Anexo 10 PRIMERA EDICIN

OPERACIONES SELVA ACTUALIZACIN ESTUDIO DE RIESGOS

Abril 2015 PLANTA DE VENTA IQUITOS Pgina 1

ANEXO 10
TABLA DE PROBABILIDADES

PLANTA DE VENTA
IQUITOS

TERRAMAR INSPECTION & TRADING S.A.C.

Guideline for quantitative
risk assessment

'Purple book'

CPR 18E
Part one: Establishments

dr. P.A.M. Uijt de Haag

dr. B.J.M. Ale

RVIM
LOCs 3.1

3. LOSS OF CONTAINMENT EVENTS

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the Loss ofContainment events (LOCs) that need to be included in the
QRA for establishrnents. The complete set ofLOCs consists of generic LOCs, extemal-impact
LOCs, loading and unloading LOCs and specific LO Cs.

Generic LOCs
The generic LOCs cover all failure causes not considered exp licitly, like corrosion, construction
errors, welding failures and blocking of tank vents.

Extemal-impact LOCs
LOCs for external impactare considered explicitly for transport units. The extemal-impact LOCs
applyingto stationary installations and pipelines are assumed to be either already included in the
generic LOCs or should be included by adding an extra failure frequency.

Loading and unloading LOCs

Loading and unloading LOCs cover the transhipment of material from transport units to
stationary installations and vice versa.

Specific LOCs
Specific LOCs cover the LOCs specific to the process conditions, process design, materials and
plant layout. Examples are runaway reactions and domino effects.

Only LOCs that contribute to the individual and/or societal risk should be included in the QRA.
This means that LOCs of an installation should be included only if two conditions are fulfilled:
i.e. (1) frequency of occurrence is equal to or greater than 108 per year and (2) lethal damage (1%
probability) occurs outside the establishrnent's boundary or the transport route.

The LOCs for establishrnents are described in Sections 3.2.1- 3.2.9.

3.2 l.oss of ConUiinment events at establishments

Loss ofContainment events (LOCs) are defined for various systems in an establishment. The
systems and their LOCs are descnbed in more detail in the sections as indicated in Table 3.1.
LOCs 3.2

Table 3.1 LOCsfor systems in an establishment

System Section
Stationary tanks and vesrels, pressurised 3.2.1
Stationary tanks and vesrels, 3.22
atmospheric
Gas ey linders 3.2.1
Pipes 3.23
Pwnps 3.2.4
Heat exchangers 3.25
Pre!BUI'e relief oovices 3.2.6
Warehouses 3.2.7
Storage of explmives 3.2.8
Road tankers 3.2.9
Tankwagons 3.29
Ships 3.29

3.21 Stationary pressurised tanks and wssels

Ofthe various types ofpressurised stationary tank:s and vessels, pressure, process and reactor
vessels can be distinw.rlshed. These are described below.

Pressure vessel
A pressure vessel is a storage vessel in which the pressure is (substantially) more than 1 bar
absolute.

Process vessel
In a process vessel a change in the physical properties ofthe substance occurs, e.g. temperature
or phase. Examples ofprocess vessels are distillation columns, condensers and filters. Vessels
where only the level of liquid changes can be considered as pressure vessels.

Reactor vessel
In reactor vessels a chemical change ofthe substances occurs. Examples ofreactor vessels are
batch and continuous reactors. A vessel where a strong exothermic mixing of substances occurs
should also be considered as a reactor vessel.

The LOCs for pressure, process and reactor vessels are given in Table 3.2, the failure frequencies
of these LOCs for stationary vessels in
Table 3.3.

