PEARSON

Stuart McKinlay
Longman Bob Hastings
Unit Page Grammar Vocabulary .
1 Pleased to 6-7 Body idioms, adjectives of personality, prefixes
meet you 8-9 Phrasal verbs
10- 11 Common problems with tenses;
Future Perfect, Future Continuous
and Future Perfect Continuous
12- 13

14- 15 Verbs to replace : look, say, walk, shine;

verb and adverb collocations
Exams link Verbs ill brackets p.11 WordbUllding: negatIve preflXes

2 Is it art? 16-18 Adjectives to describe art; base and strong

adjectives; adverb and adjective collocations
18- 19 Phrases to express preferences

20-22 Come Together: collocations

23 Cleft sentences and emphasis

24-25
Exams link Sentence transformations p.23

26-27 Think Forward To Exams Revision 1 I Unit ani 2

3 Our changing 28-29 Verbs and nouns to describe rise and fall; adjective
world and noun collocations; phrasal verbs (up and down)
30-32 Ecology and the environment I

32-33 Passive and active forms;

Passive verbs with two objects
34-35 II

36-37
"-
Exams link Sentence transformations p.34

4 Coming of age 38-39 Idioms

I
40-41 Schools and universities '1

42-43 Inversion
44-45 Words to talk about school p.44;
Phrasal verbs for school p.44
46- 47 Words and phrases used in covering letters I

Exams link Sentence transformations p.43 Wordbuilding p.39 -

48-49 Think Forward To Exams Revision 2 I Units 3 and 011
5 Live to eat? 50-51 Words to describe food, drink, hunger, food
preparation; Metaphors
52-53 Words to talk about food

54-55 Conditionals and inversion with

conditionals I
56-57 I wish/Ij only, It's time, I'd rather, Restaurant vocabulary p.57
as if/though p.57
58-59 Formal register
Exams link Sentence transformations p.55, p.57 Wordbuilding p.53

6 Sounds around us 60-61 Verbs of perception Onomatopoeic verbs

i
62-63 Come Together: collocations; Phrasal verbs I

64-65 Infinitives and -ing forms Words to describe music

66-67 Adjectives to describe voice p.66

68-69 Synonyms and antonyms (reviews)

Exams link

70-71 Think Forward To Exams Revision 3 I its 5 and 6

2
 Reading Listening
Dialogues
Article: Romance and freedom Dramatisation: fan language
TV show: Love Stories
Conversations: starting,
continuing and ending p. 12
Story: Time to choose
.... Gapped text (paragraphs) p.8
Dialogues
Dialogue: the best cover
Article: exhibition reviews
Qigsaw reading) pp.21-22
Master of the absurd p.24 Closing ceremony
Matching p.20 Notes completion p.24
Radio news programme
Article: 2050 Dialogue p.32
Krissy's webpage
Monologues p.36
Matchmg p.30
MultIple chOIce p.36
Radio phone-in: rites of
passage
Extract from a novel: Ji ll by Dialogue p.40
Philip Larkin
5 essential gadgets for students Dialogues p.43
A-Level Blues and
Exam Revision tips p.45
Job adverts; covering letter
r-
Multiple choice p.40 - TruelFalse/No information
p.39; Matching p.39
Poem: Chocolates by Dialogue: good manners
Louis Simpson
Literary extracts
Radio documentary: food and
its influence on history
Problem solving: places to eat
p.56; Restaurant scene p.57
Newspaper article
Matching p.52 True/False p.51; MultIple
choice p.54
Kirsty's story p.60; Dialogue:
sounds we like p.61
Article: What do you know Radio conversation p.63
about noise?
Monologues about music p.64
Recording session for radio
commercial p.66; Radio
programme: word stress
CD review Song: The Sound of Silence
TruelFalse p.63 Notes completion p.67
Speaking Writing
Discussion: quiz
Discussion: dating
Making predictions
Speak Out: Managing
conversations pp.12- 13
Story
Managmg conversatIOns p.13;
..
Wrltmg skills: Adding
Roleplay p.13; colour and variety
Giving presentations p. 13 to a story
Discussion: art
Speak Out: Evaluating and
expressing preferences
Discussion: art exhibits and
exhibitions p.20
Performance art Competition entry
Evaluating and expressing Writing skills:
preferences; Problem solving Competition entry
p.19
Discussion: changes in your Prepare a radio
country news bulletin
Discussion: the future world
Discussion: climate change
Speak Out: Making predictions
Writing in an
appropriate style p.37
..
MaKillg prep.ictIOns p.34 Wntmgman
appropriate style p.37
Discussion: young people's
behaviour
Discussion: schools and
universities; difficult situations
Catalogue entries
Inversion in spoken English
p.44; Discussion: exam tips p.44
Job application
( covering letter)
Roleplay p.44; Giving Writing skills: Job
presentations p.44 application (covering
letter)
Discussion: good manners
p.51
Discussion: sayings about food
p.52; Food in your country p.53
Speak Out: Problem solving
Shopping habits questionnaire Formal register
Problem solVIng p.56 Register in for and
against essays pp.58-59
Story from sound
prompts
Groupwork: attitudes to noise/
silence
Pairwork: attitudes to music
Speak Out: Differences and
similarities p.66; Pairwork
activity p.66
Discussion: CDs and reviews CD review
Differences and similarities Writing skills: A review
p.66 of a music CD p.68
3
 Unit Page Grammar Vocabulary
7 Calm down! 72- 73 Words to describe body language and feelings;
synonyms for quarrel; Colloquial English p.73
74-77 Impersonal reporting structures p.77 Words to describe ailments p.74, and feelings p.76;
Corne Together: collocations p.76
78- 79

80-81

Exams link Sentence transformations p.77 Multiple choice p.81

8 Getting around 82-83 Descriptive verbs; Phrasal verbs; Idioms

84- 85 Participle clauses

86-89 Cliches p.86; Corne Together: collocations p.89

90-91
Exams link Sentence transformations p.85;
Verbs in brackets p.85
92-93 Think Forward To Exams Revision 4 I lits 8
9 Media truths 94-95 Quality and popular press : style and typical
expressions
96-97 Corne Together: collocations and other phrases
p.96; Adjectives to describe TV programmes p.97
98-99 Hoaxes; Phrasal verbs p.98
100-101 Reporting verb patterns

102-103 Clauses of cause and effect Language used in essay introductions

Exams link Sentence transformations p.100

10 Beyond belief 104- 105 Prefixes and suffixes; Corne Together: collocations

106-107 Relative clauses: defining and non-
defining; Nominal relative pronouns
108- 111
I
Phrasal verbs p.11 0; Corne Together: collocations
p.110; Adjectives to describe feeling p .111

11 2-113
Exams link - Prefixes and suffixes pp.104-105;
Wordbuilding pp.105, 110
114- 115 Think Forward To Exams Revision 5 I Units 9 iI 0
11 Right or wrong? 116- 117 Money; The rich and the poor: words and
.. phrases, formal and informal
118- 121 Words and phrases to describe the law,
crime and punishment
i
122- 123 Modal verbs and phrases I

124- 125

Exams link Sentence transformations pp.123, 125; Wordbuilding p.120

Verbs in brackets p.123

12 Different? 126-127 Adjectives to describe 'different';

Idiomatic expressions
128- 129 Clauses of concession, addition and
contrast
130-133 Adjectives and expressions to describe appearance
and personality p .131; Formal and informal
language p.131; Understatement p.133
134- 135 Testimonials and character references:
words and phrases
Exams link Sentence transformations p.128 Cloze p.127

136-137 Think Forward To Exams Revision 6 I Units 11 and 12

Culture Shocks p.138-145 Student Activities p.146-153 Check it out p.154-160 Wordbuilding tables p.1 60
4
 Reading
Article: How to beat stress ...
without trying too hard'
Email
Website and information sheet:
bullying
Gapped text (sentences) p.74
Multiple choice p.76
Top ten travel tips
The Story of Longitude
Article: The Accidental Tourist
pp.88-89
Report on music festival p.90
Multiple choice p.87
Newspaper articles (quality
and popular press)
Article: April Fooled?
Essay
Matching pp .95, 98
~
Extract from a poem: A
Martian sends a postcard
home by Craig Raine
Article: Why myths won't die
Article: Is The Truth Out There?
Gapped text (paragraphs) p.108
Gapped text (sentences) p.ll3
Article: Obscene!
Article: Pre-emptive justice
p.ll9
Cartoon strip: temptation
Transactional letter
TruelFalselNo information
p.ll7; Multiple choice p.120
Article and quiz
Extract from a novel: Bartleby,
The Scrivener by Herman
Melville
Testimonial and character
reference
True/False p. 131
1211 .1 Texts recorded on Class CD
Listening
Dialogues pp.72, 73
Conversations: personality
types
Monologues p.81
True/False p.73; Notes
completion p.79
Claire's holiday story p.83
The Story of Longitude
Monologues p.86
Dialogues: writing reports p.91
True/False p.84
Monologues: the news p.96
Dialogues p.101
Matchmg pp.96, 97
Dialogue between two aliens
p.104
Quiz show p.107
Interview with Santa Claus
p.llO; Dialogues p.ll1
Monologue: conspiracy theories
True/False p.105; Multiple
choice p. ll1
Monologues: obscene
salaries p.ll7
Dialogues: the good bribe
p.121
Matching pp.ll7, 121
Bartleby, The Scrivener:
Part 3 p.132; Monologues
p.133
Sequencmg p.132
Speaking Writing
Photo description p.72;
Discussion: arguments/conflicts
Discussion: stress and ways of
coping with it
Speak Out: Being assertive p.79;
Discussion: irritating habits;
personality types p.78
Discussion: bullying An information sheet
..
Roleplay p.79 Wrltmg skills: An
information sheet
Discussion: travel tips for
your town; Couchsurfing
Discussion: inventions
Speak Out: Cliches p.86;
Memorable holidays pp.86, 87;
Things that can go wrong p.89
Discussion: music festivals A report
Problem solving p.83 Writing skills: A report
Discussion: newspapers in
your country
Discussion: the news
Discussion: practical jokes p.98 Hoax news item p.98
Pairwork: telling jokes p.100;
Speak Out: News and
announcements p.101
Discussion: online newspapers Essay
..
Glvmg presentatlOns p.97; Essay mtroductlOns
News and announcements pp.102-103
p.101 ; Roleplay p. 101
Discussion: intelligent aliens,
human civilisation
Discussion: quiz shows
Discussion: myths p.108;
Pairwork p.110; Speak Out:
Reacting to surprising news
p.ll1
Conspiracy theories Article
Reacting to surprising news Writing skills: A news
p.1ll article
Roleplay: lottery win;
Discussion: salaries
Discussion: quiz p.l18; Speak
Out: Opinions and agreement
p.121; Moral dilemmas p.121
Discussion: temptation
Discussion: dealing with Transactional letters
teenage delinquency p.125
Opinions and agreement p.121 Writing skills:
Transactional letters
p .125
Discussion: fitting in!
standing out
Quiz: Are you a trend-setter
or a slave to fashion?
Discussion: jobs p.1 31;
Speak Out: Understatement
p.133
A character
reference/testimonial
Roleplay p.133
..
Wrltmg skills: A character
reference/testimonial
 Pleased to meet you
Read, listen and talk about relationships, dating, personality types.
Practise common problems with tenses, Future Perfect and Continuous.
Focus on managing conversations.
Write narratives.

Brian was amazed that

John could _ _ _ _ __
when everybody else Marie _ _ _ _ _ _
was laughing and started shouting If you don't like it, don't at it.
so much. at the crowd. Just tell him you're not hungry.

Kate felt upset when her

hosts _ _ _ _ __ In moments of danger, Bond knew
Chris couldn't help feeling the
man was _ _ _ _ __ he had to _ _ _ _ __

[[JODDLZ Arevou easvto getonWith"!Ilgj

When you have problems, what do you prefer to do?
a Chat to a trusted friend and get it off your chest.
b Tell everyone what a difficult time you are
having.
c Keep a stiff upper lip and tell nobody.
In your opinion, a good friend is someone who
a has a mind of his/her own and is not afraid
to use it.
b sees eye to eye with you about everything.
c is under your thumb.
After an argument your boy/girlfriend shouts out
'I can't stand you!' You
a put on a brave face and wait until he/she
calms down.
b lose your head and start tearing your hair out.
c look for the number of that classmate you fancy.
A new student tries to make friends with you. You
a respond politely while you make up your
mind what he/she is like.
b fall head over heels in love with him/her.
Strangers are so romantic.
c give him/her the cold shoulder. He/She has to
earn your friendship.
On your first day in a new job your boss falsely accuses
you of making a mistake. You
a keep a cool head and explain you had nothing to
do with it.
b run home crying your eyes out.
c tell her she must be out of her mind to accuse you.
At a party a guy you don't know keeps telling corny
jokes. You
a hold your tongue in case you put your foot in it.
b tell him to stop being a pain in the neck.
c tell your own jokes and laugh your head off.

6
 Pleased to meet you

6 Wordbuilding Complete the table with adjectives from

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING Exercise 5 that start with these negative prefixes.
1 Complete the captions in cartoons A- F with body Then make the opposites of adjectives 1-8.
idioms 1-6. Then decide what they mean.
dis- im- in- ir- un-
1 gave her the cold shoulder - ignored her
2 lost her head - _ __ _
3 keep a cool head - _ _ __
4 keep a straight face - _ _ __ 1 _ considerate 5 _rational
5 pulling his leg - _ _ __ 2 efficient 6 _ affectionate
6 turn your nose up - _ __ _ 3 _ mature 7 _ secure
4 _obedient 8 _ selfish
. 2 Read the quiz quickly and find fifteen more body
idioms. Decide what they mean.
Mind the trap!
1 head - lose one's head, keep a cool head,
You can't always use prefixes to form the
opposites of adjectives. The opposite of sensible is
2 mind - _ _ __ unreasonable/silly, not insensiIJ/e.
3 eye(s) - , _ __ _
4 face - keep a straight face, _ __ _ Another way to express the opposite of adjectives is
5 others - give someone the cold shoulder, pull to use lack/lacking in + noun.
one's leg, turn one's nose up, _ _ __ The opposite of he is sensible is he lacks/
is lacking in common sense.

7 Wordbuilding In pairs, write nouns for these

3 In groups, do the quiz and check your answers adjectives. Then make sentences, using both
on page 146. Do you agree with your results? the adjectives and the nouns.
Why?lWhy not?
1 charismatic 6 energetic
" 1.02Listen and complete sentences 1-4 with the 2 charming 7 respectful
correct forms of appropriat~ idioms from Exercise 2. 3 confid.ent 8 self-conscious
4 courageous 9 socially skilled
1 Ted must be _ _ __ 5 creative 10 stylish
2 Tammi and Billy about everything.
3 Dan felt a lot better after he _ _ __ My brother is usually qUite conndent. but when he's
4 Sally really when she met Ivy. with a girl he fancies, he lacks conndence.

5 Circle two adjectives for each person. Use a 8 In groups, use the personality adjectives and body
dictionary to help you. idioms above and the expressions below to describe
your relationships with the following people.
1 Mike always keeps a stiff upper lip.
(calm, impatient, unemotional) relatives teachers
2 John has a mind of his own. friends your dentist
(indiscreet, independent, strong-willed) schoollworkmates strangers
3 Karen can't make up her mind. we get on like a house on fire (really well)
(hesitant, indecisive, irresponsible) we're (not) very close
4 Sid is under his wife's thumb. we're always arguing
(obedient, stubborn, unassertive) we have a good laugh together
5 Elsa is a complete pain in the neck. we often fall out because ...
(considerate, annoying, exasperating) I find it hard/easy to talk to ...
6 Sahid loves pulling your leg. I couldn't live without ...
(cheerful, disorganised, fun-loving) I respectllook up to ...
7 Britney is always putting her foot in it.
(careless, insensitive , trustworthy)
8 Sharon cries her eyes out over the
slightest thing.
(cocky, oversensitive, temperamental)

Gina and Steve got on like a house on fire,

7

CPamela CParsons fakes
Courtship through the ages
We live in an age of romance. You might find that hard to
believe in our modern world with its speed-dating clubs,
singles bars and online dating agencies, but it's true. We are
free to search for the one true love with whom we will live
happily ever after. But it hasn't always been like that. The idea
that we can choose our partners freely is quite a recent one.
ITO
Much less violent, but no more romantic, were arranged
marriages. For royalty, aristocracy and other people of
property, they were an ideal way to ensure that their fortunes
were not divided and their families accumulated wealth. In
many societies, of course, they still exist. They may seem to
us to be more of a business relationship than a romantic
union, but curiously, it seems that arranged marriages are
less likely to break up than marriages based on love.
READING AND VOCABULARY
1 Read the quotes and, in groups, discuss if you agree
with them and why.
Love is the triumph of imagination
over intelligence.
HL. Mencken, writer
There's only one way to have a happy marriage
and as soon as I learn what it is, I'll get
married again.
Clint Eastwood, actor andfilm director
8
Romance and freedom
a look af lODe
[I[J
However, women haven't always been mere passive victims
of romance, waiting for a knight in shining armour to
rescue them from a lonely tower. In 1228 in Scotland, a
law was passed which allowed any unmarried woman to
propose marriage to any man she chose, but only during
leap years. Apparently, if the man turned her down without
a good reason (such as already being married), then he had
to pay her a pound, and give her a new silk gown!
[IT]
If the young couple were able to overcome these social
obstacles and began to go out together, they could not
expect much privacy. The girl's parents would ensure that
they were always accompanied by a chaperone - traditionally
an older married woman, a widow or a spinster - to guarantee
that they behaved properly. Once engaged, they could hold
hands in public and go out alone, and even spend time
together behind closed doors. But never at night.
[II]
Young lovers have often had to come up with ways to
communicate without being seen or overheard. In the days
before Messenger and texting, this wasn't easy, but love
I
knows no barriers, and necessity is the mother of invention.
So it is no surprise that love has inspired imaginative ways
to stay in touch.
[ill
A chivalrous gentleman in England might send a pair of
gloves as a message to his true love. If the woman wore the
gloves to church on Sunday, it signalled her acceptance of
his advances, and the gentleman would know that it was
time to start planning ways to get rid of the chaperone.
[ill
Today it's all so different and so easy. You can chat up
anyone you like. Or try to, at least. You can send texts and
emails to ask someone out. We've got freedom to choose
our partners. However, it is still unusual for a woman to ask
a man to marry her. Which is a pity, I think. Is this year a
leap year? If it is, I might go on holiday to Scotland. I could
do with a new dress.
2 Look at the visual and the heading. Tick the
topics you expect to find in the text. Then read it
quickly to check.
1 animal mating D
2 arranged marriages D
3 chaperones D
4 coded messages D
5 divorce D
6 medieval chivalry D
7 modern dating D
8 women's rights D
 Pleased to meet you

3 Complete the text with paragraphs A-G. There is 4 COl.D3 Read the text again and find the advantages
one extra paragraph. and/or disadvantages of these types of courtship.
1 stealing women from rival villages
And then there were fans . Fan languages evolved in Spain 2 arranged marriages
as a way to let unmarried women flirt with men. A woman 3 the Scottish law of 1228
skilled in the manipulation of her fan could send all sorts 4 going out with a chaperone
of discreet messages to the man of her dreams . An 5 bundling
English politician once said, 'Women are armed with 6 fan language
fans as men with swords .. . and sometimes do more
executions with them.' Phrasal Verbs Use the phrases in the box to make
collocations with phrasal verbs 1-8 from the article.
The number of possible collocations is given in
Courting was much more formal in the straitlaced brackets.
Victorian era. An interested gentleman could not simply a conversation a fight a relationship
walk up to any young lady he fancied and strike up a a trick a good idea the door
conversation. First, they had to be introduced in order to a new classmate (some) help the volume
share a conversation or a dance. But no matter how well
to do some work with your boyfriend
they got on, the gentleman could not simply renew their
acquaintance next time they bumped into each other. 1 breakup (4) 5 bump into (2)
He would have to be reintroduced by a mutual friend, and 2 fall for (2) 6 come up with (2)
only if the lady consented.
3 turn down (2) 7 settle down (2)
4 strike up (2) 8 do with (2)

Take, for example, wooden spoons, used by suitors in
17th century Wales to communicate to their loved ones.
Decorative carvings added to the spoon had various
meanings - an anchor meant 'I desire to settle down',
while an intricate vine meant 'love grows'.
6 COl .D4 In pairs, guess the meaning of the fan
language in 1-6 and complete the sentences.
Then listen and check.

In ancient times, men would raid other villages or tribes

to capture their wives by force. Presumably the new
brides did not appreciate their husbands' courtship
techniques, but at least it had the advantage of spreading
the genes around in a scarcely populated world.
1 Waving a closed fan briskly in front of your
face means ' ,
It was traditional in Europe to give newly married 2 Holding a half-opened fan next to your left
couples a wedding present of a month's supply of mead, cheek means ' ,
an alcoholic drink made from honey. This was supposed 3 Holding a closed fan lightly on your shoulder
to bring the couple happiness and fertility. It has been while looking away from it means '_ __ _
claimed that this is where the word 'honeymoon' comes 4 Holding a closed fan with the handle to your
from. A more cynical explanation, however, is that 'honey'
lips means ' ,
refers to how sweet the young marriage is, and 'moon'
refers to how long the sweetness will last - just one month.
5 Holding an open fan in your right hand in
front of your face means' ,
6 Holding an open fan to the left of your
o Romantic love in its modern sense dates from the
Middle Ages. Medieval poetry and plays portray an
- neaa willi your eyes looking down means
, ,

idealised version of romance and love, and if you fall for
the vision they offer, then underneath every balcony was
a starry-eyed suitor serenading his lover. Surely an
exaggeration, but many of today's courting rituals, from
buying a woman dinner to opening a door for her, are
inspired in medieval ideals of chivalry which treated
women as objects to be adored.
They probably regretted that the 16th century custom of
'bundling' had gone out of fashion. This was a custom
where courting couples would share a bed, fully clothed
and with a 'bundling board' between them. The idea was
to allow the couple to talk and get to know each other
without risking any improper physical contact.
7 In groups, discuss questions 1-3 and present your
ideas to the class.
1 What could be the advantages and
disadvantages of these ways of dating?
Grade them in order of preference.
arranged marriages going to a party
chat room on the Internet dating service
going out with friends speed-dating club
2 What's the best way to meet a partner
nowadays?
3 Is it a good idea to date a classmate, a
colleague at work, a fellow student, etc?
Why?/Why not?
9
 MPTVs new hit show!
~ Watch them talk about their part!'1 ers and
work out who they're in love with.
~ Win fabulous prizes!
~ Every Friday night at 9.
~ Don't miss~it:.!_ _---~....,........,..
-.l...~~___-"""""-

GRAMMAR AND LISTENING

1 In pairs, look at the visuals and answer the questions.
1 What kind of TV show is Love Stories?
What do you think happens?
2 Do you enjoy shows like this? Why?/Why not?
2 In pairs, look at the photo and find the three couples.
Give reasons.
4 C01 .0S Listen again and decide who you think the
3 C01.0SThink Back! Choose endings a or b for each
pair of sentences. Then listen and check. Explain three couples are now. Has your opinion changed?
the contrast in meaning between each pair. Give reasons.

1 She always does D 5 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of
2 She's always doing D the verbs in brackets.
a things to surprise me . ..
b everything so well. She's a perfectionist. o Maggie
We may not look alike but we 1_ _ __
3 We think
4 We're thinking
D
D (have) similar personalities. .
a of getting married. 12 (try) to write an essay when
b it's important to enjoy life. he sat down next to me .
He'd 3 (think) of asking me out
S She laughed D for a while, but he was too shy. .
6 She was laughing
a when I told her a joke.
D o................................
Natalia
:
........... ..
b when I walked into the room. He's in a good mood now 'cause he 4 _ _ __
(sell) a painting. .
7 We've seen D He 5 (work) in an art gallery this summer. ~
8 We've been seeing D When he 6 (talk) to me, I knew :
a a fiat we like. ~
b each other for more than a year. e -.immediately he was the one.
Y;~';;i~'; "'" ..................................... T......... .
9 She'd gone out D
10 She'd been going out D We 7 (be) together for over :
a with Chris for ages. a year. It's true love. :
b to the garden to see if it was I thought he 8 (have) a laugh :
still raining. when he asked me to marry him. :
He 9 (always/pull) my leg :
11 She was unemployed for a while D about something or other. :
12 She's been unemployed for a while D .........................................................:
a so she's going to go to college.
b but she got a new job last month. 6 COl. In pairs, decide who you think the couples
are now. Then listen to check.
13 When I read the letter, D
14 After I'd read the letter, D 1 Maggie and _ _ __
a I burst into tears . 2 Natalia and _ _ __
b I went round to her house. 3 Yasmina and _ _ __
10

7 COI.07 Decide who you think says sentences a-e
in the next part of the programme. Then listen
and check.
a A year from now we'll be living far away
from each other.
b In a year's time we'll have been married
for six months.
c You]l all be coming back here in one year's
time to see if your predictions have come
true or not.
d By this time next year we'll have been going
out together for three years.
e Will you be coming to the party after
the show?
Work it out
8 Match sentences a-e from Exercise 7 with
their uses 1-5.
1 Future Continuous to ask politely about
someone's plans
2 Future Continuous to talk about
something that is expected to happen
3 Future Continuous to predict something
in progress at a point in the future
4 Future Perfect Simple to predict
something completed by a point in
the future
5 Future Perfect Continuous to predict
something continuing up to a point in
the future
~ Check it out page 154
Pleased to meet you
9 Complete the text with the correct future forms of
the verbs in brackets.
' Don't miss next week's edition of Love Stories
because we 1 (celebrate) our fifth
anniversary! Amazingly, by this time next week,
we 2 (broadcast) 260 programmes
full of tears and smiles. For five romantic years
we 3 (bring) you the most wonderful
love stories. So, at five to nine next Friday night
what 4 (do)? That's right, you
5 (sit) in front of the TV ready to
watch the fifth anniversary edition of
Love Stories! '
10 In pairs, make predictions about the three couples
from Love Stories. Then, look at page 146 to find out
if your predictions came true.
I don't th ink Yasmina wi ll get married. A year from
now she'll have fallen out with him and she'll be
seeing someone else.
11 Tick the sentences which use the future forms
correctly and correct those which do not.
1 What will you have been doing at this
time tomorrow? D
2 Do you think we'll have finished this
by the time the match starts? D
3 By the end of the year, we'll be going
out together for nine months. D
4 It won't be hard to find me. I'll have
worn a bright red hat. D
5 By the time we get there, we'll have
been travelling for twelve hours. D
6 If we don't get a move on, the film
will finish before we get there . D
12 Complete the sentences with a future form to
make them true for you. Then compare them with
a partner's.
1 When I get home today, ...
2 By the time I'm ... years old, ...
3 This time tomorrow, ...
4 By the end of the week, ...
5 On 31 December, .. .
6 By the year 2015, .. .
D
D
D
D
'By the end of the week, I'll have been waiting
D for you for forty-five years. Please let me know
if you've changed your mind. This dress is
getting uncomfortable.'
11
 SPEAKING AND LISTENING 3 CD1.09 Look at the extracts from the conversations and
guess how they develop. Then listen and check.
1 In groups, discuss the questions. 1 'Sorry to bother you, but do you think I
1 In which social situations do we need to could* have a look at your paper?'
'break the ice'? 'Have you heard what's been going on in
2 Which topics are usually considered 'safe' Australia?'
and which 'unsafe' in a conversation with a 'Well, it's been great talking to you, but I
stranger? Give reasons. have to get off here. It's my stop.'
. . .... ............. . ....... ....... , .......... ................. .
current affairs fashion films money 2 'Hi, can I get you something to drink? The
politics religion sex sports orange juice is really good.'
physical appearance TV programmes
the weather their job your family 'Whereabouts in (Poland) are you from? '
your personal feelings 'I'd better be going or I'll miss my ride home.'
3 'Excuse me, do you happen to know who the
2 In pairs, look at the cartoons and decide the
C01 .08 teacher is?'
best way to start a conversation in each situation. 'If you ask me, we shouldn't have any classes
Then listen and compare with your ideas. on Friday afternoons.'
'I wish I could stay, but I've just remembered
I've got to do something urgent.'
.. Complete Speak Out with the underlined phrases
from Exercise 3.

SPEAK OUT I Managing conversations

Breaking the ice
1
?
Excuse me, do you mind if I ... ?
2
?
Pleased to meet you. I've heard so much about you.*
I love your .... Where did you get it/them?
3
?
Sorry, but I couldn't help overhearing that you ... *
Have we met somewhere before?
I-- -- --
Carrying on the conversation
4
?
What do you think about ... ?
5
?
That's enough about ... , tell me something about ...
6

The reason I wanted to talk to you is ... *

--
Getting away
7

Is that the time? I really must be going.

s

Give me your number and I'll call you later.

9

I mustn't keep you any longer. I'm sure you're busy.*

Let's meet again. How about ... ?
- - - --
* indirect phrases normally used with people you
don't know well or when asking for big favours

12
 Pleased to meet you

5 COl .l0 Decide who is speaking in these conversations and where they are. 7 Roleplay the conversations.
Then complete the gaps with phrases from Speak Out. Listen and check. Use the language from
Speak Out. Student A, follow the
David Excuse me, sorry to 1 , but are you
instructions below. Student B,
Melinda Dors? look at page 151.
Melinda Yes, I am.
David 2 . I really admire what your company is doing Student A: Start and finish the
to help fair trade. My name's David Brown, by the way. conversation in situations
Melinda Delighted to meet you, David. 1,3 and 5, and respond
David 3 that I've got a really good idea for a appropriately in situations 2,
new product. 4 and 6.
Melinda That sounds interesting. Tell me more.
1 You are at a party. You're
later feeling a bit bored so you
start talking to a stranger.
Melinda ... Well, it's been great talking to you, but ...
2 You're travelling on a
David Oh! 4 . Thanks very much for listening to me.
long train journey. You're
reading a good book.
Jane Excuse me, is this seat free? 3 It's the first day at your
Betty Yeah. new gym. Talk to the first
Jane 5 if I ... ? person you meet.
Betty No, sit down. Take the weight off your feet. 4 You're in the dentist's
Jane Thanks. waiting room feeling very
Betty I love your boots. 6 ? nervous.
Jane Tony's Shoes in the market. You get some great boots there. 5 You're on a blind date .
Betty 7 that new shoe shop in the centre? The other person seems a
bit shy, so it's up to you to
later break the ice.
Jane Oh, no! 8 ? I really 9_ __ _ 6 You're waiting at a bus
Betty Relax. Have another coffee. stop. You feel nervous
because you're going for
6 In pairs, decide what is wrong with the way people start conversations an important job interview.
in 1-8. Then correct them using more suitable topics and phrases
from Speak Out. 8 In pairs, look at the statements.
Choose one and make a
1 Pleased to meet you. I'm a doctor. I'm very successful and I earn
presentation of two to three
a lot of money. What do you do and how much do you earn?
minutes saying to what extent
(the first time you meet someone)
you agree/disagree with it.
2 I couldn't help noticing that you've got a Rolex. That must
1 It doesn't matter what you
have cost a fortune! say, it's the way you say it
(to your girlfriend's father the first time you meet)
that counts.
3 You've got a lovely face, but you could do with losing a few 2 A stranger is just a friend
pounds, couldn't you? you haven't met yet.
(to a plump stranger at the gym)
4 Hey, I love your shoes. It can't be easy to find them in such a
big size.
(to a fellow student)
5 If you ask me, the government is useless. They're a bunch of
incompetent fools!
(to a stranger on a train)
6 I'm so bored, I can't take it anymore. I'm leaving right now.
(to the host at a party)
7 Sorry, I can't hang around here anymore. Too busy.
(to your aged and infirm grandmother)
8 OK, I think we've covered my life , it's time we moved onto yours.
(to an old friend,You haven't seen for years)

'Whereabouts in the States

are you from?'

13
 Time to choose
ryan was the most unromantic
B person she had ever fallen in
love with. A computer geek
obsessed by the Internet, he was
5 more like a machine than a human
being. She wanted to lwalk in the
park in the late afternoon, to 2~
sweet nothings by the light of the
moon, to feel her heart soar as he
10 3looked into her eyes and then kiss
in the night under 4 shining skies.
Was that asking too muche
Apparently it was, because all he
wanted to do was to play games
15 and chat on the Net.
One day, she asked him if he
believed in love at first sight. Without
taking his eyes from the screen, he
ssaid something unintelligible. She
20 sighed wistfully and spoke again, 'Did
I tell you that Josh and Frances are
getting married?' For once, he turned
away from the screen and 6looked at
her in amazement. 'Whatever for?' he
25 asked. 'They're in love: she answered.
14
Shrugging his shoulders, he turned
back to his virtual world and said,
'Love is an obsessive delusion that is
cured by marriage:
Suddenly, she was hit by a
terrible feeling of sadness and
desperation. What was she doing
here? She felt he treated her like a
servant. Was she wasting her life? She
7looked quickly at herself in the
mirror and saw her eyes 8 shining with
tears. She made up her mind.
Touching him tenderly on the arm,
she whispered, 'Bryan, I've got
something to tell you: Engrossed in
his game, he 9 said something to
himself and yelled petulantly, 'Just a
minute!' Furious, she IOlooked at him
and llsaid, 'It's time to choose! Your
computer or me!' And she 12walked
dramatically out of the room.
The next day, Bryan sent her a
present. Trembling, she opened up
the box. Inside was
WRITING
30 1 In pairs, discuss what makes
a good short story. Think about
the ideas below.
poetic language
35
short sentences
an original idea
a striking opening sentence
a surprising turning point
realistic descriptions
40
believable characters
thought-provoking ideas
2 Describe a short story you
have read. Say why you
would/wouldn't recommend it.
45
a Look at the photo, the title
and the opening sentence.
What do you think it is going
to be about? Discuss.
4, Read the story and check your
ideas for Exercise 3.
 Pleased to meet you

5 C01.11 Replace the underlined words in the story with 11 Match sentences 1-4 with rhetorical questions a-d.
the best synonyms a- c. Use a dictionary to help you. What kind of stories are the excerpts from? What do
Then listen and check. the questions tell us about the characters' thoughts?
1 a stagger b stumble c stroll 1 James struggled to break free as the
2 a mutter b whisper c yell sharp blade swung towards him. o
3 a gazed b glared c peeped 2 Dean whispered gently in her ear.
4 a flickering b glistening c glittering She wasn't sure what to do. o
5 a chattered b mumbled c yelled 3 Helpless, Don stared at the witch as
6 a peeped b peered c stared she reached for her wand. o
7 a gazed b glanced c glimpsed 4 Charlie's mouth fell open as chocolate
8 a dazzling b flashing c glistening began to spurt from the fountain. o
9 a muttered b shouted c whispered a Could this really be happening?
10 a glanced b glared c stared b Should she let him kiss her?
11 a mumbled b shouted c stuttered c Was this the end?
12 a crept b stormed c wandered d What was she going to do?
6 co .12 In groups, discuss how you think the story 12 In pairs, sort out these mixed-up literary similes.
ends. Then listen and check.
1 Her lips were like frightened forest things.
7 Find these adverbs in the story and say what they Her lips were like the peta ls of a rose.
add to the narrative. 2 Talking to him was like a knife.
dramatically petulantly tenderly 3 Facts fled before her like playing upon an
wistfully exquisite violin.
4 Edward Hyde would pass away like the
petals of a rose.
8 Find at least three adverbs to modify each of the 5 A sharp pain struck through him like
verbs and write sentences with your collocations. a flock of sheep.
The princess kissed the frog tenderly. 6 The servants stood huddled together like
a beer barrel.
Verbs 7 He was a stout gentleman with a figure like
giggle glance kiss sigh stumble yell a stain of breath upon a mirror.

