Example 3.1(design of singly reinf.rect.

beam)
A simply supported beam spans 8m and is subjected to a LL = 30 kN/m in addition to self weight.
Materials C-25, S-300, class I are used. If b = 250mm, determine the depth required to satisfy singly
reinforced section at mid-span and the corresponding flexural reinforrcement.
Solution:
Depth for deflection:
0.6 f yk Le
d 0.4
400 a
8000
d 0.85 * 340mm
20
D d l 2 s cov er
340 20 2 6 25 381

Say D = 400mm
Load on beams: Dead load, gk = 0.4*0.25*25 = 2.5 kN/m
Live load, qk = = 30 kN/m
Design load, d = 1.3DL + 1.6LL
= 1.3*2.5 + 1.6*30 = 51.25
pd L2 51.25 * 8 2
Analysis: M max M d 410 kN
8 8
Design constants:
25 0.85 f ck
C 25 f cu 25MPa, f ck 20 MPa, f cd 11.3MPa
1.25 1.5
300
S 300 f yk 300 MPa, f yd 260.87 MPa
1.25
fyd 260.87
m 28.78
0.8 fcd 0.8 * 11.3

C1 = 2.5 , C2 = 0.32fcd = 3.616 Mpa

Check depth: Md = 0.8bd2fcdkx(1 0.4kx)
kx = kmax = 0.448 for 0% redistribution.
M d max
d 702.4mm
0.8bf cd k max 1 0.4k max
D 702.4 60 (two layers assumed ) 762.4mm Dused not safe
Revise using D = 800mm
pd = 51.25 + 1.3(0.8 0.4)*0.25*25 = 54.5 kN/m
p d L2 54.5 * 8 2
Md max 436 kNm
8 8
436
Rechecking d 702.4 * 724.3 mm
410

D = 724.3 + 60 = 784.3mm < 800mm safe

1
 Use d = 800 - 60 = 740mm
Reinforcement:

1 4M
kx C1 C1
2

2 bd 2C 2
1 4 * 436 * 1,000,000
2.5 2.5
2

2 250 * 740 2 * 3.616

= 0.424 < 0.448 Ok!

kx 0.424
0.015
m 28.78
As = bd = 0.015 * 250 * 740 = 2728 mm2
2728
# 20 = = 8.7 use 920 in two rows.
314

1st row , d11 = 25+6+10 = 41mm

d=740mm 2nd row , d21 = 25+6+20+10+10 = 71mm
920 5 * 41 4 * 71
d1 = 54.33mm
9
d1 d1 =54.33mm<60mmsafe!

b=250mm

Example 3.2 (analysis of singly reinf.rect.beam)

A tensile reinforced beam has b = 250mm and d = 500mm to the center of bars. If fy = 400MPa and
C-30, find the design flexural strength Md for (a) As = 224 bars (b) As = 432 bars.
Solution
Design strength of materials assuming class I work.
30 0.85 * 24
C-30 fck = 24MPa f cd = 13.6MPa.
1.25 1.5
400
fyk = fy = 400MPa fyd = = 348MPa
1.15
(a)

* 24 2
As = 2* 905mm 2
4
As 905
224
d=500mm = 0.00724
bd ( 250(500)
f yd 348
m= 32
0.8 f cd 0.8 *13.6
d1=45mm
250mm m

2
kx = m = (0.00724)(32) = 0.232<kxmax(0.448) (steel is yielding)
Section capacity (flexural strength)
Md = 0.8bd2fcdkx(1-0.4kx)
Md = 0.8*250*5002*13.6*0.232*(1-0.4*0.232)*10-6
= 143.12kNm
(b)

432
d=500mm l = 32mm , s = 8mm(assumed)
d11= 32 + 8 + 32 56mm
2
1
d2 = 32 + 8 + 32 + 32 +
d1
32 45 45 32 32 120mm
250mm 2
3 * 56 120
d1 = 72mm
4

D 500 + 75 = 575mm
* 32 2
As = 4* = 3217mm2
4

As 3217
= = 0.026
bd 250 * 500
kx = m = 0.026 * 32 = 0.824 >> 0.448 (concrete is crushing)
Md = 0.8bd2fcdKxmax(1-0.4Kxmax)
= 0.8*250*5002*13.6*0.448*(1-0.4*0.448)*10-6
= 250.05kNm.

