CHEMICAL BONDING

Natural addition to noble gas elements are

not always present as an element (as a single atom), but most combine with atoms of other
elements. 1916 GN Lewis and W. Kossel explain the stability of the relationship with the
electron configuration of a noble gas. Except He (helium); has two valence electrons; elements
of noble gases have eight valence electrons so that the noble gases are stable. Atoms of the noble
gas tends to follow to achieve stability.
If atoms are trying to have eight valence electrons, atoms are called to follow the octet
rule. Elements with atomic numbers of small (such as H and Li) is trying to have a second
valence electron like He called to follow the rules duplet. How taken elements in order to follow
the noble gases, namely:
1. remove or accept electrons;
2. sharing electron pairs.

A. Ion Bonds
Ionic bond formed by the removal or accept electrons by atoms bonded. Atoms that
release electrons to become positive ions (cations) were atoms receive electrons into the negative
ions (anions). Ionic bond is usually called bonding elektrovalen. Compounds that have ionic
bonds called ionic compounds.
Normally an ionic compound formed between atoms of metallic and non-metallic
elements. Atoms of metal elements tend to release electrons to form positive ions, and a non-
metal atoms tend to capture electrons to form negative ions. Example: NaCl, MgO, CAF2, Li2O,
ALF3

coat Lewis electron dot symbol consists of the elements and the points that each point
describe the valence electrons of atoms of elements. Dots electrons are the outer electrons.

Examples of Lewis electron dot symbol

to distinguish the origin of valence electrons in the use of the mark (O) may be replaced
with asterisks (x), but basically the electrons have similar Lewis dot symbol. Coat of Lewis's
 point of transition metals, lanthanides and actinides can not be written in a simple, because it has
skin that is not fully charged. Examples of the use Lewis dot symbol in an ionic bond as follows.

The physical properties of ionic compounds in general:

1. At room temperature it is a solid;
2. The crystal structure of hard but brittle;
3. Having a boiling point and a high melting point;
4. Water-soluble solvents but insoluble in organic solvents;
5. Do not conduct electricity in the solid phase, but in the liquid phase (melt) and the solution
conducts electricity.
Actually there are countless examples of ionic compounds that can be encountered in
everyday life. But sometimes we do not know the difference between types of such
compounds. Here is an example of an ion that we often encounter as well as elaboration.
1. NaCl (kitchen salt)

Compound this one is definitely not you

guys already familiar right? Salt composed of elements Na and Cl is an example of an
ionic compound that almost every day we meet. Na is a metal element characteristics
while Cl is a non-metal.
One electron of Sodium Chloride will be drawn by forming an electrostatic
attractive force between Na and Cl form NaCl. This compound is also an example that in
a chemical reaction, many possibilities that can happen. Na and Cl are two elements that
 are very toxic and dangerous to humans, when it merged into compounds that are
beneficial, even necessary for humans.

2. CaCO3 (calcium carbonate)

Calcium carbonate compound consisting

of one atom of calcium, one carbon atom and three oxygen atoms. Characteristics of
Sodium Carbonate is a metal element whereas CO 3- is nonmetallic. Use of Calcium
Carbonate is the developer of bread, or baking soda.

3. NaF (sodium Florida)

Florida Sodium compound composed of one atom of sodium and one atom Na
Flor, F. Characteristics of Sodium is a metal element while Cl is non-metallic elements.
The use of NaF, Sodium Fluoride frequently encountered is the toothpaste. These
compounds are used in addition to whiten teeth but also strengthens the tooth structure.
 B. Covalent Bonds
Covalent bonds occur due to the use of shared pair of electrons by the atoms bonded.
Shared electron pair is called the bonding pair (PEI) and the valence electron pairs are not
involved in the formation of a covalent bond is called a lone pair (PEB). The covalent bond
generally occurs between atoms of non-metallic elements, can be similar (eg, H2,N2,O2, Cl2,F2,
Br2).Compounds containing only covalent bonds called covalent compounds.
Based on Lewis dot symbol can be made structure or formula Lewis Lewis. Lewis
structure is a depiction of covalent bonds using Lewis dot symbol where PEI is expressed by a
line or a dot placed between the two atoms and PEB represented by dots on each atom.

Various kinds of covalent bonds:

1. Based on the number of its PEI covalent bond divided by 3:
a. single covalent bond
single covalent bond is a covalent bond which has 1 pair of PEI.
 Hydrogen has many benefits in everyday life. The benefits of hydrogen found in a variety
of fields. In organic chemistry, hydrogen is used as pesintesis organic compounds such as
aldehyde compounds. In industry, hydrogen is widely used as the manufacture of fossil fuels,
fertilizers, increase the saturation of oil, petroleum refining, manufacture of methanol as fuel
cells and plays a role in the process hidrodealkilasi, hidrodesulfurasi, hydrocracking. In the field
of physics and engineering, hydrogen is used as a refrigerant and a gas sheilding rotor.
HCl (hydrochloric acid):
The purpose of HCl on an industrial scale and the scale of the household:
1. pebuatan HCl is the raw material of iron (III) chloride (FeCl3)and polyalumunium chloride
(PAC), which is a chemical used as a raw material coagulants and flocculants. Coagulants and
flocculants used in water treatment.
2. As a raw material for making vinyl chloride, which is a monomer for the manufacture of
polyvinyl chloride or PVC plastic.
3. Hydrochloric acid is used in the metal industry to remove rust or iron oxide crust of iron or steel.
4. Hydrochloric acid is also used to adjust the pH (acidity) of liquid industrial waste water, before
being discharged into receiving water bodies.
5. HCl is used in the production process of gelatin and additives in food.
6. In the laboratory, the hydrochloric acid used for titration assay in an alkaline solution.
7. Hydrochloric acid is also useful as materials for the cleaning liquid porcelain.
8. HCl is also used in the regeneration of the cation exchange resin (cation exchange resin).
9. Other resourceful uses of hydrochloric acid which, in the production process of the batteries,
fireworks and the flash of the camera.
10. A mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid (HNO3) or commonly called aqua regia, is the
mixture to dissolve the gold.
11. On an industrial scale, HCl also is used in the processing of leather.