Adverbs 13 Look at exercises 1-12 and complete

Train Your Brain.
awkwardly blindly enthusiastically
frantically furiously gently happily
impatiently nervously passionately TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
quickly sadly softly tenderly
Adding colour and variety to a story
9 Find an example of each of the literary Use a variety of these points without sounding artificial.
devices (1-4) in the story, and match them with 1 Think of a good title and an _ _ that catches the
the effect they have on writing style. - attention of the reader.
2 Use a variety of tenses.
1 a participle clause 0 3 Use vivid verbs, _ _ and adjectives to give the
2 a rhetorical question 0 story 'colour'.
3 a simile 0 4 Use _ _ to make your story more immediate
4 direct speech 0 and lifelike.
5 Use _ _ to show what a character is thinking.
a allows us to enter a character's mind 6 Use _ _ to avoid starting every sentence with
b helps us avoid starting every sentence with the same subject.
the same subject 7 Use _ _ to make your descriptions more vivid.
c makes a story more immediate and lifelike 8 Try to come up with a surprising _ _ - 'a twist
d makes a comparison more vivid in the tale'.

10 Transform these sentences with participle clauses.

14 Use the ideas in Train Your Brain to write a
1 He turned away from the screen. He stared romantic story of 220-250 words. Finish with the
at her. sentence below.
2 She glanced at herself in the mirror. She saw
He put down the phone and began to cry.
her eyes glistening with tears.
3 He muttered something to himself. He
turned away.
4 She glared at him. She shouted out, 'It's time
to choose!'

15
 Is it art?
Read, listen and talk about art and culture.
Practise adverb and adjective collocations, cleft sentences and emphasis.
Focus on evaluating and expressing preferences.
Write a competition entry.

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING 2 In pairs, read the definitions and answer

the questions.
1 In pairs, look at pictures 1-5. Find example(s) of
the following. art n the creation of works that are .
1 an oil painting 4 a watercolour W beautiful, expressive or thought-provokmg
2 a still life 5 a portrait (dictionary definition)
3 a landscape
4) c/Irt is silent poetry.
(Simonedes, Ancient Greek poet)

o Art is the means by which we communicate

what it feels like to be alive ...
(Anthony Gormley, English sculptor)

1 Which definition do you agree with

most? Why?
2 Which of the pictures, in your view,
are the best examples of a 'work of art'?
Use the adjectives from the box to justify
your opinion .
. ......... .. .
accomplished enchanting evocative
exquisite intriguing inventive potent
provocative remarkable vivid

Small Round Table by

16
 Is it art?

3 Match adjectives 1-10 with their more emphatic 6 Make the sentences more emphatic by replacing
equivalents a-j. the adverb and adjective with a stronger version.
More than one answer is possible.
BASE
1 bad D 6 happy D 1 Beksiflski's use of detail is pretty interesting.
2 interesting D 7 tired D 2 Her latest exhibition received very bad
3 difficult D 8 angry D reviews from the critics. She was really sad
4 sad D 9 nervous D about it.
5 good D 10 shocked D 3 It's a really good museum but there are too
many exhibits - I was extremely tired after
STRONG I'd seen it all!
a terrified/petrified 4 I was very happy to win a scholarship to art
b astonishing/fascinating/remarkable college.
C atrocious/pathetic/dire/appalling 5 It's really difficult to make out what's going
d horrified on in this picture!
e exhausted 6 They've put up the admission prices to
f furiousllivid the art gallery again. It makes me
g impossible extremely angry.
h magnificent/marvellous/superb/exquisite
i miserablelheartbroken 7 Work in pairs. How would you feel in these
j thrilled/delighted situations? Use an adverb and an adjective.

.. Listen and underline the adjectives you

CD1 .13
1 You were 'top of the class' in all your exams.
hear from Exercise 3. 2 Someone stole your mobile phone.
3 You had to make a speech to a large
5 CD1.13 Listen again. Decide which adjectives are used audience.
with the adverbs in the table. 4 You'd just spent twenty hours on
a long-haul flight.
a base adjectives only 5 Your best friend told you he/she was moving
b strong adjectives only to another country.
c both base and strong adjectives
8 What kin~d of art/artists do you like/dislike?
1 2 3 Make sentences using the prompts from the box
or your own ideas.
absolutely really terribly
utterly pretty extremely amateur paintings the Old Masters
simply slightly still-life paintings modern art
totally very contemporary sculpture manga comics
wall murals/graffiti Impressionism
Surrealism abstract paintings
1 I'm really into ...
2 I've always admired ...
3 ... is/are really good/absolutely superb.
4 I just can't relate to ...
5 I've never understood the attraction of .. .
6 ... is/are really bad/really dire.

Automat by
 LISTENING AND SPEAKING 3 CD1.15 In pairs, look at photos 1-3. Which photo would
be most/least suitable and why? Use the phrases to
1 Look at photo A and answer the questions. help you. Then listen and compare your choices.
1 Who do you think the people are?
2 Where are they? What do you think they + really stands out
are doing? puts across the right message
ties in well with ...
2 CD1 .14 Listen, check your answers to Exercise 1 and
- comes across as too '"
answer the questions.
might put people off
1 What kind of photo are they looking for? difficult to make out what '"
2 How much does design influence your doesn't go with ...
decision whether to buy a product or not?
18
 Is it art?

4 C01.15 Study Speak Out. Then listen again and 5 C01.16 Listen to the conversation. Which phrase is
complete the box with phrases a-f. Which of the overused? Replace it with similar phrases from
four people is generally non-committal? Speak Out or your own ideas.
a It's nothing out of the ordinary. Meg I love these photos, Rich.
b Who am I to judge? Rich They're just holiday snaps really. They
c It's pretty appalling. aren't anything to write home about.
d I do like ... Meg You're too modest! I think this is such a
e It's by far the best one. fabulous photo. Your girlfriend's
f There's a thought! really photogenic!
Rich It isn't anything to write home about.
I've taken better.
SPEAK OUT I Evaluating and expressing Meg You must have a really good camera to
preferences take shots like this.
Very positive Rich Well, I used a tripod for that one.
Otherwise they come out blurred.
It's absolutely superb/marvellous. * Meg Have you got a digital camera?
It's simply wonderful.* Rich No, just a traditional camera. It isn't
It's brilliant. anything to write home about. But I
1
2 develop my photos myself.
I'm a big fan of .. .** Meg Well, I think you're brilliant!
I've got a (real) soft spot for ... ** 6 Find and underline any words in the conversation in
Unenthusiastic Exercise 5 connected with photography.

It's (pretty) mediocre. 7 Work in groups of three or four. Read the situation.
3
Then look at page 146 and evaluate each photo in
It's definitely not as good as .. . turn, using Speak Out to help you.
It's a bit second rate.
It's not anything to write home about.** Your secondary school is producing a
It just leaves me cold.** brochure which it intends to send out to
It's not a patch on .. .** (= not as good as)
prospective parents/pupils, showing that the
Very negative school is an attractive place to learn. The
head teacher has asked you to help decide
It's absolutely atrocious.* on a strong, positive photo image for the
4
cover. Choose the two images you think
It's (really) bad/terrible. make the best impression.
Non-committal (avoiding giving a direct judgment)
5
8 In pairs, answer the questions.
Perhaps it's an acquired taste? Are you interested in photography/
6
making videos?
It's not bad, I suppose. Have you got a camera? What sort have
I know what you mean ...** you got? Do you have any specialist
I understand where you're coming from. equipment for it?
* dramatic/emphatic
What sort of things do you tend to take
** informal photos of? What, in your opinion, makes
a good photo?
Do you ever upload photos or films to share
on Internet sites? What are the advantages/
Mind the trap! disadvantages of this?
Colloquial idioms and expressions can make your
language more lively and are often a good way to
make your point forcefully/directly, but in a rather
light-hearted way.
I don't think any of these photos are anything to o
o
0
0 0
write home about. o 0
(A light-hearted but forceful way to say I don 't think o
they're very good.)
-
However, colloquial idioms/expressions quickly lose
their impact if they are overused.

19
 READING AND VOCABULARY 6 Come Together Match 1-10 with a-j to make
collocations. How do you say them in your language?
1 In pairs, look at the photos from two exhibitions on 1 (be) on a expectations
pages 21-22 and choose adjectives from the box to
0
2 (have) low 0 b anticipated
describe them. Justify your choice. 3 pose C career
0
creepy disconcerting disturbing 4 evoke 0 d somebody's taste
eye-catching lifelike sickening 5 a lucrative 0 e keeping with
............................. .. . . ....... . ...........................
6 keenly 0 f to say
2 Read the first paragraph of the reviews on 7 out of 0 g the question
pages 21-22 and try and predict the answers to 8 pander to 0 h display
questions 1-3. 9 needless 0 i sympathy
10 a resounding 0 j success
1 What are the sculptures made of?
2 What does the reviewer find particularly 7 Complete the sentences with the correct
shocking or surprising? collocations from Exercise 6.
3 How does the reviewer feel about the 1 Sometimes it's better to - that
exhibition overall? way, you're less likely to be disappointed.
2 Not all of the exhibits are _ _ __
3 COl.17 Work in pairs. Read your text, check your
some of them are in storage, because the
answers to Exercise 2, and exchange information
museum is fairly small.
with your partner.
3 I always knew that the concert was going
Student A, read text A on page 21 . to be terrible. And it was!
Student B, read text B on page 22. 4 After the success of the last album, the
release of the band's new album this
4 In pairs, decide which exhibition sentences 1-9 month is _ __ _
refer to: A, B or both. 5 The show was with both
1 The exhibits are the work of one person. 0 audiences and the critics.
2 The exhibition has already been shown 6 His scruffy clothes seemed a
in several countries. 0 prestigious awards ceremony.
3 People have been looking forward to this 7 She gave up in accountancy to
exhibition for a long time . 0 take up painting.
4 The reviewer wasn't very excited before 8 It was a masterful performance - despite
he went to the exhibition. 0 her character's tragic flaws she managed to
5 The reviewer thinks the exhibition's _ _ __ from the audience.
promo material might mislead the public. 0 9 The film seems to : is the price
6 There were a lot of people present of popularity worth paying?
when the reviewer was visiting. 0 10 Reality TV shows seem to the
7 The reviewer felt uncomfortable when public's for instant celebrity.
looking at the sculptures. 0 8 In pairs, answer the questions.
8 The reviewer's reaction was different
from the reaction of many of those 1 Which of the two exhibitions do you think
around him. 0 you'd enjoy more? Why?
9 The exhibition deserves to be a success. 0 2 Do you agree with the reviewer's opinion
that the Bodyworks exhibition cannot be
:; Find words or expressions in the texts for regarded as art? Why?/Why not?
definitions 1-10. 3 Do you think it's right to use real animals/
1 to bend your knees and lower yourself human body parts for art/education?
so you are close to the ground (A) 4 What controversial exhibitions or art
2 in a way that shows a lack of energy and installations have you come across? What's
enthusiasm (A) your opinion of them?
3 to make something seem small by
9 Work in groups of three or four. Look at page 146
comparison (A)
and come to a decision.
4 a small line in the skin (usually caused
by old age) (A)
5 making you realise that you are not as
important/special as you thought (A)
6 a crowd!large group (B)
7 harmless (B)
8 not brave (B)
9 to bend your back and shoulders into a
rounded shape (B)
10 worried (B)

20

REVIEW A
The sculptor Ron Mueck spent
fifteen years making puppets for
GULLIVER'S kids ' 1V programmes such as the
Muppets and Fraggle Rock. But
TRAVELS there's nothing cute about his hyper-
realistic sculpture show, currently on
display at the National Gallery
following a tour of several European
Sculptures by capitals. To be honest, after reading
Ron Mueck the gallery's promotional material
National Gallery, London ('amazing lifelike sculptures of the
human body') my expectations were
decidedly low. But I came away
mesmerised by Mueck's
remarkable talent and surprised at
***** my own emotional reaction .
What struck me first as I entered the
Jonathan Pritchard packed gallery was the size of the
subjects - either much larger or
visits an exhibition much smaller than human scale.
of gigantic A five-metre-high boy crouches in
sculptures...:. and the middle of the room. Two tiny
old women, who seem to be
finds himself feeling
gossiping about other visitors in
sorry for them. the gallery, stand at one side. An
enormous woman lies listlessly in
a gigantic bed, dwarfing the
spectators. It felt like something out
of Gulliver's Travels .
But it is the lifelike quality of his
figures that is perhaps most shocking.
o
VISUAL ART
However close you get to them,
. the detail is breathtaking - indeed,
such is Mueck's skill that I often
forgot that these sculptures are 35
5 made of silicon and polyester. You
can see veins running beneath the
skin, wrinkles and uneven skin
tones. Each hair is individually
implanted. And as we gaze at the 40
10 pimples and skin rashes -
perfectly crafted imperfections -
the effect is both convincing and
disturbing. What Mueck has done
is to pose the question: aren't we 45
15 also 'perfectly crafted' , despite
our imperfections?
What is particularly successful about
this exhibition is the sympathy this
realism evokes. Several of the 50
2D sculptures have facial expressions of
discomfort, as if they don't like being
stared at too closely. At times I had
the rather disconcerting feeling that
they wanted to be left alone. I was a 55
25 voyeur in a room full of fragile
people. It was strangely humbling.
Mueck may have turned his back on
a lucrative career in the 1V industry
but he has more than proved he is 60
30 an intelligent, thought -provoking
artist.
 REVIEW B
Bodyworks, which has attracted
some eight mill ion visitors to date
OUR OWN across the world, has just opened
at the Atlantis Gallery in East
FLESH AND London. The throngs of excitable
teenagers queuing up outside
seemed to confirm that this is
BLOOD probably one of the most keenly
anticipated exhibitions in London
thrs year. In their glossy brochure,
Bodyworks the creators of the exhibition claim
that it is 'a celebration of the beauty
Atlantis Gallery, Brick Lane of the human body at work' .
Innocuous though this sounds,
Bodyworks is definitely not for the
***** faint -hearted .
The main part of the exhibition
features twenty-six human corpses
which. have had their skin removed
A new sculpture and have then been injected with
exhibition asks us to look plastic. A man with his brain
completely exposed sits hunched
at the human body in a over a chessboard. A woman - who
new light - but has been sliced in half but with a full
Jonathan Pritchard head of hair - seems to swim
through the air. Anonymous figures,
wonders whether it's dressed on ly in a thin layer of
art at all. muscles, play football or perform
tricks on skateboards.
22
I began to feel that these models, 30
by losing their skin , had also lost
their humanity. I found no warmth
or sympathy here - in fact , at times .
5 it all felt as if it was the work of a
sociopathic medical school student.
What perhaps depressed me the
35
1(}
most were the crowds of excited
schoolchildren (most of the visitors
here seem to be of school age) who
didn't seem perturbed by these 40
sculptures in the ~I ightest. In fact,
they seemed delighted.
15 No matter what you say about the
educational value of the show - and
yes, I do feel differently about
smoking and drinking after seeing
45
blackened lungs and pickled livers -
I couldn't help feeling that these
20 exhibits were wholly out of keeping
with an art gallery. Instead , what the 50
authors of this exhibition have done
is to pander to our taste for cheap
sensation. I felt as if I was attending
25 a Victorian freak show. Needless to
say, Bodyworks is bound to be a 55
resounding success. It left me with
a bad taste in my mouth.

GRAMMAR
1 Which sentences, a or b, sound more
memorable/dramatic?
1 a As I entered the packed gallery the size of
the subjects struck me first.
b What struck me first as I entered the
packed gallery was the size of the subjects.
2 a The sympathy that this realism evokes is
particularly successful.
b What is particularly successful ... is. the
sympathy this realism evokes.
3 a The crowds of excited schoolchildren
depressed me the most.
b What depressed me the most were (was)
the crowds of excited schoolchildren.
4 a The most shocking thing is the lifelike
quality of his figures.
b It is the lifelike quality of his figures
that/which is ... most shocking.
5 a The authors have pandered to our taste
for cheap sensation.
b What the authors have done is (to)
pander to our taste for cheap sensation.
Work it out
2 Look at the underlined words in the b sentences in
Exercise 1. Answer the questions.
1 Which verb always comes later in the
sentence after What .. ./It is ... ?
2 Which sentence requires a relative pronoun
later in the sentence?
3 In sentence 5, which other auxiliary verb is
added to emphasise the verb?
~ Check it out page 154
Mind the trap!
With cleft sentences with It + be + time/place
expressions, we use that, not when/where, as the
relative pronoun.
It was yesterday that (NOT when) I spoke to her.
It's in London that (NOT where) the show opened.
3 Rewrite the sentences using the prompts.
1 The mayor opened an exhibition of Gerry's
paintings at the Liddell Gallery last week.
a What the mayor opened ...
b What the mayor did ...
c It was at the ...
d It was last week .. .
e It was the mayor .. .
2 Jonathan Pritchard wrote a scathing review of
Gerry's exhibition in the Express last Friday.
a What Jonathan wrote .. .
b It was in the Express .. .
c What was scathing .. .
d It was last Friday .. .
Is it art?
4 Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning stays
the same. Use the words in capital letters.
1 The level of detail is very impressive. WHAT
2 The spectators' reaction was odd. IT
3 The price of the tickets shocked me. WHAT
4 He made lifelike sculptures for the
rest of his career. DID
5 The exhibition ends in mid-October. THAT
6 She established her reputation
in Paris. THAT
7 The fact he is unknown surprises me. WHAT
8 She's created her own style
of painting. DONE
5 Find sentences in texts A and B on pages 21-22 with
a similar meaning to sentences 1-5. Which versions
are more emphatic? How would you say them in
your language?
1 It makes no difference how close you get.
2 Although this sounds innocuous, .. .
3 ... who did not seem perturbed by these
sculptures at all.
4 It m~akes no difference what you say ...
5 I feel different about smoking now.
6 Add words or phrases from the box or use them to
replace other words to make the sentences more
emphatic.
though it do however no matter
did in the slightest
1 It makes no difference what they think -
I know you're very talented.
2 I know you don't believe me but I really
wanted to come with you.
3 It makes no difference how late you arrive
- you must phone us.
4 I generally don't like silent films - although I
really like Charlie Chaplin.
5 She wasn't interested at all in what we were
saying to her.
6 Although it seems hard, this exercise isn't
impossible.
7 Complete the sentences to make them true for you.
Compare your answers with a partner.
1 I know you don't believe me but I do ...
2 Although I like ... , what I don't like is/are ...
3 No matter how often I ... , I can never ...
4 What I hate about ... is that ...
5 What I've never understood is why ...
6 Hard though it was, I still managed to ...
23
 WRITING AND LISTENING
1 Look at the ph~tos ~f the artist, Cezary Bodzianowski.
What do you think his art involves?
2 CD1.18 Read the notes. Then listen and complete
the gaps with a word or phrase.

CLOSING CEREMONY - SPEECH

Int roduct ory comments
What is performance art?
- Broadest definition: a t ype of art
perform ed 1 and 2
- ----
- But performance art is also provocative/
radica l/ 3 _ __ __
- It makes us look af resh at our 4
- - --
Ceza ry Bodzianowski
- Studied at Academy of 5 in
Wa r saw, Poland
- Spent 6 at Art Academy in
Antwerp, Belgium
- Has perform ed in cities in both
7 and t he USA since early 9 0 s
8 performances t ake place in
homet own (t 6dz, Poland)

3 Read the competition rules and the co rr .

nominating Cezary for the prize? mpe I Ion entry. What IS the author's main reason for

COMPETITION!
Making a difference
Can you think of som eon e who has had a p ositive effect on .
wh ere you live? Som eon e wh o p erhaps isn 't th p eople you know In your town or the area
O~r p an el of judges is waiting for your nomi~:~?o~;~r' at ~ey enri~h the lives of so m any p eople?
~IS p erson such a p ositive influen ce. The three . !te. a~ tell u~ In a? out 250 words what makes
Issue and there will be prizes for the win' ~ost convIncIng entnes wIll be publish ed in a future
mng au ors - and the people they n ominated too.

MASTER OF THE ABSURD

It's ear ly morning and you're get ting r eady for school. Somebody shyly knocks at your window
from outside. This surprises you because you live on the eighth floor of a block of flats. You
peer out the window to see a smar tly dr essed man with a briefcase, standing at the top of a
hydraulic crane. He politely wi shes you 'good morning' before knocking on the windows of your
nei ghbours upstairs.
Afterwards you spot him by a stall on the busy street market. The stall is empty, except for
a price list. Careful observation r eveals that what he is actually selling is puddles in the
neighbouring car park, each one wi th its own beautiful Italian name (the biggest one, Giglio,
costs nve zloties). No matter where you see him - at the super mar ket or in the park from a tram
window - he i s sur e to be doing somet hi ng absolutely extraordinary.
This is Cezary Bodzianowski, a one-man theatre. Cezary has been asked to perform his gentle art at
festivals across Europe but his favourite place to stage his events is the streets of my hometown,
Mdz, in Poland. It's a vi brant, friendly ci ty but sometimes it does need cheering up.
Although I believe that Cezar y would be a worthy r eCipient of your prize, I know that
winning would not change what he does. He is happiest when tryi ng to communicate with
ordinary people in his hometown. When you manage to catch hi s remar kable performances (and
24 most people here never do) you are reminded of the absurdity of our daily rituals and the
beauty of everyday life.

40 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 Is performance art (including 'living
statues', mime artists, buskers) popular
where you live?
2 Do you think they bring something positive to
everyday life? Why?/Why not?
3 Is it right to consider such things as art?
5 Find and underline sentences in the competition
entry where the writer:
1 recounts an anecdote describing an
event/a person
2 is persuasive
3 presents factual information
6 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 Is the style of the writing formal, neutral
or informal?
2 Which adj ectives do you think describe the
tone? Explain why.
academic serious intriguing enthusiastic
3 Generally, what other type of writing does the
competition entry remind you of?
a a 'for and against' essay
b a newspaper/magazine article
c a story
4 Does the writer of the competition entry
introduce himselflherself?
5 In which paragraph does the writer give his/
her main reasons why Cezary should win?
7 Study Train Your Brain and check your answers
to Exercise 6.
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
Competition entry
It is similar to a magazine article. Feel free to add a
title to your work. The style should be neutral -
neither too formal nor informal. .'
Like an article, it can be a mixture of anecdote/
description, fact and personal opinion. If possible,
the tone should be enthusiastic, intriguing and gently
persuasive to attract the judges' attention.
It should be fun to read and memorable. Try to begin
it with something intriguing such as an interesting
quotation, an engaging anecdote, some description.
Don't introduce yourself if it isn't necessary -
250 words is only just enough to make your
main points!
Write no more than four paragraphs.
If you are nominating yourself or someone else for a
prize, mention in the last paragraph the main reason
.
why you/your subject is worthy of winning .
Is it art?
8 Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
Read the first sentences of some other entries
(1-5) to the competition from Exercise 3.
Match the texts with contexts a- g.
Sometimes more than one answer is possible.
Which people in their hometown have they
chosen to write about?
Decide which entry you think sounds most
intriguing.
a a few words about the place where you live
b description of hislher personality
c a description of hislher appearance
d how the writer got to know this person
e hislher typical/daily routine
f something memorable the person once did/said
g a quotation or saying
They say that a good t eacher makes a world of difference.
When Mrs Kennedy became our form-tut or two years ago, I
had no idea just how t rue th is saying was. It's funny how thi s
absent-minded and sometimes rather bad-t empered Hist ory
teacher has made such a positive impact on the lives of ...
2
It's 7 .30 in the morning and Mrs Miller is starting
to prepare the dozens of lunches that she will later
deliver to the town's elderly and housebound. When
I leave for school I can already smell the delicious
aroma of vegetable soup wafting from next door's
ki tchen.
3
'Rangers or Celtic?' I'll never forget Stephen Caldwell's
first words to me when I sat down at the empty desk
next to him, a new boy on my first day at a new school.
Back then , nobody could have known how difficult life
would be for Stephen nor how much of an influence he
would have on us all.
4
Bingley has never been a particu larly wel l-off place but
when the last textile factory finall y closed down four years
ago, the town seemed to lose its sou l. Politicians of every
colour and persuasion tried - and failed - to put th ings right.
It was around th is time that Lynda King becam e the loca l
Youth Club leader.
5
Balding, overweight and with a cauliflower ear, Archie
MacGowan cuts a rather unprepossessing figure. But life
in my hometown would be very much poorer without
Archie, who has been captain of Queenzieburn Rugby
Club since 2002 ...
9 Which person would you choose to write about for
the competition in Exercise 3? Choose from the
ideas in Exercise 8 or your own.
10 What would be an intriguing context for the first
paragraph? Choose from contexts a-g in Exercise 8.
Which of these ideas might work better later?
11 Write your competition entry. Use Train Your Brain
to help you.
25
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR " Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs
in brackets.
1 Read the text and choose the correct answers a-d. II (sit) here for hours
Sorry for bothering you, but I need to get this waiting for my sister's flight to arrive. We
1_ my chest. I could really 2_ your advice. 2 (not spend) any time
The thing is I've fallen head over 3_ in love together since I left home ten years ago so
with a really unpleasant man. He's 4_ and I3 (feel) a bit worried. If
insensitive, a real pain in the 5_ . He's fallen everything goes well, she 4 _ _ _ _ _ __
6_ all of my friends. It's always the same. He'll (stay) with me for a month, but I hope we
7_ into a room as if he owns the place, and 5 (get) on better than we
then 8_ something totally inappropriate in 6 (do) when we
his big booming voice, and then if my friends _ ______ (grow) up. If not, by the
protest, he'll get angry, 9_ at them and accuse time she leaves, I'm sure we 8_ __ _ _ __
them of being 10_ ! He's always 1 1 _ his foot (have) another huge row. She's two years
in it. I've been trying to 12_ with one good older than me and when we were little, we
reason why I love him, but I can't. Please write 9 (always/fight). I
soon - I need help! 10 (never/forget) the time
when I first 11 ( discover) I
1 a from b off c on d out of was stronger than her. We 12_ _ __ _ __
2 a do with c strike up (fight) yet again and now at last I had her
b put across d turn down pinned to the floor. I was thrilled. I
3 a feet b heels c nails d toes 13 (neverlbeat) her in a fight
4 a considerate c decisive before. I thought she 14 (go)
b cocky d obedient and cry, but she just whispered, 'Girls don't
5 a eyes b heads c mind d neck fight. ' I 15 (can) not believe it!
6 a for b into Cover d out with
7 a creep b stagger c storm d stumble :; Complete the second sentence so that it has a
8 a chatter b mumble c whisper d yell similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
9 a gaze b glance c glare d glimpse word given. Use. three to six words.
10 a careless c oversensitive
b energetic d stubborn 1 I started here on 1 April and my
11 a pulling c standing contract runs out on 31 May. FOR
b putting d stepping By the time my contract runs out I
12 a break up c get on _ _ ______ two months.
b come up d settle down 2 Don't worry; she won't remember
2 Circle the odd word out in each group and explain anything about it. HAVE
why it doesn't fit. Don't worry; she _ _ _ _ __ __
all about it by now.
1 flash flicker glitter stutter
2 landscape portrait sculpture still life 3 Are you intending to dress up for
3 appalling atrocious dire exquisite the party? BE
4 creepy evocative intriguing vivid _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ up for the party?
3 Complete the text with one word in each gap. 4 I really like the shade of red in her
new landscapes. WHAT
You'll never guess who I bumped 1_ _ __
_ _ _ _ __ _ _ her new
last week; the artist, Julian Bray. I hadn't seen
him 2 we left school. 3 I landscapes is the shade of red.
found really surprising is how shy he still is . 5 This movement has got people
Although he's so successful, he still 4_ _ __ talking about art again. DONE
confidence in himself. I broke the 5_ _ __ What this _ _ _ __ _ __
by telling some stories about school and we people talking about art again.
ended up having a 6 laugh together.
We went to see an 7 of his latest 6 I'll keep on painting like this,
paintings. I have a mind of my 8 , so I whatever the critics say. MATTER
told him I'm not a big 9 of modern No , I'll keep
art. Generally, it just 10 me cold. So on painting like this.
my 11 were pretty low. But it was
12 brilliant. There was one painting in 7 I enjoyed the sculpture the most. IT
particular that stood 13 from the rest. _ _ _ _ ____ I enjoyed the most.
14 to say, it cost a fortune, but when 8 Although it may seem strange, I've
Julian saw I liked it, he gave it to me! It's totally never painted a picture. THOUGH
15 of keeping with the style of my
room, but I love it anyway. Strange , I've
never painted a picture.
26
LISTENING SKILLS
1 CD1 .19 Listen to a lecture about small talk.
Are the statements true (T) or false (F)?
1 We don't use small talk with people
we know well.
2 There are three examples of personal
issues that are unsuitable in small talk.
3 Sport isn't a suitable topic for
small talk.
4 People who are not skilled in small
talk may seem impolite.
5 We often feel forced to participate
in small talk because of where we are.
6 Small talk is particularly important
when dancing at parties.
7 Non-verbal communication is an
essential part of successful small talk.
8 Some people will never master
small talk.
SPEAKING SKILLS
1 Choose one of the topics and prepare a
three-minute presentation.
1 'You can choose your friends, but you can't
D choose your family.' Discuss what this
saying means and how appropriate it is to
D your life.
2 Some people argue that art is an essential
D part of what it means to be human. Discuss
how far you agree with this and say what
D importance art has in your society.
D 2 In pairs, look at the pictures and answer the
question. Talk for about three minutes.
D
Your school has been given a grant to
D spend on a new work of art to decorate
the entrance hall. First, discuss how
D suitable each of the works of art in the
pictures would be for an educational
institution. Then decide which one would
be best for your school.

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 Market collapses as world economy slumps
VOCABULARY AND LISTENING
1 Work in pairs and follow the instructions. e Air fares rocket with new fuel tax
Tension mounts as airline shares plummet
1 Match headlines 1-6 to photos A-F. Do they
represent good or bad news?
E) HUGESURGE
2 Discuss what kind of information you might
hear in each news story. IN ROAD
DEATHS
o ~A~ .y'~E DROPS......
Number o~~~;:;~~;~
2 Listen to the news programme and check your
C01 .20
Accidents involving centres declines
answers to Exercise 1. Then add the highlighted under-30s shoot up
words to the table.
o fall/decrease e GENDER EQUALITY GAP SHRINKS
Number of women in top jobs soars
tumble , _ __
---- ---
o rise/increase
(j) PRICES SLASHED IN CONSOLE WAR
Competition grows in games market

28

3 C01.20 Listen again and answer the questions.
1 Who is happy about the fall in house prices?
2 Airlines have announced they will raise
prices. By how much?
3 What concerns have been raised by
travel agents?
4 Why does Rita say 'every cloud has a
silver lining'?
5 What measure is being considered in
response to th e rise in road deaths?
6 What three reasons are given for the drop in
car use in city centres?
7 What evidence is there that women are
obtaining more top jobs?
8 Why has the price of computer games
gone down?
<I Choose the correct verbs. There may be more than
one correct answer. Justify your choices.
1 Due t o junk food, obesity levels are
shooting up / shrinking / soaring.
2 The hurricane death toll collapses / mounts /
rockets as two more bodies appear.
3 His popularity has p lummeted / slumped /
surged to record lows since the scandal.
4 The murder rate has decreased / declined /
tumbled slightly in the last year.
5 The populist candidate promised to grow /
shrink / slash taxes if ~leded.
6 Sales of her CD have p lummeted / rocketed /
surged since her successful TV appearance.
7 Share prices collapsed / mounted / tumbled
last night in reaction t o t he disaster.
5 1.21 Come Together Listen to the extracts and
complete phrases 1-10 with adjective + noun
collocations.
Adjectives
disastrous dramatic gradual huge
sharp significant sudden spectacular
steady tremendous
Nouns
collapse decline decrease fall growth
increase reduction rise slump surge
1 a _ _ _ _ in the number of
deaths on th e road
2 a _ _ _ _ ____ in the housing market
3 th e in th e world
economy
4 delighted with the _ _ _ _ __
in prices
5 a _ _ ______ of m ore than
20 percent
6 a _ _ _ _ ____ in the use of cars
7 a in the am ount of
city-centre driving
8 the _ _ __ __ _ _ in the price of petrol
9 a in the number of
wom en in top jobs
10 a ____ __ _ _ in sales
Our changing world
6 Rewrite the sentences using adjectives and nouns.
Begin with there is or there has been.
1 Un employment is falling steadily.
There is a steady fall in unemployment.
2 The number of visitors has risen significantly.
3 Music downloads have surged dramatically.
4 Violent crime has decreased substantially.
5 The quality of TV has declined con siderably.
6 The size of crowds at football matches has
slumped drastically.
7 The use of eco-bikes is increasing sharply.
8 The amount of cheating is gradually
being reduced.
7 In pairs, decide if the changes in Exercise 6 are good,
very good , bad or very bad. Then adapt them so they
are true for your country.
Mind the trap!
rise (rose, risen) is an intransitive verb - it does
not take an object:
Prices are rising (NOT Faising).
raise (raised, raised) is a transitive verb - it takes an
object:
They will raise (NOT me) prices.
8 Decide if the words and phrases in the box
collocate .with rise, raise or both. Then, make
sentences with them.
hot-air balloons money for charity
your hand th e sun your eyebrows
th e temperature your hopes salaries
early your voice bread a family
9 Phrasal Verbs Work in pairs. Listen to your partner's
sentences and match the phrasal verbs with their
meanings.
Student A, look at page 149.
Student B, look at page 15 l.
1 blow up D a compen sate
2 make up for D b confuse
3 stand up for D c create, establish
4 speed up D d defend, support
5 set up D e explode
6 mix up D f make faster
1 touch down D a disappoint
2 knock down D b hit to th e ground
3 cu t down on D c land
4 turn down D d reduce amount of
5 let down D e reduce importance of
6 play sth down D f refuse an offer/request
10 In pairs, follow the instructions on page 146 and
prepare a radio news bulletin with three items.
29

TECHNOLOGY

2050
Climate change is no longer a theory, it's a fact.
And there is little doubt that the greenhouse gases
produced by the burning of fossil fuels are to
blame. Average global temperatures have risen by
5 0.7C over pre-industrial figures, and unless we
limit the increase to under 2C before the end of the
century, the consequences could be drastic. We've
taken a trip in our time machine to see what our
world is like in 2050. Read on ... while you still can.

0 10 GLOBAL DISASTER
In the end it was much worse than anyone had imagined.
Only a handful of countries met their emissions targets,
and by 2035 global temperatures had risen by almost 2C.
This caused a vicious cycle. Mountain glaciers disappeared
15 and the melting of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets
accelerated. Less ice meant less heat reflected back into
space and our planet grew warmer still. A tipping point
was reached and nature itself began to contribute to
global warming. Massive amounts of methane that had
20 been trapped under the ground were released, and the
destruction of the rainforests sent more carbon skywards.
When the rise in temperatures reached 4C, the
consequences were catastrophic. Sea levels rose by four
metres and thousands of lOW-lying communities were lost
25 under the waves. As temperatures soared there was
widespread flooding and paradoxically, at the same time,
devastating droughts. Deserts spread , harvests fai led and
people began to starve. Millions of refugees searched
desperately for safer lands and with them came disease -
30 malaria and cholera epidemics, and a new flu virus that
killed billions. The global economy collapsed and wars
broke out as nations fought over land and water supplies.
Now, we live in a fractured , shrinking world of isolated
communities with fewer than 500 million people scattered
35 around the globe.

I READING AND VOCABULARY 3 Match visions A-C to questions 1-10.