Example 3.3 (Design of doubly reinf.rect.beam)

Solve example 3.1, when the depth D is 650mm and b = 300mm
Solution
pd = 1.6LL + 1.3DL = 1.6*30 + 1.3* 0.65 * 0.3 * 25
= 54.3375 kN/m.
pd l 2 54.3375 * 8 2
M d max 434.70kNm
8 8
Section capacity
Mdc = 0.8bd2fcdkxmax(1-0.4kxmax)
kxmax = 0.448
Assume d1 = 60mm d = 650-60 = 590mm.
Mdc = 0.8*300*5902*11.3*0.448(1-0.4*0.448)
= 347.14kNm < 434.7kNm the section has to be doubly reinforced.

3
 K x max 0.448
As1 = bd * 300 * 590 2755mm 2
m 28.78
Mdsc = Mdmax Mdc = 434.70 - 347.14 = 87.56kNm.
M d sc 87.56 *106
As2 = 610mm 2
f yd (d d ) 260.87 * (590 40)
1

As = As1 + As2 = 2755 + 610 = 3365mm2

3365
# 20 = = 10.72 use 1120 bars.
414
Compression bars:
Xmax = Kxmax d = 0.448*590 = 264.32mm.
X max d 1 264.32 40
sc = cu * 0.0035
X max 264.32

sc = 0.00297 0.0030
f yd 260.87
yd = 0.0013
Es 200 * 10 3

Since sc> yd compression bars have yielded.

fs1 = fyd As1 = As2 = 610mm2
610
# 20 = 1.94 use 2 20bars
314

20 comp. bars

6 stirrup
650mm 6 * 41 5 * 71
d' 54.63mm 60mm
20 tens. bars 11
Safe and economical

300mm

Example 3.4(Design of doubly reinf.rect.beam)

A rectangular concrete beam measures 300mm wide and has an effective depth of 450mm.
compression steel consisting of two 24 is located 50mm from the compression face of the beam. If
C-30 and S-400 are used, what is the design moment capacity of the beam for the following
alternative tensile steel areas?
(a) As = 330 in one layer, (b) As 430 in two layer, (c) As = 630 in two layers? (Note check for
yielding of compression steel in each case)
Solution
Design strengths and constants.

4
 30 0.85 * 24
C-30 fck = 24 MPa f cd 13.6 MPa
1.25 1.5
400
S-400 fyk = 400MPa fyd = 348MPa
1.15
f yd 348
m= 32
0.8 f cd 0.8 * 13.6

dc = 50mm 24 comp. bars

6 stirrup
d = 450mm As = 3*707 mm2 = 2121mm2
30 tens. bars As = 2*452 mm2 = 904mm2

300mm

As As 1
k1 = m K x max

bd
2121 904
k1 = (32) 0.288 0.448
(300)(450)

Mdc = 0.8bd2fcdk1(1-0.4k1)
= 0.8*300*4502*13.6*0.288(1-0.4*0.288)*10-6
= 168.43kNm.
Check yielding of compression reinforcement:
xmax = kxmaxd = 0.448*450 = 201.6mm
X max d c1 201.6 50
sc = cu * 0.0035 0.00263
x max 201.6

fyd 348
yd = 0.00174 sc comp. steel has yielded.
s 200000

Mdsc = As1fyd(d-d 1c )
= 904*348*(450-50)*10-6
= 125.84kNm.
Moment capacity: Md = 168.43 + 125.84 = 294.27kNm
Example 3.5(Design of doubly reinf.rect.beam)
The following cross section is architecturally limited to sustain a working moment of 350 KN.m,
Material includes C-25, S-300 Class-I work. Determine the amount of reinforcement required and
sketch.
a) Using design formula b) Using Km- Ks table
5
a) Using design formula