Table 3.2 LOCs for stationary vessels

LOC for stationmv vessds

G.l Instantaneous reease ofthe complete inventory

G.2 Continuous relea!!e of the comp1ete inventory in 1Omin at a comtant rate of release

G.3 Continuous relea!!e from a hole with an effective diameter of 1 Omm

LOCs 3.3

Table 3.3 Frequencies ofLOCsfor stationary vessels

Installation (part) G.1 G.2 G.3

Instantaneous Continuous, Continuous,
10 min S 10mm

pre!!rure vessel 5 X 10"7 y 1 5 X 10"7 y1 1 X 10"5 y 1

process ve!.Bel 5 X 10-6 y 1 5 X 10-6 y1 1 X 104 y

1

reactor ve!.Bel 5 X 10-6 yl 5 X 10-6 y1 1 X 104 y

1

Notes:

l. A vessel or tank consists ofthe vessel (tank) wall and the welded stumps, mountingplates
and instrumentation pipes. The LOCs cover the failure ofthe tanks and vessels and the
associated instrumentation pipework. The failure ofpipes connected to the vessels and
tanks should be considered separately (see Section 3.2.3).

2. The failure frequencies given here are default failure frequencies based on the situation that
corrosion, fatigue dueto VIbrations, operating errors and externa! impacts are excluded. A
deviation ofthe default failure frequencies is possible in specific cases.
1 A lower failure frequency can be used if a tank or vessel has special provisions
additional to the standard provisions, e.g. according to the design code, which have an
indisputable failure-reducing effect. However, the frequency at which the complete
inventory is released (i.e. the sum of the frequencies of the LOCs, G .1 and G .2) should
neverbeless than 1 X 10"7 peryear.
1 A higber frequency should be used if standard provisions are missing or under
uncommon circumstances. If externa! imp act or op erating errors cannot be excluded, an
extra failure frequency of 5 x 1o- 6 p er y ear should be added to LOC G .1,
'Jnstantaneous' andan extra failure frequency of 5 X 106 per year should be added to
LOC 0.2, 'Continuous, 10min'.

3. Vessels and tanks can be (partly) in-ground, or situated inside or outside a building. The
LOCs and their frequencies are not dependent on the situation. The modelling of a release
inside a building is descnbed in Chapter 4.

4. Storage tanks can be used for the storage of different substances at different times. Iflarge
numbers of different substances are transhipped from an establishment, it is useful to
classify the substances and use sample substances for each category in the QRA. A
classification method is described in [V\bW95]. It should be noted that if a sp ecific
substance makes up an important part ofthe total amount transhipped, the substance itself
will have to be used in the calculation.
LOCs 3.4

5. Storage tanks may have a pressure just above 1 bar absolute. These tanks have to be
considered as atmospheric storage tanks. Examples are cryogenic tanks and atmospheric
storage tanks with nitrogen blanketing.

6. The potential consequences of simultaneous failure of more than one tank should be
considered. For instance, if several tanks are located clase to each other, a BLEVE of one
tank may lead to the failure of several other tanks. If several tanks are located in one bund,
the capacity ofthe bund should be sufficient to contain the liquid ofall tanks, otherwise
simultaneous failure ofmore than one tank may lead toa spill outside the bund.

7. Failure frequencies ofprocess and reactor vessels are higher by a factor of 10 than the
failure frequencies ofpressure vessels. This factor covers the hazards imposed by the
chemical process, like runaway reactions unidentified in the analysis ofthe process.
However, the process is assumed to be analysed using methods like HAZOP, "what/if' and
checklist analyses and appropriate measures are taken to prevent the hazards identified. A
more complete description of analysis methods is given in the "Red Book" [CPR12E].

8. Catastrophic failure of a gas cy linder does not generally lead to lethal effects outside the
establishment. However, the possibility of domino effects should be considered, e.g.
following catastrop hic failure of a gas cy linder with acety lene. The frequency of
catastrophic failure of a gas cy linder (instantaneous releas e) is 1 x 106 per year.

3.2.2 S tationary atmospheric tanks and vessels

The various types of stationary tanks and vessels can be distinguished as given below:

Sing\e-containment atmosp heric tank

A single-containment atmospheric tank consists of a primary container for the liquid. An outer
shell is either present, or not, but when present, primarily intended for the retention and
protection of insulation. It is not designed to contain liquid in the event of the primary
container' s failure.

Atmospheric tank with a protective outer shell

An atmospheric tank with a protective outer shell consists of a primary container for the liquid
anda protective outer shell. The outer shell is designed to contain the liquid in the event offailure
ofthe primary container but is not designed to contain any vapour. The outer shell is not
designed to withstand all possible loads, e.g. explosion (static pressure load of 0.3 bar during 300
rns ), p enetrating fragments and cold (thermal) load.

