solve for r1 and r2 : 10 2x
b The dimensions of the box are: length = 10 2 x;
r1 + r2 = a
width = 10 2 x; height = x . Note that each of
rr =c these expressions must be positive. So we must
1 2 a have x > 0 and 10 2 x > 0 x < 5, that is,
Substitute and solve: 0 < x < 5 . So the volume of the box is given by
b V = ( length ) ( width ) ( height )
r1 = r2
a
= (10 2 x )(10 2 x )( x )
b c
r2 r2 = = (10 2 x )
2
( x)
a a
b c a. In order to get a volume equal to 9 cubic feet,
r2 2 r2 = 0
a a we solve (10 2 x )
2
( x ) = 9.
ar2 2 + br2 + c = 0
2
(10 2 x )2 ( x ) = 9
b b 4ac
r2 =
2a
(100 40 x + 4 x ) x = 9 2
b 100 x 40 x 2 + 4 x3 = 9
r1 = r2 =
a So we need to solve the equation
b b 2 4ac b 4 x3 40 x 2 + 100 x 9 = 0 .
=
2a a Graphing y1 = 4 x3 40 x 2 + 100 x 9 on a
calculator yields the graph
b b 2 4ac 2b
= 80
2a 2a
b b 2 4ac
=
2a 2 10
The solutions are:
b + b 2 4ac b b 2 4ac 40
r1 = and r2 = . 80
2a 2a
2 10
40
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Section 12.7: Systems of Inequalities
80
3. x 2 + y 2 = 9
The graph is a circle. Center: (0, 0) ; Radius: 3
2 10
40
The graph indicates that there are three real
zeros on the interval [0, 6]. Using the ZERO
feature of a graphing calculator, we find that
the three roots shown occur at x 0.093 ,
x 4.274 and x 5.632 . But weve already
noted that we must have 0<x <5 , so the only
practical values for the sides of the square base
are x 0.093 feet and x 4.274 feet. 5. True
13. x 4
Graph the line x = 4 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
Section 12.7 line, such as (5, 0). Since 5 0 is true, shade the
side of the line containing (5, 0).
1. 3x + 4 < 8 x
4x < 4
x <1
{ < 1} or ( ,1)
x x
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
15. 2 x + y 6 21. xy 4
Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid line since Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 6 is not on the hyperbola, such as (0, 0). Since
false, shade the opposite side of the line from 0 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
(0, 0). hyperbola from (0, 0).
x+ y 2
17. x 2 + y 2 > 1 23.
2 x + y 4
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Use a dashed line Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid line since
since the inequality uses >. Choose a test point the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since 02 + 02 > 1 the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 2 is true,
is false, shade the opposite side of the circle from shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
(0, 0). the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 0 4 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0).
The overlapping region is the solution.
19. y x 2 1
Graph the parabola y = x 2 1 . Use a solid line
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
0 02 1 is false, shade the opposite side of the 2x y 4
parabola from (0, 0). 25.
3 x + 2 y 6
Graph the line 2 x y = 4 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) 0 4 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
the line 3x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) 6 is
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0).
The overlapping region is the solution.
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Section 12.7: Systems of Inequalities
2 x 3 y 0
27.
3x + 2 y 6
Graph the line 2 x 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since 2 x + y 2
31.
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on 2 x + y 2
the line, such as (0, 3). Since 2(0) 3(3) 0 is Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use a solid line
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 3). since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
Graph the line 3 x + 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on 2(0) + 0 2 is true, shade the side of the line
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 2(0) 6 is containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 2 . Use
true, shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
The overlapping region is the solution. test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution.
x 2y 6
29.
2 x 4 y 0
Graph the line x 2 y = 6 . Use a solid line since
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 2(0) 6 is true,
shade the side of the line containing (0, 0). Graph
the line 2 x 4 y = 0 . Use a solid line since the
inequality uses . Choose a test point not on the
line, such as (0, 2). Since 2(0) 4(2) 0 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 2).
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 x + 3 y 6 y x 4
2
33. 37.
2 x + 3 y 0 y x 2
Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 6 . Use a solid line since Graph the parabola y = x 2 4 . Use a solid line
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 2(0) + 3(0) 6 is not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since
false, shade the opposite side of the line from 0 02 4 is true, shade the same side of the
(0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 0 . Use a solid parabola as (0, 0). Graph the line y = x 2 . Use
line since the inequality uses . Choose a test a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
point not on the line, such as (0, 2). Since test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 3(2) 0 is false, shade the opposite side of 0 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
the line from (0, 2). Since the regions do not line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
overlap, the solution is an empty set. solution.
39. x 2 + y 2 16
x + y 9
2 2
35. 2
y x 4
x + y 3
Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 9 . Use a solid line Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 16 . Use a sold line
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point since the inequality is not strict. Choose a test
not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since point not on the circle, such as (0, 0) . Since
02 + 02 9 is true, shade the same side of the 02 + 02 16 is true, shade the side of the circle
circle as (0, 0). containing (0, 0) . Graph the parabola
Graph the line x + y = 3 . Use a solid line since
y = x 2 4 . Use a solid line since the inequality
the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
is not strict. Choose a test point not on the
the line, such as (0, 0). Since 0 + 0 3 is false,
shade the opposite side of the line from (0, 0). parabola, such as (0, 0) . Since 0 02 4 is true,
The overlapping region is the solution. shade the side of the parabola that contains
(0, 0) . The overlapping region is the solution.
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Section 12.7: Systems of Inequalities
xy 4 2(6 2 y ) + y = 6
41. 2
y x + 1 12 4 y + y = 6
Graph the hyperbola xy = 4 . Use a solid line 12 3 y = 6
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point 3 y = 6
not on the parabola, such as (0, 0). Since y=2
0 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of the
x = 6 2(2) = 2
hyperbola from (0, 0). Graph the parabola
The point of intersection is (2, 2).
y = x 2 + 1 . Use a solid line since the inequality
The four corner points are (0, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0), and
uses . Choose a test point not on the parabola, (2, 2).
such as (0, 0). Since 0 02 + 1 is false, shade the
opposite side of the parabola from (0, 0).The
overlapping region is the solution.
x0
y0
45.
x + y2
x0 2 x + y 4
y0
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
43.
2 x + y 6 quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
x + 2 y 6 line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
quadrant. Graph the line 2 x + y = 6 . Use a solid 0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 4 . Use
line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
2(0) + 0 6 is true, shade the side of the line
2(0) + 0 4 is false, shade the opposite side of
containing (0, 0). Graph the line x + 2 y = 6 . Use
the line from (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a solution. The graph is unbounded.
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 2(0) 6 is true, shade the side of the line
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
solution. The graph is bounded. Find the
vertices:
The x-axis and y-axis intersect at (0, 0). The
intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and the y-axis is (0, 3).
The intersection of 2 x + y = 6 and the x-axis is
(3, 0). To find the intersection of x + 2 y = 6 and
2 x + y = 6 , solve the system:
x + 2y = 6
2 x + y = 6
Solve the first equation for x: x = 6 2 y .
Substitute and solve:
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x0
y0
47. x + y 2
2 x + 3 y 12
3x + y 12
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
x 0
point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the y 0
line from (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + 3 y = 12 . 49. x + y 2
Use a solid line since the inequality uses . x+ y 8
Choose a test point not on the line, such as (0, 0).