550
300
Solution:
1. Design strength and constants
fck= 0.8*25=20MPa
fcd = 0.85 fck = 0.85(20) = 11.33Mpa
gC 1.5
fyd= fyk/gS =300/1.15 =260.87Mpa
fctd= 0.21 fck2/3 = 0.21(20)2/3 =1.032 Mpa
gC 1.5
max= 0.75b= 0.6* cu * fcd = 0.6* 0.0035 * 11.33 = 0.019
cu +yd fyd 0.0035 +260.87/2*10 5
260
2. Effective cover to tensile reinforcement by assuming 20 main bar, and 8 stirrups.
d' = 25 + 8 + 20/2=43mm
effective depth d= 550- 43= 507mm
3.Limiting moment

max
M1= bd2 fcd = 0.294bd2 fcd
=0.294*300*5072*11.33*10-6 =256.87kNm< 350KNm
The section has to be designed as doubly reinforced.
4. Reinforcement

=2372.76mm2

Excess moment
M = 350 257.92= 92.08KNm
AS2 = M = 92.08 *106 = 760.07mm2
fyd(d-d2) 260.87(507-43)
AS = + AS2 = 2372.76mm2 + 760.07mm2 = 3132.83mm2

No of 20 = = 9.9

Provide 10 20 bars (As provided = 3141.59mm2)

6
m= fyd = 260.87 = 28.78
0.8fcd 0.8*11.33

3.Moment capacity of the section

Mu = 0.8bd2fcd m(1-0.4 m) = 0.8 *300*5072 *11.33 *0.019 *28.78(1- 0.4 *0.019*28.78)= 298.61
KN.m
M = 350 298.61 KN.m = 51.39KNm
Reinforcement
As = = 0.019 *300*507 = 2889.9mm2
assuming d'' = 43mm
AS' = M = 51.39 *106 = 425.98mm2
fyd(d-d2) 260.87(507- 43)
AS= AS+ AS' = 2889.9mm2 + 425.98mm2= 3315.88mm2

No of 24 in the tension zone = 2889.9mm2= 6.38 7 24

*242/4

No of 20 in the compression zone = 425.98mm2= 1.3 2 20

*202/4
Hence use 7 24 +2 20 (As provided = 3795mm2)

fsc =Es sc = Es x d 2 2*105 228.15 43 * 0.0035

c
x = 228.15 =568.07 Mpa fyd

Hence use fsc =fyd=260.87Mpa

92.08 * 10 6
M
Asc = fyd(d - d 2 ) 260.87(507 - 43) 2

= =760.07mm
Assuming 16 instead of 20 in the compression zone
No of 16 =760.07mm2= 3.78 4 16( As provided=803.84mm2)
*162/4
Provide 4 16 mm in the compression zone
As of n 24 =3315.88mm2 - 803.84mm2 = 2512.04mm2
No of 24 in the tension zone = 2512.04mm2= 5.55 6 , n=6
*242/4
use the combination of 6 24 mm + 4 16 mm
5. Sketch

7
 4

550
6

300
b) By using Km-Ks table
1. Effective depth d=507mm
M 350
2. M
km b 0.3 67.36
bd 2
d 0.507

by taking zero moment redistribution

Km* for C-25 from Km-Ks table No 1a =57.87

Km Km*
67.36 57.87 Hence the section is doubly reinforced
Calculate Km = 67.36 = 1.16 lies the value of Km , 1.15 and 1.19
Km* 57.83 Km*
For the ratio Km = 1.16 obtain Km and Ks by using table of Km No 1a for zero
Km * Km *
moment redistribution by interpolation
Km
Km* Km(C-25) Ks(S-300)
1.15 66 4.57
1.16 Km Ks
1.19 69 4.54
Km= 1.16 -1.15 ( 69-66) +66 =67 , Ks= 1.16 -1.15 ( 4.54-4.57) +4.57 =4.5625
1.19- 1.15 1.19- 1.15
3. Correction factors and '
assuming d'' =d2 = 43mm
d2 = 43/507 =0.0848 lies b/n the value of d2 , 0.08 and 0.1
d d
Using the ratios Km =1.16 and d2/d= 0.0848 enter table No 1b of and '
Km*