Double-containment atmospheric tank

A double-containment atmospheric tank consists of a primary container for the liquid anda
secondary container. The secondary container is designed to contain the liquid in the event of
failure ofthe primary container and to withstand all possible loads, like explosion (static pressure
load of0.3 bar during300 rns), penetratingfragments and cold (thermal) load. The secondary
container is not designed to hold any kind ofvapour.

Full-containment atmospheric tank

LOCs 3.5

Full-containment atmospheric tank

A full-containment atmospheric tank consists of a primary container for the liquid and a
secondary container. The secondary container is design.ed to contain both the liquid and vap our in
the event offailure ofthe primary container, and to withstand all possible loads, lik:e explosion
(static pressure load of0.3 bar during 300 ms), penetratingfragm.ents and cold. The outer roofis
supported by the secondary containment and designed to withstand loads e.g. explosion.

M embrane tank
A membrane tank consists of a primary anda secondary container. The primary container is
formed by a non-self-supporting membrane that holds the liquid and its vapour under normal
operating conditions. The secondary container is concrete and supports the primary container.
The secondary container has the capacity to contain all the liquid and to realise controlled venting
of the vap our if the inner tank fails. The outer roof forms an integral p art of the secondary
containment.

In-w-ound atmospheric tank

An in-ground atmospheric tank is a storage tank in which the liquid level is at or below ground
level.

M ounded atmospheric tank

A mounded atmospheric tank is a storage tank that is completely covered with a layer of soil and
in which the liquid level is above ground level.

The LOCs for atmospheric tanks are given in Table 3.4 and the frequencies ofthese LOCs in
Table 3.5.

Table 3.4 LOCs for atmospheric tanks

LOCs for atmospheric tanks

G.l Instantaneous release ofthe complete inventory

a directly to the atmosphfl"e
b from the primary container into the mimpaired secondary container or outer !hell

0.2 Continuous release of the complete inventory in 1Omin at a comiant rate ofrelease
a directly to the atmosphere
b from the primary container into the mimpaired secondary container or outer !hell

0.3 Continuous release from a hole with an effective diameter of 1Omm

a directly to the atmosphere
b from the primary container into the mimpaired secondary container or outer !hell
LOCs 3.6

Table 3.5 Frequencies ofLOCsfor atmospheric tanks

Ins1allatim (pmt) G.1a G.lb G.2a G.2b G.3a G.3b

Ins1antan. Ins1antan. Continuous Conti.nuous Conti.nuous Continuous

1omn. 10 un 0 10nm 0 10mm

relt11Se to relt11Se to relt11Se to re1t11Se to relt11Se to relt11Se to

atmCEphere secmdary atmCEphere secmdary atmCEphere secmdary
con1ainer con1ainer con1ainer

single-
X 10~i
1
X 10~i
1 1
con1ainment tank: 5 5 1 X 10-4 i

tankwith a
protective outer
shell 5 X 10-7 y-1 5 X 10-7 y-1 5 X 10-7 y- 1 5 X 10-7 y-1 1 X 10-4 y-1

doulie
con1ainment tank: 1.25 X 10-8 y-1 5 X 10~ y-1 1.25 X 10-8 i 5 X 10-8 y-1 1 X 10-4 y-1
1

full containment
tank 1 X 10"8 i 1

memlxane tmk seenote 7

in-ground tank 1 X 10~ i 1

mounled td 1 X 10"8 i 1

Notes:

l. A vessel or tank consists of the vessel (tank) wall and the welded stumps, mountingplates
and instrumentation pipes. The LOCs cover the failure ofthe tanks and ves seis, and the
associated instrumentation pipework. The failure ofpipes connected to the vessels and
tanks should be considered separately (see Section 3.2.3).

2. Tanks can be situated inside or outside a building. The LOCs are not dependent on the
situation. M odelling a release inside a building is described in Chapter 4.

3. Storage tanks can be used for storingdifferent substances at different times. Iflarge
numbers of different substances are transhipped from an establishment, it is useful to
classify the substances and use sample substances for each category in the QRA. A
classification method is described in [V\bW95]. It should be noted that if a sp ecific
substance constitutes an important part ofthe total amount transhipped, the substance
itself will have to be used in the calculation.