2 x + y 10
Since 2(0) + 3(0) 12 is true, shade the side of
Graph x 0; y 0 . Shaded region is the first
the line containing (0, 0). Graph the line
3x + y = 12 . Use a solid line since the inequality quadrant. Graph the line x + y = 2 . Use a solid
uses . Choose a test point not on the line, such line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
as (0, 0). Since 3(0) + 0 12 is true, shade the point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
0 + 0 2 is false, shade the opposite side of the
side of the line containing (0, 0). The overlapping
line from (0, 0). Graph the line x + y = 8 . Use a
region is the solution. The graph is bounded.
solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a test
Find the vertices: point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is 0 + 0 8 is true, shade the side of the line
(0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x- containing (0, 0). Graph the line 2 x + y = 10 . Use
axis is (2, 0). The intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 a solid line since the inequality uses . Choose a
test point not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
and the y-axis is (0, 4). The intersection of
2(0) + 0 10 is true, shade the side of the line
3x + y = 12 and the x-axis is (4, 0).
containing (0, 0). The overlapping region is the
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and solution. The graph is bounded.
3x + y = 12 , solve the system: Find the vertices:
2 x + 3 y = 12 The intersection of x + y = 2 and the y-axis is
3 x + y = 12 (0, 2). The intersection of x + y = 2 and the x-axis
Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 3x . is (2, 0). The intersection of x + y = 8 and the y-
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.7: Systems of Inequalities
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
The corner points are (35,000, 0), The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 150),
(35,000, 10,000), (40,000, 10,000), (90, 105), (160, 0).
(50,000, 0).
61. a. Let x = the # of microwaves, and
59. a. Let x = the # of packages of the economy let y = the # of printers.
blend, and let y = the # of packages of the The constraints are:
superior blend. x 0, y 0 because a non-negative # of
The constraints are: items must be shipped.
x 0, y 0 because a non-negative # of 30 x + 20 y 1600 because a total cargo
packages must be produced. weight cannot exceed 1600 pounds.
4 x + 8 y 75 16 because the total amount of 2 x + 3 y 150 because the total cargo
A grade coffee cannot exceed 75 pounds. volume cannot exceed 150 cubic feet. Note
(Note: 75 pounds = (75)(16) ounces.) that the inequality 30 x + 20 y 1600 can be
12 x + 8 y 120 16 because the total amount of simplified: 3x + 2 y 160 .
B grade coffee cannot exceed 120 pounds. The system is:
(Note: 120 pounds = (120)(16) ounces.) 3x + 2 y 160
Simplifying the inequalities, we obtain:
2 x + 3 y 150
4 x + 8 y 75 16 12 x + 8 y 120 16 x 0; y 0
x + 2 y 75 4 3x + 2 y 120 4
b. Graph the system.
x + 2 y 300 3x + 2 y 480
The system is:
x 0
y 0
x + 2 y 300
3x + 2 y 480
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 50), (36, 26),
160
,0 .
3
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Section 12.8: Linear Programming
63. 3r = sin 3. z = x + y
3r 2 = r sin Vertex Value of z = x + y
3( x 2 + y 2 ) = y (0, 3) z = 0+3 = 3
3x + 3 y 2 y = 0
2
(0, 6) z = 0+6 = 6
1 (5, 6) z = 5 + 6 = 11
x2 + y 2 y = 0
3
1 1 1 (5, 2) z = 5+2 = 7
2 2
x + y y+ = (4, 0) z = 4+0 = 4
3 36 36
2 2
1 1 The maximum value is 11 at (5, 6), and the
x2 + y = minimum value is 3 at (0, 3).
6 6
The graph is a circle with center 0, and
1 5. z = x + 10 y
6
1 Vertex Value of z = x + 10 y
radius . (0, 3) z = 0 + 10(3) = 30
6
(0, 6) z = 0 + 10(6) = 60
(5, 6) z = 5 + 10(6) = 65
(5, 2) z = 5 + 10(2) = 25
(4, 0) z = 4 + 10(0) = 4
The maximum value is 65 at (5, 6), and the
minimum value is 4 at (4, 0).
7. z = 5 x + 7 y
Vertex Value of z = 5 x + 7 y
(0, 3)z = 5(0) + 7(3) = 21
(0, 6)z = 5(0) + 7(6) = 42
65. 2 cos 2 cos 1 = 0 (5, 6) z = 5(5) + 7(6) = 67
(2 cos + 1)(cos 1) = 0 (5, 2) z = 5(5) + 7(2) = 39
2 cos + 1 = 0 or cos 1 = 0 (4, 0) z = 5(4) + 7(0) = 20
1 cos = 1 The maximum value is 67 at (5, 6), and the
cos = minimum value is 20 at (4, 0).
2 =0
2 4 9. Maximize z = 2 x + y subject to x 0,
= ,
3 3 y 0, x + y 6, x + y 1 . Graph the
2 4
On 0 < 2 , the solution set is 0, , . constraints.
3 3
y
(0,6)
x+y=6
Section 12.8
1. objective function
(0,1)
(6,0) x
(1,0)
x+y=1
The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 6), (6, 0).
Evaluate the objective function:
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + y 2 x + 3 y = 12
(0, 1) z = 2(0) + 1 = 1 3x + 2 y = 12
(0, 6) z = 2(0) + 6 = 6 3
Solve the second equation for y: y = 6 x
(1, 0) z = 2(1) + 0 = 2 2
Substitute and solve:
(6, 0) z = 2(6) + 0 = 12
3
The maximum value is 12 at (6, 0). 2 x + 3 6 x = 12
2
11. Minimize z = 2 x + 5 y subject to x 0, 9
2 x + 18 x = 12
y 0, x + y 2, x 5, y 3 . Graph the 2
constraints. 5
x = 6
2
y
12
x=
5
x=5
3 12 18 12
y = 6 = 6 =
2 5 5 5
(0,3) (5,3) y=3 The point of intersection is ( 2.4, 2.4 ) .
(0,2) The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0),
(2.4, 2.4). Evaluate the objective function:
(2,0) (5,0) x
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
x+y=2 (0, 2) z = 3(0) + 5(2) = 10
The corner points are (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (5, 0), (0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20
(5, 3). Evaluate the objective function: (2, 0) z = 3(2) + 5(0) = 6
Vertex Value of z = 2 x + 5 y (4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12
(0, 2)z = 2(0) + 5(2) = 10 (2.4, 2.4) z = 3(2.4) + 5(2.4) = 19.2
(0, 3) z = 2(0) + 5(3) = 15 The maximum value is 20 at (0, 4).
(2, 0) z = 2(2) + 5(0) = 4
15. Minimize z = 5 x + 4 y subject to x 0,
(5, 0) z = 2(5) + 5(0) = 10
y 0, x + y 2, 2 x + 3 y 12, 3x + y 12 . Graph
(5, 3) z = 2(5) + 5(3) = 25
the constraints.
The minimum value is 4 at (2, 0).
y
the constraints.
y (0,4)
(
24
, 12 )
7 7
(0,2) 2x + 3y = 12
3x + 2y = 12 (2,0) (4,0) x
(0,4)
x+y=2
(2.4,2.4)
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and
(0,2)
2x + 3y = 12 3x + y = 12 , solve the system:
(2,0) (4,0) x
2 x + 3 y = 12
x+y=2 3 x + y = 12
To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 12 and Solve the second equation for y: y = 12 3 x
3x + 2 y = 12 , solve the system: Substitute and solve:
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Section 12.8: Linear Programming
(0,10) (8,24)
x + y = 10
x + y = 32
(20,0) x
(0,0)
(103 , 103 )
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and
(10,0) x 2 x + y = 40 , solve the system:
2x + y = 10
x + 2y = 10
x + y = 32
To find the intersection of 2 x + y = 10 and 2 x + y = 40
x + 2 y = 10 , solve the system: Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 x .
