Introduction To Hybrid Electric Vehicles - An Overview

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Introduction to Electric Hybrid

Vehicles
Karthik M.
Asst. Professor (SRG)
Electrical & Electronics Engg
Kongu Engineering College
Perundurai
E-mail: karthik.prm@gmail.com
31-Mar-16
Evolution of Hybrid Vehicle
Stand alone ICE driven Vehicle
KARTHIK
Stand alone Battery driven Vehicle
Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering
31-Mar-16
Series Hybrid Power Train

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Parallel Hybrid Power Train

31-Mar-16
KARTHIK
History of hybrid and electric
vehicles
Historical development of Automobiles
1800s Steam Technology - Steam powered cars
Adv: high performance in terms of power and speed
Disadv: poor fuel economy, fire up the boiler before driving,
Feed water Required (Resolved using Steam condenser),
Heavy weight to a vehicle.
1900s Gasoline cars Noisy, dirty, smelly and unreliable
1890-1924: Electric vehicle Lead acid batteries, driving range
1924-1960 Gasoline cars Range extension - Gasoline, Diesel
Shortage of fuels during 1970s - ???
Hybrid Vehicle
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KARTHIK
History of hybrid and electric
vehicles
2037 - Future of Hybrid electrical vehicle

31-Mar-16
social and environmental
importance of hybrid and electric

vehicles
Global warming climate change
How to ?
Reduce CO2 and Harmful environment pollutions?
Source?
Automobiles ICE
Cars, Trucks 25% CO2
Other transportation methods 12%
Potential Alternative for the dependence of ICE ?
KARTHIK
Hybrid Vehicle - Cost effective
Kongu Engineerin College
- Environmental friendly
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
31-Mar-16

vehicles
Hybrid Vehicle
Any two Power Sources:
Diesel/Electric, Gasoline/Electric, Fuel cell (FC)/battery
- Most of the vehicles Gasoline/ battery
- Not completely clean
- Need alternate fuel resources
Design of vehicles require improvements:

- Power train systems
- Fuel processing
- Power conversion technologies
- Use of synthetic fuels
- Hydrogen, biodiesel, bioethanol, dimethylether, ammonia etc.,
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vehicles
A Case study : Impact of vehicle propulsion and fueling systems
The vehicles analyzed were as follows:
1. Conventional gasoline vehicle - gasoline fuel and ICE
2. Hybrid vehicle - gasoline fuel, electrical drive, and
large rechargeable battery,
3. Electric vehicle - high-capacity electrical battery and
electrical drive/generator,
4. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle - high-pressure hydrogen fuel tank, fuel cell,
electrical drive
5. Hydrogen internal combustion vehicle - high-pressure hydrogen fuel tank
and ICE
6. Ammonia-fueled vehicle - liquid ammonia fuel tank, ammonia thermo-
catalytic decomposition and separation unit to
KARTHIK generate
Kongu Engineerin College pure hydrogen, hydrogen-fueled
Electrical ICE.
and Electronics Engineering
31-Mar-16

vehicles
The analysis were conducted on six vehicles,
The specific vehicles were:

1) Toyota Corolla (conventional vehicle),
2) Toyota Prius (hybrid vehicle),
3) Toyota RAV4EV (electric vehicle),
4) Honda FCX (hydrogen fuel cell vehicle),
5) Ford Focus H2-ICE (hydrogen ICE vehicle),
6) Ford Focus H2-ICE adapted to use ammonia as source of
hydrogen (ammonia-fueled ICE vehicle).

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vehicles
Economical Analysis,
A number of key economic parameters that characterize

vehicles were:
A. Vehicle price,
B. Fuel cost, and
C. Driving range.
Note:
Neglected: maintenance costs
Accounted : cost of battery replacement during the lifetime
- Driving range determines the frequency (number and separation
distance) of fueling stations for each vehicle type
KARTHIK
- The fuel cost and the total number of kilometersElectrical
Kongu Engineerin College
driven were related to
and Electronics Engineering
31-Mar-16 the vehicle life

vehicles
Technical and economical values for selected vehicle types ,

31-Mar-16 *Life cycle 10 years,

vehicles
Environmental Impact Analysis
Two environmental impact elements were accounted for:
a) Air pollution (AP) and
b) Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.
AP: CO, NOx, SOx, and Volatile Organic Compounds - 0.017, 1, 1.3, and 0.64
GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, and SF6 - 1, 21, 310, and 24,900
The vehicle production stage contributes to the total life cycle environmental
impact through the pollution associated with
a) The extraction and processing of material resources,
b) Manufacturing and
c) The vehicle disposal stage.
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vehicles
Environmental Impact Analysis
All stages of the life cycle were considered, starting from
a) The extraction of natural resources to produce materials and
b) Ending with conversion of the energy stored on-board the
vehicle into mechanical energy for vehicle displacement and
c) Other purposes (heating, cooling, lighting, etc.).

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vehicles
GHG and AP emissions for the three scenarios of electricity generation
(Battery charging)

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vehicles
GHG and AP emissions for the three scenarios of electricity generation
GHG and air pollution emissions per MJ fuel of Hydrogen from natural
gas produced

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vehicles
Environmental impact associated with vehicle Overall Life cycle and Fuel
Utilization Stage

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vehicles
Utilization State

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vehicles
Utilization State
Analysis-shows-hybrid and electric - advantages
The economics and environmental impact EV depends - source of the electricity:
a. If electricity is generated from renewable energy sources, the electric car is

advantageous to the hybrid vehicle.
b. If the electricity is generated from fossil fuels, the electric car remains competitive
only if the electricity is generated onboard.
c. If the electricity is generated with an efficiency of 5060% by a gas turbine engine

connected to a high-capacity battery and electric motor, the electric car is superior in
many respects.
d. For electricity-generation scenarios 2 and 3, using ammonia as a means to store

hydrogen onboard a vehicle is the best option among those analyzed.
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vehicles
Utilization State
The main limitations of this study were as follows:

(i) the use of data which may be of limited accuracy in some instances;
(ii) the subjectivity of the indicators chosen; and
(iii) the simplicity of the procedure used for developing the general
indicator without using unique weighting coefficients.
- provides a general approach for assessing the combined technical

economicalenvironmental benefits of transportation options.

31-Mar-16

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KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Introduction to Electric Hybrid

Stand alone ICE driven Vehicle

Series Hybrid Power Train

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Parallel Hybrid Power Train

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

2037 - Future of Hybrid electrical vehicle

importance of hybrid and electric

Reduce CO2 and Harmful environment pollutions?

Potential Alternative for the dependence of ICE ?

importance of hybrid and electric

Design of vehicles require improvements:

importance of hybrid and electric

importance of hybrid and electric

The specific vehicles were:

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

A number of key economic parameters that characterize

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

importance of hybrid and electric

a. If electricity is generated from renewable energy sources, the electric car is

c. If the electricity is generated with an efficiency of 5060% by a gas turbine engine

d. For electricity-generation scenarios 2 and 3, using ammonia as a means to store

importance of hybrid and electric

The main limitations of this study were as follows:

- provides a general approach for assessing the combined technical

KARTHIK Kongu Engineerin College Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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