Km d2/d
Km* 0.08 0.0848 0.1
1.15 1 =? 1.01
1.16 1 =? 1.01
1.19 1 =? 1.01
8
by using interpolation of d2/d and values
= 0.0848-0.08 ( 1.01-1) +1 =1.0024
0.1-0.08

Ks' for calculation As' from table NO1b of by interpolation

Km
Km* Ks' (S-300)
1.15 1.00
1.16 Ks'
1.19 1.20
Ks' = 1.16-1.15 ( 1.20-1.00) +1.00 =1.05
1.19-1.15
Correction factor ' for all Km and d2/d =0.0848
Km*

All Km d2/d
Km* 0.08 0.0848 0.1
1.01 ' =? 1.03

' = 0.0848- 0.08 ( 1.03 -1.01 ) +1.01 =1.0148

0.1- 0.08
4. Reinforcement
As= Ks *Md * = 4.5625 *350 *106 *1 = 3149.65mm2
d 0.507
By assuming bar 24mm
No of 24 in the tension zone = 3149.65mm2= 6.96 7 24(Provided area=3166.73 mm2)
*242/4
But if the combination of bars 24 and 20 for tension reinf. is used.
w 20 +5 24 As of 5 24 = 2261.95mm2
Area of w 20 = 3166.73 mm2 - 2261.95mm2 = 904.78mm2
No of 20= 904.78mm2= 2.88 3, w=3
*202/4
use 3 20 +5 24
As' = Ks' *Md * ' = 1.05 *350 *106 *1.0148 = 735.58mm2
d 0.507
By assuming bar 24mm
No of 24 in the compression zone = 735.58mm2= 1.6 2 24(Provided area=904.78 mm2)
*242/4
But if the combination of bars 24 and 20 for tension reinf. is used.
y 20 +1 24 As of 1 24 = 452.39mm2
Area of y 20 = 904.78 mm2- 452.39mm2 = 452.39mm2
No of 20= 452.39mm2 = 1.44 2, y=2
*202/4
use 2 20 +1 24 in the compression zone

5. Sketch

9
 1 1

550
3 3 & 5

300

Example 3.6 (T-beams design)

The simply supported parallel T-beams sustain floor system which span 7m and subjected to a total
design BM of 500kNm. The beams are spaced at 2000mm on centerline. The other beam dimensions
are hf = 800mm, bw = 400mm, D = 400mm. Materials, f ck = 20MPa; steel, fyk = 300MPa and class I
work. Determine the tensile steel area required at mid-span of and interior beam.
Solution

Constants:
A A fcd = 11.3Mpa
7m fyd = 260.87Mpa
M = 28.78
C1 = 2.5
C2 = 0.32fcd = 3.616MPa
2m 2m 2m

80mm=hf
D=400mm

Bw=400mm

Section A-A
Check depth for deflection
f ykLe
Beam, d (0.4 + 0.6* ) Le = 7000
400 a

a = 20
300 7000
d (0.4 + 0.6 * )* = 297.5mm
400 20

D 297.5 + 75 = 372.5mm<400mmsafe.
For +ve BM flange is on compression side
l 7000
bw 5
400 1800mm
be 5

c/c dist. = 2000mm

10
 be = 1800mm
Since the BM is very large, assume two layers of 26 steel.
d1 = 26+8+26+13 = 73mm 75mm.
d = D-d1 = 400-75 = 325mm
Check T-beam (assuming b = be)
4M d
Kx = 0.5 c1 c1
2

be d 2 c 2

4 * 500 *106
= 0.5 2.5 2.52 2
1800 * 325 * 3.616

= 0.336 < kxmax.

X = kxd = 0.336*325 = 109.23mm>hf
T-section
Mdf = (be-bw)hf fcd (d-hf/2)
= (1800-400)*80*11.3*(325-80/2)*10-6
= 360.70kNm.
M df 360.70 *10 6
Asf = 4852mm 2
h 80
f yd (d f ) 260.87 * (325 2 )
2
1 4M dw
c1 c1
2
Kw = Mdw = Md-Mdf
2 bw d 2 c 2

= 500-360.7
= 139.3kNm

1 4 * 139.3 * 10 6
Kw = 2 .5 2.5 2
= 0.443<0.448 (singly reinforced)
2 400 * 325 2 * 3.616

kw 0.443
Asw = bw d * 400 * 325 2003mm
2

m 28 .78
As = Asf + Asw = 4852 + 2003 = 6855mm2
6855
#26 = 12.93 say 13.
530

Use 13 26 bars in two layers.