Substitute and solve:
2 x + y = 10
2 x + (32 x) = 40
x + 2 y = 10
x=8
Solve the first equation for y: y = 10 2 x . y = 32 8 = 24
Substitute and solve: The point of intersection is (8, 24).
x + 2(10 2 x) = 10 The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (20, 0),
x + 20 4 x = 10 (8, 24). Evaluate the objective function:
3 x = 10 Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y
10 (0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0
x=
3 (0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600
10 20 10 (20, 0) P = 70(20) + 50(0) = 1400
y = 10 2 = 10 =
3 3 3 (8, 24) P = 70(8) + 50(24) = 1760
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2x + y = 48
25 x
(0,32)
The corner points are (0, 25), (0, 35), (15, 20),
(15, 16). Evaluate the objective function:
(16,16)
Vertex Value of C = 28 x + 52 y
x + y = 32 (0, 25) C = 28(0) + 52(25) = 1300
(24,0) x (0, 35) C = 28(0) + 52(35) = 1820
(0,0)
(15, 20) C = 28(15) + 52(20) = 1460
To find the intersection of x + y = 32 and (15, 16) C = 28(15) + 52(16) = 1252
2 x + y = 48 , solve the system: Kathleen should rent 15 rectangular tables and 16
x + y = 32 round tables in order to minimize the cost. The
minimum cost is $1252.00.
2 x + y = 48
Solve the first equation for y: y = 32 x . 23. Let x = the amount invested in junk bonds, and
Substitute and solve: let y = the amount invested in Treasury bills.
2 x + (32 x) = 48 The total income is: I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y . Income
x = 16 is to be maximized, so this is the objective
y = 32 16 = 16 function. The constraints are:
The point of intersection is (16, 16). x 0, y 0 A non-negative amount must be
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 32), (24, 0), invested.
(16, 16). Evaluate the objective function: x + y 20, 000 Total investment cannot exceed
Vertex Value of P = 70 x + 50 y $20,000.
(0, 0) P = 70(0) + 50(0) = 0 x 12, 000 Amount invested in junk bonds
(0, 32) P = 70(0) + 50(32) = 1600 must not exceed $12,000.
y 8000 Amount invested in Treasury bills
(24, 0) P = 70(24) + 50(0) = 1680
must be at least $8000.
(16, 16) P = 70(16) + 50(16) = 1920 a. y x Amount invested in Treasury bills
The maximum profit is $1920, when 16 downhill must be equal to or greater than the
skis and 16 cross-country skis are produced. amount invested in junk bonds.
Graph the constraints.
21. Let x = the number of rectangular tables rented,
and let y = the number of round tables rented.
The cost for the tables is: C = 28 x + 52 y . Cost is
to be minimized, so this is the objective function.
The constraints are:
x 0, y 0 A non-negative number of tables
must be used.
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Section 12.8: Linear Programming
(0,20000)
x + y = 20000 Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
(12000, 8000) I = 0.09(12000) + 0.07(8000)
y=x = 1640
(8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000)
(10000,10000)
= 1280
(0,8000) (8000,8000) y = 8000 (10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000)
= 1600
The maximum income is $1640, when
x = 12000
$12,000 is invested in junk bonds and $8000
is invested in Treasury bills.
The corner points are (0, 20,000), (0, 8000),
25. Let x = the number of pounds of ground beef,
(8000, 8000), (10,000, 10,000).
and let y = the number of pounds of ground
Evaluate the objective function:
pork. The total cost is: C = 0.75 x + 0.45 y . Cost
Vertex Value of I = 0.09 x + 0.07 y
is to be minimized, so this is the objective
(0, 20000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(20000)
function. The constraints are:
= 1400 x 0, y 0 A positive number of pounds
(0, 8000) I = 0.09(0) + 0.07(8000) must be used.
= 560 x 200 Only 200 pounds of ground beef
(8000, 8000) I = 0.09(8000) + 0.07(8000) are available.
= 1280 y 50 At least 50 pounds of ground
(10000, 10000) I = 0.09(10000) + 0.07(10000) pork must be used.
= 1600 0.75 x + 0.60 y 0.70( x + y ) Leanness
The maximum income is $1600, when condition
$10,000 is invested in junk bonds and (Note that the last equation will simplify to
$10,000 is invested in Treasury bills. 1
y x .) Graph the constraints.
2
b. yx Amount invested in Treasury bills
y
must not exceed the amount invested
(200,100)
in junk bonds.
Graph the constraints.
x + y = 20000
(100,50)
(200,50)
y=x
(10000,10000)
y = 8000 x
(8000,8000) (12000,8000)
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
27. Let x = the number of racing skates 29. Let x = the number of metal fasteners, and let y
manufactured, and let y = the number of figure = the number of plastic fasteners. The total cost
skates manufactured. The total profit is: is: C = 9 x + 4 y . Cost is to be minimized, so this
P = 10 x + 12 y . Profit is to be maximized, so is the objective function. The constraints are:
this is the objective function. The constraints x 2, y 2 At least 2 of each fastener must be
are: made.
x+ y 6 At least 6 fasteners are needed.
x 0, y 0 A positive number of skates must
4 x + 2 y 24 Only 24 hours are available.
be manufactured.
Graph the constraints.
6 x + 4 y 120 Only 120 hours are available for
fabrication. y
x + 2 y 40 Only 40 hours are available for
(2,8)
finishing.
Graph the constraints.
y
(2,4)
(5,2)
(4,2)
x
(0,20) (10,15) The corner points are (2, 4), (2, 8), (4, 2), (5, 2).
Evaluate the objective function:
(20,0) x Vertex Value of C = 9 x + 4 y
(0,0)
(2, 4) C = 9(2) + 4(4) = 34
(2, 8) C = 9(2) + 4(8) = 50
To find the intersection of 6 x + 4 y = 120 and (4, 2) C = 9(4) + 4(2) = 44
x +2y = 40 , solve the system: (5, 2) C = 9(5) + 4(2) = 53
6 x + 4 y = 120 The minimum cost is $34, when 2 metal fasteners
x + 2 y = 40 and 4 plastic fasteners are ordered.
Solve the second equation for x: x = 40 2 y
31. Let x = the number of first class seats, and let
Substitute and solve: y = the number of coach seats. Using the hint,
6(40 2 y ) + 4 y = 120
the revenue from x first class seats and y coach
240 12 y + 4 y = 120 seats is Fx + Cy, where F > C > 0. Thus,
8 y = 120 R = Fx + Cy is the objective function to be
y = 15 maximized. The constraints are:
x = 40 2(15) = 10 8 x 16 Restriction on first class seats.
The point of intersection is (10, 15). 80 y 120 Restriction on coach seats.
The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 20), (20, 0), x 1
(10, 15). Evaluate the objective function: a. Ratio of seats.
y 12
Vertex Value of P = 10 x + 12 y The constraints are:
(0, 0) P = 10(0) + 12(0) = 0 8 x 16
(0, 20) P = 10(0) + 12(20) = 240 80 y 120
(20, 0) P = 10(20) + 12(0) = 200 12x y
(10, 15) P = 10(10) + 12(15) = 280
The maximum profit is $280, when 10 racing
skates and 15 figure skates are produced.