1 Work in pairs. Decide if statements 1-5 are true or In which vision of the future
false. Then check on page 146. 1 is one year particularly important? o
1 Cows cause global warming.
2 does one disaster lead to another?
3 is a wide range of measures used
o
2 Greenhouse gases make the world a better
place to live.
against global warming?
4 is there a lack of food and water?
o
3 Renewable energies provide more energy DO
5 do complex technological solutions
than fossil fuels.
4 If you fly, your carbon footprint* is
not work?
6 does technology solve the problem of
o
464 percent bigger than if you take the train.
5 Carbon-offsetting** is destroying our
global warming?
7 do apparently contradictory events
o
environment.
*the impact you have on the environment in terms of
occur simultaneously?
8 has the world population shrunk
o
the amount of greenhouse gases you produce. It is
measured in units of carbon dioxide.
dramatically?
9 do governments encourage
o
**the act of paying for an environmentally positive ecological lifestyles? DO
action, such as planting trees, etc
10 does global cooperation protect wildlife? 0
2 CD1 .22 Visuals A-C show three visions of the earth
4 Work in pairs. Read the texts again and add more
in 2050. Discuss what you think has happened. words and phrases to the groups below.
Then read the texts and check your predictions.
Consequences of global warming:
glaciers disappear, ...

Technological solutions: mirrors in space, '"

30 Environmental policies: air travel banned, '"
 SCIENCE

AND TECHNOLOGY

o THE GREAT LIFESTYLE CHANGE

The turning point came in 2027. Floods, cyclones and
storms killed vast numbers of people and caused incalculable
damage around the world. Forest fires and droughts
40 decimated agricultural production leading to worldwide
fam ine and water shortages. When Hurricane Theresa
totally destroyed Houston, it was apparent that something
urgent had to be done. The search for a technological fix
became frantic. A scheme to launch enormous mirrors
45 into orbit around the earth to reflect solar rad iation was a
complete failure. The idea of spraying large quantities of
sea water into the sky to create a protective layer of
clouds came to nothing. Renewable energies were still too
unreliable. Finally, it was clear the only solution was to
50 consume less and the 'Great Lifestyle Change' began.
All unnecessary air travel was banned. Massive taxes on
the use of private cars and generous subsidies to public
transport cut down pollution. Meat was rationed and
vegetarianism encouraged in order to use scarce water
resources more effi ciently. New legislation made our 55
homes, shops and offi ces carbon neutral, and much less
energy was consumed.
The measures were drastic, but the rise in global
temperatures has slowed down and weather conditions
are now less extreme . And surprisingly, although most 60
people in the low-consumption economy are materially
less well off, they seem happier than before.

C9 JUST IN TIME
We were saved from extreme global warming just in time.
65 There was no single technological fix, but rather a complex
mixture of energy-saving measures, CO 2 -reduction
technologies and more efficient alternative energies .
The introduction of 'Carbon Credits' on fuel and electricity
was vital. Every consumer was given a free annual
70 carbon allowance and anyone who used it up and who
wanted more petrol, electricity or another flight abroad had
to buy more credits. The scheme made consumers aware
of how much CO2 they were producing and led to
enormous savings.
75 Aviation fu el was taxed . An overwhelming majority of citi es
opted for public transport and bike lanes. Subsidies were
given to energy-saving buildings and eco-friendly houses
became fashionable and affordable.
Carbon-offsetting schemes led to new forests being planted
80 and international agreements preserved the rainforests
and saved endangered species . The amount of CO 2 in the
atmosphere was further reduced by storing the gas in
carbon 'sinks' in abandoned mines deep underground.
In the 2030s a new super-efficient electrical cable was
85 developed. This allowed safe clean energy to be
harnessed from giant solar fields, wind farms and wave
platforms located far away from centres of population.
Now almost all the power for our vehicles is provided by
hydrogen fuel-cells and biofuels. Global warming has been
90 brought under control.
 5 CD1.23 Drawing D shows another vision of the earth in 2050. Discuss what
you think has happened. Then listen and check.
GRAMMAR
Work it out
1 Where possible, underline the
agent (the person or thing that
does or causes the action) in
sentences a-h.
a We've taken a trip in our
time machine.
b Sea levels rose by
four metres.
c Hurricane Theresa totally
destroyed Houston.
d Aviation fuel was taxed.
e Much less energy was
consumed.
f The amount of CO 2 in the
atmosphere was further
reduced by storing the
gas in carbon 'sinks' in
abandoned mines deep
underground.
g A new super-efficient
6 CD1 .23 Listen again and answer the questions. electrical cable was
1 What is nuclear fusion? developed.
2 What are the advantages of the process developed by the scientist? h The power for our vehicles
3 What did the scientist fear? is provided by hydrogen
4 How did the NukeFuse solution work? fuel-cells.
5 What is the NukeFuse world like? 2 Match sentences a-h in
6 How do Alexis and George feel about this vision of the future? Exercise 1 with reasons 1-8 for
7 In groups, discuss which of the four visions of 2050 is most likely and using/not using the passive.
give reasons why. We use the passive when
1 we're emphasising
8 Complete sentences 1-4 with the correct words in brackets.
the action more than
_ _ __ flooding could cause damage to _ _ __ the agent. D
communities. (incalculable, low-lying, widespread) 2 the agent is unknown
2 measures and vehicles could help us meet or irrelevant. D
our targets. (eco-friendly, emissions, energy-saving) 3 the agent is 'people in
3 If we solar energy, we could climate general'. D
change and hunger. (eradicate, halt, harness) 4 the agent is so obvious
4 Unless a fix is found, we may reach a point we don't need to
with consequences. (devastating, technological, tipping) express it. D
5 we don't want to start
9 Which contradiction does the cartoon show? What other contradictions are the sentence with a
there between what people say about the environment and what they do? long complex subject. D
We don't use the passive when
6 we want to sound less
formal and emphasise
the agent. D
7 we're emphasising the
agent more than the
action. D
8 the verb is intransitive
- there's no object to
become the subject of
the passive sentence. D
~ Check it out page 155
'Sorry, I'm late. I couldn't find a parking space.'

32
, When 1 _ , it was so bright, I could
hardly open my eyes. 2_ around a
forty-storey-high concrete tower. 3_
onto the top of the tower and this
creates tremendous heat. 4_ which
drives turbines to generate power. 5_
with absolutely no pollution. 6_ and
soon 7_ to meet most of the city's
energy needs. After dark 8_ for a
short time, but fortunately, 9_ when
10_ during long summer days. At
present, 11_ than conventional
power, but 12_ quickly.

Complete the sentences with active or passive
forms of the verbs in brackets. Then check in the
article on pages 30-31. Give reasons for using/not
using the passive in each.
1 The global economy (collapse).
2 Droughts (decimate) agricultural
production.
3 Something urgent had to (do).
4 Meat (ration).
5 Carbon-offsetting schemes led to new forests
_ _ _ _ (plant) around the world.
6 Global warming has (bring)
under control.
Mind the trap!
Passives with verbs with two objects
In passive sentences with verbs with two objects
(give, show, tell, lend, promise, buy, write, etc) either
object can come at the beginning. We put the topic of
the sentence (what we're talking about) first.
Free energy was given to charities.
Charities were given free energy.
Suggest and explain only take one passive form.
The idea was suggested to the inventor.
NOT The iA'o'eAter was sl:IfH'Jested the idea.
C01.24 Make passive sentences beginning with the
underlined words. Decide who is speaking and what
they need. Then listen and check.
' IWe are going to show you something
amazing. 2We will explain the secret of free
energy to you. 3We are not selling it to you;
4we are offering it to you. 5We will require no
payment for this. 6you must provide us with
your full cooperation. 7We have already taught
this secret to many civilisations. 8They have
always given us what we need. ,
5 Complete the text above with either the active or
passive forms of sentences 1-12. The sentences
are in the same order as in the text.
1 I first saw the solar power station
2 They have installed a field of huge mirrors
3 Something reflects the sun's rays
4 This heat turns water into steam
5 It can generate massive quantities
of electricity
6 They are going to expand the station
7 it will provide enough power
8 the company can only store the energy
9 people need the solar power
10 they are using air-conditioning units
11 the electricity costs much more
12 we expect prices to fall
6 Work in groups. Complete with the correct forms of
the verbs in brackets. Then say if you agree or
disagree with the sentences. Give reasons.
1 Global warming (cause) by solar
changes and is perfectly natural.
2 Human responsibility for climate change
_ _ _ _ (prove) beyond doubt.
3 Nothing can (do) to halt
climate change.
4 We needn't change our lifestyles. A new
energy source (soon/find).
5 We don't like (tell) what to do,
so requests to consume less are likely
_ ___ (ignore) by most people.
6 If drastic action (not/take) soon,
millions of species (wipe out) and
civilisation ( destroy).
33
 SPEAKING
1 Look at the visuals and answer the questions.
1 In what ways do people claim to be able to
predict the future? How are they supposed
to work?
2 Would you like to be able to predict the
future? What would be the advantages!
disadvantages of possessing that ability?
3 If you had that ability, what would you use it
for and why?
2 Read Krissy's webpage and answer the questions.
1 Why has she put the quotes by Bohr and
Russell in the introduction?
2 Which of her favourite quotes do you find the
most profound? Why?
3 What would you do if you were the person in
the cartoon? Why?
4 What reason is given to disagree with the
prediction of men giving birth? Can you think
of any other reasons?
3 In pairs, complete the gaps in Speak Out with
highlighted phrases from the webpage. Then say
how you feel about Krissy's predictions.
SPEAK OUT I Making predictions
0%
definitely won't happen
bound/certain/sure not to, not a hope of,
there's _ ___ __ _ _
almost certainly won't happen
it's highly improbable, it's _ _ __
there's a very faint chance, there's _ _ __
probably won't happen
,-----:------,--,----,-_ , there's not much chance,
I shouldn't think, I doubt if/whether
may happen
might, it's possible, conceivably
will probably happen
likely to, might! well, _ _ _ _
there's a _ _ __
will almost certainly happen
in all probability, _ _ __
, will definitely happen
bound/
no doubt, _ _ __
/sure to, it's inevitable,
100%
34
4: COl .2S Circle the most likely options in Krissy's
predictions. Then listen and see if your ideas are right.
1 It's possible / There's not much chance that
goth fashions could become mainstream, but
I hope not. I like being different.
2 Conceivably / It's extremely doubtful
anyone will still be listening to house music
five years from now. It's rubbish.
3 One day the chances are / there's a very
faint chance supermodels won't be so tall
and skinny. Why not? Things change.
4 It may be optimistic, but I think a crime-free
world is inconceivable / inevitable. In all
probability / I doubt if microchips implanted
in the brain will cure the criminal instinct.
5 There's a good chance / not much chance
we'll find a new source of energy, but
I shouldn't think / it's possible it will make
everyone happy.
6 I'm convinced / There's no way exams will
become a thing of the past. I can't wait!
5 In pairs, use phrases from Speak Out to discuss the
predictions in Exercise 4.
6 Rewrite the messages using the words in brackets.
In groups, say which predictions you agree/disagree
with and why.
1 It will definitely rain tomorrow.
(bound)
(no doubt)
2 Our national team definitely won't win
the World Cup .
(sure not)
(not a hope)
3 We'll almost certainly have an exam next week.
(likelihood)
(probability)
4 House prices almost certainly won't fall.
(doubtful)
(chance)
5 I'll probably have to move abroad to find a job.
(well)
(chances)
6 The future probably won't be much
like it is in the movies.
(unlikely)
(shouldn't)
7 Use phrases from Speak Out and the categories
below to make your own predictions. Then discuss
them in groups.
beauty & health
 'Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past and
present are certain to miss the future.'
J. F. Kennedy
2 'Keep on going and the chances are you will stumble on something,

-- --
my gallery perhaps when you are least expecting it. I have never heard of anyone
stumbling on something sitting down.'
cool links
Charles F. Kettering

- -
my friends 3 'You' re unlikely to win the lottery unless you buy a ticket.'
Anonymous
events
Click here for more quotes.
forum
- - . .. .
'I see a terrible accident ...
All comments (12) But there's a very slight
Recommended possibility you'll survive ...
comments (3) as long as you leave all
From bluedreams your money here.'
Nov 2223:24
Recommended? Click here for more laughs.
Men giving birth!
It's inconceivable!
Report as unsuitable
From cuteyQ
Nov 2220:43
* There's a strong likelihood that pretty soon genetically modified
humans with special skills will be created.
Recommended?
I doubt if men will ever be
brave enough to give
* There's a good chance that men will be able to give birth in the next
twenty years.
birth. They couldn't stand
the pain!
Report as unsuitable
* It's extremely doubtful that we will ever meet aliens. They might come
to earth, but if they do, they'll just shake their heads and leave again.
From marvin robot
Nov 22 15:20 * I'm convinced I wi ll be famous one day. I just don't know what for yet.
Recommended? To LISTEN to more of my predictions click here.
Come on, Krissy! There's
no way men will ever give
birth. -
Report as unsuitable
Click here for more
 C01.27 Listen to the second speaker again. Tick what
LISTENING AND WRITING "
she and her group did to achieve their objectives.
1 What do you understand by the quote? Do you agree hold a meeting D
with it? Discuss in pairs. join an NGO/a political party D
Ask not what your country can do organise a demonstration D
for you, but what you can do for make a poster D
your country.
print and hand out leaflets D
set up a blog/website D
JF Kennedy set up a pressure group D
2 COl .26 Listen to speakers 1-3 and say which of
start a petition D
these things they are trying to change.
write a letter to a newspaper D
write to government representatives D
commerce and shopping talk to community leaders/church groups D
entertainment and leisure
family life and gender roles 5 In pairs, agree on the three most useful things
food and health speakers 1 and 3 could do to achieve their
justice and security objectives.
the environment Speaker 1 - to persuade people to contribute
education money to Medecins Sans Frontieres
travel and transport Speaker 3 - to make it easier for people to use
housing bikes to get around cities
sports
work

3 CD1.26 Listen again and choose the correct

answer: a, b or c.
Speaker 1 World
1 Why did he join Medecins Sans Frontieres?
a His job in Melbourne was too easy.
b He felt a need to do something different.
c He wanted to fly around the world.
Car-free Day
Sunday September 22nd
2 What does he think is unfair?
a Ebola hasn't spread to rich countries.
b A cure for Ebola will be found one day.
c Many people are selfish .

Speaker 2
3 Why did she and her friends start a group?
a They were desperate to get out of their town.
b They were bored.
c They want to be rich and famous.
4 In her opinion, why is the new community
centre going to be built?
a People complained about not having one.
b She and her friends took action to press
for it. Bike it Better!
C Community leaders knew it was necessary.

Speaker 3 Cars and motorbikes cause global warming.

5 Why did he take up cycling? They produce vast quantities of
a His doctor told him he had to. greenhouse gases.
b It's better for the environment than driving. Our world is choking to death.
c To improve his health and to get to
work faster. Join the 'Bike it Better' rally this Sunday.
6 Why does he think more people are It starts from Trafalgar Square at 10a.m.
commuting by bike now? next Sunday.
a People enjoy dangerous sports.
b It's good for you and saves money and time.
c The local council is building more
bike lanes. Visit www.justbikeit.com for
more information.

36
 Our changing world

Writing in an appropriate style 7 Speaker 3 wants to encourage people to take part

in a demonstration. Match text types 1-3 with the
6 In pairs, answer the questions. styles he should use a-c.
1 Which types of writing from the list below 1 a letter to someone in the government D
would you find easier/more difficult? Give 2 a leaflet to be handed out in the street D
reasons . 3 an email to a friend D
a school essay a an easy informal style
a poem b a formal indirect style
a short story C a punchy direct style
a formal letter
a leaflet for an NGO 8 In pairs, decide which text types above (1, 2 or 3),
an email to a friend sentences/phrases 1-12 come from. Give reasons.
2 Why is it important to change the style of Getting attention
your writing according to what you are 1 Isn't it about time you did something
writing and who you are writing to? to save the planet? D
2 You know I told you I'm involved in a
bike group? D
CCP - Croydon Cyclists Platform Encouraging action
24 Chain Street 3 Get on your bike and Bike it Better! D
Croydon , CR3 QE2 4 We urge you to join our 'Bike it Better'
demonstration .. . D
ccp@justbikeit.com
Making an invitation
Dear Ms Starr
5 I am writing on behalf of the Croydon
- - - - - - - on Sunday September 22nd Cyclists Platform to invite you to join
We are planning a series of initiatives desig~ed to us in celebrating World Car-free Day D
encourage people to leave their cars and motorbikes at 6 ... why don't you dust off your bike and
home and to walk, cycle or take public transport. head into London? D
~

Cycling is widely recognised to be the most effective Making a suggestion

way of c~mmuting short to medium distances. Not only 7 If you like, you could check out our
IS t .h e bIcycle better for your health and for the
envIronment, it is also faster and mor e economical
website for more details. D
than the car or the motorbike. ' 8 Might I suggest you visit our website to
------- discover more advantages? D
'. A growing number of MPs are 9 But you can do something to
USIng bIkes to travel to Westminster and are enjoying change that.
the many benefits of cycling. D
10 Have you considered commuting
- - - - - - - which will be leaving from by bicycle yourself? D
Trafalgar Square at lOam. on Car-free Day.
Finishing up
h
. and i f you would like a bicycle to 11 Please confirm as soon as possible
be provIded for your use.
whether you can attend ... D
Yours Sincerely,
12 Hope to see you there . D
Julia/.'\. LJlAit"e 9 Complete gaps a-I in the three texts with sentences
JUlian White 1-12 from Exercise 8.

10 Work in groups of three. Use the models to help each

_ _ _ _ _ _ Well , this Sunday is World Car-free Day
and we're organising a rally called 'Bike it Better! ' I know
you're a bit of a car freak and you 'd probably be happier
sitting in front of the telly watct;Jing the Grand Prix, but
_ _ _ _ _ _ It's starting at 10 in Trafalgar Square, and
it's sure to be a lot of fun. Your kids will love it and you' ll be
doing something to fight against c limate change.
_ _ _ _ _ _ . It's www.justbikeit.com .
All the best,
Julian
other to write texts to persuade people to do one of
the following:
take part in a demonstration in favour of a
new community centre in a small town
donate money to Medecins Sans Frontieres
Student A, write a formal letter to a politician.
Student B, write an informal email to a friend.
Student C, write a leaflet to advertise your action.
11 In groups, agree on one thing you would like to
change about your town/country or the world.
Use the prompts in Exercise 2 and give reasons.
12 Write a formal letter, an informal email and a leaflet
to achieve the change you have agreed on.
37
 Coming of age
Read, listen and talk about education, applying for jobs.
Practise inversion.
Focus on appropriacy - inversion in spoken English.
Write a letter of application.

3 C02.01 In pairs, answer questions 1 and 2. Then listen

LISTENING AND VOCABULARY and check.
1 In pairs, look at the photo and answer the question. 1 You are going to listen to a discussion about
How significant is one's eighteenth birthday in your 'rites of passage'. What do you understand
country? How do people tend to celebrate it? this phrase to mean?
2 Look at the table and complete it for your country. 2 Which of the following do you think
How similar are the ages at which you legally the speakers might mention? Justify
become an adult? your opinion.
being taught how to kill wild animals
Age at which you can UK celebrating your eighteenth birthday
doing an apprenticeship
vo~ 18
taking exams
taking part in a religious ceremony

" CD2.01 Listen again. Are the statements true (T),
false (F) or is there no information (NI)?
1 The British have recently decided to
allow sixteen-year-olds to vote.
2 Ted Barnes is a social historian.
3 In the past, eighteenth birthday parties
were less significant than now.
4 According to Ted, the simpler the job
you did, the sooner you became an adult.
5 A coal miner's son would typically
become an adult at the age of fourteen.
6 In prehistoric times, women were
responsible for producing alcohol.
7 Ted believes that leaving school is a
sign that you have reached adulthood.
8 According to Ted, people in their teens
used to have much clearer roles.
9 Ted thinks it's a good thing that we
have lost our traditional 'rites of
passage' in the UK.
5 CD2.02 Listen to five people phoning in and match them
with statements a-g. There are two extra statements.
1 Martin 0 4 Agnes 0
2 Kerry 0 5 Nathan 0
3 Mr Hayes 0
a disagrees with something the studio
expert said
b thinks politicians should do more to
represent young people
c is disappointed that few people in the UK
are religious nowadays
d thinks the adult world is a rather cynical place
e believes that marriage plays an essential
role in becoming an adult
f is disturbed the government acknowledged
hislher existence
g regrets that things have changed
6 Tell your partner about an occasion which suddenly
made you realise you were 'grown-up'.
7 Look at the sentences from the phone-in and guess
the meaning of the underlined idioms from the
context. Use a dictionary to help you.
1 During your apprenticeship, you'd learn the
ropes by doing the job.
2 Many teenagers feel out of place in society.
3 It really brought home to me the fact
that I was now part of the 'adult world'.
4 I'm racking my brains to remember the date.
5 National Service is rather a can of worms,
isn't it?
6 I remember being over the moon meeting
the Queen.
7 I was in two minds about whether to extend
our discussion to include religion.
8 We're just coming up to the news now so
we'll have to call it a day.
Coming of age
8 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of
the idioms from Exercise 7.
1 Police searched for the body for hours but
0 when the weather got worse they decided to
0
2 I'm to think of an example for the
0 second sentence but I'm stuck!
3 My poor test results really how
0 much revision I still had to do .
4 When I saw how smartly dressed everyone else
0 was, I felt in my scruffy clothes.
5 My parents were when they heard
0 I'd won a scholarship.
6 My new job's going well - it took me a few days
0 to but after that it was really easy.
7 I was so tired after finishing my dissertation
0 that I was whether to go to my
English class in the evening.
8 It's best not to bring up the subject of
0 cheating - it's _ _ __
9 Word building Complete the sentences. Make new
words from the words in capital letters. They have
all appeared in the listenings in this lesson.
1 We think the voting age should be
_ _ _ _ to sixteen. LOW
2 Your apology is completely
_ _ _ _ when you keep on
upsetting everyone. MEANING
3 It's safe to eat those orangey
mushrooms . They're perfectly
EAT
4 Take these tablets once a day,
_ _ _ _ just after your
evening meal. PREFER
5 After he left school, he did an
_ _ _ _ at the car factory for
six months. APPRENTICE
6 Although her mother was pleased
when Tegwen left home, she also
admitted having a horrible feeling
of sometimes. EMPTY
7 In the UK, young people officially
reach at the age
of eighteen. ADULT
10 In groups, discuss why you think young people do
the following and report your ideas to the class.
get involved in anti-social behaviour
identify with different subcultures
radically change their appearance
devote themselves to academic work
39
,I
READING AND VOCABULARY
In groups, discuss the advantages/disadvantages
of these choices. Use the prompts in the box or
your own ideas.
being a secondary school student - being
a university student
studying at university - getting a job after
secondary school
studying in your hometown - moving to
another town to study
studying at a state university - studying at
a private university
taking a 'gap year' before university - going
straight to university from school
(lack of) independence (less) impersonal
'recharge your batteries' less strict/stricter
broaden your horizons (more) prestigious
more fully rounded person
network of friends/relatives
take responsibility for own studying
spread your wings
2 Underline four words/phrases which we usually
associate with secondary - not university -
education. Use a dictionary to help you.
assignment classroom dissertation
form-tutor grant halls of residence
lecture lecture theatre lecturer
morning assembly parents' evening
rag week resit exams seminar
tutorial undergraduate
3 C02.03 Read the information in the box. How do
you think John felt on his first day of university?
Then read the extract and check.
Philip Larkin
is one of the most
popular, w idely read
poets in the English
language. He wrote
two novels at the
start of his career
and Jill, from which
this extract is taken,
was written when
he was just twenty-
one. Set during
World War Two, it
describes the
experiences of John Kemp, a poor, working-
class teenager from a small industrial town Int he
north of England . John is a bright. hard-working
student at the town's state grammar school but
he is rather earnest and is crippled by shyness.
He eventually wins a scholarship to study .
English at Oxford University, which, atthat time ,
had the reputation of being a rather elite and
conservative university, tending to attract
upper-class students from private schools from
the south of England.
40
4 Read the text again. Choose the correct answers a- d.
1 When John came out of Oxford station he
a deliberately didn't rush to the college.
b felt indifferent about his future.
c had to wait but didn't mind.
d considered taking a train home again.
2 When the porter mentions Mr Warner, John
a is shocked because he expected to share
with somebody else.
b is pleased that he might meet someone
similar to himself.
c has already worried about having to share
a room.
d is more worried about what had happened
to his crate.
3 What is John's reaction when he first meets
Christopher Warner?
a relief b terror c jealousy d suspicion
4 The way Elizabeth speaks is striking to
John because
a she sounds so irritated.
b she is making fun of herself.
c it sounds very comforting to him.
d it makes him realise that he doesn't belong
at Oxford.
5 John's memory of buying plates with his
mother sqggests that
a John didn't care about his mother's feelings.
b the plates cost a lot of money.
c John's mother feels very proud of him.
d John feels foolish that he bought the plates.
6 Generally, what is the attitude of Warner's
friends towards John?
a amused hostility
b politely patronising
c friendly interest
d awkward embarrassment
5 Match the highlighted words from the text with
their meanings.
1 laugh quietly
2 shout something suddenly
3 say something with unusual pauses or
repeated sounds because of fear and anxiety
4 say something suddenly in an angry or
annoyed way
5 move slowly or stand, especially in a public
place, without an obvious reason
6 feel very anxious or frightened about
something that might/will happen
7 complain or express dissatisfaction
8 move slowly or quietly - for example in order
to avoid being noticed
6 C02.04 Listen to the conversation. What changes have
taken place at Oxford University in the following areas?
accommodation
servants
type of student
7 Work in pairs and follow the instructions on page 146.
Extract from Jill, Chapter 1

JILL CHAPTER I

When he walked out of Oxford station all the taxis had
been taken. He stood on the pavemene, happy to loiter, for
he was so afraid that even now, if he had had the chance,
he would have turned and fled back to his previous life.
5 The fact that he had worked for years for this momene
made no difference. A taxi finally arrived and, after a short,
blurred ride, he was standing at the college gates. He had
never taken a taxi before. I must ask the porter where my
room is, he told himself.
10 'Er - I've just arrived - er - can you - er - my room's ... '
'What, sir?' snapped the little man, bending an ear
nearer and frowning. 'A fresher, are you? What name?'
'Er - Kemp - er .. .'
'Kent?'
15 It seemed hours before the porter exclaimed:
'Kemp! Kemp, are you? Yes, room rwo, staircase fourteen.
With Mr Warner.'
'Er - where? '
'Second arch on the left. Staircase fourteen on the right-
20 hand side. You can't miss it.'
Who was Mr Warner? The news upset him so much
that he forgot to ask the porter if his crate of cups and
plates had arrived. It was something he had dreaded. He
had thought that he would always have a refuge, a place to
25 retreat to and hide in. This was apparently not so.
Perhaps Mr Warner would be quiet and studious.
When he reached the door to his room he was alarmed
to hear that there was the sound of laughter and teacups
coming from it. There were people there! He was about to
30 creep away when the door suddenly opened and a young
man came our holding a kettle.
'Er - I -,' he stammered.
'Hallo, did you wane me?'
The young man was taller and stronger than John, with
a square, stubbly chin and broad shoulders. John felt a 35
rwinge of distrust. He wore a lounge suit and on his right
hand was a gold ring.
'Er - That is, I think this is - my name's John Kemp.'
'Oh, you're Kemp? How d'you do? I'm Warner - Chris
Warner. We're just having tea; there's rather a crowd 40
inside.' He began filling the kettle.
John followed Warner into the room.
'Friends, my better half has arrived, Mr Kemp. These
are Elizabeth Dowling, Eddy Makepeace, Patrick Dowling
and Hugh Stanning-Smith.' 45
John smiled blindly from face to face. They looked at
him, and smiled too. The room was large and airy, bigger
than any in his own house, and in a terrible mess.
He looked at Elizabeth Dowling first. Her golden hair
was brushed fiercely up from the sides of her head, so that 50
it formed a stiff ornamene, like a curious helmet. Her right
hand lay quiescently holding a burning cigarette.
Then he looked at Eddy Makepeace, who was wearing
a yellow silk tie with horseshoes on it. He had a youthful,
spotty face that expressed great confidence and stupidity 55
and his eyes bulged.
'Chris, you are impossible,' Elizabeth whined . 'Filling
it so full .. . It'll take hours to boil. Simply hours. And I'm
dying for another cup.'
John stared at her, never having heard before this 60
self-parodying southern coo, and a sense of his alien
surroundings came over him.

11

JI LL
CHAPTER I

'Have you come a long way?' Elizabeth pronounced

ea~h word very clearly; as if speaking to a foreigner.
65 From Huddlesford, John replied.
The others started talking about mutual friends when
s u~denly the water in the kettle began to boil over.
Oh, what an age!' cried Elizabeth, childishly holding
out her cup.
70 'Visitors first,' said Christopher Warner, filling a cup
for John.
John struggled for something to say. 'Do you know - er
- rather a funny thing, I think we've both brought the
same kind of cups ... '
75 They all burst out laughing. John looked around him
in alarm.
'What's wrong?' he exclaimed, startled for once into
natural behaviour.
~ore laughter, only louder. 'Oh, God,' gasped Warner,
80 tryIng to catch his breath. 'These are your cups. I haven't
an~ cup~ so we opened yo ur cr,ate and gave your things a
chnstel1lng. I do hope you don t mind.'
Three weeks ago, John's mother had insisted that they
spent an afternoon at the shops buying these things: it had
85 been a touching little expedition, meaning, he realised, far
more to her than it did to him. They had had tea afterwards
in a cheap cinema cafe. Now all his china was lying across
the floor. H e was surprised he hadn't noticed before.
'God, I thought he'd never notice,' chuckled Eddy
90 Makepeace, drying his bulging eyes.
'And the e~quisite way he brought the subject up so politely! '
laughed E~lZabeth .. John was acurely aware of being
referred to In the third person, but it expressed his mood.

12
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your scribbled lectu re notes the night before much to your electricity bill - it
an exam l Si mply use it to record your uses as much power as an average
lectures and seminars - th en transfer them to li ght bulb. Includ es a free recipe
yo ur PC to li ste n t o at your leisu re. book, packed with ideas for dozens
...._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18.75 of mouth-watering dishes .
45

Lotospen Express
It may look like a normal hi ghli ghter pen but thi s .......;;;;:::::=:1--_ _ ........
ingenious gadget can scan text from books, typed
notes and newspapers. Plug it into you r computer's
USB port and you can transfer your text into any
text ed itor programme. A real boon for any
stud ent - no more queuing for the photocopier in
the library! So popular was the Lotospe n last year
that we sold out w ithin two weeks - to avoid
disappointment order you rs now!
90

GRAMMAR AND SPEAKING S Underline five more examples of inversion in

the text.
1 Look at the photos. In pairs, discuss what the
gadgets are and what they could be used for. 6 Look at examples a and b and answer the question.
a So popular was the Lotospen last year
2 Read and check your answers. In your opinion, which that ...
items are the most useful for students and why? b Such has been the demand for our clocks
3 Come Together Find adjective + noun collocations in that ...
the texts for meanings 1-5. Which sentence emphasises
1 questionable pleasures (introduction) 1 the noun? D
2 an unpleasant annoyance (text 1) 2 the adjective? D
3 a genuine blessing (text 2) 7 Look at the underlined words in the example and
4 delicious meals (text 3) answer the question.
5 special attention (text 4)
Not until/Only when you have tried it, will
you wonder how you ever survived without it!
Work it out
In which way is this sentence different from
<I Underline the sentences in the article that mean the the other examples of inversion above?
same as sentences 1-4. Which sentences are similar
to question forms? ~ Check it out page 155
1 You will never face the grim frustration of
deciphering your notes again.
2 The Lotospen was so popular last year that ...
3 The Zepper not only avoids stairs ... but it
can also sense dirtier areas.
4 The demand for our popular proj ector alarm
clocks has been such that we ...
42
 Coming of age
Zepper Robotic Vacuum Cleaner
Students are not renowned ,--________-.....,
for the ir love of cleaning so 9 Complete the gaps with the words in the box.
what could be better than an
intell igent vacuum cleaner? had little never so sooner such
Never before has clean ing than that until when ex 2)
been so easy - simply press
the 'clean' button and your 1 _ __ _ before have I felt so humiliated.
Zepper vacuums the who le 2 confident was she of passing that
floor for you and then beeps she didn't do enough revision.
when it's fi nished. Not only 3 did he know that she was already
does the Zepper avoid stairs dating someone else.
and clean alon g walls but it 4 No had they reached the summit
can even sense dirtier areas
_ _ _ _ it started pouring with rain.
which need particular care ,
thanks to its del icate sensors. 5 Scarcely _ __ _ he answered the last
90 question the teacher told them to
stop writing.
6 was the strength of feeling against
him he was forced to resign.
Poltok Projector Alarm Clock 7 Only you have understood the
Such has been the demand for our popular projector basics can you continue.
alarm clocks that we've come to the conc lusion that- 8 Not it was too late did I remember
contrary to the popular stereotype - students must be where I had seen it.
amon g the most punctual people around' This stylish
alarm clock projects the time onto your bedroom wa ll / 10 C02.OS Listen and answer the questions.
ceiling and also has a superb crescendo alarm which
gradually gets louder 1 Which of the gadgets from the catalogue did
over eight minutes, Nick and Ewan buy?
which wi ll gently wake 2 Where do the conversations take place?
up even the soundest 3 In what way have their gadgets turned out to
of sleepers. No longer be rather unsuccessful?
wi ll you have any
excuse for missing 11 Look at the examples from the listening. What do you
your Bam 10am lectures! notice aDout the word order?
20
Under no circumstances are my lectures to be
recorded.
On no account will you lend any materials from
these lectures to friends.
8 Rewrite the sentences in the correct order, 12 Rewrite the sentences so that the meaning stays
using inversion. the same.
1 untillnot!canlthey're sixteenlleave school! 1 I didn't know that the entrance exam was
students so difficult.
2 not sincelbusiness degrees/have/the 1980s/ Little _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _
beenlthis popular
3 solbeautiful!the view/that! 2 Such was the artificiality of his examples that
it took their breath away/was nobody was convinced.
So _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __
4 was/such/change roomsii was forc ed to/
the noise/that 3 It's unusual that he hands in work on time.
5 when/hadlscarcely/l/got!into the shower/ Seldom _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __
the phone rang
6 before/Ilbeenlto see you/have/never/so glad 4 Cheating will never be tolerated in exams.
Under no circumstances _ _ _ _ _ __ _
Mind the trap! 5 Later I finally appreciated what a great
teacher he was.
Hardly/Scarcely ... when ... Only later _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
No sooner ... than ...
6 He had only just reached his seat when the
lecture began.
Nosooner _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
7 You should never disclose your credit card
details in an email.
On no account _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

13 In groups, write a short catalogue entry for one of

the gadgets on page 147 or an idea of your own.
Try to include at least two examples of inversion.