4. A cryogenic tank is an atmospheric tank with a storage temperature below ambient

temp erature. The LOCs for a cryogenic tank are the LOCs of the corresp onding typ e of
atmospheric storage tank.
LOCs 3.7

5. Atmospheric storage tanks may have a pressure just above 1 bar absolute. These tanks
should be considered as atmospheric storage tanks. Examples are cryogenic tanks and
atmospheric storage tank:s with nitrogen blanketing.

6. The potential consequences of simultaneous failure of more than one tank: should be
considered. For instance, ifseveral tanks are located in one bund, the capacity ofthe bund
should be sufficient to contain the liquid of a11 tanks, otherwise simultaneous failure of
more than one tank: may lead to a spill outside the bund.

7. The failure frequency of a membrane tank, determined by the strength of the secondary
container, should be estimated case by case usingthe data on the other types of
atmosp heric tanks.

8. The liquid level in an in-ground atmospheric tank is at or below ground level. The
surrounding soil should be considered as a secondary container; failure of the tank results in
flash and pool evaporation only.

3.23 Pipes

The LOCs for pipes cover a11 types ofprocess pipes and inter-unit pipelines above ground of an
establishment. The LOCs for transport pipelines underground are gi.ven elsewhere. The LOCs for
pipes are gi.ven in Table 3.6 and LOC frequencies for pipes in Table 3.7.

Table 3.6 LOCsfor pipes

LOCs for pipes

G.1 Full bore ruptme

- out:flow is from lnth sirns of the full bore rupture

G.2 Leak
- out:flow is from a leak: wth an effective di.ameter of 10% of the
nominal di.ameter, a maximmn of50 mm

Table 3.7 Frequencies ofLOCsfor pipes

lnstallation (part) G.1 G.2

Full bore ruptme Leak:

pipeline,
nominal diameter< 75 mm 1 x 10-6 m-1 y-1 5 x 10-6 m-1 y-1

pipeline,
7 5 mm :5: nominal diameter :5: 15 O 3 X 10-7 m-1 y-1 2 x 10-6 m-1 y-1
mm

pipeline,
nominal di.ameter > 150 nnn 1 X 10-7 m-1 y-1 5 X 10-7 m-1 y-1
LOCs 3.8

Notes:

l. The figures gi.ven for the pipework failure rateare based on process pipework operating in
an environment where no excessive vibration, corrosionlerosion or thermal cyclic stresses
are expected. Ifthere is a potential risk causing a significant leak, e.g corrosion, a correction
factor of 3- 10 should be applied, depending on the specific situation.

2. Pipes can be situated inside or outside a building The LOCs are not dependent on the
situation. The modelling of a release inside a building is descnbed in Chapter 4.

3. The location ofthe full bore rupture can be important to the outflow. Ifthe location is
important, at least three full bore ruptures will have to be modelled:
upstream, i.e. situated directly at the vessel at the high pressure side with zero pipeline
length
middle, i.e. situated halfway alongthe pipeline
downstream, i.e. situated directly at the vessel at the low pressure side.
For short pipelines, less than 20 metres, the location ofthe full bore rupture is probably
not important; modelling one location for the full bore rupture, i.e. upstream, will suffice.
For the leak LOC the location ofthe leak is probably not that important to the outflow, so
that one location for the leak will suffice.

4. For longpipelines, failure locations have to be selected at regular distances to produce a

smooth risk contour. There should be enough locations to ensure that the risk contour does
not change substantially when the number of failure locations is increased. A reasonable
initial distance between two failure locations is 50 metres.

5. F ailures of flanges are assumed to be included in the failure frequency of the pipeline; for
that reason, the minimum length of a pipe is set at 1Ometres.

3.2.4 Pumps

The LOCs for pumps are gi.ven in Table 3.8 and the LOCs frequencies for pumps in Table 3.9.