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Section 12.8: Linear Programming
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Chapter 12 Review Exercises
4 x 10 y = 20 2 x 4 y + z = 15
9. x + 2 y 4 z = 27
4 x + 10 y = 20
5 x 6 y 2 z = 3
0= 0
The system is dependent. Multiply the first equation by 1 and the second
2 x + 5 y = 10 equation by 2, and then add to eliminate x:
5 y = 2 x + 10 2 x + 4 y z = 15
2 x + 4 y 8 z = 54
2
y = x+2
5 8 y 9 z = 69
2 Multiply the second equation by 5 and add to
The solution is y = x + 2 , x is any real number
5 the third equation to eliminate x:
5 x 10 y + 20 z = 135
2
or ( x, y ) y = x + 2, x is any real number . 5 x 6 y 2 z = 3
5
16 y + 18 z = 138
x + 2y z = 6 Multiply both sides of the first result by 2 and
add to the second result to eliminate y:
8. 2 x y + 3z = 13
3x 2 y + 3 z = 16 16 y 18 z = 138
16 y + 18 z = 138
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
add to the second equation to eliminate x; 0=0
The system is dependent.
2 x 4 y + 2 z = 12
16 y + 18 z = 138
2 x y + 3 z = 13 18 z + 138 = 16 y
5 y + 5 z = 25 9 69
y = z+
yz =5 8 8
Multiply each side of the first equation by 3 and Substituting into the second equation and solving
add to the third equation to eliminate x: for x:
3x 6 y + 3 z = 18 9 69
x + 2 z + 4 z = 27
3x 2 y + 3z = 16 8 8
8 y + 6 z = 34 9 69
x + z + 4 z = 27
Multiply each side of the first result by 8 and add 4 4
to the second result to eliminate y: 7 39
x= z+
8 y 8 z = 40 4 4
8 y + 6 z = 34 7 39 9 69
The solution is x = z + , y = z + , z is
2z = 6 4 4 8 8
z = 3 7 39
any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = z + ,
Substituting and solving for the other variables: 4 4
y (3) = 5 x + 2(2) (3) = 6 9 69
y= z + , z is any real number .
y=2 x+4+3= 6 8 8
x = 1
The solution is x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 or (1, 2, 3) .
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x 4 y + 3 z = 15 1 0
4 3 0
10. 3x + y 5 z = 5 15. AB = 2 4
1 1 2
7 x 5 y 9 z = 10 1 2
Multiply the first equation by 3 and then add the 1(4) + 0(1) 1(3) + 0(1) 1(0) + 0( 2)
second equation to eliminate x: = 2(4) + 4(1) 2( 3) + 4(1) 2(0) + 4( 2)
3x 12 y + 9 z = 45 1(4) + 2(1) 1( 3) + 2(1) 1(0) + 2(2)
3x + y 5 z = 5
4 3 0
11y + 4 z = 40 = 12 2 8
Multiply the first equation by 7 and add to the 2 5 4
third equation to eliminate x:
7 x 28 y + 21z = 105 3 4
4 3 0
7 x 5 y 9 z = 10 16. BC =
1 5
1 1 2 5
33 y + 12 z = 115 2
115 4(3) 3(1) + 0(5) 4(4) 3(5) + 0(2)
11 y + 4 z = =
3 1(3) + 1(1) 2(5) 1( 4) + 1(5) 2(2)
Multiply the first result by 1 and adding it to
9 31
the second result: =
11y 4 z = 40 6 3
115
11y + 4 z = 3 4 6
17. A =
1 3
5
0= Augment the matrix with the identity and use
3 row operations to find the inverse:
The system has no solution. The system is 4 6 1 0
inconsistent. 1 3 0 1
3x + 2 y = 8 1 3 0 1 Interchange
11.
x + 4 y = 1 4 6 1 0 r1 and r2
1 3 0 1
x + 2 y + 5z = 2 ( R2 = 4r1 + r2 )
0 6 1 4
12. 5 x 3z = 8
2 x y 1 3 0 1
=0
1 16 2 ( R2 = 16 r2 )
0 3
1 0 3 4 1 0 1
1
13. A + C = 2 4 + 1 5
2
2 ( R1 = 3r2 + r1 )
0 1 16
3
1 2 5 2 1 1
1 + 3 0 + ( 4) 4 4 Thus, A1 = 12 2
.
6 3
= 2 + 1 4 + 5 = 3 9
1 + 5 2 + 2 4 4
1 0 6 1 6 0 6 0
14. 6 A = 6 2 4 = 6 2 6 4 = 12 24
1 2 6(1) 6 2 6 12
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Chapter 12 Review Exercises
1 2 0 1
( R1 = r1 )
0 0 1 4
There is no inverse because there is no way to
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
1 0 11
9 60
11
x 2z = 1
39 R1 = r2 + r1
0 1 112
11 23. 2 x + 3 y = 3
0 0 24 104 R3 = r2 + r3 4x 3 y 4z = 3
11 11
1 0 11
9 60 Write the augmented matrix:
11
39 1 0 2 1
0 1 112
11 ( R3 = 1124 r3 ) 2 3 0 3
0 0 1 13
3
4 3 4 3
1 0 0 9
R1 = 11
9
r3 + r1 1 0 2 1
R2 = 2r1 + r2
4 5
13
0 1 0 3 0 3
R2 = r3 + r2
2
13 11 R3 = 4r1 + r3
0 0 1 3 0 3 4 1
13 13 1 0 2 1
The solution is x = 9, y = ,z= or 5
3 3 0 1 4
3
3 ( R2 = 13 r2 )
13 13 0 3 4 1
9, , .
3 3
1 0 2 1
2 x + y + z = 5
0 1 4
3
53 ( R3 = 3r2 + r3 )
22. 4 x y 3z = 1 00 8 6
8x + y z = 5
1 0 2 1
Write the augmented matrix:
2 1 1 5
0 1 4
3
53 ( R3 = 18 r3 )
0 0 1 34
4 1 3 1
8 1 1 5 1 0 0 1
2 R1 = 2r3 + r1
2 0 1 0 23
1 1 5 4
R2 = 2r1 + r2 3 R2 = 3 r3 + r2
0 3 5 9 0 0 1 4
0 3 5 15 R3 = 4r1 + r3 1 2 3
The solution is x = , y = , z = or
2 3 4
1 1 1 5
2 2
2 R1 = 12 r1 1 2 3
0 1 5
3 , , .
3 R2 = 1 r2 2 3 4
0 3 5 15 3
1 0 13 1
5
R1 = 12 r2 + r1
0 1 3
3
R3 = 3 r2 + r3
0 0 0 6
There is no solution; the system is inconsistent.
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12 Review Exercises
x y+ z= 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 R2 = 2r1 + r2
24. x y 5 z = 6 3 1 4 1
2 x 2 y + z = 1 R3 = r1 + r3
0 1 1 2 1
R = 3 r1 + r4
Write the augmented matrix: 0 1 4 8 6 4
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 5 6 0
1 1 2 1 Interchange
2 2 1 1
0 3 1 4 1 r2 and r3
1 1 1 0 0 1 4 8 6
R2 = r1 + r2
0 0 6 6
1 1 1 1 1
R3 = 2r1 + r3 0
0 0 1 1 1 1 2 1
( R2 = r2 )
0 3 1 4 1
1 1 1 0
0 1 4 8 6
0 0 1 1 (R2 = 16 r2) 1 0 0 1 2
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 R1 = r2 + r1
2 1
1 1 0 1 R = 3 r2 + r3
R1 = r2 + r1 0 0 2 2 2 3
0 0 1 1 R4 = r2 + r4
R3 = r2 + r3 0 0 5 10 5
0 0 0
0
1 0 0 1 2
The system is dependent. 0 1 1 2 1 R3 = 12 r3
x = y +1
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = 1 r4
z = 1 5
The solution is x = y + 1 , z = 1 , y is any real 0 0 1 2 1
1 0 0 1 2
number or {( x, y, z ) x = y + 1, z = 1, y is any 0 1 0 1 0
R2 = r3 + r2
real number} .