43
 SPEAKING AND LISTENING
1 C02.06 Only two of sentences 1-4 use inversion in a
suitable context. Read and decide which. Then listen
and check. In what kind of situations does inversion
seem to fit the context?
1 Never in all my life have I been so
insulted by one of my own employees! D
2 Never before have I drunk jasmine tea
but I have to say it's really nice . D Why?
3 So tired did I feel this morning that I really
struggled to stay awake during the lecture. D
4 Never before in the field of human conflict
was so much owed by so many to so few. D
2 CD2.07 Listen and read. Underline any sentences
that seem 'out of place '. How would you say these
sentences in a more natural way?
Kay Hi Tina! Sorry I'm late - have you been
waiting long?
Tina Hi Kay. No, it's OK - I've only been here
about five minutes or so.
Kay So crowded was the number 16 bus this
morning that I had to take a 22. Never
before have I taken a 22! And little did I
know that it doesn't go up King Street. In
fact, not until we went past the hospital
did I realise that I had to get off the bus.
Have you ordered yet?
Tina I've just asked for a cup of tea. But I was
thinking about maybe getting something
to eat as well. Have you got time to have
some lunch with me?
Kay Yes, I've got plenty of time. Not until two
o'clock do I have to be back at the office.
Tina The sandwiches look nice.
Kay Yes, they're pretty good. In fact nowhere
in the whole of Southampton can you find
such great salads.
Tina At least it seems pretty quiet in here
today, for a change.
Kay Yes, seldom is it so quiet. So, how's your
job going?
3 In pairs, roleplay the conversations. Use inversion,
where appropriate.
Student A, look at page 149.
Student B, look at page 15l.
4, Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
Take turns to choose one of the topics below.
Prepare a presentation (about two minutes
maximum) for your partner.
Try and include at least one example of
inversion to make a key point more memorable.
1 The joys of turning eighteen.
2 The advantages/disadvantages of nationaV
military service.
44
VOCABULARY AND READING
1 Read the exam tips. Which ideas do you agree with?
Do you have any other favourite exam tips? What
are they?
2 Read Sam's newspaper column and answer the
questions.
1 What kind of a student do you think Sam is?
2 Which of the things she mentions do you
think is sensible and which reckless
behaviour, and why?
3 Guess the meaning of these words in Sam's column
from the context.
1 study-leave
2 swot (informal)
3 burn the midnight oil
4 cram (for an exam)
5 can't make head or tail of
6 slow-witted
4, Phrasal Verbs Match the highlighted verbs in the
text with their meanings 1-8.
1 prepare or plan in writing
2 avoid doing something you don't want to do
3 study something quickly, eg before an exam
4 when classes end and holidays start
5 throwaway
6 appear (as an exam question, a topic for
discussion, etc)
7 start to focus your attention on something
8 be absent without permission
5 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the
phrasal verbs from Exercise 4.
1 I think she uses her backache to _ _ _ _
helping us tidy up.
2 I've a list of questions I want to
ask during the interview.
3 Schools usually three days
before Christmas.
4 She was being bullied and started to
_ __ _ school.
5 Don't all your revision notes -
you might have to resit the exam later'
6 I've got an exam tomorrow so I'd like to
_ _ _ _ some grammar.
7 You must revise Trigonometry - it's
guaranteed to in the exam.
8 After our long holiday, we found it hard to
_ _ __ work again.
6 Work in pairs. What is your next major test/exam?
How do you intend to go about preparing for it?
Use the words from Exercises 3 and 4.
 Coming of age

SIX FOOLPROOF TIPS FOR MAKING THE

MOST OF YOUR EXAM REVISION
Check you understand everything in the syllabus before you start revising. Ask teachers to go
over something again, if necessary.
Draw up a revision timetable. Include time in your timetable for socialising and other things you
usually enjoy.
Consider studying with friends - it's particularly useful for languages or subjects such as History
which require a lot of interpretation or discussion.
Consider recording your notes onto your computer/MP3 player. Listen to them when you're out
and about or relaxing.
Don't panic because someone gives the impression of having done a lot more revision than you.
If you are keeping to your own timetable, you will be fine.
Under no circumstances should you go into an exam after less than four-and-a-half hours' sleep.
It's the absolute minimum - even for night owls!

THE MAIL - Education Monthly MONDAY 10 NOVEMBER 2009 YOUR DIARY 45

A~LEVEL ,

BLUES By Sam Jeffries .

IJ1tIjI=03 quotations by recording them onto my

Today we broke up for the Easter
holidays - which for us Year 13
students means no more classes.
I've now got six weeks' study-leave
before my first A-level exam:
French on May 22nd!
MP3 player! Mum must think I've
Sam: Mum suggests that as I dont
seem to be doing any work, I could at
gone mad - every time she goes past least tidy up my bedroom (the floor is
my bedroom she must hear me reading covered in books and notes):I cant -
Shakespeare in a loud voice! . I'm studying; I reply. 'I'm studying' has
got me out of a lot of unpleasant tasks
1~&\'fii3 over the last six weeks!

One week left! Have been burning the

'IW\'i03
I decide I'd better get down to some
revision (some of the swots in my class
have been revising since Easter!). I
spend all day drawing up a revision
timetable before realising that I've only
given myself an hour a week for
English, which isn't enough so ~n the
end I had to chuck it out. I'll start it
again tomorrow.
'IWVi 4i3
A bright idea - I have decided to try
and memorise my English literature
midnight oil tonight, mugging up on
English literature. Have decided not to
bother revising George Orwell as I'd
skived off a couple of the lessons on
1984 and I've just realised that I dont
have all the notes. Hopefully it wont
come up in the exam.
1~lh*1'B3
Have done nothing else but listen to
the new Biotoxin CD for the past three
days. It's really catchy. Dad keeps on
coming into my room and saying, 'I
hope you know what you're doing,
May 21st 4a.m.
Have been up all night cramming for
the first exam in five hours. Realise that
I can't make head or tail of the Past
Historic tense! Why does French have
so many useless tenses? Feeling very
slow-witted this morning!
May 22nd 8p.m.
I survived somehow. Some of it wasnt
even that bad. Next exam - English on
Thursday.
Sam Jeffries attends St Cuthbert's
Grammar School in Maidenhead

The Student Hospitality programme is a great way to
combine travelling with gaining work experience.
The programme is intended for students aged 17-24.
All placements are in Spanish hotels, and your
employer wi ll provide free accommodation. You will
be earning 7S0 a month, plus tips. Placements are
available for a minimum of two months.
Work positions
Aerobics instructor
Chambermaid
Cooks/chefs and kitchen assistants
Driver
Lifeguard and pool attendant
Masseur/masseuse
Receptionist
Waitress/waiter/bartender
Voluntary work abroad is your fantastic opportunity to gain
expenence and really stand out from the crowd when
applYing for a job. More importantly, it will give you the
chance to experience Indian culture whilst giving your time to
~ good cause. Anyone over the age of 18 is welcome to join
f~ will be working for a non-governmental organisation for'
r east 4 months .- the work is unpaid but you will be given
/ee accommodation with an Indian family. You can choose
rom any of the following organisations:
* Adult education centres
* Human rights charities
* Orphanages
* Red Cross projects
* Wildlife protection centres
* Women's welfare organisations
;~~;;~~;.~~~~;~..~~.~~~~;.;~;~~.. ~;~~;;.~~~~;;;. ~~~. ~;;~ .~; .................. .
orgamsatlon you are mterested Ii') working for, as well as the name f
two referees to 0
Aid-India, 12 Woodbine Way, Eastbourne, Sussex
6 Clochbar Avenue
Kirkcaldy
Fife
KY32 7GC

9th August 2008

Aid-India
12 Woodbine Way
Eastbourne
Sussex

Dear Sir/ Madam

~ I am writing in connection with your job advert for volunteer workers for India
which appeared in the latest edition of Gap Year Earners . I am particularly
interested in working in the field of adult education.
!) I am an eighteen-year-old British student and have just finished secondary school.
I am planning to start a degree in Education at Aberdeen University in September
2009. In the meantime, I am keen to travel but would welcome the opportunity to
also gain some work experience.
~ I believe I am well suited for this position for a number of reasons . For the
past year and a half I have been working as a volunteer at Broonhills Community
Centre, helping adults with learning difficulties with Maths and English. I have
found this a very rewarding experience. I am also extremely interested in Indian
culture and I spent two months travelling around the Punjab last year, which was
an unforgettable experience.
I) In addition to this, I believe I am mature and trustworthy - while I was at
school, I held several positions of responsibility, such as being in charge of
keeping the school website updated, and I also helped to run the school's Jujitsu
club. Moreover, I consider myself to be adaptable and able to cope under pressure.
~ I would be delighted to attend an interview at your earliest convenience.
As requested, I enclose my curriculum vitae and the names of two referees.

Yours faithfully,
trcx-u0L~~
Gordon MacEwan
46
 Coming of age

WRITING 7 Study Train Your Brain and complete the gaps

with a-e.
1 In pairs, answer the questions. a any plans you have for the future
1 Is it conunon for young people in your b where the job advert appeared
country to get work experience abroad before c any other documents (CVs, references,
they continue their studies? Why?/Why not? photos) that you are enclosing with
2 What sort of jobs do they typically do? Where? your letter
3 What kind of advantages are there in working d such as languages, driving licence,
abroad? familiarity with computer software, etc
e that supports what you are saying
2 Read the adverts. Which job do you consider most
interesting? Why?
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
3 Read Gordon's application letter. Match
paragraphs A-E with their content. Job application (covering) letters
1 availability for interview D Paragraph 1: Mention your reason for writing. Be sure
2 reason for writing D to mention the particular post you are
applying for and _ .
3 other personal qualities D Paragraph 2: Talk about your current/most recent
4 education D education and .
5 relevant skills and experience D Paragraph 3: Mention any skills or experience that are
relevant to the job _ .
" Find a word/phrase below that can replace Paragraph 4: Mention three or four personal qualities
underlined words/phrases in the letter. that would make a positive impression on
1 acquire an employer. Try to give at least one
example _ .
2 apart from this/additionally Paragraph 5: Say when you would be available to
3 I am due to attend an interview. Also mention
4 I feel I am a strong candidate for the job
5 I regard myself as .
6 last week's Gazette, dated 4th September 8 Choose a job from the adverts on page 46. What
7 with regard tolin reply tolin response to skills, experience and personal qualities would be
useful in this job?
5 Match 1-7 with a-g to make phrases used to talk
about skills and experience. 9 Write a letter of application of about 180-220 words,
using Train Your Brain and your answers to
1 I have a clean/full D Exercises 4-6 to help you .
2 I have a working knowledge D
3 I was in charge D
4 I helped to run/organise D
5 I have a lot of experience D
6 I belong D
7 I completed a course D
a of a project/a campaign/staff
b in working in the hotel industry
c to an organisation
d driving licence
e in first aidihygiene/computing
f an event/a club/an activity
g of German
6 Work in pairs. Which of these sentences are worth
mentioning as 'personal qualities' in an application
letter? Why shouldn't the others be mentioned?
1 I like being able to show my own initiative.
2 I prefer to keep myself to myself.
3 People tell me that I've got a great sense
of humour.
4 I'd like to think of myself as reliable.
5 I'm a born perfectionist and don't
tolerate mistakes.
6 I'm generally a fairly outgoing person.
7 I'm highly motivated.
'Of course we want you to have fun and
8 I'm rather lacking in confidence. enjoy yourself, Deborah, as long as it looks
9 People tell me I'm quite domineering. good on your CV.'
10 I suppose I've got quite a short attention span.
47
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
1 Circle the correct words or phrases.
1 The price of petrol has raised / risen /
slashed by over 20 percent.
2 We are concerned by the disastrous growth /
surge / slump in sales.
3 Sorry I forgot your birthday; I'll pay for lunch
to blow / make / stand up for it.
4 We must cut / play / turn down on the use
of petrol.
5 This technology allows us to offset / soar /
harness wind power more efficiently.
6 That question is unlikely to come / draw /
mug up in the exam.
7 The kids in my class are nice, but I still feel
in two minds / a can oj worms /
out oj place.
8 The police charged him with chuckling /
loitering / stammering in a public place.
2 Complete the text with one word in each gap.
The first letter of each word is given.
Life is 1h ____ at university, but it's been
even worse since Ijoined an environmental action
group. A documentary I saw about the
2d consequences of gloQal
3W really brought 4h to me
how serious it is. So I worked out my carbon
5f and was shocked to see how much
pollution I cause. Our group promotes energy-
saving 6 m and investment in
7r energies. The problem is I've been
85 off classes to go to meetings or to
9h out lea-Aets in the street. I always
get notes of the 101 I miss, but I'm sure
I'll have to 11 r some exams after the
summer. I'd like to take a 12 g year to
work full-time for the group, but I can't afford to.
4: Rewrite the sentences in the passive where suitable.
1 I'm buying a bike this weekend.
2 They are going to bring in a tax on airline fuel.
3 They're testing the invention at a secret
laboratory.
4 She complained about the air-conditioning.
5 The new engine will almost certainly require
less energy.
6 The engineers explained the process of
nuclear fusion to us.
7 The consequences of global warming on the
future of our civilisation have concerned me
for years.
5 Finish the second sentences so that they mean the
same as the original ones.
1 He's so determined to pass the exam, he's
going to study all night.
So _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____
2 He hadn't realised it would take him so long
to revise his notes.
Little _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
3 The exam was so difficult, nobody passed it.
Such _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4 The alarm went off immediately after he
closed his eyes.
No _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
5 You must not talk during the exam under
any circumstances.
Under _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

6 He didn't put down his pen until he had

3 Complete the sentences. Make new words from the
words in capital letters.
1 It's a job, but the
money's not great.
2 I learnt a lot in the on
Shakespeare.
3 soon discover university
is very different from school.
4 Most of what you wrote in this
dreadful essay is
5 He was brought up in an
.
6 I'd like to work for a non-_ _ __
written everything he could.
Only _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
PRESTIGE
7 I've failed the exam and been given the
lowest mark in the class.
TUTOR
Not only _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
GRADUATE
8 He would never stay up studying all
MEAN night again.
Never _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
ORPHAN

organisation. GOVERN
7 I'd rather work as a _ _ __
than a waitress. RECEIVE
8 My stay in Kenya was an
_ _ _ _ experience. FORGET

48
 READING SKILLS
Read the text and complete gaps 1-7 with
sentences a-i below. There are two extra
sentences. For questions 8-9, choose the correct
answers (a-d).
a Most bees lead solitary lives.
b No one knows for sure why it is happening.
c Bees are not the only species in danger
of extinction.
d Most of the world's crops depend on
pollination by bees.
e Improbable as this idea may seem, there
Are mobile phones is now evidence to back it up.
wiping out our bees? f The phenomenon started in the US before
spreading to continental Europe.
Scientists claim radiation from handsets is to blame g The vanished bees are never found, but
for mysterious 'colony collapse' of bees. though t to die singly, far from home.
h The alarm was first sounded last autumn,
By Geoffrey Lean and Harriet Shawcross but has now hit half of all American states.
Dr Jochen Kuhn, who carried it out, said
It seems like the plot of a particularly far-fetched horror this could provide a 'hint' to a possible
film. But could our love of the mobile phone cause the cause.
world's harvests to fail, ultimately leading to massive
food shortages? Some scientists are now suggesting 8 The article suggests that the evidence
that may be the case. that bees are being wiped out by mobile
They are putting forward the theory that radiation phones is
given off by mobile phones and other hi-tech gadgets is a not worth worrying about yet.
a possible explanation of one of the more bizarre
mysteries ever to happen in the natural world - the
abrupt disappearance of the bees that pollinate crops.
b inconclusive but worrying.
c indisputable.
d non-existent.
-N
1_ And last. week, some bee-keepers claimed it was
beginning to hit. the UK as well. 9 If bees were to die out, the consequences
would be Z
The theory is that radiation from mobile phones
interferes with bees ' navigation systems, preventing the
famously home-loving species from finding their way
back to their hives. 2_
a catastrophic for life on earth.
b particularly bad on the East Coast of
the USA
--oen
German research has long shown that bees' behaviour
changes near power lines. Now a limited study at Landau
c worse for wildlife than for humans.
d useful for research into the dangers of
>
w
University has found that bees refuse to reh,lrn to their using mobile phones. a::
hives when mobile phones are placed nearby. 3 _
en
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) occurs when a
hive's inhabitants suddenly disappear, leaving onJy queens,
eggs and a few immature workers. 4 _ Surprisingly,
SPEAKING SKILLS
Choose one of the topics and prepare
:as

the parasites, wildlife arid other bees that normally raid
the honey and pollen left behind when a colony dies,
a three-minute presentation.
1 'Human history becomes more and more a
><
w
refuse to go anywhere near the abandoned hives.
5_ The West Coast is thought to have lost 60 percent race between education and catastrophe. '
(H.G. Wells, English writer.) What do you
o
of its commercial bee population, with 70 percent
understand by this quotation? Explain
l-
missing on the East Coast.
CCD has since spread to Germany, Switzerland, your point of view and give reasons. e
Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. And last week John 2 Some people say that in the future most
people will work and study from the
a::
~
Chapple, one of London's biggest bee-keepers,
announced that 23 of his 40 hives have been abruptly comfort of their own home. Say how likely
abandoned. Other losses have been recorded in Scotland, you think this is, and if you think it would
Wales and north-west England, but the Department of be a good thing or not. Give reasons. a::
the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs insists, 'There o
is absolutely no evidence of CCD in the UK.' LL.
The implications of the spread are alarming. 6_
Albert Einstein once said that if the bees disappeared, ~
'man would have only four years of life left '.
7_ Theories involving mites, pesticides, global
warming and GM crops have been proposed, but all
need further investigation.
-::c
Z
I-
 Live to eat?
Read, listen and talk about food and eating.
Practise conditionals; I wish/Ij only, It's time, I'd rather, as if/though.
Focus on problem solving and staging (two-way conversation between candidates).
Writing subskill register (written formal English).
VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING
1 Work in pairs. Do you often talk about food? In what
2
sort of contexts do you talk about it?
Read the poem. In pairs, decide which options a-d, in
your opinion, best complete the sentences. More than
one answer is possible!
1 Chekhov brought up the topic of chocolates
a in order to embarrass his guests.
b because he knew the topic of food is a good
way of making people relax.
c because he hadn't enjoyed the previous
topics of conversation.
d as a subtle hint that it was time for his
guests to leave.
2 The guests thought the conversation had
been unusual because
a it was such a trivial topic to discuss with a
great writer.
b it had been surprisingly enjoyable.
c they had never shared their opinions about
chocolate in company before.
d Chekhov hadn't actually offered them any
chocolates.
NCE some people were visiting Chekhov.
O While they made remarks about his genius
the Master fidgeted. Finally
he said, Do you like chocolates?'
They were astonished, and silent.
He repeated the question,
whereupon one lady plucked up her courage
and murmured shyly,Yes.'
Tell me: he said, leaning forward,
light glinting from his spectacles,
'what kind? The light, sweet chocolate
or the dark. bitter kind?'
The conversation became general.
They spoke of cherry centers,
of almonds and Brazil nuts.
Losing their inhibitions
they interrupted one another.
For people may not know what they think
about politiCS in the Balkans,
or the vexed question of men and women.
but everyone has a definite opinion
about the flavor of shredded coconut.
Finally someone spoke of chocolates filled with
liqueur,
And everyone, even the author of Uncle Vanya,
Was at a loss for words.
As they were leaving he stood by the door
And took their hands.
In the coach returning to Petersburg
They agreed that it had been a most
unusual conversation.

3 Put the words in the right groups. Use a dictionary to
help you. Can you add any more words to the lists?
appetising bake bitter chew chop
creamy famished gobble guzzle juicy
nibble parched peckish ravenous
roast savoury sip slice slurp sour
stew stomach-turning swallow sweet
adjectives for adjectives for verbs of verbs of food
food/drink hunger/thirst eating/drinking preparation
4 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 Have you got a sweet tooth? What kinds of
sweet do you like?
2 What sort of savoury foods do you like
and why?
3 What kind of food do you find has a
particularly appetising aroma?
4 What food do you love but consider to be an
acquired taste?
5 What food do you find stomach-turning?
6 At what time of day do you feel
particularly peckish?
7 What food would you particularly miss if you
moved to another country?
S C02.OS Listen and decide whether the following are
considered good manners when visiting someone's
house for a meal in the UK. Write T (true), F (false)
or D (depends). Then, in pairs, compare with your
own country.
1 Make sure you are dressed up for
the occasion.
2 At the table, start eating as soon as you
receive your plate.
3 You shouldn't look at other people's
plates when eating.
4 Don't chew your food with your
mouth open.
5 Never gobble your food - even if you
are very hungry.
6 Slurp your soup loudly to show that
you are enjoying it.
7 It is better to leave something you
don't like than pick at it.
8 Never eat up everything that's on your
plate - otherwise it suggests you
weren't served enough food .
9 Never ask for seconds Csecond
helpings).
10 Offer to help with the washing-up
after your meal!
Live to eat?
6 Come Together Read the definition and try and
guess what the underlined metaphors in
sentences 1-7 mean.
Metaphor - the use of a word or phrase that is not
meant literally but by means of comparison expresses
something about a person or a thing. Metaphors are
often used to make descriptions more vivid/dramatic.
I'll make him eat his words.
I hate that sugary tone that Ellen uses when she
speaks to the boss.
It sounds like a recipe for disaster.
1 I'm afraid I find his lies really hard to swallow.
2 Relations between the two countries quickly
turned sour.
3 Don't help him - it's his own fault. Let him
stew in his own juice .
4 My new sports car really guzzles petrol.
5 I've got some juicy gossip about Jo!
6 It's really hot in there. You'll bake in that
sweater.
7 I found the violence in the film
stomach-turning.
7 Think about the images conveyed by these
metaphors. Choose the metaphor which best fits
the context. Then make sentences with the unused
options. Use a dictionary to help you.
1 Genetically modified food is an issue which
always provokes a lot of controversy. It's
a pie in the sky. b a hot potato.
2 Cara's quite a complex person and her
behaviour is sometimes hard to
understand. She's
0 a a hard nut to crack. b the salt of the earth.
0 3 Dan and Megan make a great couple together.
They even look like each other! They're like
0 a two peas in a pod. b carrot and stick.
8 CD2.09 In pairs, look at the proverbs and try and guess
0 what they mean. Then listen and check. Do you have
similar sayings in your language?
0
1 You can't have your cake and eat it.
0 2 Out of the frying pan, into the fire.
3 You shouldn't put all your eggs in one basket.
0 4 The proof of the pudding is in the eating.
9 Choose two of the topics below and talk about
0 them in pairs.
a friendship/relationship that has turned sour
0 a recent storyline from a serial/soap opera
you've found hard to swallow
0 a situation in which you found yourself
'out of the frying pan, into the fire'
an issue which is currently a hot potato in
the media
some particularly juicy gossip you've heard
about a celebrity
51
 Once a year, around the beginning of December, the
evening news bulletin would end with a seem ingly
a In the village square I came on
the sign: 'Posada de N S _ a great studded door bearing
insignificant item in w hich we saw a cargo sh ip, docked in
and entered a whitewas~esdtra enora'. I pushed the door open
e courtyard hangin .h
a faraway port, being loaded w ith bananas, a Christmas an d crowded with mules an d g WIt geraniums
present from ou r comrades in an exotic but friendly by the fire in the corner asse~. ~ old woman, crouching
' was stJrnng soup' I bl
country. Over the next few weeks, there wou ld be regu lar cau Id ron, and as she seem d b ' h m a arge ack
d d e to emc argeI h
updates on the sh ip's progress on its journey to our shores, an rna e a sign for food W' h went up to er
w hich my classmates and I wou ld follow w ith great
of the soup and lifted' . It out a word she lifted a ladleful
interest. But the fruit never seemed to make the final leg was hot, strong and a~~i~o ;~ mout I tasted and choked; it
of their journey to the cheerless supermarket shelves in burnt mouth, ~odded m ~t ~mo e a~d h,erbs. I wiped my
clear English. y ea and saId, Good,' in loud,
ou r little, provincial town and so it felt that we were
destined never to discover what real bananas tasted like. Supper was laid at last on the I
We resigned ourselves to the fact that we just weren't under the open sky Wh' ong wooden table set out
. en It was read h . k
worthy enough (after all , the Party leader had once sweep of his arm invit d y t e mn eeper, with a
famously said that we shou ld use pickled cabbage instead drovers gathered q~ickl e mde hto join them. Carters and
of lemon to flavour our tea). And then, just before my
Ioaves to each of us andy roun ht e table,an d a glr . Id
ealt OUt
, we ate t e stew from
twelfth birthday, the Party leader sudden ly disappeared scooping it up with our bread 1h Id a common dish,
from the news bulletins and everything changed until, and roared at me co . . l eo woman sat beside me
ntJnuous y p' h '
finally, my mother excited ly brought home a brown th umping me in the belly d .' mc mg my legs and
S an urgmg me to eat
paper-bag of bananas. My uncle, who was old enough upper was prolonged and nois d'. ,
to remember the old days, showed me how to peel one. whether it was night or morn in B y, an I dldn t know
I remember being surprised at its grainy texture, as I bit it stew and warmed to id' b ~. y now I was gorged with
JOcy
I was startled to find it was soft in the middle, my tongue
felt at home. In each E y wldne; I was the stranger, but I
h ace aroun me I s d
tingled pleasingly with the creamy, intense banananess of c aracters from my own villa e [. eeme to. recognise
the taste. Soon afterwards t he street markets seemed to
crawling on the ed e of g m.EnglandJ. I felt lIke a child
se ll nothing but bananas, I was packed off to school each yet to grow to unlersta~~~~u~ml. family life which I had
day with two bananas in my satchel and my parents they treated me like h'ld' . ~ mk they felt it too, for
seemed to grow restless and isillusioned.
d urn b-shows to pleaseame.c I ,gnnnmg sho'
,
d
utJng, an acting
Laurie Lee
Anna Zelmer

-59 -

'Rabbit,' said Pooh to himself. 'I like READING AND VOCABULARY

talking to Rabbit. He talks about sensible 1 Work in pairs. What do you understand these
things. He doesn't use long, difficult words, quotations to mean? Which one appeals to you
like Owl. He uses short, easy words like most? Why?
"What about lunch?" and "Help yourself, 1 'The way to a man's heart is through his
Pooh." 1 suppose, really, 1 ought to go and stomach. ' English saying
2 'The English eat to live , while others live
see Rabbit.' to eat.' popular sayi ng
Pooh always liked a little something at 3 'You should eat to live; not live to eat.'
eleven o'clock in the morning, and he was A r istotle
very glad to see Rabbit getting out the plates 2 Read the first two lines of texts A-E. Match the texts
and mugs; and when Rabbit said, 'Honey or with text types 1-6. There is one extra text type.
condensed milk with your bread?' he was so 1 travel writing D 4 a children's story D
excited that he said, 'Both,' and then, so as 2 a news report D 5 an autobiography D
not to seem greedy, he added, 'But don't
3 an article D 6 a fictional diary D
bother about the bread, please.' 3 al2.10 Read texts A-E. Which text would you most!

And for a long time after that he said least like to continue reading. Why?
nothing ... until at last, humming to himself 4: Match texts A-E with the main ideas.
in a rather sticky voice, he got up, shook 1 Some people have an unhealthy
Rabbit lovingly by the paw, and said that he obsession about how much they eat. D
must be going on. 2 You can learn a lot about a nation's
character from how or what people eat. D
'Well, good-bye, if you're sure you won't 3 Major political changes may be
have any more.' reflected in what we eat. D
'Is there any more?' asked Pooh quickly. 4 Some nations seem to tolerate bad food. D
5 Food can provide a sense of
A. A. Milne pleasure and well-being. DDD
Sunday 5th November
Tom started saying he was too fat and was going on a diet.
'How many calories are you supposed to eat if you're on a
diet?' he said.
'About a thousand. Well, I usually aim for a thousand and come
in at about fifteen hundred.' I said, realising as I said it that the
last bit wasn't strictly true.
'A thousand?' said Tom , incredulously. 'But I thought you
needed two thousand just to survive .'
I looked at him nonplussed. I realised that I have spent so many
years being on a diet that the idea that you might actually need
calories to survive has been wiped out of my consciousness.
Have reached point where believe nutritional ideal is to eat
nothing at all, and that the only reason people eat is because
they are so greedy they cannot stop themselves from breaking
out and ruining their diets.
'How many calories in a boiled egg?' said Tom.
'Seventy-five.'
'Banana?'
'Large or small?'
'Small.'
'Peeled?'
'Yes.'
'Eighty.' I said, confidently.
'Olive?' Vocabulary Complete the sentences with the correct
'Black or green?' forms of the words in capital letters. They all appear
'Black.' in the reading texts.
'Nine.'
'Box of chocolates?' 1 She enjoyed her course at first
'Ten thousand, eight hundred and ninety-six. ' but she soon grew ILLUSION
'How do you know all this?' 2 The film was too long and the
I thought about it. 'I just do, as one knows one's alphabet or children started to get REST
times tables.' 3 These deaths brought home to
'OK. Nine eights,' said Tom.
'Sixty-four. No, fifty-six. Seventy-two.'
me the of the war. IDIOT
'What letter comes before J? Quick. ' 4 He gazed at her across
'P. L, I mean.' the table. LOVE
5 She felt dizzy and began to
Helen Fielding lose CONSCIOUS
6 We are afraid that your
performance compared _ _ __
S Vocabulary Complete the sentences with words from with the other candidates. FAVOUR
the texts, changing the form if necessary. 7 He was a natural comedian -
his and sense of
_ _ _ _ fish or vegetables, which have timing were amazing. SPONTANEOUS
been preserved in vinegar, are popular 8 Expensive aftershave is his
throughout Europe. (text A) greatest _ _ __ EXTRAVAGANT
2 Vinegar has an taste. (text B)
3 such as basil or oregano are an In pairs, discuss the questions.
essential ingredient in Italian cooking. 1 Is there a particular smell or taste that
(text B) reminds you of your childhood? What is it?
4 She on a fish bone and had to go 2 In what way does your country's cuisine or
to hospital. (text B) the way people eat reflect your country's
5 She's very -conscious and doesn't 'national character'?
eat anything fattening. (text D) 3 What's the most unusual or exotic meal
6 You don't need to the mushrooms you've ever eaten?
- it's enough just to rinse them. (text D) 4 What kind of food do you sometimes have
7 Rice is a part of the diet in many a craving for?
Asian countries. (text E) 5 How careful are you about what you eat?
53
LISTENING AND GRAMMAR
1 Work in pairs. Try and guess what contribution
the following food/drinks made to these
historical events.
1 the potato -+ mass emigration from Ireland
to North America
2 wine -+ the rise (and decline) of the
Roman Empire
3 coffee -+ the development of the
first newspapers
4 tea -+ better health in towns and cities
2 C02.11 Listen and check your predictions
to Exercise 1.
3 C02.11 Listen again. Choose the correct answers.
1 To begin with, potatoes
A grew best in mountainous regions.
B reached Europe, Asia and Africa at
approximately the same time.
C weren't grown in Europe until 200 years
after their introduction.
Dwere largely treated as decorative plants.
2 The main reason why they eventually took
off in Europe was because
A they could grow in rather unfavourable
conditions.
B they were highly nutritious.
C they grew twice as quickly as wheat.
Dagricultural workers wanted to work
shorter hours.
3 The cause of the Irish potato famine was
A the fact that the population had grown
too quickly.
B the fact that the Irish had stopped growing
other kinds of food.
C a very poor harvest in 1845.
Dthe emigration of so many people to
North America.
4 Lead was added to wine
A to turn wine into vinegar.
B to disguise the taste of the seawater.
C because it was considered both effective
and delicious.
Dbecause it was believed to be beneficial
to health.
5 The fact that some London coffee houses
became insurance companies was
A controversial. C natural.
B surprising. Daccidental.
6 'The seeds of the French Revolution are
said to have been sown in the Parisian
coffee houses' because
A politicians tended to meet in coffee houses .
B coffee houses attracted people who were
particularly interested in new ideas .
C coffee made people argumentative.
Dcoffee made people more intellectual.
7 When tea became popular
A it meant that factory owners could make
their employees work longer hours.
B factory workers became more efficient.
C it led to the improvement of drinking
water in large cities.
Dit had an unexpected effect on
people's health.
8 The situation today is that
A the amount of land used for growing wheat
has dropped dramatically.
B more land is used for growing sugar cane
than for growing wheat.
C people in Asia have suddenly developed a
'sweet tooth'.
D the price of cocoa is likely to continue
to increase.

4 Think Back! look at sentences 1 and 2. Which two
types of conditionals have been combined to form
a mixed conditional? Match the sentences with
contexts a or b.
1 If he cared more about his neighbours,
he wouldn't have planted it.
2 Would America still be a British colony if
. Americans hadn't been so fond of tea?
a the consequences in the present of an
imaginary situation in the past
b something that did/didn't happen in the past
as a consequence of a present/ongoing situation
Work it out
5 Which sentences, a or b, do you think sound a little
more tentative/less certain?
1 a Ifthese trends continue, there may be
major consequences ....
b If these trends should continue, there may
be major consequences ....
2 a If you drank leaded wine, you would end
up with major health problems.
b If you were to drink leaded wine, you would
end up with major health problems.
6 look at sentences a-c and answer questions 1-3.
a Were you to drink leaded wine, you would
end up with major health problems.
b Had the British reacted to the famine quicker,
the independence movement might never
have gained momentum.
c Should these trends continue, there may be
major consequences ...
1 Which word, which generally appears in
conditional sentences, has been left out?
2 What happens to the word order when you
miss out this word?
3 Which sentence has a context similar to
the first conditional? D 4 Marcus put on a lot of weight last year.
the second conditional? 0
the third conditional? D 5 Milly doesn't eat properly. I'm sure that's why
~ Check it out page 155
7 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of
the verbs in brackets.
1 He never eats breakfast unless his mother
_ _ _ _ (make) it for him.
2 I'd have made a curry with the chicken if they
_ _ _ _ (eat) it all up!
3 If you didn't gobble your food so quickly, you
_ _ _ _ (get) indigestion so often.
4 She (sleep) better if she didn't
eat so late in the evenings.
5 I'll make some supper provided that you
_ _ _ _ (help) me wash up afterwards.
6 The soup would have been less bland if they
_ _ _ _ (add) some salt to it.
Live to eat?
Mind the trap!
With negative conditional sentences with inversion,
not comes later in the sentence, after the subject.
If the scientists hadn't detected the bacteria, many
D people might have died.
Had the scientists not detected the bacteria, .. .
D HasA't the scieAtists setectes the Bacteria, .. .
8 Write a new sentence with a similar meaning,
beginning with the prompts.
1 If I'd known you were allergic to fish, I would
have cooked something different.
Had _ _ _~_ _~_~_ _ _ _~
2 If we were to buy a sandwich-toaster, it would
make our lives easier.
Were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
3 If you'd gone to bed earlier, you wouldn't feel
so drowsy now.
Had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
4 If you need further advice about this product,
please contact our customer services helpline.
Should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5 He wouldn't waste so much money on
takeaways if he'd learnt to cook.
Had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6 If explorers hadn't brought back tomatoes to
Italy, ltalian cuisine might have turned out
very differently.
Had _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
9 Make sentences with mixed conditionals.
1 Peter doesn't understand mixed conditionals.
He didn't pay attention during the lesson.
Peter wou ld understand mixed conditionals if he
had paid attention during the lesson.
2 Tim ate too much chocolate. Now he
feels sick.
3 Tonia is a very fussy eater. That's why she
was hungry all the time on holiday.
He eats like a horse.
she couldn't shake off her cold.
6 Kurt forgot to put the milk back in the fridge.
Now it's sour.
10 In pairs, use the prompts to make sentences about
yourselves using mixed conditionals.
What would your life be like now if
you had chosen to go to a different
secondary school?
you hadn't met your current friends?
you'd been better at/more interested in ... ?
you'd been brought up in ... ?
55
 SPEA~ING
Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
1 Briefly describe the photographs.
2 A visitor your age from abroad is visiting you.
Choose one of the four options presented in
the photos so that he/she has the most
positive impression of dining in your country.
Use the prompts.

reliablellax service (un)pretentious

cosy impersonal intimate predictable
shabby/dingy (un) welcoming
within/out of your price range

C02.12 Listen to the conversation and answer

the questions.
1 Do the speakers consider all four options?
2 Which option do they reject early on?
3 Do they reach a consensus?
4 How similar were your own decisions?
C02.12 Study Speak Out and complete the gaps with
words from 'the box. Then listen again and check.
consideration convinced do go idea
safe settled way what

SPEAK OUT I Problem solving

Expressing your own point of view
The 1 I look at it, I think ...
Personally, I quite like the 2 of ...
I think we can discount the idea of ...
Thinking about it, perhaps ...
The more I think about it, the more I'm 3--===-:':':"'-1
Asking others for opinions
_ _ _ _ do you reckon? Any thoughts?