b. A covalent bond isduplicate

a covalent bondcopies 2 that covalent bonds have 2 pairs of PEI.
c. The covalent bond triplicate
3 double covalent bond is covalent bond that has 3 pairs of PEI.

Nitrogen usefulness in everyday life and in the industry:

1. Fillers incandescent bulb
2. used as a coolant liquid nitrogen to create a very low temperature Nitrogen is used to release
oxygen (inert atmosphere) for various industries interrupted by oxygen due to the nature of the
less reactive nitrogen. (storage of fruits and vegetables that are not perishable canned,
manufacturing of injection solutions, the electronics industry who want the air without oxygen,
storage of flammable products).
Raw materials for ammonia (Process Haber-Bosch)
N2 (s)+ 2H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
In the compounds:
Ammonia (NH3):gas that is colorless, odorless stimulating and easy melting, boiling point
-330C and a freezing point of -780C.
Used for: manufacture of urea and ZA (Zwavel ammonia), manufacture of NH4Cl in the
battery, the manufacture of nitric acid (HNO3)cooling in an ice factory, manufacture hidrasin
(N2H4)used as rocket fuel, as raw material to manufacture: (explosives, paper, plastics and
detergents).

2. Based on the polarity of bonding, covalent bonds are split 2:

a. polar covalent bond
polar covalent bond is a covalent bond that PEInya tend to gravitate to one atom
bonded. The polarity of a covalent bond is determined by electronegativity of an
element. Polar covalent compounds usually occur between atoms of different
 elements keelektronegatifannya large, have a shape asymmetrical molecules, having a
dipole moment (u = the product of the amount of charge by distance) 0.
Example:

b. nonpolar covalent bond

polar covalent bond is a covalent bond in PEInya interested strong same direction
bonded atoms. Nonpolar covalent compounds formed between atoms of different
elements that have electronegativity zero or have a dipole moment = 0 (zero) or has
the shape of molecular symmetry.
Example:

3. The covalent bond coordinate

covalent bond is a covalent bond coordinating its PEI comes from one atom bonded.

1. Formation of NH4+
utilities ammonia in our daily lives: In the form of ammonia nitrogen, is used as fertilizer,
medicine, nitric acid, urea, hidrasin, amen, and cooling.
2. The formation of H2SO4
Sulfuric acid is produced on a large scale in the factory because many digunakansebagai
the manufacture of everyday products .:
3. Formation of SO3
Usefulness:
treatment of venomous animal bite wound. May also sulfur which has been made lighter mash
until smooth and input into the hole bites, and then burn it.
Drug rashes on the skin. sulfur grab for the thumb, and then crushed together 3 eggs pepper and
half nutmeg. After a smooth, stir in a tablespoon of kerosene and water. Apply on the body that
attacked hives.
Eliminating phlegm / leather adorning ringworm. After sulfur refined, mixing them with cooking
oil and then stir until smooth. Apply on the skin berpanu or ringworm. Do it as often as possible
Sulfur is essential to life. Sulfur is a constituent of fat, body fluids and bone mineral, at a lower
rate.
To create sulfuric acid.
To make SO2 gas that was used to wash materials made of wool and silk.
In the tire industry, sulfur for the vulcanization of rubber tire related that increases the tension
and strength.
Sulfur is also used in the pharmaceutical industry, explosives, and industrial lighters using Sb2S3.

The physical properties of covalent compounds:

1. At room temperature gaseous, liquid (Br2),and there is solid (I2);
2. The solid is soft and not brittle;
3. Having a boiling point and low melting point;
4. Soluble in organic solvents but insoluble in water;
5. Generally do not conduct electricity.

C. Metallic Bonds
Metal bond is a chemical bond formed by shared use of the valence electrons in the metal
antaratomatom. Example: iron, zinc, and silver. Metal bonding is not ionic or covalent bonds.
One theory put forward to explain the metallic bond is the theory of sea of electrons.
Examples of the metal bonding. The locus of valence electrons of an atom of iron (Fe)
may overlap with the locus of valence electrons of atoms of Fe else. Antarelektron overlap
allows the valence electron valence of each atom of Fe move freely in the space between the ions
Fe + form a sea of electrons. Because oppositely charged (Fe2+ dam 2 e-) then the force of
attraction between the ions Fe and these free electrons. As a result, bonds are formed so-called
metallic bonds.
The presence of lead metal metallic bond is:
1. At room temperature it is a solid, except Hg;
2. Hard but pliable / can be forged;
3. Having a boiling point and a high melting point;
4. Conductor of electricity and heat well;
5. Shiny.