0 0 1 1 1 R4 = r3 + r4
x y z t = 1 0 0 0 1 2
2 x + y z + 2t = 3 1 0 0 0 4
0 1 0 0 2 R1 = r4 + r1
25.
x 2 y 2 z 3t = 0 R2 = r4 + r2
3x 4 y + z + 5t = 3 0 0 1 0 3 R = r + r
3 4 3
Write the augmented matrix: 0 0 0 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 The solution is x = 4, y = 2, z = 3, t = 2 or
2 1 1 2 3 (4, 2, 3, 2) .
1 2 2 3 0
3 4
3 4 1 5 3 26. = 3(3) 4(1) = 9 4 = 5
1 3
1 4 0
4 1 + 0 1 2
6 6
27. 1 2 6 = 1 2
4 1 3 1 3 4 3 4 1
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 1 3 x + 2y z = 6
0 1 5 1 5 0
28. 5 0 1 =2 1 + (3) 31. 2 x y + 3z = 13
6 0 2 0 2 6 3 x 2 y + 3 z = 16
2 6 0
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
= 2(0 6) 1(0 2) 3(30 0) Cramers Rule:
= 2(6) 1(2) 3(30) 1 2 1
= 12 + 2 90 D = 2 1 3
= 100 3 2 3
1 3 1 3 2 1
x 2y = 4 =1 2 + (1)
29. 2 3 2 3 3 2
3x + 2 y = 4 = 1( 3 + 6 ) 2(3 + 6) + ( 1)(4 + 3)
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use
= 3 + 6 + 1 = 10
Cramers Rule:
6 2 1
1 2
D= = 1(2) 3(2) = 2 + 6 = 8 Dx = 13 1 3
3 2
16 2 3
4 2
Dx = = 4(2) 4(2) = 8 + 8 = 16 1 3 13 3 13 1
4 2 =6 2 + (1)
1 4 2 3 16 3 16 2
Dy = = 1(4) 3(4) = 4 12 = 8
3 4 = 6 ( 3 + 6 ) 2(39 + 48) + (1)(26 16)
Dx 16 D 8 = 18 18 10 = 10
The solution is x = = =2, y= y = = 1 1 6 1
D 8 D 8
or (2, 1) . Dy = 2 13 3
3 16 3
2 x + 3 y 13 = 0 13 3 2 3 2 13
30. =1 6 + (1)
3x 2 y = 0 16 3 3 3 3 16
Write the system is standard form: = 1( 39 + 48 ) 6(6 9) + (1)( 32 + 39)
2 x + 3 y = 13
= 9 + 18 7 = 20
3 x 2 y = 0 1 2 6
Set up and evaluate the determinants to use Dz = 2 1 13
Cramers Rule:
3 2 16
2 3
D= = 4 9 = 13 1 13 2 13 2 1
3 2 =1 2 +6
2 16 3 16 3 2
13 3 = 1(16 26 ) 2(32 + 39) + 6(4 + 3)
Dx = = 26 0 = 26
0 2
= 10 14 6 = 30
D 10
Dy = 2 13 = 0 39 = 39 The solution is x = x = = 1 ,
3 0 D 10
Dx 26 Dy 20 D 30
The solution is x = = =2, y= = = 2, z = z = = 3 or
D 13 D 10 D 10
Dy 39 (1, 2, 3) .
y= = = 3 or (2, 3).
D 13
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Chapter 12 Review Exercises
x y 2 4 = A(2)(2 1) + B (2 1) + C (2) 2
32. Let = 8.
a b 2 = 2 A + B + 4C
2x y 2 A = 2 4 4(3)
Then = 2 ( 8 ) = 16 by Theorem (14).
2a b 2A = 6
The value of the determinant is multiplied by k A=3
when the elements of a column are multiplied by x4 3 4 3
k. 2
= + 2+
x ( x 1) x x x 1
x y
33. Let = 8. 36. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
a b
x A Bx + C
y x = +
Then = 8 by Theorem (11). The ( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x 2 + 9
b a
Multiply both sides by ( x + 1)( x 2 + 9) .
value of the determinant changes sign when any
2 columns are interchanged. x = A( x 2 + 9) + ( Bx + C )( x + 1)
Let x = 1 , then
34. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
6 A B ( )
1 = A ( 1) + 9 + ( B ( 1) + C ) ( 1 + 1)
2
x( x 4) = x( x 4) +
x( x 4) x x4 1 = A(10) + ( B + C )(0)
6 = A( x 4) + Bx 1 = 10 A
Let x =4, then 6 = A(4 4) + B (4) 1
A=
4B = 6 10
Let x = 0 , then
3
B=
2 ( )
0 = A 02 + 9 + ( B ( 0 ) + C ) ( 0 + 1)
Let x = 0, then 6 = A(0 4) + B (0) 0 = 9A + C
4 A = 6 1
0 = 9 + C
3 10
A=
2 9
3 3 C=
10
6
x( x 4)
=
x
2 + 2
x4 ( )
Let x = 1 , then 1 = A 12 + 9 + ( B (1) + C ) (1 + 1)
1 = A(10) + ( B + C )(2)
35. Find the partial fraction decomposition:
1 = 10 A + 2 B + 2C
x4 A B C
2
= + 2+ 1 9
x ( x 1) x x x 1 1 = 10 + 2 B + 2
10 10
Multiply both sides by x 2 ( x 1) 9
1 = 1 + 2 B +
x 4 = Ax( x 1) + B ( x 1) + Cx 2 5
Let x = 1 , then 1
2B =
1 4 = A(1)(1 1) + B(1 1) + C (1) 2 5
3 = C 1
B=
C = 3 10
Let x = 0 , then 1 1 9
x+
x 10 10 10
0 4 = A(0)(0 1) + B(0 1) + C (0) 2 = + 2
( x 2 + 9)( x + 1) x + 1 x +9
4 = B
B=4
Let x = 2 , then
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Copyright 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 12 Review Exercises
If y = 2 : 2 2 2 2 4 2
If y = : x = 2 =
( 2)+( 2) 3 3 3
2
2x = 10 2 2 x = 8 x = 2 2
2 2 2 2 4 2
If y = 2 : If y = : x = 2 = 3
3 3
( ) ( )
2
2x 2 + 2 = 10 2 2 x = 8
If y = 2 : x= 2
x = 2 2 If y = 2 : x = 2
Solutions: (2 )(
2, 2 , 2 2, 2 ) Solutions:
4 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
41. Substitute into the second equation into the first
, ,
3 3
, , 2, 2 ,
3
( )
3
equation and solve:
x 2 + y 2 = 6 y ( 2, 2 )
x2 = 3 y
x 2 3x + y 2 + y = 2
3y + y2 = 6 y
43. x 2 x
y2 3 y = 0 + y +1 = 0
y
y ( y 3) = 0 y = 0 or y = 3 Multiply each side of the second equation by y
If y = 0 : x 2 = 3(0) x 2 = 0 x = 0 and add the equations to eliminate y:
If y = 3 : x 2 = 3(3) x 2 = 9 x = 3 x 2 3x + y 2 + y = 2
Solutions: (0, 0), (3, 3), (3, 3). x2 + x y2 y = 0
2 x = 2
42. Factor the second equation, solve for x,
substitute into the first equation and solve: x =1
3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 If x = 1: 12 3(1) + y 2 + y = 2
2 2 y2 + y = 0
x + 3 xy + 2 y = 0
y ( y + 1) = 0
x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 = 0
y = 0 or y = 1
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) = 0 x = 2 y or x = y
Note that y 0 because that would cause
Substitute x = 2 y and solve:
division by zero in the original system.