Agreeing with a previous speaker

You've got a point there. Very true.
We could 5 worse. (= it's certainly not a
bad decision)

Proposing an alternative option

Let's not forget that ...
We have to take the fact that ... into 6_ _ __
Perhaps we should/shouldn't 7_ _ _ _ for ...
We could just play 8 and ... (= choose the
easiest option)
As a last resort, we could ... (= the last feasible option)

Summarising decisions
So that's 9 We've decided to ...
I think we both/all feel that ...
I'm afraid we'll have to agree to disagree!

4: Work in pairs. Look at page 147, choose option A or B

and follow the instructions.

56
 Live to eat?

GRAMMAR AND LISTENING ) Look at the sentences in Exercise 3 and answer

1 In pairs, look at photo A and answer the questions.
1 What do you think the situation is?
2 How do you think the people are feeling?
3 What do you think the problem is?
the questions.
Which tense is used after the underlined
expressions to refer to
1 concern, irritation or regret about the present?
2 concern, irritation or regret about the past?

2 C02.13 Listen and check what the man complains ~ Check it out page 156
about. Then match the expressions with their
meanings. Mind the trapt
1 Nothing (really) grabs me. 0 Note that we also sometimes use would after I wish/
2 The ... is off. 0 If only to talk about annoying actions or behaviour
3 Will you join me in ... ? 0 that we hope will change. Compare these examples:
4 It's out of this world! 0 I wish the neighbours' child wouldn't make so much
5 Help yourself! 0 noise. (They could change that.)
6 Can I top you up? 0 I wish the walls weren't so thin. (It's impossible to
7 Say when! 0 change.)
8 It's on me! 0
a Let me refill your glass/cup. 6 Finish the sentences so that they mean the same as
b I'll pay for everyone's meal/drink. the original sentences.
c Do you fancy having ... together?
d I can't see anything that appeals to me. 1 Sometimes his behaviour suggests that he
e Tell me when to stop serving/pouring. owns this place.
f It's currently unavailable. He acts as _________________________
g Take as much as you want. 2 I'm extremely disappointed that he can't be
h really good (especially food) with us today.
Ifomy ___________________________
3 C02.13 Listen again and complete the sentences with 3 He never listens to me (and it's really
the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. annoying).
Iwish ____________________________
1 It's about time they (change) 4 I really ought to do some revision now.
the menu. It's time _________________________
2 Would you rather we (go) 5 He looked like somebody who hadn't eaten a
somewhere else? square meal for days.
3 If only you (tell) me that earlier! He looked as ______________________
4 They treat us as though we (be) 6 She really regrets that she never learnt
idiots! to cook.
5 I'd rather you (not tell) me She wishes ________________________
all that. 7 We really don't want you to go to too
6 I wish I ( order) it myself. much trouble .
7 I wish they (not serve) boiled We'd rather _______________________
potatoes with everything! 8 I'm a bit cross that you told everyone about
8 It tastes as though it (be) my diet.
squeezed from a wet shirt-sleeve. I'd rather _________________________
9 It's time we (ask) for the bill.
10 I'd Drefer it if you (not pay) for 7 Complete the sentences to make them true for you.
the meal.
11 I really wish you (never become) 1 I wish I'd never ...
a restaurant critic. 2 It's about time I started ...
3 I'd rather my parents .. .
4 If omy I knew how to .. .
Work it out
<I Choose the sentence, 1 or 2, that reflects the
meaning of the sentences.
They treat us as though we were idiots!
1 And we are idiots!
2 But we aren't idiots!
If only you'd told me that earlier!
1 It's a pity you told me!
2 It's a pity you didn't tell me!

57
 Who gets what?

"
Percentage share of UKsupermarket retail price

THE BANANA SPLIT THE T-SHIRT SPLIT

Supermarket 45%
Supermar1tet 70%

UK importer/ripener 18%

Transport 19%
on T-shirt (exporVimport)
Men's CO\t Exporter 27%
Plantation company 15.5%
3.99 . eS Plantation worker 2.5%
Range of SlZ

One of the oldest cultivated fruits, the pear regularly

popped up In Roman frUit bowls . With more than 30
species, there are few climates that the tree - which can
survive temperatures as low as -30C - doesn't thrive
In. However, all too often we rely on exports from South
En ,. Amenca and China.
g Ish Pears*
1.75 Per kilo Typical exporter: Argentina
'country f '. Food miles to UK: 6,900
o DC/gin may
vary
CO2 produced to transport 1kg to UK by air: 6.3kg

TESDA In 2005, China was the largest producer of carrots

Why should we pay more than we have to?
China accounted for at least a third of the global o~tput
followed by Russia and the US. In the UK, we get most'
of our carrots from South Africa, despite the fact that the
carrot has been grown In Europe since the 15th or 16th
century.
Typical exporter: South Africa
Food miles to UK: 6,000
CO2 produced to transport 1kg to UK by air: 5.5kg

------------.
I Questionnaire
I Strongly Strongly
disagree agree
I 1 2 3 4 5
I 1 rather
Given the choice, I would always buy something I want from a supermarket
than a small shop where prices are higher because they have to pay
I 2 Goods like T-shirts or fruit are basic, everyday necessities so they should be
their staff higher wages. o 0 o o 0
I as cheap as possible. o 0 o o 0
I 3 Irather
prefer the convenience of being able to buy everything under one roof,
than in lots of different shops across town. o 0 o o 0
I 4 more to their staff and suppliers.
Supermarkets shouldn't make such large profits. It'd be better if they paid
o 0 o o 0
I 5 producing
I'd be happy to pay a higher price for goods in shops, if it meant the people
the goods in other countries received higher wages. o 0 o o 0
I 6 means I get tothattry supermarkets
I like the fact import food from all over the world. It
a lot of exotic food that isn't grown in my country. o 0 o o 0
I 7 It's wrong that we import common fruit and vegetables
(such as tomatoes) that can be grown in my country. o 0 o o 0
I 8 We should be able to buy food such as strawberries or lettuce at any
time of the year, even if it means we have to import it. o 0 o o 0
I I
~----------------------~
58
 Live to eat?

SUPERMARKETS'DRIVING
DOWN WAGES OF WORLD'S 5 Read the next paragraph of the essay and answer
the questions.
POOREST WORKERS' 1 How many points does the writer make in
Susie Mesure
this paragraph?
2 What phrase is used to introduce a point that
The low prices enjoyed by in some Bangladeshi garment is important despite being mentioned last?
I shoppers at British super- factories, while in India som e
3 Which of the two paragraphs do you find
markets are paid for by poor workers processing cashew
more convincing? Why?
wages, job insecurity and a nuts were being paid just
denial of basic human rights 30p a day.
for workers in some of the The charity ActionAid
world's poorest countries, a found that for every pound l On the other hand, 2people who are anti
report has concluded. spent on cashew nuts in UK supermarkets 3~ that they have a 'very bad
The investigation found that supermarkets just 1p went effect on our lives. 50ne bad thing about
supermarkets were paying to the wom en workers who supermarkets is that they encour age habits which
wages of as little as 5p an hour processed the nuts. are harmful to the environment. For example, they
have made us accustomed to having fresh fruit and
vegetables all year round, 6 S0 food which could
be grown at home 7i s often i mported from
WRITING thousands of miles away. This means that Blots of
carbon dioxide is produced just to transport basic
frui t and vegetables by plane. 9 Also, people in
Formal Register Third World countries are encouraged to grow
crops lO like strawberries and green beans instead
1 In pairs, look at the texts and visuals A-C. Decide how of food for themselves. Last but not least,
strongly you personally agree with the statements in ll another bad thing about supermarkets is that
the questionnaire. Compare your answers. not only do they drive down the wages of their
own staff but also of workers in the producer
2 Read the paragraph from a for-and-against essay. countries (often some of the poorest in the world)
What do you think the essay q~estion was? l2 because they are so aggressively competitive.

First and foremost, supermarkets tend to be

cheaper than smaller stores, which is an obvious
advantage to people on tight budgets. Secondly,
if we were to vi sit many different shops to
buy all our groceries, it would be extremely
time-consuming. Therefore, due to the fact that
supermarkets sell a whole range of goods under
one roof, they not only save us time but they spare
us from the vagaries of British weather as well.
Last of all, people say that supermarkets have
had a beneficial effect on our eating habits. The
fruit and vegetable section is a striking example
of this. We have never had such a t eJl)pting array
of fresh produce from all corners of the globe to
choose from before.
3 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 How many points/arguments does the writer
make in this paragraph?
2 Which linkers are used to introduce each point?
3 What phrase is used to introduce what the
writer considers to be the most important point?
4 Look at the paragraph again. Find sentences as in
the prompts and rewrite them to make the register
more formal.
"
1 a sentence where a conditional with
inversion (should you/were you to, etc)
can be used
2 two sentences where inversion can be used
3 a sentence where a passive or impersonal
form (it is saidibelieved, etc) can be used
6 Replace underlined phrases 1-12 with phrases a-I
to make the register more formal.
a a further (another) disadvantage off
argument against
b a large (considerable) amount (number) of
c and consequently (thus/as a consequence)
d claim/argue/maintain
e a major (obvious) disadvantage (criticism) of
f converselylby way of contrast
g detrimental/pernicious
h due to (in view of/owing to) the fact that
i furthermore/in addition to this
j such as
k opponents (critics/detractors) of
I tends to be
7 Work in pairs. Choose one of the following essay
questions. Write down three pOints for and three
points against. Which pOints do you consider to be
the most important?
1 The world would be a better place if we were
all vegetarians. Discuss.
2 Supermarkets should not be allowed to open
late in the evening/every day of the week.
Discuss.
8 Write a paragraph for and against your chosen
essay question. Try to use formal register. Use your
answers to Exercises 2-6 to help you.
59
 Sounds around us
Read, listen and talk about the sounds around us, music.
Practise infinitives and -ing forms.
Focus on describing similarities and differences .
Write a review of a music CD.

VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR

Look at the picture and read the text. In pairs,
predict what kind of things Kirsty might hear.

C02.14 Listen and order what Kirsty heard from 1 to 12.

a a door slam 0
b the clock ticking 0
C her heart beating 0
d a floorboard creak 0
e logs crackling in the fire 0
f a motorbike roaring past 0
g a cat's bell tinkling 0
h the rumble of traffic 0
i the hum of a computer 0
j a glass crash to the floor 0
k leaves rustling in the wind 0
I a woman shriek in surprise 0
60
 Sounds around us

Work it out 7 Listen. What can you hear? Use the sounds
(C02j 6]
from Exercises 2 and 5.
3 Read sentences 1-2 and complete rules a-b with
infinitive or -ing form . 8 Match the sound verbs from the box with the things
that can make them 1-7.
1 Kirsty heard a door slam.
2 Kirsty heard her heart beating. bang click creak crunch
roar rustle tinkle
After verbs of perception like see, hear,
notice, etc we use an object and the: 1 a chandelier / a wind chime /
a if we perceive part of an action or a cheap bracelet
event in progress . 2 wooden stairs / an old bed /
b if we perceive a complete action a door in a horror film
or event. 3 an aeroplane / a lion /
the crowd at a football match
~ Check it out page 156 4 driving slowly on gravel /eating a biscuit /
a car hitting a tree
4 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of 5 long dry grass / a newspaper /
the verbs in brackets. a bird in a bush
1 1 saw a car (crash) into a bus. 6 high-heel shoes on a hard floor /
2 1 could hear the waves (crash) a light switch / a seatbelt
onto the beach. 7 gunfire / a door in the wind /
3 1 could hear thunder (rumble) your head on the door
constantly, and then 1 saw a streak of lightning
_ _ _ _ (flash) suddenly across the sky.
4 1 saw the little girl (cut) her finger
and then 1 heard her (shriek) for
her mother. 1 thought she would never stop.
5 1 fainted as soon as 1 heard him _ __ _
(fire) the gun. When 1 came to, 1 could hear
him (run) down the street.
6 She heard the branches (creak) in
the wind, and something (rustle)
slowly towards her through the dead leaves.
She could feel the blood (rush)
through her veins.
5 rcof ID Think of the sounds that the things in the
phrases below make. Then say the words and
decide which sound better. Listen to check.
1 the chime / click of church bells
2 the chime / click of a computer mouse
3 the whisper / crunch of footsteps in snow
4 someone whispering / crunching the words
'I love you'
5 a little baby babbling / cracking to itself
6 someone babbling / cracking their knuckles
7 the bubbling / banging of pots and pans in
a kitchen
8 sauce bubbling / banging in a pot
9 the screech / whine of chalk on a blackboard
10 the high-pitched screech / whine of the
dentist's drill
Work in pairs and playa guessing game.
6 Listen again. Which of the sounds do the
(C02.15) Student A, look at page 149.
speakers love and hate? Student B, look at page 152.

Paula Simone both 10 In pairs, agree on five sounds you both love and five
you both hate, and then tell the class.
loves
11 Listen and take notes of what you hear.
(C02.17)

hates Then in pairs, write the continuation of the story

from Exercise 1. Look at Train Your Brain on page 15
for help.
61
 WHAT DO YOU I(
oise is all around us. In our boisterous modern world it's
getting harder and harder to find a moment's peace and
quiet. But how much do you know about it? Damian Peters has
been investigating how noise affects our minds ...
5 [II] According to researchers it's because they create a
'brain itch' that can only be scratched by repeating the tune
over and over. Such songs, which are known in Germany as
'earworms', tend to verge between catchy and annoying and
have a high , upbeat melody and repetitive lyrics. Famous
10 examp les include YMCA, Who Let The Dogs Out' and Macarena.
Surveys show that 97% to 99% of people have suffered from
'earworms' at some time. Women tend to be more susceptible
than men, and musicians are more susceptible than non-
musicians. Unfortunately, there appears to be no guaranteed
15 way of getting rid of these unwanted songs.
[II] It's an example of the baffling phenomenon of
synaesthesia - when senses get mixed up. Some synaesthetes
taste sounds, others smel l shapes, see music, feel flavours or
sense physical touch when they see other people being
20 touched. For some, every letter of the alphabet takes on a
distinct human personality, and for others, odours make noise.
An involuntary, hereditary and generally lifelong condition ,
synaesthesia affects women significantly more than men.
Sensory information entering one channel somehow sets off
25 activity in another. We don't really know how it happens, but
scientists hope it may help us learn more about the workings
of the brain and language.
,,-_.....
[]I] A recent survey has claimed that classrooms are
so noisy these days, children can't think or work properly.
Apart from external noise caused by traffic or aeroplanes
65 flying past, schoolkids have to put up with the constant
chattering of undisciplined classmates and the general 'babble'
of classrooms. Worryingly, in tests, the more noise there was, the
worse chi ldren performed, spelling three or four more words
wrong compared to when they were tested in quiet conditions.
70 Ch ildren with special needs were found to be particularly
affected. Some schools have found that putting in more carpets
and double glazing helps pupils concentrate and hear better.
lID In space no one can hear you scream , but on earth
true silence is virtually impossible to attain. Perhaps it's just as
75 well because most people find lon g periods without any noise
uncomfortable. We imagine we can hear things that aren't there,
or talk to ourselves to break the si lence. Long pauses in
conversations are usually filled , even if it's with a trivial or
pointless comment. Animals too dislike a lack of noise and in
60 experiments can become aggressive if subjected to prolonged
silence. Silence is someth ing we find hard to bear in our daily
lives. Perhaps that's why religions consider it so important to be
ab le to keep quiet.
*DIY = Do It Yourself

[ILl In the urban world noise is taken for granted. The

rumble of passing trains, the roar of aircraft, the constant hum of
30 traffic ... It has long been known that excessive noise can cause
hearing disorders, prevent us from sleeping and affect children's
ability to learn. But generally noise has been seen as simply a
nuisance we have to put up with. However, new findings from
the World Health Organization suggest it may be killing us. The
35 stress caused by long-term exposure to traffic noise could be
responsible for 210,000 deaths from heart disease worldwide
per year. Traffic kills in more ways than one.

[ill Some scientists claim that listening to Mozart improves

people's intelligence. In one test a Mozart piano sonata
40 stimu lated activity in rats' brains, and in another, rats ran mazes
better after hearing music of the Austrian genius. But not
everyone who has looked for the 'Mozart effect' has found it.
Perhaps music promotes brain power simp ly because it relaxes
and stimulates you. Listening to a story could have a similar
45 effect. However, one way to get smarter may be to study music.
In one experiment six-year-old ch ildren improved their 10 scores
by two to three points after taking music lessons. Nobody knows
if it helps adults too, but it can't hurt to try.

[ [ [ ] It depends who you are, where you live, what you're

50 doing and the time of day ... or night. However, in surveys the
sources of noise pollution that most people complain about
include these categories:
Barking dogs.
Noisy neighbours: those friendly souls who crank up the
55 volume of their CD players or TVs, shout abuse at each
other in the middle of the night and who simp ly adore
nocturnal DIY*.
Street life: rowdy passers-by yelling their heads off, car
owners honking their horns or showing off their latest car
60 alarms, and the local Valentino Rossi roaring (or whining
if it's only a little motorbike) down the road.
 Sounds around us

READING AND VOCABULARY 6 Come Together In pairs, match verbs 1-6 with a-f to
make collocations. Then use them in sentences about
1 In pairs, discuss the quotations. Do you agree with your own life.
them? Why?lWhy not? 1 find D a an itch
, Of all noises, I think music is the least 2 scratch D b your head off
disagreeable. , 3 take D c a horn
4 yell D d something for granted
Samuel J ohnson, English writer
5 honk D e the silence
, Those who know, do not speak; 6 break D f some peace and quiet
those who speak, do not know. , 7 Phrasal Verbs Complete questions 1-6 with the
Chinese saying correct forms of these phrasal verbs from the article.
2 Before reading the text discuss questions a- g in pairs. Then discuss the questions in pairs.

a Can noise kill?

g~t ' ~id' ~i " .~. '~p'" 't~k~' ~~ ... '~~t' ~ii " " ""'"

b Duz noyze make your spelin bad? put up with show off
............................ ....................... .................
c Why do some songs stick in your head? 1 What noises do you have to _ _ __
d Can sounds improve your marks? at home?
e How can you hear smoke? 2 Have you ever accidentally _ _ __
f What noises annoy us? an alarm?
g Do we need noise? 3 Why does music more importance
3 Read the text quickly and match questions a-g from when you become an adolescent?
Exercise 2 with paragraphs 1-7. 4 Do you ever things ?
For instance, words, names or days?
4 C02.18 Read the text again. Are the statements true (T)
5 Do you know anyone who is always
or false (F)? _ _ _ _ ? What do you think of them?
6 What's the best way of old CDs
1 Men and non-musicians tend not to you don't want?
suffer from repetitive songs getting
stuck in their heads. D 8 C02.19 Complete questions 1-4 with words from
2 There are many different ways for senses the box and discuss them. Then listen to find out
to combine in synaesthesia. D the answers.
3 There is no doubt that traffic noise
causes heart disease. D heart disease societies intelligence
4 The experiments to test the 'Mozart sense noise pollution synaesthesia
effect' have not been conclusive. D music lessons
5 The writer thinks noisy neighbours are 1 Does only occur when one
friendly people. D _ _ _ _ gets mixed up with another?
6 In tests, special needs children spelt 2 If it can cause , why aren't there
three or four more words wrong than stricter laws to control ?
other children. D 3 Which type of is improved by
7 Many people prefer talking nonsense to children taking ?
remaining silent. D 4 Which are the quietest in
; Complete the sentences with adjectives from the text. the world?

1 I don't fancy teaching a group of b_ _ __ 9 Discuss these questions in groups.

six-year-olds. 1 Can you think of any 'earworms'?
2 The French national anthem has a really 2 What do you think it is like to have
c tune. synaesthesia?
3 Some breeds of dog are more s to 3 Does listening to music help you study? If so,
deafness than others. what kind of music?
4 Grandpa thinks the Internet is a 4 What would you do if you had really noisy
b invention. neighbours?
5 Each frog species has a d call. 5 How could this classroom be made quieter?
6 When I hit you on the knee, you may have 6 How easy do you find it is to put up with long
an i reaction. pauses in conversations?
7 Could asthma be a h disease?
8 An e ,amount of salt can kill you.
9 The r youths fell silent when they
saw the police.
10 He bored us with a long p_ _ __ story
about his dog.

63
I tried to learn 1 (play) the guitar, but I was My boyfriend persuaded me 13 (try) singing
hopeless at 2 (change) the chords, so I gave karaoke. At first I didn't dare 14 (do) it. I was
up. It must 3 (be) great 4 (be) in a so worried about 15 (sing) out of tune. But
famous band. But there's not much hope of Green Day now I do it without 16 (think) twice. In fact,
5 (ask) me 6 (go) on their next world I'd rather 17 (go) to karaoke than to a
tour, is there? I'd better 7 (stick) to tennis! concert. Try it! It's guaranteed 18 (make) you
19 (feel) good.
I can't stand 8 (listen) to music you can
hardly hear. It doesn't let you 9 (appreciate) I'm thinking of 20 (try) to get on a TV show.
it. I'd love 10 (have) a house in the country. It would mean going to Tokyo, but I wouldn't mind
Somewhere II (invite) my friends, where 21 (do) that. My boyfriend keeps
there isn't anyone 12 (bother). I must 22 (try) to discourage me from 23_ _ __
remember to buy a lottery ticket. (apply). He's cared of 24 (lose) me!

I really enjoy 25 (go) to gigs even though I long 34 (be) a professional musician, and
some people think I'm too old 26 (be) there. now after 35 (perform) a solo in the school
I can't imagine 27 (live) without live music . recital, I have the opportunity 36 Goin) an
I mean to go on living for music till the day orchestra in Vienna. I'd be a fool 37 (turn) it
I die. I've no intention of 28 (change). down. I've got everything 38 (gain) and
Keep on 29 (rock)! nothing 39 (lose). I'm really looking forward to
40 (go) there. I think I have a good chance of
I remember buying my first record when I was only
41 (become) successful.
seven. Can't help 30 Uall) in love by Elvis.
I was so excited about 31 (get) my hands on My parents encouraged me 42 (study) music.
it, I almost forgot to pay. I'll never forget playing it It took me ages 43 (choose) my instrument.
for the first time. It made me 32 (feel) like I started with the flute and only later went on to study
33 (cry). the piano.
 Sounds around us

GRAMMAR AND SPEAKING 7 Choose the correct forms. Then invent your own
sentences using the alternative form.
1 Add the words to the correct groups. Then use some 1 It sounds awful. Try to tune / tuning it.
to describe the best concert you have ever seen. 2 I remember to see / seeing the Rolling Stones
beat chords composer concert tune in 1976.
conductor four-piece band gig group 3 Here's your CD. Don't forget to take / taking
lead guitarist lip-synching live music your receipt!
lyrics melody orchestra recital tour 4 To get to London on time means to leave /
rhythm solo string quartet symphony leaving here at 5a.m.
5 After they split up, he went on to jorm /
jorming his own group .
classical music pop music both
beat S In pairs, complete the song lyrics with the correct form
of the verbs in brackets. Then say what you like/
don't like about the lyrics.
2 Look at the photos and say what kinds of
music you think the people listen to. Today, not yesterday
a Think Back! Study the rules and think of more I saw you 1_ _ _ (cry) your eyes out the other day
examples to add to the lists. I felt like 1 (talk), but there's nothing
We use the: _ _ _ (say)
1 infinitive without to after: It's time you went on 4 (find) a better way
a modal verbs: must, ... So ifyou happen 5 (see) me, just look away
b certain verbs/verbal phrases: had better, .. . You think the death of love means 6 (live) in pain
2 infinitive with to after: You~ better 7 (accept) it's overjust like
a certain verbs/verbal phrases: learn, ...
b most nouns: opportunity, ... I explained
C most adjectives: great, .:. I can't risk 8 (lose) everything I've gained
d indefinite pronouns: somewhere, ... I've got agrea.t opportunity 9 (live) my life again
3 infinitive with or without to: dare, ... I know you have problems 10 (believe) what
4 gerund after: I say
a certain verbs/verbal phrases: can't stand, ... But you must try 11 (live) for today,
b prepositions: without, ... not yesterday
verb + preposition: think oj, .. .
noun + preposition: not much hope oj, ...
adjective + preposition: hopeless at, ...
Mind the trap!
.. C02.2ORead and complete the gaps with the correct The prepositions in and with are often dropped from
forms of the verbs in brackets. Then listen, check and these noun phrases which are followed by the gerund:
add the highlighted words to the groups in Exercise 3.
I had some difficulty (in)/a few problems (in/with)/
5 Discuss which person you would rather talk to. Why? no trouble (in/with) getting the tickets.
There's no point (in) going early.

Work it out
6 Match each definition with an example from the
texts and note if the verb is followed by an infinitive
or a gerund.
1 try
a make an effort to do something
b do something to see what it's like/if it works
2 mean
a involve, result in something
b intend to do something
3 remember
a have a memory of something you have done
b keep something in mind in order to do it
4 forget . 5 no good / ask / me . / can't / sing in tune
a lose a memory of something you have done
b fail to do something because it slips your mind
5 go on
a continue with the same activity
b start one activity after finishing another
These noun phrases are also followed by the gerund.
It's no good/It's no use/It's not worth buying that CD.
~ Check it out page 156
9 Listen and use the prompts to respond to
what each speaker says. Go on listening after each
speaker to check.
1 was / difficulty / obtain / permission /
Town Hall
2 have / problems / install / media player
3 have / no trouble / persuade
4 no point / pay / so much / he can't play
6 no use / dream. / keep on / study
7 not worth / watch. / rather / go out
10 Work in pairs. Student A, look at page 149.
Student B, look at page 152.

65
 2 Find an adjective to describe your own voice. Ask a
partner if he/she agrees with you.

3 C02.23 Look at the visuals and answer the questions.

Then listen and check.
1 Who are the people? What are they doing?
2 What kind of problems might they be having?
3 What kind of product is 'The SoundSnake'?
4 Study Speak Out and complete the sentences using
the correct forms of any words in brackets.

SPEAK OUT I Differences and similarities

big differences
1 not nearly as (good) as
2 a lot/far/much (better) than
3 by far the (best)
4 totally different from/than

small differences
5 not quite as (cool) as
6 marginally/a bit/slightly (less laid-back) than

similarities
7 fairly/quite similar to
8 absolutely identical to
9 just the same as

1 'Grey tapes' sounds _ _ _ _ 'great apes' if

you say it quickly.
2 Italian sounds _ _ _ _ Spanish, but it's
_ _ _ _ German.
3 It's terrible. It isn't _ _ _ _ (good) her last
record. In fact, it's (bad) album
she's ever released.
4 Spain is a very noisy country, but it isn't
_ _ _ _ (noisy) Japan.
5 You were too calm! You've got to sound
_ _ _ _ (angry) that.
6 That was almost perfect, but this time can
you say it (loud) the last time?
;; In pairs, read the information in the advertisement.
SPEAKING AND LISTENING Then find out about two other music players and
compare them using expressions from Speak Out.
1 C02.22 Listen and match adjectives 1-6 with
descriptions a-f. Use a dictionary to help you. Student A, look at page 150.
Student B, look at page 152.
1 velvety 0
2 squeaky 0 6 C03.01 Listen and compare the two speakers or sounds
3 hoarse 0 in each example with expressions from Speak Out.
4 husky 0 1 The first speaker doesn't sound nearly as excited
5 harsh 0 as the second speaker.
6 shrill 0
a deep, quiet and attractive 7 In groups of three compare these things.
b hard, rough and unpleasant 1 classical music / rock / hip-hop
c low and rough, perhaps due to a 2 CD players / iPods / cassette players
sore throat 3 three groups or singers of your choice
d high-pitched, unpleasant, sets your teeth
on edge
e high-pitched, not loud, like a mouse
f mellow, warm and smooth
66
 Sounds around us

CD3.04 Read dialogues 1-6. Who do you think is

LISTENING AND PRONUNCIATION
1 CD3.02 Look at photos A-G and match the dates with
the recording devices. Then listen and check.
1877 - 1888 - 1930s - 1948 -1963 - 1979 - 2001
2 CD3.02 Listen again and complete gaps 1- 10 in the
notes with one to three words.
~c.oY"d inq f e c.hno lo9!:1-
speaking? Decide how to pronounce the underlined
words and then listen and check.
1 A Is this a free country or do we need a
permit to play music?
B I would need to be deaf to permit music
like that! It's terrible!
2 A If you want to be a professional, you need
to perfect your singing.
B My singing is perfect already, Dad.

Book inspiY"ed by desiY"e fo f e ac.h peop le abouf

f he 1 of Y"ec.oY"di nq .
3 A If you insult my music one more time,
I'm walking!
<7Y"eaf vaY"iefy of Y"ec.oY"dinq devic.es foday foY": B Huh! You call that an insult? Well, listen
_ Y"ec.oY"dinq 2_ _ __ to this one ...
- lisfeninq fo music..
~iY"sf Y"ec.oY"d inqs: 3 and of heY" noises.
4 A You can't desert the group in the middle
of a tour!
f"'dison Y"ec.oY"ded a 4 _ _ __ B The way I feel now, I would desert the
~Y"ee CD w ifh book, inC.ludes many 5_ _ __ group in the middle of a desert!
f"'d ison 's phonoqY"aph used 6 , nof d isc.s.

Advanfaqes of Bed ineY" 's d iSc.s : 5 A I'd love the chance to conduct the
- beff eY"- C1ua lify sound . school orchestra!
- c.ou ld be 7_ _ __
Deve lopmenf in Iq20s - Y"ec.oY"d playeY"s wif h:
B Your conduct since you came to the
school has been so poor, there's no chance
- elec.f Y"ic. mof oY"S . of you ever conducting our orchestra.
_ 8
- - -- 6 A The committee would like to present you
Iypes of Y"ec.oY"ds : 7BS. / 3 3S OY" cPs. / with a present, John.
45s OY" 9 B I don't want a present. We're here to
lapes f c.asseffes : present our new album, not to
- IQ30S - fape Y"ec.oY"deY" .
- IQ("3 - c.ompac. f c.asseffe .
get presents!