Table 3.8 LOCs for pumps

LOCs for punps

G.l Catastrophi:: faiJure

- full bore rupture of the large9: connecting pipeline

G.2 Leak
- outflow is from a leak \\ith an effective diameter of 10% of the
nominal diameter of the largest connecting pipeline, with a maximum of 50
mm
LOCs 3.9

Table 3.9 Frequenciesfor pumps

lnstallation (part) G.1 G.2

Catastrophic Leak
failure

pumps without addtional provisions 1 X 104 y"1 5 X 104 y"

1

pumps with a wrotW1t steel containment 5 X 10-5 y1 2.5 X 10 4 y 1

canned pumps 1 X 10-S yl 5 X 10-S yl

3.2.5 Heat exchangers

The LOCs for heat exchangers are given in Table 3.10 and LOCs frequencies for heat exchangers
in Table 3 .11. Three different typ es of heat exchangers are:
heat exchangers where the dangerous substance is outside the pipes.
heat exchangers where the dangerous substance is inside the pipes, with the outer shell having
a design pressure higb.er than or equal to the maximum occurringpressure ofthe dangerous
substance inside the pipes
heat exchangers where the dangerous substance is inside the pipes, with the outer shell having
a design pressure less than the maximum occurringpressure ofthe dangerous substance inside
thepipes

Table 3.10 LOCsfor heatexchangers

LOC for helt exchan2tll"s

G.l Instantaneous re~ase ofthe complete inventory

G.2 Continuous relea~ of the compJete inventory in 1Omin ata cong;ant rate ofrelease

G.3 Continuous relea~ from a hole with an effective diameter of 1 Omm

G.4 Full bore rupture of ten pipes simultaneous]y

- out:tlow from both sides of the fulllnre rupture

G.5 Full bore rupture of one pipe

- out:tlow from both sides of the fulllnre rupture

G.6 Leak
- out:tlow from a leak. with an effective diameter of 10% ofthe
nominal diameter, with a maximun of 50 mm
 TRADUCCIN LIBRE

EXTRACTO DE YELLOW BOOK. SECCIN 3. PRDIDAS DE CONTENCIN

3. EVENTOS DE PERDIDA DE CONTENCIN

3.1. Introduccin

Este captulo describe los eventos de prdida de contencin (LOC = Loss of Containment)
que necesitan estar incluidos en la evaluacin cuantitativa de riesgos para
establecimientos. El conjunto completo de LOCs est comprendido por; genricos, por
impacto externo, por carga y descarga, y especficos.

LOC Genricos

Los LOC genricos cubren todas las causas no consideradas explcitamente, como
corrosin, errores de construccin, fallas de soldadura y bloqueo de los respiraderos de
los tanques.

LOC impacto externo

LOC para impacto externo son considerados explcitamente para las unidades de
transporte. Las LOC para impacto externo son aplicables a las instalaciones fijas y los
oleoductos, se supone que an no estn incluidos en los LOC genricos o deben estar
incluidos aadiendo una frecuencia de fallo adicional.

LOC carga y descarga

Cubre el transbordo de material procedente de las unidades de transporte a

instalaciones fijas y viceversa.

LOC especficos

Cubren los LOC especficos para las condiciones de proceso, diseo de procesos,
materiales y diseo de la planta. Ejemplos de ello son reacciones incontroladas y los
efectos domin.

Solo aquellos eventos de LOC que contribuyen al riesgo individual o social deben ser
incluidos en la evaluacin cuantitativa de riesgos. Esto significa que los LOC de una
instalacin deben incluirse slo si se cumplen dos condiciones: es decir;

(1) la frecuencia de ocurrencia es igual o superior a 10-8 al ao, y

(2) el dao letal (1% de probabilidad) se produce fuera del
lmite del establecimiento o de la ruta de transporte.

Los LOCs para los establecimientos se describen en las secciones 3.2.1 al 3.2.9.