11
 1800mm

80mm

400mm 1326

400mm

Example 3.7(T-beams analysis)

For the T-section singly reinforced with high strength steel (fy = 460N/m2) calculate the design
moment capacity of the section.
Assume the grade of concrete as c-30.

1200mm

120mm

400mm 1224

70mm

350mm

Solution
460
Analysis: fyk = 460MPa fyd = = 400MPa
1.15

C-30 fcd = 13.6Mpa.

f yd 400
m= = 36.76
0.8 f cd 0.8 * 13.6

d = 120 + 400 = 520mm.

be = 1200mm
As = 12*452 = 5424mm2
As 5424
= = 0.008694.
bed 1200 * 520

X = md = 0.00869 * 36.76 * 520 = 166mm

Y = 0.8x = 0.8*166 = 133mm> 120mm
T-section analysis is required.
Mdf = (be-bw)hf fcd Zf
hf
Zf = d- = 520- 120 = 410mm
2 2
12
 Mdf = (1200-350)*120*13.6*410*10-6
= 568.75kNm.
M df 568.75 * 10 6
Asf = = 3468mm2
Z f f yd 410 * 400

Asw = As-Asf = 5424-3468 = 1956mm2

a sw 1956
w = = 0.01075
bw d (350)(520)

Kw = mw = 36.76*0.01075 = 0.395<kxmax
Mdw = 0.8 bwd2 fcd kw (1-0.4kw)
= 0.8*350*5202*13.6*0.395*(1-0.4*0.395)*10-6
= 342.51kNm.
Md = Mdf + Mdw = 568.75 + 342.51
= 911.26kNm
Example-3.8 (Shear)
A rectangular beam, is to be designed to carry a design shear force of Vd = 100kN. The width of the
beam is 300mm and is made using concrete fck = 20MPa, class I work. It is flexural reinforced with
220 at top and 320 at bottom which continued uninterrupted in to the support
(a) Determine the minimum required depth when pair legged stirrups of 8 c/c 250mm are used, and
(b) Determine the spacing of stirrups required when the gross depth of the beam is 400mm, assume
fyk = 300MPa for both types of reinforcement.
(c) Determine also min d below which the usage o RC is not possible.
Solution
Design constants
0.85 f ck f yk
fcd = 11.3 fyd = 160.87
1.5 1.15
2
0.21 f ck 3
fctd = 1.03
1.5
a v df yd a v df yd
From S= VS =
VS S
VS= Vd - Vc
a v df yd
(a) Vd = Vc + Vs = 0.25fctd K1K2bwd +
S
3 * 314
Assume K2 = 1.0, K1 = 1+ 50 * 1 157 d
bd

3 * 314
K1 = 1+ 50 * 1 157 d
300d

13
 2 * 50 * d * 260.87
100 * 10 N 0.25 * 1.03 * (1 157 d ) *1.0 * 300d
3

250
Solving d = 488mm K2 = 1.6-0.488 = 1.112
Revising K2 = 1.112
157
100*103 = 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.112 * (1 + ) * 300d 104.348d
d
d = 455mm, K2 = 1.155.
Revising further d = 445
D = 445 + 43 = 488mm Use 490
Use 300 x 490
(b) when D = 400
d = 400-43 = 357mm

As 3 * 314
= 0.0088
bd 300 * 357
K1 = (1+50)= 1+50*0.0088=1.442 ----OK!
K2 =1.6-d= 1.6 -0.357=1.243
Vc = 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.44 * 1.243 * 300 * 357 * 10-3 = 49.36 KN
a v df yd 2 * 50 * 357 * 260.87
S= 183.91mm 180mm
V d Vc 100 * 10 3 49.36 * 10 3

Use 8 c/c 180mm

(c) Design for shear
VRd = 0.25fcdbwd = 0.25 * 11.3 * 300d 100*103
d 118mm
Example-3.9 (shear)
A RC beam is 300mm wide and 500mm deep overall. At particular section if it is reinforced in
tension side with diameter rods of grade S-400.The subjected to shear of of 100KN. Design the shear
reinforcement in the form of vertical stirrups. Check for the maximum spacing permitted and also
check the spacing to be provided for minimum shear reinforcement required and finalize your
design. use concrete grade C-25, 8 stirrups.