3 x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 Solution: (1, 1)
3( 2 y ) 2 + 4( 2 y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
44. 3x + 4 y 12
12 y 2 8 y 2 + 5 y 2 = 8 Graph the line 3 x + 4 y = 12 . Use a solid line
9 y2 = 8 since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
8 2 2 not on the line, such as (0, 0). Since
y2 = y= 3 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) 12 is true, shade the side of the line
9 3
containing (0, 0).
y
Substitute x = y and solve:
5
3x 2 + 4 xy + 5 y 2 = 8 3x + 4y 12
3( y ) 2 + 4( y ) y + 5 y 2 = 8
x
3y2 4 y2 + 5 y2 = 8 5 5
4 y2 = 8
5
y2 = 2 y = 2
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Chapter 12 Review Exercises
y
since the inequality uses . Choose a test point
9
(0, 8) not on the hyperbola, such as (1, 2). Since
1 2 4 is true, shade the same side of the
2x + y = 8
hyperbola as (1, 2). The overlapping region is
the solution.
(0, 1) y
x + 2y = 2 (4, 0)
x y = x2
5
11 (2, 0) 9
x+y=2
5
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
(0,4) 2 x + 5 y = 5
(127 , 247 ) 54.
4 x + 10 y = A
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
(0,1)
(4,0) x
eliminate x:
(1,0)
4 x 10 y = 10
4 x + 10 y = A
To find the intersection of 0 = A 10
3x + 2 y = 12 and x + 3 y = 12 , solve the system:
If the system is to be inconsistent, the result of
3x + 2 y = 12 elimination should be 0 = any number except 0.
x + 3 y = 12 Therefore, A 10 0 or A 10 .
Solve the second equation for x: x = 12 3 y
Substitute and solve: 55. y = ax 2 + bx + c
3(12 3 y ) + 2 y = 12 At (0, 1) the equation becomes:
36 9 y + 2 y = 12 1 = a (0) 2 + b(0) + c
7 y = 24 c =1
24 At (1, 0) the equation becomes:
y=
7 0 = a(1) 2 + b(1) + c
24 72 12 0 = a+b+c
x = 12 3 = 12 =
7 7 7 a+b+c = 0
12 24 At (2, 1) the equation becomes:
The point of intersection is , .
7 7 1 = a( 2) 2 + b( 2) + c
The corner points are (0, 1), (1, 0), (0, 4), (4, 0), 1 = 4a 2b + c
12 24
, . 4a 2b + c = 1
7 7
The system of equations is:
Evaluate the objective function:
a+ b+c = 0
Vertex Value of z = 3x + 5 y
4a 2b + c = 1
(0, 1) z = 3(0) + 5(1) = 5
c=1
(0, 4) z = 3(0) + 5(4) = 20
Substitute c = 1 into the first and second
(1, 0) z = 3(1) + 5(0) = 3 equations and simplify:
(4, 0) z = 3(4) + 5(0) = 12 a + b +1 = 0 4a 2b + 1 = 1
12 24 12 24 156 a + b = 1 4a 2b = 0
, z = 3 + 5 =
7 7 7 7 7 a = b 1
The minimum value is 3 at (1, 0). Solve the first equation for a, substitute into the
second equation and solve:
2 x + 5 y = 5
53.
4 x + 10 y = A
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 and
eliminate x:
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Chapter 12 Review Exercises
57. Let x = the number of small boxes, let y = the To find the intersection of 2 x + 3 y = 576
number of medium boxes, and let z = the and 4 x + 3 y = 960 , solve the system:
number of large boxes. 4 x + 3 y = 960
Oatmeal raisin equation: x + 2 y + 2 z = 15
2 x + 3 y = 576
Chocolate chip equation: x + y + 2 z = 10 Subtract the second equation from the first:
Shortbread equation: y + 3 z = 11 4 x + 3 y = 960
x + 2 y + 2 z = 15 2 x 3 y = 576
x + y + 2 z = 10 2 x = 384
y + 3 z = 11
x = 192
Multiply each side of the second equation by 1 Substitute and solve:
and add to the first equation to eliminate x: 2(192) + 3 y = 576
x + 2 y + 2 z = 15 3 y = 192
x y 2 z = 10
y = 64
y + 3 z = 11 The corner points are (0, 0), (0, 192),
y =5 (240, 0), and (192, 64).
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Chapter 12 Test
y y = 2x 7
y = 2 ( 3) 7 = 6 7 = 1
The solution of the system is x = 3 , y = 1 or
(60,40)
(20,40)
(3, 1) .
(20,30) Elimination:
Multiply each side of the first equation by 2 so
(60,15) that the coefficients of x in the two equations are
(35,15)
negatives of each other. The result is the
x equivalent system
4 x + 2 y = 14
4x + 3y = 9
The corner points are (20, 30), (20, 40), (35, 15),
We can replace the second equation of this
(60, 15), (60, 40)
system by the sum of the two equations. The
Evaluate the objective function:
result is the equivalent system
Vertex Value of C = 450 x + 550 y
4 x + 2 y = 14
(20, 30) C = 450(20) + 550(30) = 25,500
5 y = 5
(20, 40) C = 450(35) + 550(40) = 31, 000 Now we solve the second equation for y.
(35, 15) C = 450(35) + 550(15) = 24, 000 5 y = 5
(60, 15) C = 450(60) + 550(15) = 35, 250 5
y= = 1
( 60, 40 ) C = 450 ( 60 ) + 550 ( 40 ) = 49, 000 5
The minimum cost is $24,000, when 35 gasoline We back-substitute this value for y into the
engines and 15 diesel engines are produced. The original first equation and solve for x.
excess capacity is 15 gasoline engines, since only 2 x + y = 7
20 gasoline engines had to be delivered. 2 x + ( 1) = 7
62. Answers will vary. 2 x = 6
6
x= =3
2
The solution of the system is x = 3 , y = 1 or
(3, 1) .
Chapter 12 Test
1
2. x 2 y = 1
1. 2 x + y = 7 3
5 x 30 y = 18
4x + 3y = 9
We choose to use the method of elimination and
Substitution:
multiply the first equation by 15 to obtain the
We solve the first equation for y, obtaining
y = 2x 7 equivalent system
Next we substitute this result for y in the second 5 x + 30 y = 15
equation and solve for x. 5 x 30 y = 18
4x + 3 y = 9 We replace the second equation by the sum of
4x + 3( 2x 7) = 9 the two equations to obtain the equivalent system
4 x + 6 x 21 = 9 5 x + 30 y = 15
10 x = 30 0=3
30 The second equation is a contradiction and has
x= =3 no solution. This means that the system itself has
10 no solution and is therefore inconsistent.
We can now obtain the value for y by letting
x = 3 in our substitution for y.
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) x y + 2z = 5
3. 3 x + 4 y z = 2 (2) 18
5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 z + y + 2z = 5
(3) 7
We use the method of elimination and begin by 18
z + y + 2z = 5
eliminating the variable y from equation (2). 7
Multiply each side of equation (1) by 4 and add 17
the result to equation (2). This result becomes y + z =
7
our new equation (2).
17
x y + 2z = 5 4 x 4 y + 8 z = 20 y = z
7
3x + 4 y z = 2 3 x + 4 y z = 2
18 17
7x + 7 z = 18 (2) The solution is x = z + , y = z ,
7 7
18
We now eliminate the variable y from equation z is any real number or ( x, y, z ) x = z + ,
(3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by 2 7
and adding the result to equation (3). The result 17
becomes our new equation (3). y = z , z is any real number .