3.2. Eventos de prdida de contencin en establecimientos

LOCs son definidos por varios sistemas en un establecimiento. Los sistemas y sus LOCs
son descritos en mayor detalle en las secciones como indica en la Tabla 3.1.
 TABLA 3.1 LOCS PARA SISTEMAS EN UN ESTABLECIMIENTO

Sistema Seccin
Tanques y contenedores estacionarios; presurizado 3.2.1
Tanques y contenedores estacionarios; atmosfrico 3.2.2
Cilindros de gas 3.2.1
Tuberas 3.2.3
Bombas 3.2.4
Intercambiadores de calor 3.2.5
Dispositivos de alivio de presin 3.2.6
Almacenes 3.2.7
Almacenamiento de explosivos 3.2.8
Camiones cisterna 3.2.9
Vagn cisterna 3.2.9
Embarcaciones 3.2.9

3.2.1. TANQUES Y CONTENEDORES ESTACIONARIOS PRESURIZADOS

..

3.2.2. TANQUES Y CONTENEDORES ATMOSFRICOS ESTACIONARIOS

Los diversos tipos de tanques y contenedores estacionarios se pueden distinguir

como se indica a continuacin:

TANQUE INDIVIDUAL DE CONTENCIN ATMOSFRICA

Un tanque individual de contencin atmosfrica consiste en un contenedor

principal para el lquido. Una capa exterior est presente, o no, pero cuando est
presente, es principalmente destinado a la retencin y la proteccin del
aislamiento. No est diseado para contener el lquido en caso de fallo del
contenedor primario.

TANQUE ATMOSFRICO CON UNA CAPA EXTERIOR DE PROTECCIN

Un tanque atmosfrico con una cubierta exterior de proteccin consiste en un

recipiente principal para el lquido y una cubierta exterior protectora. La capa
exterior est diseada para contener el lquido en el caso de fallo del recipiente
principal, pero no est diseado para contener cualquier vapor. La capa exterior
no est diseada para soportar todas las cargas posibles, por ejemplo, explosin
(carga de presin esttica de 0,3 bar durante 300 ms), fragmentos penetrantes
y carga fra (trmica).

TANQUE ATMOSFRICO DE DOBLE CONTENCIN

Un tanque atmosfrico de doble contencin consiste en un recipiente principal

para el lquido y un recipiente secundario. El recipiente secundario est
diseado para contener el lquido en el caso de fallo del recipiente principal y
 para resistir todas las cargas posibles, como la explosin (carga de presin
esttica de 0,3 bar durante 300 ms), fragmentos penetrantes y carga fra
(trmica). El recipiente secundario no est diseado para soportar cualquier tipo
de vapor.

TANQUE ATMOSFRICO DE FULL-CONTENCIN

Un tanque atmosfrica-contencin completo consta de un recipiente primario

para el lquido y un recipiente secundario. El recipiente secundario est
diseado para contener tanto el lquido y el vapor en el caso de fallo del
recipiente principal, y para resistir todas las cargas posibles, como la explosin
(carga de presin esttica de 0,3 bar durante 300 ms), fragmentos penetrantes
y fro. El techo exterior se apoya en la contencin secundaria y diseado para
soportar cargas por ejemplo, explosin.

TANQUE DE MEMBRANA

Un tanque de membrana consiste en un contenedor primario y secundario. El

contenedor primario est formado por una membrana no autoportante que
mantiene el lquido y su vapor bajo condiciones de funcionamiento normales. El
contenedor secundario es de hormign y soporta el recipiente principal. El
recipiente secundario tiene la capacidad de contener todo el lquido y para darse
cuenta de ventilacin controlada del vapor si el tanque interno no lo logra. El
techo exterior forma una parte integral de la contencin secundaria.

TANQUE ATMOSFRICO A SUB NIVEL

Un tanque atmosfrico a Sub Nivel es un tanque de almacenamiento en el que

el nivel de lquido est en o por debajo del nivel del suelo.

TANQUE ATMOSFRICO ENTERRADO

Un tanque atmosfrico cubierto es un tanque de almacenamiento que est

completamente cubierto con una capa de tierra y en la que el nivel de lquido
est por encima del nivel del suelo.