Given :Material strength

C-25
fyk=400Mpa
design shear force , Vsd=100KN
required : Design of shear reinforcement and checking of spacing
14
Solution:
Design strength of materials
fck= 25/1.25=20Mpa
fcd = 0.85 fck = 0.85(20) = 11.33Mpa
gC 1.5
fctd= 0.21 fck = 0.21(20)2/3 =1.032 Mpa
2/3

gC 1.5
fyd= fyk/gS =400/1.15 =347.8Mpa
Effective depth
d=D- concrete cover-stirrups- half of diameter of main bar
=500-25-8-20/2=457mm
In order to prevent diagonal compression failure VRD VSd
VRD= 0.25 fcd* bw *d = 0.25 *11.33*300*457*10-3 =338.34 KN
Since VRD VSd the section is not subjected to diagonal compression failure.
Design shear strength of concrete flexural member without axial force
preventing diagonal tension failure(VC) is
VC= 0.25 fctd*K1*K2*bw*.d
but k1 ( 1 50 ) 2.0
2
=(1+50*3**20 ) 2
300*457
=1.34 2 ---- OK!
K2=1.6-d=1.6-0.457 1
=1.143 1 ------Ok!
-3
VC=0.25*1.032 *1.34*1.143 *300*457*10 = 54.071 KN
Since VSd VC , there exists a requirement of shear reinforcement to withstand the excess shear
Excess shear(VS)= VSd - VC =100KN -54.071KN =45.93 KN
Spacing
2
S= ASV *fyd *d = 2**8 *347.8*457
VS 4
= 347.892mm 340mm
3
45.93*10
Smax between the stirrups in longitudinal direction shall be

Smax = 0.5d 300mm, if VSd 2/3 VRD

100KN 2/3(338.34KN)
100KN 225.56KN-----Ok!
=0.3d 200mm, if VSd VRD
100KN 338,34KN ----not Ok!
Hence Smax = 0.5*457 300mm, if VSd 2/3 VRD , 100KN 225.56KN-----Ok!

= 228.5mm Ok!
300mm-----------------
220mm
So Smax=220mm

15
 But S Smax
340mm 220mm
Thus the spacing to be provided is 220mm

spacing between vetical stirrups i.e

c/c 220mm

45

VC

Vd

Example 3.10 (shear)

A rectangular beam, is to be designed to carry a design shear force of Vd = 100kN. The width of the
beam is 300mm and is made using concrete fck = 20MPa, class I work. It is flexurally reinforced with
220 at top and 320 at bottom which continued uninterrupted in to the support
(a) Determine the minimum required depth when pair legged stirrups of 8 c/c 250mm are used, and
(b) Determine the spacing of stirrups required when the gross depth of the beam is 400mm, assume
fyk = 300MPa for both types of reinforcement.
(c) Determine also min d below which the usage of RC is not possible.
Solution
Design constants
0.85 f ck f yk
fcd = 11.3 fyd = 160.87
1.5 1.15
2
0.21 f ck 3
fctd = 1.03
1.5
a v df yd
(a) Vd = Vc + Vs = 0.25fctd K1K2bwd +
S
3 * 314
Assume K2 = 1.0, K1 = 1+ 50 * 1 157 d
300d
2 * 50 * d * 260.87
100 * 10 3N 0.25 * 1.03 * (1 157 d ) *1.0 * 300d
250
Solving d = 488mm K2 = 1.6-0.488 = 1.112
Revising K2 = 1.112
157
100*103 = 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.112 * (1 + ) * 300d 104.348d
d
d = 455mm, K2 = 1.155.

