Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Transport Phenomena
Instructor:
Dr. Md. Easir Arafat Khan
Assistant Professor
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET,
Dhaka-1000
February 2015
Chapter-1: Viscosity and Mechanism of
Momentum Transport
At steady state, F is
required to maintain
velocity V, then the force
can be expressed as,
F V
A Y
Fig.1.1-1: The buildup to the steady, laminar velocity profile for a fluid contained
between two plates.
Newtons Law of Viscosity
F V
The force should be proportional to the area and the velocity
and inversely proportional to distance between the plates
A Y
Where is the proportionality constant, defined to be the viscosity
F
yx Force in the x direction on a unite area perpendicular to
A y direction
vx
Velocity gradient is the driving force for momentum transport
y
Unit of momentum flux:
In SI system,
N
yx 2 Pa
m
1
dvx
yx
y
Pa (m / s ).m 1 1
Pa.s
In fps,
vx
yx
g c y
V 1 ft / s
Y 0.001 ft
In fps, vx 4.7 10 4 1
yx
g c y 32.174 0.001
2
1.46 10 lb f / ft 2
Note that,
At room temperature, viscosity of water 1 cp
viscosity of air 0.02 cp
Fig. 1.5. Reduced pressure as
function of reduced temperature
and pressure
Tc
Pc
c
Find viscosity from
reduced temperature and
pressure
Non Newtonian Fluids:
Newtonian fluid:
vx
yx True for all gases and homogeneous
y nonpolymeric liquids
a) Time independent
b) Time dependent
c) Viscoilastic
Bignham model:
vx
yx 0 0 if yx 0
y
vx
0 if yx 0
y
If yield stress 0 is not reached, matter remain rigid. If yield stress is applied,
flows quite like Newtonian. The positive sign is used when yx is positive and
the negative sign is used when yx is negative. A substance that follows this
two parameter model is called Bingham Plastic.
This model is applicable for fine suspension and paste.
Oswald-de Waele Model:
n 1
dvx dvx
yx m
dy dy
This two parameter equation is also know as power law.
n 1, dialatant
for n 1, psedoplastic
n 1 newtonian
The deviation from unity indicates the degree of deviation from Newtonian
behavior.
Three parameter model:
Ellis Model:
dvx
dy
0 1 yx
1
yx
dv x 1
yx
dy 0
1 ( / ) 2
yx s
It contains three adjustable parameters, , 0 and s . The Newtonian
behavior has often been observed at very low and very high shear rates.