TABLA 3.4 LOCS PARA TANQUES ATMOSFRICOS

LOCs para tanques atmosfricos

G.1. Liberacin instantnea del inventario completo
a. Directamente a la atmsfera
b. Desde el recipiente principal al recipiente secundario intacto o capa externa
G.2. Liberacin continua del inventario completo en 10 minutos a una velocidad
constante de liberacin
a. Directamente a la atmsfera
b. Desde el recipiente principal al recipiente secundario intacto o capa externa
G.3. Liberacin continua de un agujero con un dimetro efectivo de 10 mm
a. Directamente a la atmsfera
b. Desde el recipiente principal al recipiente secundario intacto o capa externa
 TABLA 3.5 FRECUENCIAS DE LOC PARA TANQUES ATMOSFRICOS

G.1 a G.1 b G.2 a G.2 b G.3 a G.3 b

Continuo Continuo Continuo Continuo
Instantneo Instantneo
10 min 10 min 10 mm 10 mm
Instalacin
Liberado a Liberado a Liberado a
Liberado a Liberado a Liberado a
contenedor contenedor contenedor
atmsfera atmosfera atmosfera
secundario secundario secundario
Tanque
atmosfrico 5 x 10-6 y-1 5 x 10-6 y-1 1 x 10-4 y-1
individual
Tanque
atmosfrico
con capa 5 x 10-7 y-1 5 x 10-7 y-1 5 x 10-7 y-1 5 x 10-7 y-1 1 x 10-4 y-1
exterior de
proteccin
Tanque 1.25 x 10-8 1.25 x 10-8
Doble 5 x 10-8 y-1 5 x 10-8 y-1 1 x 10-4 y-1
y-1 y-1
contencin
Tanque Full-
1 x 10-8 y-1
contencin
Tanque de
Ver nota 7
membrana
Tanque
1 x 10-8 y-1
sub nivel
Tanque
1 x 10-8 y-1
enterrado

Notas:
1. Un contenedor o tanque consta de la pared del contenedor (tanque) y los tocones
soldadas, placas de montaje y tubos de instrumentacin. Los LOCs cubren la falla de los
tanques y contenedores, y las tuberas de instrumentacin asociada. La falla de los tubos
conectados a los contenedores y los tanques debe ser considerado por separado (ver la
Seccin 3.2.3).
2. Los tanques pueden estar situados dentro o fuera de un edificio. Los LOC no dependen
de la situacin. Modelizacin de una descarga en el interior de un edificio se describe
en el Captulo 4.
3. Los tanques de almacenamiento se pueden utilizar para el almacenamiento de
diferentes sustancias en diferentes momentos. Si un gran nmero de diferentes
sustancias sean transbordadas de un establecimiento, es til clasificar las sustancias y el
uso de sustancias de la muestra, para cada categora en la evaluacin cuantitativa de
riesgo. Un mtodo de clasificacin se describe en [V Vo W95]. Cabe sealar que si una
sustancia especfica constituye una parte importante de la cantidad total de transbordo,
la propia sustancia tendr que ser utilizado en el clculo.
4. Un tanque criognico es un tanque atmosfrico con una temperatura de
almacenamiento debajo de la temperatura ambiente. Los LOCs de un tanque criognico
son los LOCs del tipo correspondiente del tanque de almacenamiento atmosfrico.
5. Los tanques de almacenamiento atmosfrico pueden tener una presin por encima de
1 bar absoluto. Estos tanques tienen que ser considerados como tanques de
almacenamiento atmosfricos. Ejemplos de ello son los tanques criognicos y tanques
de almacenamiento atmosfricos con inertizacin de nitrgeno.
6. Las posibles consecuencias de la falla simultnea de ms de un tanque debe ser
considerado. Por ejemplo, si varios tanques se encuentran en un aislamiento, la
capacidad del aislamiento debe ser suficiente para contener el lquido de todos los
tanques, de otra forma el fracaso simultneo de ms de un tanque puede conducir a un
derrame fuera del aislamiento.
7. La frecuencia de fracaso de un tanque de membrana, determinado por la fuerza del
contenedor secundario, se debe estimar caso por caso utilizando los datos sobre los
otros tipos de tanques atmosfricos.
8. El nivel de lquido en un tanque atmosfrico en el suelo se encuentra en o por debajo
del nivel del suelo. El suelo circundante se debe considerar como un contenedor
secundario; falla en el tanque resulta en solo rpida y evaporacin de charco-piscina.