16
 Revising further d = 445
D = 445 + 45 = 490
Use 300 x 490
(b) when D = 400
d = 400-45 = 355mm

As 3 * 314
= 0.0088
bd 300 * 355
Vc = 0.25 * 1.03 * 1.44 * 1.245 * 300 * 355 * 10-3
a v df yd 2 * 50 * 355 * 260.87
S= 182.19mm
V d Vc 100 * 10 3 49.17 * 10 3

Use 8 c/c 180mm

(c) Design for shear
VRd = 0.25fcdbwd = 0.25 * 11.3 * 300d 100*103
d 118mm
Example 3.11 anchorage and development length
A propped cantilever bam is subjected to a live load of 14kN/m and dead load of 5kN/m (including
self weight), both uniformly distributed. If it has a cross-section of 300 x 500mm,
(a) Determine the amounts of reinforcements at the critical sections.
(b) Show in sketch the curtailment and anchorage of the bars if only 30% of the +ve reinforcements
and 30% of the negative reinforcements are to be extended up to the supports (see fig. below) use
materials 16 for main reinforcement, 6 for stirrups of S-400 and concrete of grade C-30.

300mm

300mm

300mm 300mm

7m

Solution
Material strengths:
C- 30 fcd = 13.6MPa.
S- 400 fyd = 348MPa.
16 and 6 are to be used.
Load:

17
DL 5kN / m
Pd = 1.3DL + 1.6LL = 28.90kN/m
LL 14kN / m
Analysis
28.90kNm

7m

Critical moments:
wl 2 28.9 * 7 2
-ve BM , M =
8 8
+ve BM,
28.90kNm

R1 R2
177kNm

28.9 * 72 1
R2 = 177 = 75.86kN.
2 7

28.9 x 2 dM
Mx = 75.86X- 75.86-28.9X = 0
2 dx
75.86
X= = 2.625m
28.9
28.9 * 2.625 2
Mmax = 75.86 * 2.625- 99.56kNm
2
Amounts of reinforcements.
Assume d1 = 40mm d = D-d1
D = 500-40 = 460mm
dused = 460mm , d1 = 25+6+8 = 39mm< 40mm ok!
Check d
M
d=
0.8 f cd bk x max (1 0.4k x max )

177 * 10 6
d=
0.8 * 13.6 * 300 * 0.448 * (1.04 * 0.448)

d = 384mm < 460mmsafe.

-ve reinforcement M = 177kNm
M K
As = f d (1 0.4k ) or As = x bd
y x m
18
C1 = 2.5 C2 = 0.32m2fcd = 4.456
m = fyd/0.8fcd = 32

4M d 4 * 177 * 10 6
Kx = 0.5 c1 c1 2 0.5 2.5 2.52
2

bd c 2 300 * 460 2 * 4.362

+ve reinforcement M = 99.56kNm

4 * 99.56 * 10 6
Kx = 0.5 2.5 2.5
2

300 * 460 2 * 4.352

= 0.1536 <Kxmax
0.1536
As = * 300*460 = 662mm2
32
662
# 16 = = 3.3
200

use 416 for max. Moment in the span.

Curtailment of bars:
Basic anchorage length
fyd
lb = for fck = 24MPa
4 fbd

fbd = 2fctd (EBES-2)

0.21 f 2 3
ck 0.28 f 0.28(24) 2 3
fbd = 2* ck
1.5

fbd = 2.33MPa.
16 348
lb = * =597mm
4 2.33
For ve reinforcement
As ,cal = 1251mm2
As,prov = 7*200 = 1400mm2
For straight anchorage a =1.0
As ,cal 1251
Lb,net = a lb = 597* = 533mm>d safe
As , prov 1400

But the column can accommodate only

16
300-(25+ ) = 267mm<533mm
2
Hence hooking is recommended:
a = 0.7
Lb,net = 0.7*533 = 373mm

19
Using 900 bend

267m
m

lt

Lt + 267 = lb,net = 373

Lt 373-267= 106mm
Use lt = 110mm 5 = 80mm ok!
70% of ve reinforcements are to be curtailed only 30% are to be extended capable of resisting
0.3Mneg. Location of curtailment.