_ IQ7Q - Walkman - new aqe of 10_ _ __
3 C03.03 Listen. Are the underlined words stressed on
the first or second syllable? What pronunciation rule
can you deduce?
1 He's made a new record.
Where did he record it?
2 Your music is stagnating! You need
to progress!
What kind of progress are you talking about?
3 He wanted to be a rebel, but he didn't know
what to rebel against.
5 In pairs, read out the dialogues in Exercise 4.
6 In groups, answer the questions.
1 What kind of things do you record? Which
device do you use to do it?
2 Which music format do you listen to the
most? Why?
3 What do you think of Internet downloads?
4 Why is there so much music piracy?
5 Do you think the music industry has a bright
future? Why?/Why not?
67
Hello, darkness, myoid 1_ __ again
I've come to talk with you 2_ __ brain
creeping
Because a vision softly 3_ __
Left its seeds while I was 4_ __ friend WRITING
And the vision that was planted in my remains
sleeping 1 In pairs, discuss the questions.
5 still 6_ __
Within the sound of silence 1 What do you think of compilation
night albums? Have you got any?
In restless dreams I walked 7_ __
Narrow streets of 8_ __ alone 2 Do you think cover versions can
'Neath the halo of a street 9_ __ lamp ever be better than the originals?
I turned my collar to the cold and 10_ __ cobblestone Give examples.
When my eyes were stabbed damp 3 Where can you find reviews of
By the flash of a neon 11 _ __ light music CDs?
That split the 12_ __ 4 Do you read reviews before you
And touched the sound of silence buy music? To what extent do
And in the naked light I 13_ __ dare they influence you?
Ten thousand people, maybe 14_ __ listening
People talking without 15_ __ more 2 C03.05 Complete the song lyrics with the

People hearing without 16_ __ saw words on the right of each verse.
People writing songs that voices share The rhymes and rhythm of the lines can
never 17_ __ speaking help you. Then listen and check.
And no one 18_ __
Disturb the sound of silence 3 In groups, answer the questions.
'Fools,' said I, 'you do not 19_ __ fell Give reasons.
Silence like a cancer 20_ __ grows 1 Do you think the writer of this song
Hear my words that I might 21 you reach appreciates the sound of silence?
Take my arms that I might 22 you ' know
teach Why?
But my words like silent raindrops 23_ __
And echoed in the 24_ __ wells 2 What is the sound of silence like?
Of silence
3 In which situations do you
appreciate silence?
And the people bowed and 25 _ __ forming
To the neon god they'd 26_ __ halls .. In pairs, order the guidelines for writing
And the sign flashed out its 27_ _ _ made a review of a CD from 1-6. Then read the
In the words that it was 28_ __ prayed review to check your answers.
And the sign said: 'The words of the prophets walls
Are written on the subway 29_ __ warning
And tenement 30 ' TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
And whispered in the sounds of silence
Writing a review of a music CD
Recommend buying it or not. D
Say what you like about it and why. D
Say what you dislike about it and why. D
A description of the contents of the CD. D
Some background information on
the group. D
An opening sentence which intrigues
the reader. D

5 Is it a positive review or not? Underline the

words and phrases which show the
writer's opinion.
6 Find synonyms (S) or antonyms (A) in the
review for these words and phrases.
1 come up with new ideas (A)
2 to be concerned about (S)
3 sensational (S)
4 mediocre (A)
5 humorous (S)
6 horribly (A)
7 instantly forgettable (A)
8 dreadful (A)
9 as far as I'm concerned (S)
10 a waste of money (A)
11 keen to see (S)

MUSIC
USUALLY WHEN A BAND
releases a compilation of cover
version s, it's an admission they've
run out of ideas, But if you're a
Black Night fan , you've got nothing
to worry about. Since their
stunning debut album two years
ago, Philadelphia's finest have
gone on to become one of the
best US rock groups around today,
Frontman Alex Castro writes
fantastic songs with catchy tunes
and witty lyrics you have no trouble
remembering, But now he's
decided it's time to pay homage to
his favourite songwriters, In this,
their fourth album, Black Night
cover sixteen classic songs which
all have one thing in common:
great lyrics,
Musically the group is firing on all
cylinders from the first track
(Chuck Berry's School Days) to the
last (Eminem's Lose Yourself), The
Sound of Silence, in which Castro's
7 Replace phrases in the text with the phrases below. How does it change
the review? Then check the version on page 147.
Paragraph 1
And I'm sorry to say that's the case with
Paragraph 2
sounds uninspired and short of energy
hoarse/muddy/drown outlblandlunbearable
awfullbadlshrill, squeakylby far the most boring drum solo I've
ever heard
worse
Paragraph 3
the only highlight/and proves he can
the cover is actually slightly better than the original
Paragraph 4
There's really no pointlYou'd be better off listening to the originals
I was looking forward to/after listening to this dreadful
compilation/I'm not so sure I'll bother going
mark ~om
-",~-.", oc.~ t.~IGS Sf.f.tI\ '(0 PR\OO/CAL/..'1 CA<.J5 Co~OVrRSY,';'
N'l wE LEARtlt9 No-r-ro -rAK~ L1RIC'tJ -roO st.~OOSL"".....,
: ......./.
t'Hope I die be.f'ore"I
get old'J
wmfl:S'4
Pete -rowns~m
(now po'5hifl~
&ix+y)
music review by Sid Lowry
husky voice and guitarist Steve
Horn 's crashing guitar chords
contrast exquisitely with Penny
Smith 's subtle tinkling keyboard, is
unforgettable, But brilliant though it
is, it isn't quite as good as their
roaring version of Dylan's Like a
Rolling Stone, which includes a
thundering drum solo from Jazza
Jones , I can't remember hearing a
better version of a Dylan song,
In my humble opinion , the
only mistake on the album is
Heartbreak Hotel, Castro's voice
is mellow and sweet but there's
no point trying to compete with
Elvis, Frankly, I'd rather listen to
the original.
Despite that , this album is
genuinely worth buying, In fact,
I'm really looking forward to
seeing Black Night play some of
these classics along with their
own hits on their forthcoming tour,
8 Think Back! Look at page 17
to remember how to use these
adverbs. Then add three to the
review above and three to the
negative version you wrote.
Compare with a partner.
absolutely really terribly
utterly pretty extremely
simply slightly
totally very
9 Use Train Your Brain to help you
write a review of a CD you love.
Write 220-260 words.
o Swap your review with a partner
and rewrite your partner's
review in a more negative way.
by Mark Parisi
wmfl:S'4
1Oa.(""('(
1'\o.nilow
(10.)\-10, if"l
~ct, didt-....
write -the
50~)
MarkParisi@aol.com
69
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
1 Circle the correct words or phrases.
1 She guzzled / nibbled / sipped her food
as if she was a mouse.
2 I'm appetising / parched / peckish! Can I
have a glass of water?
3 Could you chew / rinse / slice the carrots
thinly, please?
4 Garlic is beneficial /nutritious /
susceptible to your health.
S The only sound was the bubbling /
rumbling / rustling of newspapers.
6 We froze in fear as the old door crackled /
creaked / crunched open.
7 English football fans have a reputation for
being baffling / ravenous / rowdy.
8 He has a harsh / hoarse / velvety voice that
reassures you.
9 Tim gets rather boisterous / nonplussed /
stomach-turning if he drinks cola.
10 A man at the next table choked / gobbled /
slurped on an olive and almost died.
2 Complete the text with one word in each gap.
The fi rst letter of each word is given.
70
3 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
word given. Use three to six words.
1 It annoys me that you are always
butting in on our chats! WISH
I on our chats!
2 You shouldn't cry over spilt milk.
There's no point. GOOD
It's _ _ __ ____ over spilt milk.
3 It was a mistake to start smoking. ONLY
_ __ _____ started smoking.
4 Tom speaks in a way that suggests
his mouth is full. THOUGH
Tom speaks full.
S We're late - we had better be going. HIGH
We're late - going.
6 It saddens me that they don't enjoy
grammar lessons. WISH
_ _ ______ grammar lessons.
4 Finish the second sentences so that they mean the
same as the original ones.
1 I made steak pie because I didn't know you
were a vegetarian.
If ______________________________
2 He ate so much last night, he's suffering from
stomachach~ .
If ______ ____________________
3 She can't be Italian; she made risotto with
long-grained rice.
If ____________________________
4 A 10 percent rise in food prices could cause
millions of people to starve.
Were ______________________________
S French cuisine became so inventive because
food was scarce.
Had _________________________
6 Visit our website if you require more
nutritional information.
Should __________________________
7 Why don't we have something else for
lunch today?
It's about _________________________
; Complete sentences 1-7 with the correct forms of
the verbs in the box.
compose honk pay rush
shake off stir swallow
1 I heard him a horn again and again.
2 After leaving the group, he went on
________ film music.
3 I don't want to go if it means _ _ __
around like lunatics.
4 You'd better the soup or it'll stick.
S I'd like to take this opportunity _ _ __
homage to Elvis.
6 Have you had any difficulty ____ _
your food?
7 I've been trying this cold, but I can't.
LISTENING SKILLS SPEAKING SKILLS
1 C03.06 Listen to the radio programme and choose 1 Choose one of the topics and prepare a
the correct answers a-d. three-minute presentation.
1 According to the first news story 1 Society today is noisier than ever.
a it's dangerous to listen to music while Think of the sources of noise that people
you're jogging. find annoying and suggest ways the
b the music player worsened the man's government could make our lives quieter.
injuries. 2 'You can tell a lot about a fellow's character
c the music player saved the man's life by by his way of eating jelly beans.' (Ronald
conducting the electricity. Reagan, ex-president of the USA.) How far
d it would have been worse if the man had do you agree with this? Give reasons.
been listening to a different type of music.
2 Work in pairs. Look at the photos and follow the
2 The music exhibition instructions in the box.
a is due to start on 3 May.
b is due to finish on 11 May.
c will display a variety of musical Compare and contrast the photos saying:
Student A: how they demonstrate different
instruments.
d is only concerned with the past. attitudes to food.
Student B: how the people may be feeling.
3 Which of these statements is not true? Then explain which person you would rather
a It wasn't easy to get to the final of the eat with and why.
guitar competition. Take turns, talking for one minute each.
b Marc has been missing a part of his left
arm since birth.
c His guitar was specially made for him.
d Marc and Phil come from the same town.
4 The man from Liverpool
a only consumes Mars Bars.
b never eats more than twelve Mars Bars
-
a day. M
c is suffering from a lack of protein in
Z
his diet.
o
d is likely to fall ill one day soon.
5 Which of these statements is true?
--
C I)
a Phil's diet isn't working.
b The pie eating competition takes place >
w
three times a year.
c Last year's winner is going to take part a:
~ I
again.
d There will be about twenty-five people in
the competition.
c:c
6 In a restaurant in Plymouth
a there was a fight over pies. ><
w
b there weren't enough cakes.
c an elderly person was seriously injured.
d an arrest was made.
o
l-
e
a:
;a:
ou..
~

:-c
Z

I-
 Calm down!
Read, listen and talk about conflicts and aggression, stress and health, assertiveness.
Practise impersonal reporting structures.
Focus on being assertive.
Write an information sheet.

LISTENING AND VOCABULARY 2 C03.07 Listen and answer questions 1-3.

1 In pairs, look at photo A and answer the questions.
1 What do you think the situation is?
2 What does the body language suggest about
how they are feeling? Use the words in the box.
3 How do you react to criticism? Do you
handle it well?
body language
submissive aggressive dominant
admonishing clenched fists bewildered
feeling
dismayed resentful offended
ashamed furious frustrated
Then discuss questions 4 and 5.
1 Why is the store manager angry with Alex?
2 Is this the first time Alex has been in trouble
with his boss? How do you know?
3 Why do you think Alex's boss is publicly
humiliating him? There may be more than
one answer.
4 How would you define bullying? Would you
regard the manager's behaviour as bullying?
Why? /Why not?
5 What would you do in Alex's situation?

72

3 CD3.08 Listen to Alex talking to his girlfriend.
Are the statements true (1) or false (F)?
1 Megan isn't used to hearing about
Alex's problems at work.
2 Alex took a longer lunch break than usual.
3 Megan believes that Alex's boss feels
intimidated by him.
4 Alex is unlikely to make a complaint
about his boss.
5 Gareth took the blame for the store
being unattended.
6 Alex has been avoiding Gareth at work.
7 Alex was impressed with the way
Gareth responded.
8 Alex feels that Gareth no longer bears a
grudge against him.
.. C03.08 Vocabulary Try to replace the underlined
phrases with informal expressions from the box.
Then listen again and check.
at the end of my tether wind (him) up
cheesed off gets my back up
jumped down my throat lose his temper
keep my head down stick up for
clear the air pick on (him) rant and rave
1 What's wrong? You look really angry and
disappointed.
2 He just started to shout in a loud, angry but
confused way at me. -
3 Did you defend yourself?
4 He just responded in a very angry way.
5 I need to avoid trouble and finish the
six months.
6 I'm utterly fed up and frustrated - he really
infuriates me.
7 We all used to be unkind to him for no reason
at school.
8 We used to torment him and enjoy watching
him lose his cool.
9 I think he was trying to end the bad feelings
between us.
5 Read the statements about Alex. Then read Gareth's
entry in his personal blog and make sentences
about his side of the story.
1 Alex claimed his boss had attacked him for
no reason.
Gareth claims Alex came back 10 minutes late
from lunch.
2 Alex didn't mention that he had blamed
Gareth.
3 Alex claimed that the boss threatened to
sack him.
4 Alex claimed that he had previously tried
to be friendly to Gareth.
5 Alex felt that Gareth had forgiven him.
" we started working he was forced to actually
6 In pairs, try and explain the underlined words/
phrases from the blog entry in your own words.
7 Do you think Alex and Gareth have been changed by
their experiences of bullying? Discuss in pairs and
justify your opinions.
Calm down!
8 Vocabulary Read the dictionary definitions and match
the words with situations 1-5.
D
D
o tiff (informal; humorous) a short argument about
something trivial, especially between two people
D
o
who are in love
-
dispute (formal) a serious, public argument
D about something important
D
D
o something
squabble a noisy, childish argument about
trivial
-
D - Q argument
feud an unpleasant, sometimes violent
between two groups (eg two fainilies)
D ---------- ---
~.~..:-==----
quarrel/row an angry argument between
people who know each other
1 A teenage girl is arguing with her parents
about her new boyfriend.
2 An argument between two Scottish clans,
which lasted for many generations and often
resulted in bloodshed.
3 '!\vo children at playschool are bickering
about whose turn it is to go on the swing.
4 '!\vo neighbouring countries are arguing
about a shared border.
5 A couple have fallen out over who forgot to
empty the dishwasher.
9 Take turns to talk about an argument/conflict you
once had or a situation where you felt intimidated.
Use the vocabulary from this lesson where possible.
10 Look at page 147 and follow the instructions.
TUE [ Sweet revenge from Gareth Owen
3 MAR
11: 00 Well, I've finally had my sweet revenge , even if it's
seven years too late! Myoid nemesis Alex, who made
my life a miserv at school, has been doing work
experience at the store (I've mentioned him previously
here and here ) and doesn't see eye to eye with the
boss. In fact , there's a lot of bad blood between them
and they're always at each others' throats. Well, to cut
a long story short, he strolled in 10 minutes late from
his lunch break and the boss was livid that he'd left the
store unattended but Alex, as usual, was perfectly
happy to make out it was my fault. But anyway, I
decided to stick up for him and for the first time since
acknowledge me ('Thanks, mate'). I replied, 'I'm sure
you'd have done the same for me, Alex.' He'd just tried
to land me in trouble to save his own skin and here's
weedy little Gareth Owen defending him! You've no
idea how satisfying it was proving to him that I have
actually always been a lot stronger than he is.
il

READING AND VOCABULARY

1 In groups, make a list of the three most
stressful things in your day-to-day lives and
compare it with another group.
2 In pairs, do the quiz and compare your
results on page 148. Do you agree with the
conclusions?

3 CD3.09 Check these words in a dictionary. Then

listen and tick the ailments connected with
prolonged stress. Do you ever suffer from
them?
acne headaches
anorexia heartburn
backache insomnia
chest infections mood swings
colds mouth ulcers
eczema oversleeping
fever pneumonia
hay fever stomachaches
4: CD3.10 Read the article. Which tips for beating
stress do you find the most useful? Why?
5 Complete gaps 1-6 in the text with sentences
a-h. There are two sentences you don't need.
a Exercise is an even more effective
way of dealing with stress, especially if
you're stuck behind a desk all day.
b Many of us swear by raucous punk rock
or frantic techno as the best way of
letting off steam.
c Others sweat away the stresses of the
past week at clubs and discos at the
weekend.
d Many of us like to unwind by watching
something undemanding on the TV.
e These 'sugar crashes' make it hard to
concentrate and can make you fe el
anxious.
f Indeed, this may be due to the fact that
stress releases hormones which create
a short-lived feeling of euphoria, similar
to what we experience when we've
solved a difficult puzzle.
g Try apple juice instead - apples are
thought to contain substances that It is often said that stress is a fact of life and to a certain extent,
make you feel energetic and keep you stress is good for us as it keeps us on our toes. We all know
peopl e who actu ally see m to thri ve in stressful situ ations such as
alert. takin g exams, and successfull y dealing with stress ca n improve our
h Without oxygen your body also se lf-esteem. '_ However, our bodi es are not designed to hand le
struggles to eliminate toxins properly. stress for long periods of time and stress can have an extremely
detrimental effect on our we ll-being. Indeed, it is estimated that
85 perce nt of all illness and disease is caused by stress.
Unfortunately, these days many of us are on 'red alert' for long
period s. Bein g a stud ent is no exception - the fact that many
people have recurring bad dreams about fail ing exams, even
decades after fini sh ing their ed ucation, speaks volumes l Lu ckily,
however, there are several simple ways you can help yourse lf to
cope with stress better.

NEXT WEEK: Exams and how to cope with them.

74
 Take a deep
breath
Oxygen is our most important source of
energy but when you're fee lin g uptight,
your breathing tends to become shallow
and so you rece ive less oxygen than usual.
Because of thi s, your body sends you
messages that yo u need more energy so
it's tempting to eat so mething sugary
instead. 2_ So it's wo rth stop pin g what
you are doing for a few minutes to
consciously focus on your breathing. If you
watch a baby sleep ing on its back, you will
see that when breathing in, its stomach
rises and its shou lders and chest barely
move. Babies obviously know what's good
for them! Try this simple breathin g exercise:
position your tongue on yo ur front palate
(directly above the back of your upper
teeth) - this is believed to be effective in
simultaneously stim ul ating and soothing
the brain. Rest your hands on you r
stomach and start to breathe in slowly and
steadily through your nose for a count of
seven. Now, breathe out slowly through
your mouth for a count of ten , noticing
how your stomach rises and falls as you
breathe. Repeat this for several minutes.
Feels good, doesn't it?

Drink away your Take it down, Mr D.J!

troubles? 5_ However, it has been demon strated that music which is slower
than a relaxed heart beat (less than 72 beats per minute) is even
Our bodies need water continuously for heating and cooling, and for more effective in helping us unwind (by contrast much house or
eliminating waste and toxins. Being dehydrated wi ll leave you feeling techno music has around 110 to 140 beats per minute whi lst jungle
tense and li stless. So if you're under pressure, be sure to sip water or drum'n'bass is often up to 200!). Music with repetitive melodies
regu larly. It is generally recommended that you should drink about or rhythms is also supposed to calm the nerves. So why not spoil
a litre and a half a day. It's much better for you than sugary, fizzy you rself and listen to some slow hip hop or 'chillout' techn0 7
drinks which are understood to leach minerals from you r body. Or why not try a 17th century composer such as Viva ldi , Bach
or Hande l7 Music from the baroque period is typica lly based on
As for coffee, research has shown that
60 beats per minute which is very cond ucive to regaining a fee lin g
coffee works best in small , frequent
of calm. Listening to music that has 60 beats per minute has been
doses, so if you must drink coffee,
shown to increase alpha waves that provoke a feeling of calmness
drink sma ller amounts every few hours.
whi lst boosting learning and creativity.
Too much of it in the morning may
actually make you feel sluggish. 3_
Turn down that awful
When you 're stressed-out, tea is probably a baroque rubbish!
much better option than coffee. The Chinese
are thought to have known about the comforting
and stimulating properties of tea as long ago as 2000 Be. Black tea
has been found to speed up recovery from stress as it brings stress
hormone levels back to normal. Meanwhile stud ies have suggested
that green tea co ntains a unique amino acid whi ch stimul ates the
production of alpha brain waves, creating a state of both alertness
and relaxation , rather si mil ar to the effects of meditation.

Break your fast

More and more young people are thought to be skipping breakfast
and prefer instead to eat sugary snacks later in the morn ing.
Unfortunately, however, there's a lot of truth in that old adage
about breakfast being 'the most important meal of the day'. Firstly,
breakfast obviously helps give you the sustenance to produce en-
ergy for work and to regenerate when you are und er stress. Equally
important, a hea lthy meal in the morning can stab ili se yo ur blood
sugar levels. Sugary snacks and junk food may supp ly temporary
energy but to balance this 'sugar hi gh', the amount of sugar in your
blood will dip suddenly later on, so ironically, such food provides
you with less energy in the end. 4_ " air and helps focus the mi nd.
No excuses!
It's pretty much common knowledge that exercise is a great stress-
beater. Prolonged stress will make you feel lethargic, jaded and
uninspired , feelings that exercise can all eviate - endorphin s are
thought to be produ ced during exercise wh ich can increase your
energy and make you feel better about yourself. Many people swim
or go cycl ing to unwind. 6_ Even a brisk ten-minute walk can be
invi gorating - it gets your blood pump ing, fills the lungs with fresh
 6 Read the article again and choose the correct 9 In pairs, answer the questions using words from
answers a-d. Exercise 8, where appropriate.
1 Stress can be good for us because How do you tend to feel
a it stops us becoming complacent. before you go back to school after the
b people perform better under pressure . summer break?
C some people are better at exams than before an important exam?
coursework. on a Monday morning?
d it makes us feel better about ourselves. during your last class on a Friday afternoon?
2 Being a student How would you describe the effect of the
a is a time when many people fall ill. following on you?
b isn't stressful. listening to your favourite song
c is at least as stressful as other periods in luxuriating in a long, hot bath
our lives. taking a quick, cool shower
d is the most stressful period in our lives. getting to the climax of the plot in a
crime novel/thriller
3 When babies sleep
playing with a pet animal
a they tend to sleep on their backs.
brisk walking or exercise
b they don't fe el stress.
C they breathe very effectively. 10 Come Together Complete the sentences with the
d they take very deep breaths. correct words to make collocations. Use the article
4 When you're under pressure you should on pages 74-75 to help you.
a drink lots of water all day. 1 I have a recurring in which I'm
b avoid drinks containing sugar. trapped inside a lift !
c avoid drinking coffee in the afternoon. 2 It's common that yoga is a good
d drink black tea to help you concentrate. way of working off stress.
5 The main problem with sweet snacks is 3 Stress has a very detrimental on
that they our health.
a encourage people not to eat breakfast. 4 It's a demanding school - students are
b do not help regenerate your body. _ _ _ _ pres sure to do well in exams.
c cause the amount of sugar in your blood 5 After last week's terrorist attacks, the
to increase . security forces are on alert.
d do not supply you with any real energy. 6 I'm sometimes so busy during the day that I
have to lunch.
6 Music from the baroque period 7 The fact that Magdalena is so revered by
a has monotonous tunes and rhythms. her peers volumes about her
b is slower than hip-hop and techno . personal qualities.
c has influenced many DJs' approach to
playing beats. 11 Work in pairs. How do you cope with stress? What is
d can be both relaxing and stimulating. your own favourite way to unwind?
7 Vocabulary Match the highlighted words in the text
with their synonyms 1-8.
1 favourable for
2 saying
3 flourish
[r
4 sustained \II
5 nourishment
6 health and happiness
7 ease
8 self-confidence
8 Vocabulary Complete groups 1-4 with adjectives
from the box .
. ..... ........ . ..

comforting invigorating jaded lethargic

listless sluggish soothing stimulating
stressed-out tense uptight
1 Lacking energy or enthusiasm:
2 Anxious:
3 Calming:
4 Energising: No one dared speak during the maths test
but the looks on everyone's faces
spoke volumes.

76

GRAMMAR
1 Look at the examples and answer the questions.
1 a The authors of a long-term study of the
links between stress levels and health
estimate that 85 percent of all illness and
disease is caused by stress.
b It is estimated that 85 percent of all illness
and disease is caused by stress.
2 a Scientists at University College, London,
have found that black tea speeds up
recovery from acute stress.
b Black tea has been found to speed up
recovery from acute stress.
Which sentences , a or b
1 focus only on reporting what was said?
2 focus both on what was said and who said it?
Work it out
2 Look at the b sentences in Exercise 1 and complete the
gaps with the phrase: 'that-clause' or 'infinitive clause'.
1 It + passive form of reporting verb +
I
2 Subject + passive form of reporting verb +
2
3 Look at the article on pages 74-75 again. Underline as
many examples of the patterns in Exercise 2 as you
can. List the reporting verbs that have been used.
reporting verbs: say, estimate, ...
4: Look at the examples and answer the questions.
a The Chinese are thought to have known about
the properties of tea as long ago as 2000 BC.
b More and more young people are thought to
be skipping breakfast.
1 How are the patterns different from the
second pattern in Exercise 2?
2 Which pattern emphasises that something
happened before the time it was reported?
is/was continuing at the time?
~ Check it out page 157
5 Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same.
1 It is often said that stress is a fact of life.
Stress ______________________________
2 It is believed that stress was first identified as
a medical condition in 1936.
Stress ______________________________
3 Brisk exercise was found to speed up
recovery from stress.
It ______________________________
4 It was felt that many students had been
under pressure.
Manystudents _______________________
5 Baroque music has been shown to help
you unwind.
It ______________________________
Calm down!
6 Rewrite the sentences in two different ways, replacing
the underlined phrases with an impersonal reporting
form and the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1 Apparently the Amy Winehouse concert has
been cancelled! (rumour)
The Amy Winehouse concert is rumoured to have
been cancelled.
It is rumoured that the Amy Winehouse concert
has been cancelled.
2 The government is likely to lose the next
election. ( expect)
3 Supposedly they're getting married. (think)
4 It appears that he's resigned. (say)
5 They're probably living in London now.
(rumour)
6 They say that chamomile tea helps you get to
sleep. (claim)
7 They once thought that a stressful classroom
atmosphere was conducive to learning.
(believe)
8 It seems that they survived the accident.
(report)
7 Complete the text with the correct forms of the verbs
in brackets.
That sweet feeling of terror ...
Why are horror films and extreme activities such as
bungee jumping enjoyable, whereas exams and interviews
aren't? It has been known for some time that a key factor
1 (be) our ability to gauge the risk of harm.
If the brain assesses that there is little chance of actually
being harmed, it experiences the sudden increase in
adrenalin as something pleasurable. Which is why on a
roller-coaster ride we might scream and laugh at the same
time. This capacity to enjoy fear is believed 2_______
(benefit) our ancestors: thanks to risk-takers, humans
found better places to live. Scientists now claim to
3 (identify) the part of the brain responsible
for this behaviour - the amygdala, an area in the brain which
is understood 4 (be) responsible for storing
memories linked with emotions. It is hoped that these
findings 5 (bring) a greater understanding of
conditions such as phobias.
8 In pairs, answer the questions.
Have you got any annoying/bad habits when
you're feeling stressed or under pressure?
Are there any 'hair-raising'/extreme activities
or other stressful situations that you enjoy?
What are they? Why do you enjoy them?
77
 To: justlne_webb@bueksae uk
SUbject: Just some friendly ad' I . I debSY@hotwlred.eom
vee.

Yes, it's me again with yet another whinging

How to wash up:
1 Fill the bowl with hot water.
2 Add washing-up liquid.
3 Put dirty dishes in bowl
4 U .
se Sponge to remove dirt from dishes
5 Rinse dishes and leave to dry. .

So, now we all know how to wash u I

Not very difficult, is it? p.

I have just washed

p lates, five m up everyone else's mess (three
ugs, a glass and loads of cutlery) Of
course, I don't mind doing it now and . .
frankly, it's not my job to do it! again but,

For those of you who already wash up thank

and please ignore this message! ' you

Everyone else, please take note!

'Muggins' ;)

LISTENING AND SPEAKING .. Match the underlined words/phrases from the

recording with their definitions.
1 In pairs, discuss which of the following you would 1 It was full of patronising instructions
find most irritating if you were sharing a flat/house about how to 'wash up '.
with someone. Why?
D
2 Why did she have to beat around
blaring music/TV/radio the bush with her pathetic email ... ? D
borrowing things without asking 3 I come across Chrissy's little whinging
nicking food from the fridge notes all over the flat. D
hogging (spending too long in) the bathroom 4 ... it just makes my blood boil. D
inviting other friends to stay for long periods 5 She's got no right to nag us about the
not doing one's share of the washing-up! D
cleaning/washing-up 6 Not being able to rub along with the
slamming doors people you live with can be ... stressful. D
7 ... I was just trying to get my own back! D
2 Read the email and answer the questions.
a criticise/complain repeatedly in an
1 What do you think the situation is? irritating way
2 How would you feel/react if you received an b not say directly what you mean
email like this? C do something unpleasant to someone in
3 Do you think there are better ways of dealing revenge
with the problem? What are they? d have an acceptable relationship with
someone you live with
3 CDl.11 Look at the photo and listen. Answer e infuriate; exasperate
the questions. f addressing someone as if they were stupid
1 How did Chrissy's email make Justine feel? or unimportant
2 Does the student counsellor think the g continually complaining
situation is unimportant? Why?IWhy not?
3 How did Justine finally respond to the email?
78

:; In pairs, discuss the questions.
1 What do your parents most often nag
you about?
2 What types of behaviour make your
blood boil?
3 Are you good at rubbing along with people
(eg on holiday) ?
4 What things do people in your country
typically enjoy whinging about?
5 Are there any jobs or professions in which
people are prone to beat around the bush
or have a patronising manner? Think of
some examples.
6 Have you ever been tempted to get your
own back on someone? In what situation?
How did you feel?
6 003.12 Read the notes. Try to predict the missing
information. Then listen and complete with words or
phrases in the correct forms.
Aggressive Personality
Uses agg ression (threats and sometimes physica l
Violence) t o get his/her own way.
May also resort t o tactless co mments,
_ __ _ and sarcasm as a mea ns of attack.
Is most concerned about own 2 and
t herefore chooses t o 3 other people's
thoughts and wis hes.
Passive ('Victim') Personality
Negati ve, self -pitying outlook on life. Often blames
other people or 'fat e', rath er than 4 _ _ __
mist akes, for their bad luck. Generally accepts being
treat ed badly and rarely 5 - a 'd oormat'.
Passive-Aggressive (,Indirect')
Personality
Agg reSSive but in an indirect way. Typica l behaviour
includes attacking people in writing (6_ _ __
face-to-face), obscure ways of 'getting your own back',
making fun of others' anger, refu Sing to revea l what
t hey're thinking, tendency 7 helpful
suggest ions, fai ling t o 8 phone ca lls.
Assertive Personality
Makes it clea r t o people what they want but
9 ignore other people's feelings.
AU f47fil 4 Mn Hi
Calm down!
7 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 Do you know anyone who is very skilful at
getting their own way but without causing
bad feeling? What sort of tactics do they use?
2 Tell your partner about someone you
know who fits one of the remaining three
categories. How do people tend to react to
hirn/her?
8 003.13 Study Speak Out. Then listen and underline the
phrases that are mentioned. Is this way of dealing
with people normal in your language?
SPEAK OUT I Being assertive
Give the person some positive recognition or show
that you understand the person's situation.
I realise .. .
you're having a hard time but ...
you're trying your best but ...
you were only trying to help but ...
you have my best interests at heart but ...
that ... is very important to you ...
you're the kind of person who prefers to ... but ...
This might not be a good moment to mention this but ...
I really appreciate that you .. . but ...
You've got every right to be annoyed/concerned
about ...
State clearly what your own opinion or preference is.
I really do think ...
I hope you understand that ...
Don't you agree it'd be better if ...
You can use past or continuous tenses to 'soften'
your message.
I was wondering when/whether ...
I just thought that it might be better for everyone if ...
I couldn't help but notice that ...
... when are you planning to .. .twill you be ... ing ... ?
I was really hoping ...
9 CD3.14 In pairs, read responses 1-4. Try to express
them in a more assertive way, using Speak Out.
Then listen and compare your answers.
1 I've been short of money ever since you
borrowed that 30 from me. (to a friend)
2 I can't stand the loud music you play in the
evenings. (to a neighbour in a student fiat)
3 I don't care if you want me home before ten
o'clock. I'm staying out as long as I like and
that's that! (to parents)
4 The standard of your essays has really gone
downhill recently. (a teacher to a student)
10 In pairs, roleplay the situations. Student A, look at
page 150. Student B, look at page 152.
79
 http://www.onlineabuse.org Q Q,. Google

Young people

ALARMING RISE IN
CYBERBULLYING
One 1_ three young people in the UK has been
bullied by mobile phone or via the Internet, a study
2_ . 3_ incidents include abuse 4_ personal
websites and message forums and 5_ threatened or
harassed using text messages. Incidents of bull ies using
Images taken w ith mobi le phone cameras to 6 or
embarrass their victims are also 7_ common. The
findings follow reports of ,happy slapping' attacks,
w here assaults on children and adults are recorded on
mobile phones and then made 8_ online.

What Can Be Done About Cyberbullying?

Click here to download our information sheet for students and parents (25Kb)

http://w w w.on linea buse.org /ti ps.pdf

Information Sheet 1

It is generally agreed that email and text-messaging have revolutionised how we keep in
touch with people, whilst online message boards and personal blogs mean that it has never
been so easy to make new acquaintances with similar interests. However, like any social
interaction, this is open to abuse and sadly, cyberbullying is a fact of life. Here is some
practical advice on how to pre-empt problems and deal with them if they arise.

Prevention is better than cure

The Internet is an informal place but don't be tempted to drop your guard and be less cautious than
you normally would be.
~ Always use a 'nicl<' or assumed name rather than your real one, and avoid the temptation to give
out detai ls about your family or where you live or study. Remember that any photos you post can
give this information away very easily.
~ Even in informal discussions, be polite. An aggressive or sarcastic tone will encourage others
to attack you.

If you have been a victim of cyberbullying

Don't despair if you have been bullied online - there are still a
number of steps you can take.
~ Don't feed the troll - ignore abusive posts or emails. You may later
need them as evidence, so don't delete them either.
~ Contact the Web hosting company, website owner or mobile
phone provider and tell them that you are being abused. They may
be able to take down offensive material or ban the user.
~ Set up a new email account if necessary.

80 Above all, remember to give Yol:lJself frequent breaks from 'virtual reality' and spend time with your
family and friends offline. That can be fun tool
 Calm down!

WRITING TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills

1 In pairs, look at the website and read the article.
An information sheet
Answer the questions.
is similar in style/format to a leaflet. It should have
1 What is cyberbullying? a title.
2 Are cases of cyberbullying common in has a friendly tone - the reader is often addressed
your country? directly (you/we).
3 Have you ever witnessed this yourself? has a neutral style - may include phrasal verbs and
Describe it. other informal vocabulary, light-hearted comments
with exclamations, but also longer sentences with
2 Read the article again and choose the correct more complex structures such as inversion or
answers a-d to complete the gaps 1-8. impersonal reporting forms.
begins with some introductory comments that also
1 a of cin mention the purpose of the information.
b to d or is divided into two or three clear sections or
2 a demands c praises paragraphs. Each section has a title, an introductory
b reveals d proposes sentence which summarises the section and two or
three bullet points.
3 a Ordinary c Popular generally ends on an optimistic note.
b Universal d Common
4 a at c from
b on d by 6 Read the opening paragraphs of information
5 a be c been sheets A and B and answer the questions.
b being d were 1 Who do you think produced the
6 a intimidate c flatter information sheet?
b perplex d devastate 2 Who is the information aimed at?
7 a reassuringly c increasingly 3 Which information sheet(s)
b progressively d gradually offer(s) advice and reassurance?
provide(s) practical ideas/suggestions?
8 a applicable c admirable
b accountable d available
Lubelszczyzna is one of the most unspoilt
3 CD3.15Listen and complete the table. Then read the regions of Poland. There is a wealth of activities
information sheet. Did they respond in the right way? for everyone, from cyclist to rambler, culture
vulture to the young at heart. We would like to
Dan Emily present some of the main attractions our region
has to offer.
Type of cyberbullying
o Your first weeks at university can be a stressful time.
Getting to know a new city, sorting out accommodation
and making friends (not to mention the serious matter
How they responded of getting a degree!) can be a daunting experience.
For this reason we've put together some practical
tips which we hope will help you to settle in as quickly
as possible.

" Read the information sheet again and choose the
correct options. Sometimes more than one option
is possible.
1 The information sheet is rather similar to
an essay / a leaflet.
2 The tone/style is formal /
neutral but friendly / informal.
3 The opening paragraph includes
the most important advice /
the purpose of the information sheet.
4 The bullet points / the opening sentence
in each main paragraph summarise(s)
the content.
5 The information sheet ends on an
optimistic / pessimistic note.
S Study Train Your Brain and check your answers to
Exercise 4.
7 Work in groups and follow the instructions.
1 Choose ONE of the following topics:
a how to get on with people living in a
student flat-share
b how to be assertive
c how to stay safe in the town/city centre in
the evenings
2 Brainstorm the information you could include.
3 Find a way to organise the information into
two or three sections.
4 Come up with a title and headings for each
section.
5 What would be a suitable introductory
sentence? What sort of tone would you use?
8 Write an information sheet of about 250 words for
the topic you chose in Exercise 7, using Train Your
Brain to help you.
81
 Getting around
Read, listen and talk about travel, tourism, money.
Practise participle clauses; words and expressions connected with travelling.
Focus on using cliches.
Write a report .

In part 3 of our series on how to ~ when you're hard

up, we're looking at money-saving tips for getting around
without spending a fortune. Read on to find out how it
needn't cost the earth to see the world.