3.2.3. TUBERAS

Los LOC para tuberas cubren todos de tubos de procesos y tuberas entre las
unidades sobre el suelo de un establecimiento. Los LOC para tuberas de
transporte subterrneo se dan en otros lugares. Los LOC para tuberas se dan en
la Tabla 3.6 y frecuencias LOCs para las tuberas de la Tabla 3.7.

TABLA 3.6. LOC PARA TUBERAS

LOCs para tubos

G.1. Ruptura de paso total

- Salida: flujo es desde ambos lados de la
ruptura de paso total

G.2. Fuga
- Salida: flujo es de una fuga con un dimetro
efectivo de 10% del dimetro
nominal, un mximo de 50 mm
 TABLA 3.7 LAS FRECUENCIAS DE LAS LOC PARA TUBERAS

G.1 Ruptura de
Instalacin G.2 Fuga
paso total
Tubera, nominal 75 mm 1 x 10-6 m-1 y-1 5 x 10-6 m-1 y-1
Tubera, 75 mm nominal 150 mm 3 x 10-7 m-1 y-1 2 x 10-6 m-1 y-1
Tubera, nominal > 150 mm 1 x 10-7 m-1 y-1 5 x 10-7 m-1 y-1

Notas:

1. Los valores que aparecen en el ndice de fracaso tuberas se basan en tuberas de proceso
que operan en un entorno donde se espera que ninguna vibracin excesiva, corrosin /
erosin o tensiones cclicas trmicas. Si existe un riesgo potencial de causar una fuga
significativa, por ejemplo, la corrosin, un factor de correccin de 3 -10 debe aplicarse,
dependiendo de la situacin especfica.
2. Las tuberas pueden estar situados dentro o fuera de un edificio Las LOCs no dependen
de la situacin. El modelado de una descarga en el interior de un edificio se describe en el
Captulo 4.
3. La ubicacin de la ruptura de paso total puede ser importante para el flujo de salida. Si la
ubicacin es importante, al menos tres rupturas paso total tendrn que ser modelado:
aguas arriba, es decir, situado directamente en el contenedor en el lado de alta presin
con cero longitud de tuberas
medio, es decir, a mitad de camino situado a lo largo de la tubera
aguas abajo, es decir, situado directamente en el contenedor en el lado de baja
presin. Para tuberas cortas, de menos de 20 metros, la ubicacin de la ruptura de paso
total probablemente no es importante; modelar una ubicacin para la ruptura de paso
total, es decir, aguas arriba, ser suficiente. Para la fuga en el LOC, el lugar de la fuga
probablemente no es tan importante para el flujo de salida, de forma que un mismo
lugar de la fuga ser suficiente.
4. Para tuberas largas, lugares de fallo tienen que ser seleccionados a distancias regulares
para producir un contorno de riesgo liso. Debe haber suficientes lugares para asegurar
que el contorno de riesgo no cambia sustancialmente cuando se aumenta el nmero de
localizaciones de fracaso. A distancia inicial razonable entre dos ubicaciones de fracaso
es de 50 metros.
5. Se supone fallos de bridas que se incluirn en la frecuencia de fallo de la tubera; por esa
razn, la longitud mnima de un tubo se fija en 10 metros.
 3.2.4. 3.2.4 BOMBAS

Los LOC para bombas se dan en la Tabla 3.8 y las frecuencias LOCs para las
bombas en la Tabla 3.9.

TABLA 3.8 LOCS PARA BOMBAS

LOCs para bombas

G.1. Error catastrfico
- Paso total ruptura de la tubera de conexin ms grande

G.2. fuga
- Flujo de salida es de una fuga con un dimetro efectivo de 10% del dimetro
nominal de la tubera de conexin ms grande, con un mximo de 50 mm

TABLA 3.9 FRECUENCIAS PARA BOMBAS

G.1 Error
Instalacin G.2 Fuga
catastrfico
Bombas sin disposiciones
1 x 10-4 y-1 5 x 10-4 y-1
adicionales

Bombas con contencin de

5 x 10-5 y-1 2.5 x 10-4 y-1
acero forjado

Bombas encapsuladas 1 x 10-5 y-1 5 x 10-5 y-1