7
x y + 2z = 5 2x 2 y + 4 z = 10
5 x + 2 y + 3z = 8 5x + 2 y + 3 z = 8 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)
7x + 7 z = 18 (3)
4. x 23 y + z = 1 (2)
Our (equivalent) system now looks like 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) We start by clearing the fraction in equation (2)
by multiplying both sides of the equation by 3.
7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
7 x + 7 z = 18 (3) 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)
Treat equations (2) and (3) as a system of two 3x 2 y + 3z = 3 (2)
equations containing two variables, and 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 (3)
eliminate the x variable by multiplying each side We use the method of elimination and begin by
of equation (2) by 1 and adding the result to eliminating the variable x from equation (2). The
equation (3). The result becomes our new coefficients on x in equations (1) and (2) are
equation (3). negatives of each other so we simply add the two
7 x + 7 z = 18 7 x 7 z = 18 equations together. This result becomes our new
7 x + 7 z = 18 7 x + 7 z = 18 equation (2).
0 = 0 (3) 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3
We now have the equivalent system 3 x 2 y + 3z = 3
x y + 2 z = 5 (1) 5 z = 0 (2)
7 x + 7 z = 18 (2)
We now eliminate the variable x from equation
0 = 0 (3)
(3) by multiplying each side of equation (1) by
This is equivalent to a system of two equations 2 and adding the result to equation (3). The
with three variables. Since one of the equations result becomes our new equation (3).
contains three variables and one contains only 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 6 x 4 y + 16 z = 6
two variables, the system will be dependent. 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8 6 x 3 y + 15 z = 8
There are infinitely many solutions.
We solve equation (2) for x and determine that 7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
18 Our (equivalent) system now looks like
x = z + . Substitute this expression into
7 3x + 2 y 8 z = 3 (1)
equation (1) to obtain y in terms of z.
5 z = 0 (2)
7 y + 31z = 14 (3)
We solve equation (2) for z by dividing both
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Chapter 12 Test
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Chapter 12 Test
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
2 2 3 5 4 23
1 1 2 8 Dy = = ( 4 )(19 ) ( 23)( 3) = 145
3 19
3 5 8 2 Dx 58
x= = = 2
1 1 2 8 D 29
R1 = r2
= 2 2 3 5
y=
Dy 145
= = 5
3 5 8 2 R2 = r1 D 29
The solution of the system is x = 2 , y = 5 or
1 1 2 8
R2 = 2r1 + r2 (2, 5) .
= 0 4 7 11
0 8 14 26 R3 = 3r1 + r3
20. 4 x 3 y + 2 z = 15
1 1 2 8 2 x + y 3 z = 15
5 x 5 y + 2 z = 18
= 0 1 7 11
4 4
( R2 = 14 r2 )
The determinant D of the coefficients of the
0 8 14 26 variables is
1 1 2 8 4 3 2
= 0 1 7 11
4 4
( R3 = 8r2 + r3 ) D = 2 1 3
5 5 2
0 0 0 4
The last row represents the equation 0 = 4 1 3 2 3 2 1
=4 ( 3) +2
which is a contradiction. Therefore, the system 5 2 5 2 5 5
has no solution and is be inconsistent.
= 4 ( 2 15 ) + 3 ( 4 + 15 ) + 2 (10 5 )
2 5 = 4 ( 13) + 3 (11) + 2 ( 5 )
17. = ( 2 )( 7 ) ( 5 )( 3) = 14 15 = 29
3 7 = 52 + 33 + 10
= 9
2 4 6 Since D 0 , Cramers Rule can be applied.
18. 1 4 0 15 3 2
1 2 4 Dx = 15 1 3
4 0 1 0 1 4 18 5 2
=2 (4) +6
2 4 1 4 1 2 1 3 15 3 15 1
= 15 ( 3) +2
= 2 [ 4(4) 2(0) ] + 4 [1(4) (1)(0) ] 5 2 18 2 18 5
+ 6 [1(2) (1)4] = 15 ( 2 15 ) + 3 ( 30 + 54 ) + 2 ( 75 18 )
= 2(16) + 4(4) + 6(6) = 15 ( 13) + 3 ( 24 ) + 2 ( 57 )
= 32 16 + 36 = 9
= 12
19. 4 x + 3 y = 23
3 x 5 y = 19
The determinant D of the coefficients of the
variables is
4 3
D= = ( 4 )( 5 ) ( 3)( 3) = 20 9 = 29
3 5
Since D 0 , Cramers Rule can be applied.
23 3
Dx = = ( 23)( 5 ) ( 3)(19 ) = 58
19 5
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Chapter 12 Test
4 15 2 2 y 2 3x 2 = 5
22.
Dy = 2 15 3 y x = 1 y = x +1
5 18 2 Substitute x + 1 for y into the first equation and
15 3 2 3 2 15 solve for x:
=4 15 +2 2 ( x + 1) 3x 2 = 5
2
18 2 5 2 5 18
= 4 ( 30 + 54 ) 15 ( 4 + 15 ) + 2 ( 36 + 75 ) ( )
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 3x 2 = 5
= 4 ( 24 ) 15 (11) + 2 ( 39 ) 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 3x 2 = 5
= 9 x2 + 4 x 3 = 0
4 3 15 x2 4x + 3 = 0
Dz = 2 1 15 ( x 1)( x 3) = 0
5 5 18 x = 1 or x = 3
1 15 2 15 2 1 Back substitute these values into the second
=4 ( 3) + 15 equation to determine y:
5 18 5 18 5 5
x = 1 : y = 1+1 = 2
= 4 (18 75 ) + 3 ( 36 + 75 ) + 15 (10 5 ) x = 3 : y = 3 +1 = 4
= 4 ( 57 ) + 3 ( 39 ) + 15 ( 5 ) The solutions of the system are (1, 2) and
= 36 (3, 4) .
D 9 Dy 9
x= x = = 1, y = = = 1 ,
D 9 D 9 x 2 + y 2 100
23.
D 36 4 x 3 y 0
z= z = =4
D 9 Graph the circle x 2 + y 2 = 100 . Use a solid
The solution of the system is x = 1 , y = 1 ,
curve since the inequality uses . Choose a test
z = 4 or (1, 1, 4) . point not on the circle, such as (0, 0). Since
02 + 02 100 is true, shade the same side of the
3x + y = 12
2 2
circle as (0, 0); that is, inside the circle.
21.
y2 = 9x Graph the line 4 x 3 y = 0 . Use a solid line since
2
Substitute 9x for y into the first equation and the inequality uses . Choose a test point not on
solve for x: the line, such as (0, 1). Since 4(0) 3(1) 0 is
3x 2 + ( 9 x ) = 12 false, shade the opposite side of the line from
(0, 1). The overlapping region is the solution.
3x 2 + 9 x 12 = 0
x 2 + 3x 4 = 0
( x 1)( x + 4) = 0
x = 1 or x = 4
Back substitute these values into the second
equation to determine y:
x = 1 : y 2 = 9(1) = 9
y = 3
x = 4 : y 2 = 9(4) = 36
y = 36 (not real)
The solutions of the system are (1, 3) and
(1, 3) .
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
3x + 7 A+ B = 0
24.
( x + 3)
2
C=0
The denominator contains the repeated linear 6 A + 3 B + D = 4
factor x + 3 . Thus, the partial fraction 3C + E = 0
decomposition takes on the form
9 A = 3
3x + 7 A B
= + 1
( x + 3) x + 3 ( x + 3)
2 2
From the last equation we get A = .