10 If you have money to burn, you can have a great time in Paris.
But if you don't, then watch out where you drink. A coffee on
the terrace of a Champs Elysees cafe can cost you up to 10! But walk
round the corner and you might well come across a 'local' cafe where you
can get a much better deal. If you s<it at the counter, you shouldn't have to
pay more than 2!
20 London is a great place to see theatre productions. The only
thing is normal-price tickets cost an arm and a leg , so unless
you're made of money, it's a good idea to get seats at affordable prices at
the half-price ticket booth in Leicester Square.
30 Don't get ripped off in restaurants and bars. Make sure you see
the prices before you order, and check there are no hidden sales
taxes or service charges.
40 Keep your eyes peeled, especially in crowded places like buses
and subways. There are lots of dodgy characters around and
losing your money and passport can really mess up your holiday.
S0 It's worth studying the train fares before you buy a ticket. In the
UK, railways offer lots of special deals and an off-peak cheap day
return can work out less expensive than a standard single!
60 Travel light. That way you don't have to choose between heaving
your backpack around when you're looking for a cheap hostel or
paying an exorbitant fee to dump it in a left-luggage locker.
70 You can save a fortune if you book in advance: 1 coach
journeys, low-cost flights (not only with budget airlines), 4-star
hotels at bargain rates and lots more.
80 Check out public libraries and the local press for free events and
attractions. And remember, in the UK, many museums are still
free of charge.
90 An International Student or Youth card is good value for money
as it entitles you to discounts on admission fees to tourist
attractions, museums and so on.
10 0 Join CouchSurfing.com. It's an online organisation that allows
you to get in touch with people who will Q.Y! you !JQ in their
home and show you around their town. It doesn't cost a thing.
 Getting around

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING
1 Look at the photos and read the introduction to the
article. What do you think 'living on a shoestring'
means?
2 In groups of three, read the ten tips and agree on the
five most useful ones.
3 Phrasal Verbs Replace the underlined words
and phrases below with the correct forms of the
6 CD3.16 Listen to the story of Claire's holiday and
answer questions 1-4. Then say which tips she
followed from the article.
1 Where is she going on holiday? Why is she
going there?
2 What problem does she have with her flight?
3 What are her CouchSurfing hosts like?
4 What dilemma does she face?
7 CD3.16 Complete the extracts with collocations and

underlined phrasal verbs in the article. idioms from Exercises 4 and 5. The number of words
is given in brackets. Then listen again and check.
1 Don't go to that shop. They'll overcharge
you there. 1 I only started working in May, so I can't
2 My French isn't brilliant, but it's good enough afford one of those package holidays at
to survive. _ _ _ _ (2) . But I booked my flight well in
3 Before agreeing to give someone a place to advance so I got a much (2) and
sleep in your house, verify their references thanks to CouchSurfing, my accommodation
on the website. won't (3).
4 The flight was late so our plans were ruined. 2 At the check-in, I had to pay a supplement
5 I'd love to act as your guide to our town. because of the (2). That's typical
6 If you find a low-cost restaurant, let me knOw. of (2). You can get really great
_ _ _ _ (2) on the net, but then you have
4: Complete with highlighted phrases from the article. to pay all sorts of extras.
More than one answer may be possible. Then say if 3 They're not (3), but they're not
these money-saving tips are true in your country. hard-up either.
4 It's just as well I brought my student card
1 Youth hostels are ideal for travellers who are
because it entitled me (3) on the
living on a shoestring. They're clean, safe and
don't . _ _ _ _ (2) to all the Roman ruins.
5 We always sit at the counter of the cafe 'cause
2 Your entrance ticket of 10 percent
it's cheaper. You can (3) that way.
in the museum cafe.
6 He must have (3), because it cost
3 You can by buying big bottles of
an (4), but he wouldn't let me pay
water from supermarkets.
my share, not even the (2)!
4 If you have , eat on the train.
Otherwise take a packed lunch. 8 CD3.17 What do you think Claire will do? Discuss in
5 You can if you buy stand-by tickets pairs. Then listen and check.
at the theatre.
6 Steer clear of airport cafes: a coffee can
_ _ _ _ there.
7 It's vital to if you're travelling
during the high season.
8 Unless you're , don't go shopping
at the airport.
9 University canteens don't offer fine cuisine
but they are '
9 Work in pairs to answer the FAQs about CouchSurfing.
S Cross out one word in each group which does NOT Then say why you would/would not go CouchSurfing.
collocate with the word in bold. Student A, look at page 150.
1 airport / budget / income / sales Student B, look at page 152.
taxes
2 bargain / hospital/service / subscription CouchSurfing FAQS
cbarge(s)
3 affordable / exorbitant / income / off-peak 1. What is CouchSurfing?
prices 2. How did it begin?
4 bargain / exchange / coin / low-season 3. How does it work?
rates 4. What does it cost?
5. What are CouchSurfers like?
5 admission / registration / tuition / interest 6. What's in it for the hosts?
fee 7. Is it only an accommodation service?
6 low-cost / off-peak / discount / budget 8. Are there any safety measures?
airlines
10 In pairs, think of advice to travellers to your town on
how to have a good time without spending a lot of
money. Then share your ideas with the rest of the class.
83
 GRAMMAR AND LISTENING
1 In pairs, match 1-2 with a-b.
1 Lines of longitude like the Greenwich
Meridian indicate
2 Lines of latitude like the Equator indicate
a how far north or south we are.
b our east-west position.
2 Read the introduction and answer the questions.
1 Why was it impossible to calculate longitude
in the 18th century?
2 What were the consequences?
3 What did the British Parliament do?
3 C03.18Listen to the continuation of the Story of
Longitude and answer the questions.
1 How many sea clocks did John Harrison make?
2 Which of them were tested at sea?
3 Did he really solve the problem of longitude?
4: C03.18 Listen again. Are these statements true (T) or
false (F)? Explain why.
1 John Harrison thought it would never be
possible to keep accurate time at sea. 0
2 Harrison's first clock, HI, was a
complete failure. 0
3 The Board of Longitude preferred an
astronomical solution to longitude. 0
4 Harrison knew the Board would demand
another trial after the voyage to Jamaica. 0
5 The Harrisons felt confident on meeting
the Board in January 1765. 0
6 The Astronomer Royal was completely
fair and objective about H4. 0
7 Harrison respected the members of the
Board for their technical knowledge. 0
8 Harrison never received all the
prize money. 0

The Story rtfLongitude

T oday, Global Positioning Systems allow

us. to calculate our position anywhere on
earth to within a few feet. But in the
18th century, navigation at sea was not so easy.
By measuring the distance from the sun to the
horizon at midday, it was possible to calculate
your north-south position (latitude). However,
to work out h<?w far east or west you had
travelled (longitude), you needed to know both
the time in the port of departure and the time
on board ship and then calculate the difference
between the two. This was impossible because
the clocks of the day couldn't keep true time at
sea. The results could be tragic . . .

In October 1707 a fleet of British warships

returning home after a battle with the French
Navy sailed into dangerous waters off the Scilly
Isles. Not knowing how to calculate longitude
accurately, their navigators steered them onto
rocks. Four ships sank and 2,000 sailors drowned.
It was a national tragedy. A s a consequence, in
1714 the British Parliament set up the Board of
Longitude offering a prize of 20,000 for the
first 'practicable and useful answer to the
problem of calculating longitude at sea'.

84

Work it out
5 Look at how sentences 1-6 have been rewritten and
match them with participle clauses a-e.
1 A fleet of British warships 'shieh was
returning home after a battle ...
2 Because they didn't know Not knowing
how to calculate longitude accurately,
their navigators steered them onto rocks.
3 \X/hen he returned On returning to
England, Harrison saved the ship from a
possible shipwreck.
4 If I 'Nere given more money, I could
make a better clock.
5 After he had discovered Having
discovered a flaw in its design, he
abandoned it.
6 .. . a young scientist "rho "las convinced
that his own method ... should win
the prize.
a Reduced relative clauses
The ship sailing into port is Spanish.
He is a man obsessed with clocks.
b Present participle clauses
Being a carpenter, he made his first
clocks of wood.
c Past participle clauses
Having heard the evidence, the Board
demanded another trial. -
d Passive participle clauses
Trained by his father, William was a gifted
clockmaker.
e Participle clauses with prepositions
It has lost under a minute since leaving London.
6 Complete gaps 1-11 with the correct participle forms
of the verbs in brackets.
'God save me from these lunatics oflongitude!'
The solution 1 (propose) by'the man
2 (stand) in front of Astronomer Royal
Sir Edmond Halley involved the 'Powder of
Sympathy'. A dog 3 (cut) with a knife
would be sent to sea, but the knife would be thrust
into the mysterious powder in the port of departure
at midday every day, 4 (make) the dog
howl in pain. The sailors, 5 (know) the
time at home, could then work out their longitude.
6 (dismiss) the man, Halley heard the next
proposal. At midnight every night a rocket would be
fired into the sky above Greenwich. On 7_ _ __
(see) it, sailors on a ship near the coast would fire
another rocket, 8 (tell) the sailors on the
next ship to the west the time. Rockets would be
fired from ships anchored right across the Atlantic,
9 (allow) the navigators to calculate their
longitude. After 10 (listen) to the plan,
~Halley asked how so many ships could be anchored
in such deep waters, and how the men 11_ _ __
(force) to live on the ships would be fed.
Getting around
7 Rewrite the sentences using participle clauses.
1 The money which was being offered was a
vast fortune for most people.
2 After they had heard of the prize, many
people proposed solutions.
0 3 Some of the solutions which were proposed
were very strange.
4 H4 measures only five inches wide: it is the
0 most famous timepiece ever made.
5 The Board argued that one trial was
insufficient and ordered another trial.
0 6 They felt sure they had won the prize when
they went to the meeting.
0 7 He had dedicated his whole life to his clocks,
so Harrison felt cheated.
8 When the king heard the story, he decided
0 to act.
o
Ticking Iqudly, the King admired the clock.
8 In pairs, look at the cartoon and say what is wrong
with the sentence in the caption.
Mind the trap!
The subject in a participle clause should normally
be the same as the subject of the main verb.
LookiAg throl:lgh a telescope, a ship came iAto view.
Looking through a telescope, I saw a ship.
However, phrases which indicate the speaker's
attitude, eg broadly speaking, judging from,
considering everything, can precede a clause with a
different subject.
Considering everything, Harrison deserved to win
the prize.
~ Check it out page 157
9 Tick the acceptable sentences and rewrite the
unacceptable ones beginning with the same clauses.
1 Tested by another astronomer, William
was pleased the watch worked so well. 0
2 Feeling sure he had won the prize,
Harrison was shocked by the decision. 0
3 Made with incredible precision, Harrison
was proud of his clocks. 0
4 After writing a letter to the King,
George III contacted William. 0
5 Taking everything into account, Harrison
should have won the prize much sooner. 0
10 Discuss in groups. Which invention or discovery
could you NOT live without? Give reasons.
85
 SPEAKING 1 In pairs, agree on the meaning of proverbs a-d and match them with
cartoons 1-4.
o a A fool and his money are soon parted.
b You can't judge a book by its cover.
0
0
C It never rains, but it pours. 0
d The grass is always greener on the other side. 0
2 CD3.19 Listen and match speakers 1-3 with appropriate proverbs
from Exercise 1.

3 Match cliches 1-10 from Speak Out with their meanings a-j. Which
phrases are similar in your language?
a delighted f obviously
b in the end g good idea, but hard to do
c getting nowhere h take the opportunity
d it proves impossible to believe
e not so terrible very early

SPEAK OUT I Cliches

1 easier said than done 0 6 it just goes to show 0
2 going round in circles 0 7 not the end of the world 0
3 at the end of the day 0 8 jump at the chance 0
4 on top of the world 0 9 at the crack of dawn 0
5 too good to be true 0 10 it goes without saying 0

" Complete the sentences with clicMs from Speak Out.

1 It cost twice what it put in th advert. I should have known it
was _ __ _
2 It was a five-star hotel so that it was comfortable.
3 I've got an offer to study abroad. - If I were you , I'd _ _ __
4 You should take a year off to travel. - That's _ _ __
5 We're just here. I want to speak to the manager.
6 OK so we missed the bus, but it's so stop crying.
7 What I hate about camping is you have to get up _ _ __
8 How are you feeling? - Great, I'm !
9 My own mother forgot to pick me up at the station! _ _ __
you can't rely on anyone.
10 you get what you pay for.
S Work in pairs. Student B, look at page 152.
Student A
Use cliches from Speak Out to reply to your partner's comments.
Then read comments 1-4 to your partner. Encourage hirnlher to
explain his/her answers.
1 What time are you planning on leaving?
2 How did you feel when you won the prize?
3 Can you believe that his own sister stole his car? You'd think you
could trust your sister, right?
4 My parents say I should set up my own travel agency.
6 Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
1 Tell your partner about a holiday you remember well.
2 Listen actively to your partner, asking questions where
appropriate.
3 Use some cliches from Speak Out both when you're telling the
story and when you're responding.
4 Award yourself one point for each cliche you use, but subtract one
point for repeating a cliche that has already been used.

/'

86
 Getting around

.. Match the underlined words in

READING AND VOCABULARY the article with these verbs.
1 In groups, discuss which of these things have happened to you while 1 brush
travelling. What other things can go wrong? 2 cut
3 lose
4 pull
5 run
6 soak
7 be stuck
8 trap
5 Correct the mistakes by
changing around the
underlined verbs.
1 I am always drenched
got ink all over yourself due to a broken pen? with fear when the plane
takes off. -AIled
spilt food or drink on yourself or another passenger?
2 Can you help me open
had your things fall out of your bag due to a broken zip? this drawer? It's Hleti.
lost all feeling in your legs because of an uncomfortable seat?
got stopped by security because of something in your luggage? 3 The handle swept
suddenly and I dropped
2 CD3.20 Read the text on pages 88-89 and tick three things from the list in my suitcase.
Exercise 1 which happened to Bill Bryson. 4 The little boy leaned
nervously at his mother's
3 Read the text again and choose the correct answers a-d. coat.
5 I could only watch as the
1 Which adjective best describes the author?
trolley gave way slowly
a elegant b realistic c 'selfish d accident-prone
across the road.
2 How does he feel about the way he is?
a He's used to it. 6 After she rolled her leg
b He wishes he was different. with a knife, she sucked
c He's surprised and confused. a lot of blood.
d He can't see the funny side of it. --------,--------
7 The bull yanked on the
3 How does his wife feel about this aspect of his personality?
farmer and gashed him
a She gets annoyed with him.
against the wall.
b She finds it hard to understand considering he is a travel writer.
- - - - , --------
c She's keen to protect him from himself.
8 The wind leaked the
d She's worried about how it may affect their children.
snow onto the road.
4 What problem did he have with a seat on a plane?
a He put his seat back and couldn't get it up again. 9 We got totally jammed in
b The man in front of him put his seat back and hit his legs. the downpour.
c The man next to him got annoyed when he touched his leg.
d He got stuck with his head between his legs. 10 I shed my thumb a lot
when I was little.
5 Which one of these statements is true?
a He knows exactly how he spilt a drink onto the lady next to him.
11 I didn't close the bottle
b He spilt a drink because he was distracted by a horror film.
properly so the shampoo
c He spilt two drinks onto the lady next to him.
pinned all over my
d He wasn't surprised by the language the lady used.
clothes.
6 Which one of these statements about his worst experience on a
flight is NOT true?
a He was writing something important in his notebook.
b He had an amusing chat with an attractive woman.
c His pen broke and he got ink on his face.
d He felt embarrassed about the incident.
7 How does he try to minimise the chance of suffering future
misfortunes?
a He wears dark-coloured trousers.
b He doesn't travel by plane anymore.
c He always travels with his wife.
d He sits quietly and does as little as possible.
87
 SHORT STORY
THE AcciDENTAL TOURIST
BY BILL BRYSON
O f all the things I am not very good at, living in
the real world is perhaps the most outstanding.
I am constantly filled with wonder at the number of
things that other people do without any evident
5 difficulty that are pretty much beyond me. I cannot
tell you the number of times that I have gone looking
for the lavatory in a cinema, for instance, and ended
up standing in an alley on the wrong side of a
self-locking door. My particular speciality now is
10 returning to hotel desks two or three times a day and
asking what my room number is. I am, in short, easily
confused.
I was thinking about this the last time we went en
famille on a big trip. It was at Easter, and we were
15 flying to England for a week. When we arrived at
Logan Airport in Boston and were checking in, I
suddenly remembered that I had recently joined
British Airways' frequent flyer programme. I also
remembered that I had put the card in the carry-on
20 bag that was hanging around my neck. And here's
where the trouble started.
DEPARTURES
The zip on the bag was jammed. So I pulled on it
and yanked at it, with grunts and frowns and
increasing consternation. I kept this up for some
minutes but it wouldn't budge, so I pulled harder 25
and harder, with more grunts. Well, you can guess
what happened. Abruptly the zip gave way. The
side of the bag flew open and everything within -
newspaper cuttings and other loose papers, a
14-ounce tin of pipe tobacco, magazines, passport, 30
English money, film - was extravagantly ejected over
an area about the size of a tennis court.
I watched dumbstruck as a hundred carefully
sorted documents came raining down in a fluttery
cascade, coins bounced to a variety of noisy oblivions 35
and the now-lidless tin of tobacco rolled crazily across
the concoutse disgorging its contents as it went.
'My tobacco!' I cried in horror, thinking what I
would have to pay for that much tobacco in England
now that another Budget had come and gone, and 40
then changed the cry to 'My finger! My finger!' as I
discovered that I had gashed my finger on the zip
 Getting around
and was shedding blood in a lavish manner. (I am
not very good around flowing blood generally, but
45 when it's my own - well, I think hysterics are fully 6 Come Together Match verbs 1-8 with
justified.) Confused and unable to help, my hair collocations a-h.
went into panic mode. 1 I was filled with
It was at this point that my wife looked at
D
2 I gashed D
me with an expression of wonder - not anger or 3 The monster shed
50 exasperation, but just simple wonder - and said: 'I
D
can't believe you do this for a living.'
4 I leaned D
5 He knocked D
But I'm afraid it's so. I always have catastrophes 6 It was swept
when I travel. Once, on an aeroplane, I leaned over
D
7 She was drenched D
to tie a shoelace just at the moment someone in the
8 He pinned D
55 seat ahead of me threw his seat back into full recline,
and found myself pinned helplessly in the crash a back/on her shoulder/
position. It was only by clawing the leg of the man out of the window
sitting next to me that I managed to get myself freed. b joy/pain/sadness
On another occasion, I knocked a soft drink c at the doorihis opponent out!
60 onto the lap of a sweet little lady sitting beside me. someone down
The flight attendant came and cleaned her up, and d the blame on me/a note to the board!
brought me a replacement drink, and instantly I his opponent on the floor
knocked it onto the woman again. To this day, I don't e by the rain/in blood!with sweat
know how I did it. I just remember reaching out for f downriver/onto the floor/
65 the new drink and watching helplessly as my arm, under the carpet
like some cheap prop in one of those 1950s horror g my hand!my head!my thumb
movies with a name like The Undead Limb, violently hits hairlits skin/some tears
swept the drink from its perch and onto her lap.
The lady looked at me with the stupefied 7 Work in groups. Take turns inventing
70 expression you would expect to receive from someone sentences with words and phrases from
whom you have repeatedly drenched, and uttered an Exercises 5 and 6 to continue this story.
oath that started with 'Oh', finished with 'sake' and Emily's heart was filled with joy when
in between had some words that I have never heard she heard the knock on the door ...
uttered in public before, certainly not by a nun.
75 This, however, was not my worst experience on a 8 Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
plane flight. My worst experience was when I was Student A, look at page 150. Student B, look
writing important thoughts in a notebook ('buy socks', at page 152.
'clutch drinks carefully', etc), sucking thoughtfully Read the travel anecdote and make
on the end of my pen as you do, and fell into notes of the key points.
80 conversation with an attractive young lady in the Use your notes to tell your partner
next seat. I amused her for perhaps 20 minutes with the story from memory as if it had
a scattering of urbane bans mots, then retired to the happened to you.
lavatory where I discovered that the pen had leaked Show interest as your partner
and that my mouth, chin, tongue, teeth and gums is telling the story by making
85 were now a striking, scrub-resistant navy blue, and comments and asking questions.
would remain so for several days. Invent credible answers to any
So you will understand, I trust, when I tell you questions your partner asks you if
how much I ache to be suave. I would love just once the answers are not in the story you
in my life to rise from a dinner table without looking have read.
90 as if I have just experienced an extremely localized
seismic event, get in a car and close the door without 9 In groups, tell a story of something that
leaving 14 inches of coat outside, wear light-coloured went wrong while you were travelling.
trousers without discovering at the end of the day that It can be true or false.
I have at various times sat in chewing gum, ice cream,
95 cough syrup and motor oil. But it is not to be.
Prepare your story by making notes
Now on planes when the food is delivered, my
of the key points.
wife says: 'Take the lids off the food for Daddy' or Use vocabulary from this unit: money
'Put your hoods up, children. Daddy's about to cut
idioms, travel vocabulary, cliches,
his meat.' Of course, this is only when I am flying
collocations.
Listen to your partners' stories and
100 with my family. When I am on my own, I don't eat,
drink or lean over to tie my shoelaces, and never put J guess if they are true or false.
a pen anywhere near my mouth. I just sit very, very
quietly, sometimes on my hands to keep them from
I
flying out unexpectedly and causing liquid mischief
105 It's not much fun, but it does at least cut down on
the laundry bills.

89
 Heavy Metal Punk

liggyTop
.'Plical Mind the Trap
feers.'n_ The Blasted
iiiiililiiillli~b
PERTH AND KRANG: A MARRIAGE MADE IN HEAVEN

Would Perth be a sui table venue for the Krang

Music Festival on August 2-3 this year? I tried to
find out by asking the Scottish Tourist Board and
the local council for some information.

Known as 'the gateway to the Highlands', Perth is a

historic town of 44,000 people located in the heart
of Scotland. It is very well connected by both road
and rail, and is only about an hour from Glasgow
and Edinburgh international airports.

The best venue for the festival would be in the

large park known as the North Inch situated
between the town centre and the River Tay. It is a lovely place which is often u-;-;s;:;e~d--"":';;::::=~
for sports such as football, rugby and cricket.

As for accommodation, the nearest youth hostel is over 20 miles away. However, Bed
& Breakfast accommodation isn't too pricey - it can cost as little as 50 per night
for a double room with full breakfast. And there is ample space next to the North
Inch for a temporary campsite.

Al though there is likely to be some resistance from local residents worried about
noise and littering, the council, aware of the financial benefits for the local
economy, is keen to host the festival.

In conclusion, Perth is an ideal place for the festival due to its excellent
transport links and to the positive attitude of the local authorities. I, for one,
would certainly love it to take place here as I'm really into heavy metal.
 Getting around

4: CD3.21 Listen again and make notes on how to

WRITING
1 In pairs, look at the poster and answer the questions.
1 Have you ever been to an open-air music
festival? What was it like?
2 Would you like to go to a festival like this
one? Why?/Why not?
3 What are the chances of a festival like this
coming to your town? Would it be successful
if it did?
2 Read the exam question below and the report on
page 90. Then, in pairs, say if you think it is a good
answer. Give reasons.
'&1 t
improve Bernie's report.
S Use the guidelines in Train Your Brain and the notes
you made to rewrite Bernie's report. Then look at
page 148 to check your answer.
6 Complete the box with phrases a-f.
a In light of the above
b It is essential/vital to
c It is recommended that ...
d on the other hand
e The overwhelming majority felt ...
f This report is intended to discuss/provide ...
t

Writing reports
The organisers of an annual music festival
have asked you to prepare a report on the Formal style
suitability of your home town as the venue for Avoid contractions.
this year's festival. Read the notes you made Use the passive when required.
after talking to the organisers, and then write Connect your sentences appropriately:
your report in 220-260 words. however/although/whereas / I _
moreover/in addition
Mention the following criteria: as a result/consequently
Use impersonal forms:
accessibility (how to get there), it is felt/apparent that
possible venues,
2
accommodation/camping,
attitude of local authorities/people. Useful language
To begin: ~
The (main) purpose of this report is to describe/
outline ...

--
K.RAN& MuSIC- ~E.STIVAL

Ope.n-ai( fe.s-tival
Aogos-t 2-':;
The aim of this report is to present the findings of ...
3
This report is based on/draws on information ...
To express statistics:
One in four respondents ...
4
Roc'?. mosiC, 'ne.avt:J me.-tal, pon'?. To draw conclusions:
App(Ox . 4,000 pe.ople. e.xpe.c-te.d This implies/suggests/indicates that ...
Mos-t pee.fe.( campsi-te.s and 5
Having taken everything into consideration
low-p(iCe.d accommoda-tion To sum up/To summarise, ...
In short/In conclusion, ...
6

3 Listen to the conversation and then tick the

C03.21 7 In groups, discuss why your home town would/would
features in Train Your Brain that a good report should not be a good venue for a music festival. Note down
have, and correct the misleading advice. the ideas you think of.
8 Use Train Your Brain and the language in the box
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills on writing reports to answer the exam question in
Exercise 2.
A report
Read the question carefully, underline the key
words and think about who is going to read it. D
Make a clear organised plan before you
start writing. D
Think of an unusual and witty title. D
In"the introduction state the purpose of the report,
and if necessary, the sources of the information. D
Do not give headings to the paragraphs. D
Subdivide the information with bullet points or
numbers. D
Use an informal chatty style which is easy to read. D
Conclude with your recommendations. D
L
91
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR .. Complete the text with the correct forms of the
verbs in brackets.
1 Circle the correct words or phrases. While 1 (work) as a kitchen assistant
1 Airport workers have decided to go on strike at a busy cafe, Tom 2 (notice) that
after a squabble / feud / dispute over pay. he was starting to get eczema on his hands.
2 There is a lack of exorbitant / affordable / 3 (never/suffer) from eczema before
pricey hotels for young travellers. - and 4 (be) a born worrier - he
3 He didn't enjoy his holiday and whinged / made an appointment with his doctor,
nagged / bickered about how expensive 5 (suspect) that he might be allergic
everything was. to the spices 6 (use) in many of the
4 They knocked / thrust / jumped at the cafe's dishes. After Tom 7 (describe)
chance of visiting Stockholm for free. the symptoms, the doctor arranged for him to
5 He felt very uptight / complacent / jaded have an allergy test, 8 (reassure) Tom
before the exam and couldn't sleep. that he had nothing to worry about. But the
6 They saved / paid / cost a fortune by tests 9 (come) back negative and
bringing their own packed lunches. Tom was more puzzled than ever. Meanwhile,
7 She took painkillers to eliminate / alleviate / his eczema seemed 10 (get) worse
stimulate the pain. and he was starting to suffer from terrible
headaches. 11 (not know) what to do
2 Complete the sentences. Make new words from the for the best, he made the mistake of turning to
words in capital letters. the Internet for help, 12 (search)
1 They were put off by the high medical websites and discussion boards until it
_ _ _ _ fee to the exhibition. ADMIT 13 (become) an unhealthy obsession.
2 I find exam practice exercises By now Tom was in a terrible state and was
~y ~~~
sleeping badly. It was only after 14_ _ __
3 Hamburgers don't provide (give) the sack from the cafe that Tom finally
much NOURISH
realised what the problem was - he had been
4 He was always of allergic to his boring and very stressful job!
~

her success. RESE NT ; Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
5 They him with violence meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
but he didn't give in. THREAT
6 She always listened to classical 1 Some people say that laughter is
music to her nerves. SOOTHING the best medicine . CLAIMED
Laughter _ _ _ __ _ __
3 Complete the text with one word in each gap. 2 They realised that the sculpture
The first letter of each word is given. had been stolen. DISCOVERED
The sculpture _ _ __ _ __ _
3 They reached their destination and
went straight to the hotel. ON
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ , they went
straight to the hotel.
THE NIGHTMARE OF FLYING 4 Why don't you listen to me and
I have a Ir bad dream in which I'm trapped not jump down my throat? INSTEAD
in an airport. I believe this 2S volumes about _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , why don't
just how much I loathe airports. First of all, I hate you listen to me?
driving to them, usually at the 3C of dawn.
5 People thought that she would
Their 'calming' muzak makes my 4b boil.
never write again. IT
I hate the recycled air, which is always too hot or too
_ __ _ __ _ _ write again.
cold. There is never enough seating and so I have to
resort 5t wandering around the overpriced 6 Having looked everywhere, Jason
shops. A coincidence? It 6w me up when finally contacted the police. HE
my flight is delayed and I have to sit in some soulless _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , Jason finally
chain cafe (it goes without 7S that the drinks contacted the police
always cost an sa and a leg) . It all seems like a 7 We assume that he's arriving
conspiracy to 9r passengers off. In this age of this afternoon. SUPPOSED
budget 1f , airports seem more crowded and _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ arriving this
intolerable than ever. By the time I've queued up at the afternoon.
check-in li d , queued up at passport control, 8 We expect that they'll start their
been humiliated at the security check and have joined tour in Germany. TO
another queue to actually 12b the plane I Thetour _ _ __ _ _ __
often catch myself standing with 13C fists, in Germany.
grinding my teeth.

92
When Barbara Haddrill's best friend asked her to be bridesmaid at
her wedding, Barbara was delighted. But there were two problems.
Firstly, the wedding was to take place in Australia - and Barbara
lives in rural Wales. More importantly, Barbara refuses to fly as a
matter of principle as she disagrees with the harmful impact that Pacific
flying has on the environment. Which is why she decided to make Ocean
her own way to Australia, 16,700 kilometres away, without leaving
the ground. First she travelled 63 hours by coach from Cardiff to
Moscow. She then took the Trans-Siberian Railway across Russia ,'~
to Beijing before spending three weeks crossing Vietnam, Thailand - Flight path
Indian Da?
Wi ~~bane
-":_
- Roa ds and railways Ocean
and Malaysia by bus. Finally, in Singapore she boarded a cargo ship - Trans Siberian Railway AUSTRALIA
bound for Darwin. The whole trip took 51 days and cost 2,000 ... - - - Travel by boat

Click here for full story

Readers' comments

A One day, when our children look back at our age of cheap fossil fuels and international air travel they' ll wonder how
we could have been so selfi sh and short-sighted. It 's not enough for us to wait for governments to raise taxes on
fuels or budget airlines to change their behaviour. We need to take responsibility for our own carbon footprints.
Barbara's story is an inspiration. Roger, Stroud

B Barbara seems to conveniently forget what buses and train s run on (not to mention the oil-guzzling container ship!)
and I'm afraid she is fooling herself if she believes her journey was 'cleaner'. I'm sure it was an enriching experience
but I find it hard to understand why anyone would choose to spend four times the cost of the airfare (and travel
50 times slower!) for, at best, a negligible reduction in their carbon footprint. Debs, Warrington

C I wonder how many of us have the lUxury of spending 2,000 and giving up two months of our lives to travel to
Australia? And that's not counting the return journey! I'm firmly in favour of reducing the number of unnecessary
short-haul flights but Barbara's story, if anything, just goes to show that there isn't actually a realistic alternative to
flYing long distances. Ailsa, Aviemore
-
~
D What a marvellous story! As a student , I spent every summer holiday travelling around Europe by train. It was :z
sometimes uncomfortable and I had a few hair-raising experiences but it was a small price to pay for the
breathtaking scenery, the friendships I struck up and the insights it offered into different cultures. I would dearly love
to make a trip like Barbara's, although sadly I can't see me having the chance until I've retired! Mary, Ealing --
o
U)

>
I
Admirable though Barbara's principles are, no one seriously believes that taking a bus or a train instead of a plane
is enoug h to reduce carbon emissions . There needs to be radical changes to the technology and fuels used in all
w
modes of transport - only then can we hope to redress the imbalance that threatens our planet's environment.
Tim, Basingstoke a:
U)
:E
READING SKILLS
1 Read the text and match people A-E with
SPEAKING SKILLS
1 Choose one of the topics and prepare a
~
w
questions 1-7. three-minute presentation.
1 Who generally approves of 1 One of the most valuable lessons while
o
Barbara's story? 00 growing up is learning to rub along with
l-
2 Who is envious of Barbara's other people. How far do you agree with e
experience? o this? Discuss. a:
3 Who thinks Barbara's trip wasn't
worth the effort and expense?
4 Who suggests Barbara's way of
travel is impractical for the
o
2 'The world is a book, and those who do not
travel read only a page.' (St. Augustine)
Explain what you understand this to mean
and how much you agree with it.
;a:
majority of people?
5 Who believes that actions similar to
o ou.
Barbara's divert attention from the
main issues? o :::.:::
:z
6 Who hopes other people will follow
Barbara's example?
7 Who feels Barbara overestimated
o -I-
::c
how eco-friendly her trip was? 00
 Media truths
Read, listen and talk about the media and news reporting.
Practise reporting verb patterns; clauses of cause and effect.
Focus on giving news.
Write essay introductions.
READING AND SPEAKING
1 In pairs, answer the questions.
1 What newspapers/magazines do you tend to read? What do you
like about them?
2 What sections in a newspaper do you turn to first and why?
2 Read the headlines to articles A and B and answer the questions.
1 Which headline grabs your attention more? Which attempts to
explain/summarise?
2 Which article do you think comes from a tabloid/mass-market
paper and which from a broadsheet/serious paper? Why?
3 What do you think might have happened?
REVELLERS trashed a luxury Buckingham-
shire mansion belonging to telly star
Caroline Braxton after her teenage daughter 15
posted an open invitation on the Internet.
5 Over 500 rowdy teenagers, lured to the party with the
promise of a top DJ, gatecrashed Melissa Braxton's 19th
birthday bash at the Braxtons' 3.5 million luxury horne
outside Amersham. 20
Cops had to be called to put an end to the mayhem.
10 But they did not arrive in time to' stop the teenagers
. wrecking the eight-bedroom luxury pad. Revellers
chucked a TV in the swimming pool and swiped
3 Read the articles and check your
predictions from Exercise 2.
4 Match the underlined words in
articles A and B to definitions 1-7.
1 'party animal'
2 in advance
3 chaos; anarchy
4 be forbidden from going
out as a punishment
5 noisy and possibly violent
6 arrive without warning/
invitation
7 be persuaded by being
offered something
exciting/illegal
designer togs and jewellery. They then posed for snaps
and posted them online.
One reveller said: 'The place looked like a war zone:
Melissa, who was expelled from the posh, 20,000-a-
year Chalfont School, was snapped at the party wearing
a white lace blouse and red mini-skirt.
Furious mum Caroline, star of TV soap Selly Oak,
was unaware of her daughter's Internet invitation.
Party-goers say they had been invited to wreck the
house because the birthday girl's parents were getting
divorced. Caroline, 39, is currently separated from her
husband, Canadian-born TV funnyrnan, Tim Braxton.
 Media truths

5 Match slang expressions 1-10 from article A with 8 In pairs, answer the questions.
their meanings a-j.
1 What other inconsistencies are there between
1 telly D a clothes the two reports? Give examples.
2 trash (v) D b police officer 2 Which article
3 gatecrash (v) D c steal a seems to portray the people involved in a
4 bash D d damage, destroy more negative light?
5 cop D e TV b suggests that events at the party were
6 pad D f turn up (at a party) more serious/dramatic?
without an invitation c is, in your opinion, the most credible?
7 chuck D g house/apartment Give reasons.
8 swipe D h party
9 togs D i throw 9 Which phrases do you tend to associate with
10 posh D j exclusive, expensive different newspapers? Write T for tabloid/
mass-market or B for broadsheeVserious.
6 Look at Exercises 4 and 5 again. Choose the
1 'the quality press' D
adjectives that describe the style/language in
2 opinion-forming D
article A. Justify your answers.
3 celebrity gossip D
dramatic colloquial sophisticated 4 undemanding D
neutral restrained sensational 5 extensive coverage of foreign news D
6 populist D
7 Decide which article statements 1-9 refer to: 7 frequent libel cases D
A, B or both. 8 sensationalist D
1 Mrs Braxton appears in a soap opera. 9 human interest stories D
2 The Braxtons live near Amersham. 10 the 'gutter' press (informal) D
3 The family home is worth a fortune. 11 in-depth news analysis D
4 Melissa explained how to get to the house on 12 the paparazzi D
the Internet. 10 In pairs, discuss the questions.
5 The police were asked to end the party.
6 People at the party were responsible for What'l1ewspapers have the highest
items going missing. circulation in your country? What is their
7 Melissa is in full-time education at the moment. typical readership?
8 Mrs Braxton is now probably less angry with How do they differ in their styles and
her daughter than she was initially. coverage? Use the phrases from Exercise 9
9 Both Melissa's parents work in TV. to help you.
Q

'NEWS

Actress's home 'wrecked' after hundreds

show up to daughter's Facebook party
SARAH BESWICK
TV ACTRESS Caroline Braxton
saw her . Buckinghamshire
family home wrecked_after her
teenage daughter advertised
5 her 19th birthday party on the
Internet.
Melissa Braxton posted the
invitation and directions to the
fqmily's eight-bedroom family
10 home on the social-networking
site Facebook. Hundreds of
teenagers took note and almost
500 party-goers descended on
the house, causing considerable
15 damage. Furniture and carpets
were damaged and some
personal items are also reported '
missing. At one point, the police
turned up at the scene, although
20 no arrests were made.
Mrs Braxton, best known for '
her role in the soap opera Selly
Oak, had reportedly agreed to
the party beforehand and was
25 at the house at the time.
However, she claimed she was
'completely unprepa:red for the
sheer numbers of young people'
who turned up. 'The place
30 looked like a war zone,' she said.
Melissa, a first-year student at
Durham University, describes
herself as 'a normal, fun-loving
girl' on her Internet profile. She
35 later wrote on her Facebook
site: 'Luckily Mum's speaking
to me again - but I've been
grounded until the holidays! '
Underneath someone had
40 added, 'Best Party Ever!'
 LISTENING AND VOCABULARY 4: Come Together Complete the sentences with
words from the box that collocate with the
.= = underlined phrases .
Everyday air avid bookmark gawp informed
insatiable junkie keep overload
I think about dying. scant skim
About disease, starvation,
1 We're bombarded with news all the time
violence, terrorism, war, - no wonder people complain of
information _ _ __
the end of the world. 2 I'm an sports fan so always buy
J!
a paper after the weekend.
It helps 3 People have an appetite for
keep my mind off things. celebrity gossip, which the tabloids
pander to.
R oger McGough 4 I always sites I'm likely to
return to .
5 Many online newspapers invite their readers
1 Read the poem and, in pairs, answer the questions. to their own views on blogs and
1 What does it suggest about some people's discussion forums.
attitude to the news? Do you share this 6 I ill!}': attention to politics these
attitude? Why?/Why not? days - I've just lost interest!
2 Why do you think news tends to be negative? 7 I'm so tired I tend to just sit and _ _ __
3 When did you last check the news? What at the TV all evening.
media did you use to check it? 8 I always the news headlines
4 What is the main international/national story over breakfast.
in the headlines at the moment? 9 My sister's a total news - she
spends hours browsing the BBC website.
2 CD3. Listen and match speakers 1-5 w,ith their main 10 With my exams coming up, I'm just too
source(s) of news a-h. There are three extra sources. busy to ' up with the news.
Speaker 4 D 11 I buy the local paper because I like to stay
Speaker 1 D
Speaker 5 D _ _ __ about what's happening in the city.
Speaker 2 D
Speaker 3 D 4> How would you say the underlined words/phrases in
a broadsheet newspaper your language? Which sentences could apply to you?
b online newspaper website 1 Many tabloid articles are light-hearted or
c weekly news magazine 'tongue-in-cheek' .
d radio podcast 2 I'm generally pretty clueless about current
e local weekly freesheet affairs. (informal)
f main TV news bulletin 3 I always watch the news but I find I don't take
g tabloid newspaper much of it in.
h rolling TV news channel 4 I find local news much more absorbing than
national news.
3 CD3.22 Listen again and match speakers 1.;;;5 with
5 I always make a point of buying one of the
statements a-h. There are three extra statements.
glossy news magazines.
Which views do you think are most typical of people
6 It annoys me how superficial the coverage of
your age in your country?
foreign news is .
Speaker 1 D Speaker 4 D
Speaker 2 D Speaker 5 D 6 Tell your partner about your own media habits.
Speaker 3 D Use the vocabulary in Exercises 3-5 to help you.

a enjoys debating his/her opinion of the news
with others
b doesn't bother to keep abreast of world news
c treats newspapers as a pleasant distraction
d reads the same newspapers as his/her parents
e is only interested in the sports pages
f is critical of much mainstream news coverage
g reads both left-wing ana right-wing press
h makes an effort to keep up with the news,
despite a lack of time
7 In groups, discuss the questions and report your
answers to the rest of the class.
1 Do you think there is enough international
news in a typical evening news bulletin?
Justify your answer.
2 Are weekly news magazines popular in your
country? What advantages/disadvantages do
they have compared with daily newspapers?
3 Are downloadable radio programmes or
podcasts popular in your country? What
advantages/disadvantages do they have
compared with live radio?