28.9kN/m
177kNm
28.9 x 2
M = 177 + 126.44 X
2
M = 0.3*177
126.44kNm X

0.3*177 = 177+14.45X2-126.44X
X2-8.75X + 8.574 = 0

X=
1
2

8.75 8.75 2 4 * 8.574 = 1.124m
Cut off point from the face of support will be X + lb,net = 1124 + 533 = 1657mm
70% bar means 0.7*7 = 4,95 bars.
The length of these five bars:
lcut = 1657 + 267 + 110 = 2034mm.
Take lcut = 2040mm
1930m

110

Those bars extended to the end (2bars)

lend = (7000-25)+267+110+150 = 7502
Use lend = 7500
For +ve reinforcement
As,cal = 662mm2
As,prov = 4*200 = 800mm2
For straight anchorage a = 1.0
As ,cal 662
lb,net = alb 597 * = 494mm> d
As , prov 800
20
There are only 4 bars
Extending only 30% means # bars = 0.3*4 = 1.2< 2.
Ate least 2 bars must be extended this means 50% of the bars. Curtailment loation for these 50%
bars means, the moment M = 0.5Mpos.
Mpos = 99.56kNm
0.5Mpos = 177 + 14.45x2-126.44x
-0.5*99.56 = 177 + 14.45x2 -126.44x
X2-8.75X + 15.694 = 0

X=
1
2

8.75 8.75 2 4 * 15.694
X1 = 2.52m, X2 = 6.23m
(left end) (right end)
The length of the two cut bars will be
Lcut = (x2-x1) + 2lb,net = (6.23-2.52)+2*0.494
4.70m.
The remaining 2 bars extended to the support are anchored similar to the ve reinforcements.
Lend = 7.35m lb,net = 0.7*494 = 346mm.

Bar No. of Bar size Bar length Bar shape(mm)

type bars ,(mm) (mm)
1 5 16 2040 1930
110
2 2 16 7500 7390
110
3 2 16 4700
4700
4 2 16 7350
80
7270

Location of Zero moment from fixed support

M=0
0 = 177 + 14.45X2-126.44X
X2-8.75X+12.25 =

X=
1
2
1

8.75 8.75 2 4 * 12.25 (8.75 5.25)
2
= 1.75m
Except 2 bars which must extend up to support ends both positive and negative reinforcements are
cut by extending with lb,net from this location.

21
Example -3.12 (lap)
In the section where 416mm diameter rods are provided in one rows in tension zone, the second
rod is lapped. The ratio of As cal =0.98
As provided
The type of anchorage provided for all bars is straight bar anchorage .Materials used are C-30 and
steel having fyk value of 460Mpa. The clear cover to the reinforcement in all direction is 25mm.Find
the required lap length of the 16mm diameter rod.
Given: As=416mm, ratio of As cal = 0.98
As provided
type of anchorage straight bar
-

- materialsC-30, fyk=460Mpa
required: the required lap length of 16mm
Solution: lb = fyd , where lb basic anchorage length
4fbd fbd design bond strength
fck= 30/1.25=24Mpa
fctd= 0.21 (fck)2/3 = 0.21(24)2/3 =1.165 Mpa
gC 1.5
For good bond condition the design bond strength fbd is
fbd= 2fctd since 16mm is deformed bar
=2*1.165=2.33Mpa
lb = fyd = 16*400 =686.7mm
4fbd 4*1.165
The required anchorage length lb net depends on the type of anchorage and the stress in the
reinforcement

lb net = a* lb * As cal lb min

As provided
a=1.0 for straight bar anchorage in tension and compression
0.7 for standard hook bar anchorage in tension
lb net = 1*686.7*0.98 =672.97mm lb min

but lb min =0.3 lb 10 or 200mm for bars in tension

=0.6 lb 10 or 200mm for bars in compression
since the tension bar is given lb min =0.3 lb 10 or 200mm

=0.3*686.7 10 *16 or 200mm
=206.01 160mm or 200mm
From these lb min =206.01mm

22
lb net lb min -----Ok!
Hence, the required lap length of 16mm diameter rod is 672.97mm

23