3
Clear the fractions by multiplying both sides by
Substituting this value into the first equation
( x + 3)
2
. The result is the identity 1
gives B = . From the second equation, we
3x + 7 = A ( x + 3) + B 3
or know C = 0 . Substituting this value into the
3x + 7 = Ax + ( 3 A + B ) fourth equation yields E = 0 .
We equate coefficients of like powers of x to 1 1
Substituting A = and B = into the third
obtain the system 3 3
3 = A equation gives us
6 ( 13 ) + 3 ( 13 ) + D = 4
7 = 3 A + B
Therefore, we have A = 3 . Substituting this 2 + 1 + D = 4
result into the second equation gives D=5
7 = 3A + B Therefore, the partial fraction decomposition is
7 = 3 ( 3) + B
1 1
x
4x2 3 3+ 3 5x
2 = B = +
x ( x + 3)
2
2
x ( x + 3) ( x + 3) 2
2 2
Thus, the partial fraction decomposition is
3x + 7 3 2
= + . 26. x 0
( ) ( + 3)
2 2
x + 3 x + 3 x y 0
4x2 3 x + 2 y 8
25. 2 x 3 y 2
( )
2
x x2 + 3
The inequalities x 0 and y 0 require that
The denominator contains the linear factor x and
the graph be in quadrant I.
the repeated irreducible quadratic factor x 2 + 3 . x + 2y 8
The partial fraction decomposition takes on the 1
form y x+4
2
4 x2 3 A Bx + C Dx + E
= + 2 + Test the point ( 0, 0 ) .
( ) ( )
2 2
2
x x +3 x x +3 x2 + 3
x + 2y 8
We clear the fractions by multiplying both sides 0 + 2 ( 0) 8 ?
( )
2
by x x 2 + 3 to obtain the identity 0 8 false
The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the
( ) ( )
2
2
+ x x + 3 ( Bx + C ) + x ( Dx + E )
2 2
4x 3 = A x + 3
graph of the inequality x + 2 y 8 includes the
Collecting like terms yields
4 x 2 3 = ( A + B ) x 4 + Cx3 + ( 6 A + 3B + D ) x 2 1
half-plane above the line y = x + 4 . Because
2
+ ( 3C + E ) x + ( 9 A ) the inequality is non-strict, the line is also part of
Equating coefficients, we obtain the system the graph of the solution.
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Chapter 12 Test
2x 3y 2 y
2 2 (0, 8)
y x 8
3 3
Test the point ( 0, 0 ) .
x 3 y = 3
2x 3 y 2 4 (3, 2)
2 ( 0) 3( 0) 2 ? (0, 1)
0 2 false
x
The point ( 0, 0 ) is not a solution. Thus, the 4 8
graph of the inequality 2 x 3 y 2 includes the 2x + y = 8
2 2 Corner point, ( x, y ) Value of obj. function, z
half-plane below the line y = x .
3 3 ( 0,1) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 (1) = 8
Because the inequality is non-strict, the line is
also part of the graph of the solution. ( 3, 2 ) z = 5 ( 3) + 8 ( 2 ) = 31
The overlapping shaded region (that is, the ( 0,8 ) z = 5 ( 0 ) + 8 ( 8 ) = 64
shaded region in the graph below) is the solution From the table, we can see that the maximum
to the system of linear inequalities. value of z is 64, and it occurs at the point ( 0,8 ) .
28. Let j = unit price for flare jeans, c = unit price for
camisoles, and t = unit price for t-shirts. The
given information yields a system of equations
with each of the three women yielding an
equation.
2 j + 2c + 4t = 90 (Megan)
j + 3t = 42.5 (Paige)
j + 3c + 2t = 62 (Kara)
We can solve this system by using matrices.
The graph is unbounded. The corner points 2 2 4 90 1 1 2 45
are ( 4, 2 ) and ( 8, 0 ) . 1 0 3 42.5 = 1 0 3 42.5 ( R1 = 12 r1 )
27. The objective function is z = 5 x + 8 y . We seek 1 3 2 62 1 3 2 62
the largest value of z that can occur if x and y are
solutions of the system of linear inequalities 1 1 2 45
R2 = r1 + r2
x 0 = 0 1 1 2.5
R3 = r1 + r3
2 x + y 8 0 2 0 17
x 3 y 3 1 1 2 45
2x + y = 8 x 3 y = 3 = 0 1 1 2.5 ( R2 = r2 )
y = 2 x + 8 3 y = x 3 0 2 0 17
1 1 0 3 42.5
y = x +1 R1 = r2 + r1
= 0 1 1 2.5
3 R3 = 2r2 + r3
The graph of this system (the feasible points) is 0 0 2 12
shown as the shaded region in the figure below.
1 0 3 42.5
The corner points of the feasible region are
( 0,1) , ( 3, 2 ) , and ( 0,8 ) .
= 0 1 1 2.5
(
R3 = 12 r3 )
0 0 1 6
The last row represents the equation z = 6 .
Substituting this result into y z = 2.5 (from the
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
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Chapter 12 Cumulative Review
2 x3 5
7. g ( x) = 10. f ( x) =
x4 + 1 x+2
5
2(x)
3
2 x3 y=
g ( x) = = = g ( x) x+2
(x)
4
+1 x4 + 1 5
x= Inverse
Thus, g is an odd function and its graph is y+2
symmetric with respect to the origin. x( y + 2) = 5
xy + 2 x = 5
8. x 2 + y 2 2 x + 4 y 11 = 0 xy = 5 2 x
x 2 2 x + y 2 + 4 y = 11 5 2x 5
y= = 2
x x
( x 2 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 4 y + 4) = 11 + 1 + 4
1 5
( x 1) 2 + ( y + 2) 2 = 16 Thus, f ( x) = 2
x
Center: (1,2); Radius: 4 Domain of f = {x | x 2}
Range of f = { y | y 0}
Domain of f 1 = {x | x 0}
Range of f 1 = { y | y 2} .
11. a. y = 3x + 6
The graph is a line.
x-intercept: y-intercept:
0 = 3x + 6 y = 3( 0) + 6
9. f ( x ) = 3x 2 + 1 3x = 6 =6
x
Using the graph of y = 3 , shift the graph x = 2
horizontally 2 units to the right, then shift the
graph vertically upward 1 unit.
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
b. x2 + y 2 = 4 f. y = e x
The graph is a circle with center (0, 0) and
radius 2.
g. y = ln x
c. y = x3
h. 2 x2 + 5 y 2 = 1
The graph is an ellipse.
x2 y2
1 + =1
d. y= 1 1
x 2 5
2 2
x y
+ =1
2 5
2 5
e. y= x
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Chapter 12 Projects
i. x2 3 y 2 = 1 b. 9
6 6
3
f has a local maximum of 7 at x = 1 and a
local minimum of 3 at x = 1 .
c. f is increasing on the intervals (, 1) and
(1, ) .
j. x2 2 x 4 y + 1 = 0
x2 2 x + 1 = 4 y
4 y = ( x 1) 2
1 Chapter 12 Projects
y = ( x 1) 2
4
Project I Internet Based Project
1. 80% = 0.80 18% = 0.18 2% = 0.02
40% = 0.40 50% = 0.50 10% = 0.10
20% = 0.20 60% = 0.60 20% = 0.20
0.80 0.18 0.02
2. 0.40 0.50 0.10
0.20 0.60 0.20
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Chapter 12: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Project III
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
a. AT =
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
b. B = ( AT A) 1 AT Y
2.357
B=
2.0357
c. y = 2.0357 x 2.357
d. y = 2.0357 x 2.357
Project IV
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