96
 Media truths

Television Saturday 14

VERITY TV
1.30p.m. Sellv Oak
Josh unexpectedly rea ppears in
Danni's life. But dare she tell
Tom about it?

8p.m. Just Jodie!

This week, Jodie takes a job as a
hospital radio DJ - with
predictably hilari ous results!

9p.m. Circus Celebrities (semi-final)

Stars compete at circus tricks to
win money for charity. Call
0800 10002 to vote.

10p.m. POP Star 6

Members of the public compete to
become the UK's next top singing
star. Call 0800 04272 to vote.

11.30p.m. Desen Rats 3 (Day 11)

Catch up with how our six
remaining volunteers have coped
today with the punishing regime
of the desert camp.

CD3.23 List en and match the speakers with opinions

SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY
1 In pairs, look at the photos and answer the questions.
1 What kind of programmes do you think
these are?
2 Do you have similar programmes in your
country? Give examples.
3 What kinds of things happen in a typical
programme?
2 Work in pairs and follow the instructions.
1 Match the descriptions of the programmes in
the TV listings with a type of programme in
the box.
... ........
(celebrity) talent show
reality TV (docusoap)
situation comedy ('sitcom') soap opera
........... . ...................... . ................... . .. . .
2 Which type of programme do you find most/
least enjoyable and why? Tell your partner.
3 In pairs, describe a soap/Sitcom you're familiar with
(you don't have to be a fan), using the phrases from
the box.
witty (unnatural) dialogue
catchy (annoying) theme tune
canned laughter
sympathetic (cliched) characters
moralistic (irreverent) tone
memorable catchphrases
imaginative (predictable) storylines
brilliant (wooden) acting
1-8. Write S for Sophie or T for Tim. There are three
extra opinions. Which opinions do you agree with
and why?
1 It's wrong that people should take such
an interest in soap characters' lives. D
2 Watching a soap opera can be as
rewarding as reading a novel. D
3 Soaps can be educational as they often
deal with difficult social issues. D
4 Sportspeople and politicians shouldn't
appear on popular shows. D
5 Culture is less elitist than it used to be,
which is a good thing. D
. ... . 6 Celebrity talent shows are an example
of how culture is becoming more trivial. D
7 Shows with celebrities can offer
revealing insights into what famous
people are really like. D
8 Talent shows are just harmless
entertainment. D
5 Choose one of the topics and prepare a
three-minute presentation.
1 Some people think that TV broadens the mind,
giving us access to places and experiences
not normally available to us . Others think
watching TV stops us participating in life.
What are your views? Justify your opinion.
2 Reality TV proves that Andy Warhol was
right - in the future everyone will be famous
for fifteen minutes. Do you agree with this
statement and do you think it is a positive
development?
97

READING AND VOCABULARY
1 In pairs, answer the questions.
Is there a particular day in the year when
people in your country play practical jokes
on each other? What kind of jokes do people
typically play?
Does the media take part? Can you
remember any examples?
2 Match the nouns from the box with their
definitions 1-5. Use a dictionary to help you.
fake hoax prank scam (informal)
spoof (on/of something) (informal)
1 a joke/trick (usually involving physical action)
which makes someone seem foolish
2 a deliberate attempt to trick an audience/the
public into believing that something is true,
when in fact it is not
3 a clever trick to get money illegally
4 an amusing or ridiculous piece of writing/art
that copies the style of an original work
5 a copy of a valuable object, painting, etc that
is intended to deceive people
3 Match extracts 1-5 with a word from Exercise 2.
Underline a word in each text which has a
similar meaning.
o A T exas schoolboy is attempting to sue three
classmates after they tied his shoelaces
---- together during a lesson, later causing him
to fall and fracture his hip. The defendants claim it
was simply a practical joke that had gone wrong.
2 ART EXPERTS believe
that a 'priceless' Rembrandt
painting recently put up for
auction is in fact a forgery.
e Thousands of people who recently responded to an
email asking for money to be paid into the bank
account of a charity for sick children may have been
the victims of an ingenious con trick. The 'charity'
is in fact a private bank account, belonging to
e Listeners were shocked when at one point the
president started swearing at the interviewer.
It later turned out that the interview had
been a complete fabrication: the questions and
answers had been scripted beforehand and an
actor impersonated the president.
98
CD3.24 Read the article. Which hoax do you find
4:
the most amusing? Which do you find the most
plausible? Give reasons.
5 Match hoaxes A-E to questions 1-8.
Which hoax
1 deceived other journalists? 0
2 was an updated version of a previous hoax? 0
3 involved a well-known figure? 0
4 got the person/people behind it
into trouble? o
5 involved language/cultural differences? 00
6 did not originally appear in the media? o
7 provoked a noticeable response from
the public? 00
8 mayor may not have deceived a lot
of people? o
6 Phrasal Verbs Complete the sentences with the
correct forms of the underlined phrasal verbs in
the text.
1 Online newspapers didn't really _ _ __
until 1998 when more people had Internet
access.
2 While a student, he a crazy
scheme to make disposable paper socks.
3 She a lot of debt during her last
year at art college.
4 His oily charm didn't me
_ _ _ _ - I knew I couldn't trust him.
7 Choose the correct answers.
1 Her marriage to her first husband was
shrouded in mystery / privacy.
2 He was always playing / making practical
jokes on friends.
3 We should make / take steps to limit
political censorship of the Internet.
4 He was very gullible / credible and was
taken in by his boss's promises.
5 He was a notorious / renowned scientist
and had won many awards .
6 There were numerous / incalculable
complaints from viewers following the
programme.
7 Forgetting her boyfriend's name was a
terriblejault / blunder!
8 You should unplug / disconnect your
computer from the Internet when you're
not using it.
S In small groups, follow the instructions.
1 Write a hoax news item of about 80-100 words
that might appear as a joke on a radio news
programme on April 1st. Choose one of the
prompts below to start your story.
2 Read out your story to the rest of the class.
Which is the most credible/amusing story?
Scientists/Historians have just discovered ...
It has been announced today that ..
News has just come in about a(n) .. .
 The origins of April Fools' Day seem shrouded in mystery. Some historians believe that April Fools'
Day probably started life as a Roman or pagan renewal festival. Although we cannot be certain, it
is thought that people would celebrate the return of spring, often by playing pranks on friends,
wearing disguises and other ritualised forms of mayhem. However, we do know that by the end of
5 the eighteenth century Aprillst was firmly established in Britain as a day for playing practical jokes.
With the advent of mass media in the 1930s, newspaper editors also began to smuggle in 'joke'
articles or hoaxes, although the custom didn't really take off until the 1970s. This week In Focus looks
back at some of the more memorable April 1st media hoaxes ...

On April 1st 1949 a New Zealand DJ
announced on air that a mile-wide
swarm of wasps was heading towards
Auckland and urged listeners to take
steps to protect themselves and their
homes. He recommended that people
wear their socks over their trousers
before leaving for work, and leave jars
of honey outside their front doors.
Hundreds of people followed his advice,
until the DJ finally confessed that it
was all a hoax. The New Zealand
Broadcasting Service severely criticised
the DJ in public for broadcasting the
story and, from then on, they sent out a
memo each year before April Fools'Day
in which they reminded staff to report
the truth, and nothing but the truth.
On April 1st 1976 the renowned
astronomer Patrick Moore informed
listeners to BBC Radio that at 9.47a.m.
a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event
was going to take place that they could
experience in their own homes. The
planet Pluto would pass behind Jupiter,
temporarily causing a gravitational
alignment that would lessen the Earth's
own gravity. Moore encouraged listeners
to jump in the air at the exact moment
that this planetary alignment occurred,
explaining that they would experience a
strange floating sensation. When
9.47a.m. arrived, the BBC received
numerous phone calls from listeners
claiming that they had felt the
sensation. One woman even reported
that she and her friends had risen from
their chairs and floated around the room.
On April 1st 1981 the Daily Mail ran a
story about an unfortunate Japanese
long-distance runner, Kimo Nakajimi,
who had entered the London Marathon
but, on account of a translation error,
thought that he had to run for 26 days,
not 26 miles. The Daily Mail reported
that Nakajimi was now hundreds of
55 miles from London, still running, and
had insisted on finishing the race. It
added that several people had apparently 85
spotted the runner, but had been unable
to stop him. The paper claimed that a
businessman, Timothy Bryant, had
admitted making the mistake in the
Japanese translation, explaining that he 90
had only been learning Japanese for two
years. The story was picked up by other
65 newspapers, although the original article
had been a complete fabrication ...
95
On April 1st 1990 the tabloid News
ofthe World notified shocked readers
that the Channel Tunnel project,
100
70 which was already over budget, would
face another big additional expense
caused by a colossal engineering
blunder. Apparently the two halves of
the tunnel, being built simultaneously
105
75 from the coasts of France and England,
would miss each other by 14 feet. It
accused French engineers of being
responsible for the error, due to their
insistence on metric, not imperial,
110
80 measurements in their plans. The paper
predicted that the mistake would cost
$14 billion to fix.
The Internet IS
closed for essential
maintenance
Back for busmess
on Apnl2nd
Finally, in 1997 an email message
spread across the world which warned
Internet users that the Internet would
be shut down for cleaning from March
31st until April 2nd. This cleaning
was said to be necessary to remove
the 'electronic junk' that had built up
in the network. The email described
how 'five very powerful Japanese-
built, Internet-crawling robots' would
get rid of dead email and inactive
websites. The authors requested users
to disconnect all devices from the
Internet during this period. We can
only guess how many people were
taken in by the email. The message
supposedly originated from the
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, an institution whose
students are famed for dreaming up
Internet pranks. For many years, a
similar joke used to be made about the
phone system: gullible phone customers
were warned that the phone systems
would be cleaned on April Fools' Day.
They were advised to place plastic
bags over the ends of the phone to
catch the dust that might be blown
out of the phone lines.
So what do all these stories tell us
about human nature? Perhaps they
prove, as MarkTwain once suggested,
that we are all idiots and April Fools'
Day merely reminds us of this fact.
Or perhaps it shows that we are so
used to reading improbable news on
the remaining 364 days of the year
that we have no problem believing
the news on April 1st.
' imperial = system of measurements based on
inches, fee t, pounds, etc
 GRAMMAR
1 verb + (that) + reported sentence
2 verb + object + (that) + reported sentence
3 verb + iflwh- word + reported sen_ e __-=~,=--a_sk, wonder, _ _----;;;;;;;;,============
te_n_c__
4 verb + (that) + personal pronoun + (should) +
infinitive without to
5 verb + infinitive
6 verb + object + infinitive
7 verb + gerund
8 verb + (object) + preposition + gerund
Work it out
1 Study the table. Then look at the sentences and
decide where the underlined reporting verbs should
go in the table.
A New Zealand DJ announced that a mile-wide
swarm of wasps was heading towards Auckland
and urged listeners to take steps to protect
themselves. He recommended that people leave
jars of honey outside their front doors.
2 In pairs, follow the instructions.
a remind d accuse someone of
b insist on e warn
c admit f describe
1 Find verbs a-f in the article on page 99 and
look at the structures that follow them.
2 Complete the table in Exercise 1 with verbs
a-f. Note that some verbs may fit more than
one pattern.
3 Find and underline any other reporting verbs
in the text.
3 Look at the sentences and answer the Questions.
a He suggested visiting the art museum.
b He suggested that she (should) visit the
art museum.
C He suggested that she visited the
art museum.
1 In which sentence is it possible that the
speaker was including himself in the
suggestion/plan?
2 Which sentence sounds most formal?
4, Which three sentences emphasise that the situation
was already in the past before the action was
reported? Which two sentences are in the passive?
1 He denied being gullible.
2 He denied that he was gullible.
3 He denied that he'd been deceived.
4 He denied having been gullible.
5 He denied having been taken in.
~ Check it out page 157
100
complain, suggest, recommend, _ _ __
remind, ----;-_ __
refuse, threaten, claim
ask, order, warn, _ __ _
report, suggest, recommend, _-:--__
complain about, thank someone for, _ _ __
5 Choose the correct answers (more than one is
possible). Use the verb lists on page 158 to help you.
1 Nick promised he wouldn't give /
not to give / not giving away the secret.
2 They suggested that I tried / trying/
that I should try his home phone number.
3 They begged to be / that they be /
that they should be allowed to stay.
4 She claimed being / to be / that she was a
fluent speaker of German.
5 He regretted not being able to /
not to be able to / that he couldn't come to
our meeting.
6 Ann admitteCl being / having been /
that she'd been wrong.
7 She persuaded seeing / me that I had to see /
me to see a doctor.
6 Complete the second sentences so that the meaning
is similar to the first ones. Use one verb from the
box for each. Sometimes there is more than one
possible answer.
ask congratulate deny invite regret
suggest urge wonder
1 You both really should start looking for a job.
She _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __
2 Are you enjoying your holiday here?
He _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ __
3 Please come to our party next week!
She _~-~~-~~------
4 It's odd that they haven't phoned.
She _ _ _~--~--~-~--
5 If I were you, I'd cancel your credit card.
He ~~~--~--~------
6 But I didn't cause the accident!
He _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
7 I'm upset that I wasn't told.
She _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ ___
8 Congratulations, guys. You've all passed.
He _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __
7 Work in pairs. Student A, look at page 150.
Student B, look at page 153.
 Media truths

o New fears
SPEAKING , forworld
1 In pairs, look at the photos and answer
the questions.
economy
1 Which photos suggest good news, bad news
or perhaps both? Why?
2 Which news would you feel most excited!
concerned about and why?
3 When was the last time you had to give
someone goodlbad news? How did you fe el?
How did the other person respond?

2 CD4.01 Listen to four dialogues and for each provide

the information for points 1-4.
1 who the speaker(s) might be
2 whether the situation is formaVpublic or
personal
3 what the news is
4 whether it is good or bad news
3 Study Speak Out. Which phrase can be used for
both good and bad news? Would you use similarl
equivalent phrases for giving news in your language?

SPEAK OUT I News and announcements

Record el am
A Formal or public
I'm delighted to be able to reveal ... passes for
It is with regret that I must tell you ...
founh )fear
Personal
B Preparing someone for bad news
rUnning
Please don't take this the wrong way but ... Your last bill
Would you be annoyed if I told you that ... ? Amount charged

I hate to be the bearer of bad news but ... Payment received 26/ 11/08 by Direct Debit- Thank you 88.7/
- 88.77
You know/remember (that) ...
Well, they say bad news always comes in threes. Your latest bill
Outstanding balance
I just thought you ought to know that ... Your mOflthly plan char{PJs 0.00
Do you want the good news or the bad news first? New-charges this month outside plan
Your new balance
32.77
7.79
40.56
C Preparing someone for good news VAT charged at 15%00 40.56

Often involves teasing/delay to build suspense/

Amount due
excitement
You 'll never guess what! We will cofJect46.64 on or around 30/ 1) ~
You know/remember (that) .. .?
You're not going to believe it when I tell you that ...

.. CD4.01 In pairs, decide which category A-C

from Speak Out phrases 1-6 belong to.
Then listen again and check.
1 I don't want to beat around the bush
so I'll corne straight out with it.
2 I regret to inform you that .. .
3 I've got something to tell you .. .
4 You'd better take a seat. ~ 6 -
,~ l.ongratUiations! '-
5 What would you say if I told you .. .?

~-tl6Q
6 I'm pleased to inform you .. .
5 In pairs, roleplay the situations. Student A, look You are the ~~
at page 150. Student B, look at page 153. Use 1,835,347th person
Speak Out to help you. to read this.

Click here for your prize

101
 WRITING 3 Read the essay and follow the instructions.

Essay Introductions 1 WI:e~e does the writer mention hislher own

0pilllon? Say whether you agree with it and
1 why,
In pairs, I~ok at the bookmarks folder and answer
the questions. 2 ,underline words/phrases that are used to
mtroduce each new point or argument.
1 What do the person's Internet bookmarks 3 ~at pomts could be made in the
suggest about hislher interests? mtroduction? Make a list of points you
2 What newspaper/magazine w,eb'sites do you could mention,
,
have bookmarked in your Internet browser?
3 How do newspapers try to get readers '
personally involved in a website/newspaper? Essay question
Is thIS a good thmg, m your opinion?
2
~~e Internet is destroying newspapers'
look at the essay question. What type of essay is it? rIte an essay in 220- 260 words givin .
How do you know? . :rguments for and against this stateme!t and
so state your own opinion. '

2 Critics of the effect of the Internet on newspapers point out that sales of newspapers have
dropped dramatically on account of the Internet and newspapers are therefore no longer able
to make money. In addition to this, many claim that the Internet has led to a decline in the
quality of journalism as newspaper websites are updated several times a day and much of the
content is written quickly and therefore carel essly.
3 On the other hand, the Internet has undoubtedly had a beneficial effect on newspapers. One
parti cularly positive influence is that it is much easier for readers to interact with a
newspaper. They are invited to send their own accounts or photos and consequently newspaper
websites can carry information about events as soon as they happen. Furthermore, readers can
share their views with others on message boards and as a result there is a livelier debate
than there was in the days of the traditional 'letters to the editor'. Finally, thanks to their
websites, many newspapers have seen a significant increase in their readership, often from
across the world.
4 To conclude, the Internet has had both a positive and a negative impact on newspapers, but,
all in all, the change has definitel y been for the better. To my mind, newspapers now feel less
remote and elitist due to the constant presence of their readers online and this is surely a
posi ti ve development.

102

<I Read the checklist. Are any of the ideas similar to
your own ideas for point 3 in Exercise 3?
Essay introductions
Try to use 2- 3 of the fol lowing approaches:
Make a general point that most readers
wou ld agree w ith.
2 Mention current or recent trends/changes/
developments.
3 Mention the fact that an issue is complex!
compli cated.
4 Mention the fact that an issue provokes
disagreement or is controversial .
5 Summarise t he debate in one or
two sentences.
6 Mention your own op inion at the end of t he
paragraph (op inion essay on ly) .
4> Read introductions 1 and 2 and answer the questions.
1 Which points from the checklist in Exercise 4
have been mentioned in each one?
2 Which one do you think would make the
best introduction to the essay in Exercise 3
and why?
o The issue of whether or not the Internet
i s a threat to newspapers is a complicated
one. Some people claim it offers a great
opportunity while others believe that
traditional newspapers are already
irrelevant. It is my own belief that, rather
than pose a risk, the Internet actually i s
changing newspapers for the better.
'~
$ Most people would agree that the Internet
has already had a huge impact on our lives
and has changed many of our daily habits
for good. An example of this is newspapers,
which many of us now choose to read online.
However, there is considerable disagreement
about whether the Internet has a positive or
negative impact on newspapers.
jIi(i&&-
eM
--
6 Decide which phrases a-f can be used to introduce
pOints 1-6 in the checklist in Exercise 4.
a Nowadays/These days/Over the last few years
b For some time a debate has been raging
about whether .. .IThere is considerable
disagreement about whether ...
c 'Some people cLaim ... while others believe ...
d My own opinionibelief/conviction is that .. .!
I am inclined to believe that ...
e It's a well-known fact/It is often saidIMost
people would agree/It is widely accepted that
f The question of whether ... has always been!
is a complicated/complex one.
Media truths
7 Complete the table with the underlined words from
the essay.
Introduce the result of a Thus
situation (= so)
Introduce the cause of a At start of clause:
situation (= because of) Since
Before noun/noun phrase:
Owing to
8 Choose the correct words or phrases.
1 TV stations continue to come up with new
ideas for reality TV shows due to /
as a result the large audiences they attract.
2 Many newspapers are making less money
and owing to / consequently have had to
close some of their foreign offices .
3 Each country has its own laws on privacy.
Since / Thus the European Union is keen to
introduce a single common law.
4 A lot of writing on the Internet is done
spontaneously and since / as a result is of
dubious quality.
5 There have been large numbers of
complaints owing to / as the bad behaviour
of contestants on reality TV programmes.
6 On account of/Thanks to an expensive
libel case, the newspaper eventually
went bankrupt.
7 Thanks to / As the fashion for keeping
blogs, young people are actually writing
more than ever before.
8 It is very difficult for individuals to sue
press photographers therefore / since
they are rarely employed by the
newspapers themselves.
9 At the end of the day, everyone has the
choice of whether to watch a programme or
switch it off if it annoys us. Since /
Therefore it would be wrong to simply
ban these programmes as / because of a
few complaints.
10 Due to / As people have got used to reading
online newspapers for free, it will be
difficult to start asking them to pay for it.
9 In pairs, follow the instructions.
1 Choose one of the topics a-c.
a Even public figures have a right to privacy.
b Reality TV is harmless entertainment.
c The Internet is producing an illiterate
society.
2 Write an essay in 220-260 words giving
arguments for and against the statement,
and also state your own opinion.
103
Beyond belief
Read, listen and talk about society and beliefs.
Practise relative clauses; prefixes and suffixes.
Focus on reacting to surprising news.
Write an opinion article.
 Beyond belief

4 aM.02 Listen again. Are these statements true (T) or 9 Find one word in Exercises 3-8 for each of the
false (F)? suffixes below. Check your answers on page 160.
1 Q expected humans to master space Verb suffixes
travel sooner. 0 noun --. verb st re n~th en
2 Z believes it is possible to travel faster adj e ctive --. verb ify ise
than the speed of light. 0
3 He can foresee humans making contact Noun suffixes
with extraterrestrials in the near future. 0 verb --. noun ment ation
4 He considers some royal families to be ion iour ence
quite amusing. 0 ance th
5 Q thinks Z might have misunderstood adjective --. noun ity ice
how capitalism works. 0 ness
6 Z is impressed with the non-polluting
noun --. noun y ship
energy sources humans have developed. 0 dom ism
'; In pairs, add the words/phrases from the box to Adjective suffixes
categories 1-5. Some may belong to more than one noun --. adjective al ous
category. Justify your answers. less ish ic
consciousness dictatorship intolerance ific ary
industrialise inequality imprisonment verb --. adjective ing ive
irrationality kingdom pre-emptive attack ative ible able
redistribution of wealth scientific proof ant
1 Governme nt: constitutional monarchy, .. . 10 Complete the sentences with the correct forms of
2 Economy: multinational corporations, .. . the words in brackets.
3 Justice: antisocial behaviour, .. .
1 They won't discover they're not alone in the
4 Coexistence: post-war treaty, .. .
universe in the (see) future . It's
5 Be liefs: monotheistic religions, .. .
quite (conceive)!
6 Come Together Match 1-10 with a-j to make as 2 They have made incredible material progress
many collocations as you can. Then add them to since they began to (industry) .
categories 1-5 in Exercise 5. 3 They're not so good at the
_ _ _ _ (distribute) of wealth.
1 capital a cooperation 4 Some of the things they do are quite
2 economic b elections _ _ _ _ (believe).
3 emergency c growth 5 Are you sure you're not the victim of some
4 international d parties kind of (understand)?
5 mindless e punishment 6 Humans have some completely
6 parliamentary f relief _ _ __ (logic) beliefs.
7 peace-keeping g taxes 7 You certainly can't accuse them of being
8 political h ties _ _ _ _ (imagine)!
9 simplify i troops 8 They can be so _ __ _ (think) and
10 strengthen j violence _ ___ (self) and (scruple).
9 They can be quite (sense) ,
7 Match the prefixes and meanings. Then in
Exercises 3-6 find more words with the same but they suffer from (honest),
_ _ _ _ (corrupt), (tolerate)
prefixes.
and periods of complete (sane)!
after again before between many
not with wrong/bad 11 Take turns to explain things from this lesson to an
alien who can't understand them.
1 co-worker - _ _ __
2 inte r changeable - _ _ __ Alien Constitutional monarchy? What's that?
3 misleading information - _ _ __ Human It's a form of government which ...
4 multi-ethnic - _ _ __ Alien Sorry, government?
5 post -industrial - _ _ _ _ Human Government is a way of organising
6 pre-tax - _ _ __ society.
7 re-election - _ __ _ Alien Society?
8 unemployment - _ _ __
8 In pairs, find prefixes to change the meanings of
these words. Check your answers on page 160.
social honest terrestrial see logical
polite sane rational theistic polluting

105
 GRAMMAR
1 In pairs, look at the visuals and discuss pOints 1-3.
1 What kind of programme is Unbelievable!?
Unbelievable!
2 What do viewers enjoy about programmes
like this? Presenter :
3 Describe another show like this one . Guess Amy Holmes
which show your partner is describing.
Pane l:
2 Think Back! Study the relative clauses and answer
David Habrough,
questions 1-5.
Peggy Mathews,
Defining relative clauses Adam Naylor
Unbelievable! is a show (which/that) I love.
Amy is the woman who/that presents
Unbelievable! Welcome to Unbelievable!, the show
Our first guest is an astronomer whose books reveals that the things
sell millions. you think you know are not
Non-defining relative clauses always the things 3 really
Unbelievable!, which is on XBC2, is a great show. happened. Thomas Edison, 4
----
didn't invent the light bulb by the
Amy, who is from London, presents Unbelievable!
Unbelievable! is entertaining and educational, way, once said , 'we don't know a
which is a good combination. millionth part of one percent about
Adam, whose TV career began last year, is anything.' But we still have a lot of
better known as a singer. fun with the little 5 _ _ _ _ we do
know, so wherever you are and whatever
Which type of relative clause (defining or you're doing, stop it, sit down and
non-defining) meet today's guests. First, a man
1 gives us essential information about a person, 6
career can only be described
thing, etc? as meteoric : astronomer, David
2 is separated from the person/thing it refers to Habrough. A woman 7 knows
by commas? Why is that? more about animals than anyone else
3 can use that instead of which/who? 8 I've ever met: naturalist
4 can drop that/which/who when it refers to Peggy Mathews. And singer, Adam '
the object? Naylor, 9 is brighter than he
5 uses which (NOT that or what) to comment looks, 10 is not difficult.
on a complete clause? Adam is here again ready to show us
what he knows, 11 is quite
3 Complete each gap with all possible relative
surprising if you saw how little he
pronouns. Then, in pairs, decide which guest you knew in last week's show!
would rather have in your team and why.
106

In pairs, complete the gaps with relative
pronouns where necessary and try to finish the
sentences. Then listen and check.
1 The place Panama hats come
from is ...
2 The deadliest animal has ever
lived is ...
3 The man invented the telephone
was ...
4 The biggest thing _ _ _ _ a blue whale
can swallow is
a a peanut
b a grapefruit
C a sailor
Work it out
5 Study sentences a-d and read statements 1-6.
Tick true and correct false.
a I had no idea it was the plant (which/that)
you were talking about.
b The plant from which the fibres for Panama
hats are extracted is a palm tree.
C The person to whom you are referring was
called Antonio Meucci.
d That's the guy (who/that) I was thinking of.
1 Prepositions come either pefore the
relative pronoun or at tpe end of the
relative clause.
2 It is more formal to put the preposition
at the end.
3 With a long relative clause , it is usual
to put the preposition first.
4 If the preposition comes first, you use
that for things and who for people.
5 If the preposition comes at the end,
you use that/which for things and
that/who for people.
6 If the preposition comes at the end,
you can drop the relative pronoun.
6 . Rewrite sentences 1-6 so they sound more natural.
Drop the relative pronouns wherever possible.
1 He's the mate with whom I play tennis.
2 Is this the game for which you paid 10?
3 I've got the book about which you
were talking.
4 I read a story a sailor survived in a whale's
stomach in.
5 He is the man we could not have completed
this project without.
6 These are the principles our plan to bring
peace to all nations is based on.
Beyond belief
Mind the trapt
What is a nominal relative pronoun meaning the
thing(s) (that)/everything (that). It does not refer to a
preceding noun/pronoun.
I like what you do. NOT I like the things what you do.
I like that what you do.
Whatever is more emphatic and means anything that
or no matter what.
I'll do whatever you like. = I'll do anything that
you like.
Whatever you're doing, stop it. = No matter what
you're doing, stop it.
Wherever, whoever, whenever and whichever
function in a similar way.
~ Check it out page 158
7 Rewrite the sentences using words from Mind the trap!
1 I know the thing that you think I'm going to say.
2 No matter where it is, I'll find it.
3 Anyone who said that can't be serious.
4 Adam's ready to show us everything he knows.
5 You can come back any time you like.
6 Just say anything that comes into your head.
7 The thing that I like about Unbelievable! is
you learn a lot.
a No matter which answer I give you, I'll be wrong.
D S Complete' sentences 1-10 with phrases a-j.
a half of whom f no reason why
D b in which case g the reason why
c none of which h a period in which
D d the part where i the extent to which
e by which time j a result of which
D
1 they're called Panama hats is that
they came to Europe via Panama.
D 2 Theodore Roosevelt put one on, as _ _ __
the hat was forever linked with Panama.
D 3 The potato has many uses, _ _ __
involve hats.
4 It's hard to overestimate _ _ __
mosquitoes endanger our lives.
5 Ninety billion people have died, _ _ __
were killed by mosquitoes.
6 The late 19th century was there
were many medical advances .
7 This is I surprise you and get the
right answer.
a Meucci died in 1889, Bell had
made a fortune from the invention.
9 There is a sperm whale couldn't
have swallowed him.
10 He could have slid into the whale's
stomach, he would have been
killed instantly.
9 . Work in groups. Look at page 148 and follow
the instructions.
10 In pairs, make your own quiz. Use the sentences
in Exercise 9 as a model. Then ask another pair
your questions.
107
 READING AND VOCABULARY
1 In pairs, identify the myths in photos 1-8. Which ones do you feel certain
have no basis in fact? Say why.
2 Read the text quickly. Which option a-c is closest to the author's opinion?
a Myths are a valuable part of human culture that we should not
allow to die.
b In an age of scientific reason, myths are irrelevant to most people.
c Myths perform a useful function for many people.
3 CD4.05 Read the text again and complete it with paragraphs A-G. There is
one extra paragraph. Then listen and check.
o In fact, there is no scientific
evidence that backs up miracle
o Not all myths are money-making
exercises.The curious myth that
cures. However, there have been Elvis is still alive offers no financial
many cases where people have benefit to anyone, but since his
reported feeling better after death in 1977 the king of
touching crystals or seeing faith- rock'n'roll has been sighted
healers. One possible explanation everywhere from Krakow to
is the power of suggestion. It Caracas. Although many of the
seems that if you really believe you people who report the sightings
are going to get well, whether it be are sincere, they appear to be
thanks to a magic stone, an amulet, victims of self-deception brought
a wizard or a placebo, you increase about by their unwillingness to
your chances of recovery. It's admit their hero is dead.
human nature.
o However, people don't like to let
4) One explanation was offered by
J.F. Kennedy, who wrote, 'the great
enemy of the truth is very often
not the lie - deliberate, contrived
the facts get in the way of a good
story, no matter how far-fetched it
may be.We love telling tall tales
and passing them down from
Why
myths
and dishonest, but the myth, generation to generation. For
persistent, persuasive and example, the myth of the 'Yeti' or
unrealistic.' He added that 'belief in 'Abominable Snowman': a giant
myths allows the comfort of apelike creature that has been
opinion without the discomfort of spotted all around the world.
thought.'

C9 Throughout history only a

dedicated few have taken the time
to discover the blessings and
Called 'Bigfoot' in California,
'Mapinguari' in the Amazon and
'Yowie' in Australia, this creature
has never been photographed and
never been caught dead or alive.
won't
dangers of nature. We called them
witch, wizard or shaman and lived
in fear and awe of the tricks they
performed. We blindly believed the
tales they told and trusted in their
But still people believe in it.

CD The world can also be harsh, cruel

remedies and cures. Even today,
many people still believe in magic.
mfeel
and unforgiving, and myths can
bring us great consolation. So it's
die
Chris Crockart on the
hardly surprising that someone beliefs we can't let go
with an incurable disease or an
illness requiring long and painful
hy do so many people

If your life is grey and dull and you
jaded and bored, then believing
there are fairies at the bottom of
your garden can make it more
colourful and interesting. What's so
bad about that? Is it any worse
than taking an interest in Star Wars,
the love-life of the latest pop star
or the progress of your team in
the Champions' League?
treatment should place their faith
in a miracle cure. Some people
swear by crystals and metals and
magnets and bangles that claim to
channel the 'good' energy and
ward off the 'bad'. And others go
to see faith-healers.
10
W
believe in so many
things for which
there is so little proof or even no
5 proof at all? The history of human
civilisation is crowded with beings
that don't exist, cures which don't
work and magical powers no one
can use. And today, despite the
Enlightenment; despite the fact
we live in an age of science and

108
 reason; despite Galileo, Darwin
and Einstein and the multitude
of scientists who stand on their
15 shoulders, millions of people still
firmly believe in the supernatural,
the unproven , the can't-be-proven,
the plain impossible and the myths
that just won 't die. Why?
[IT]
20 We live in a complicated world
divided by scientists into ever-
narrower fields of enquiry. The
more they discover, the harder
it is for the rest of us to work
25 out what is going on. So clearly
there is a temptation to try to
make sense of it all by searching
for simple answers. If you can't
understand the physics or the
30 chemistry behind the complex
reality around you , there's always
a comfortable myth which can
explain it all away.
[ill
In live shows in front of huge
35 audiences television evangelist
Peter Popoff pretended to get
direct information from God about ~
the desperately sick people who
counted on him to cure them of
40 their cancers or help them to walk
again. The truth is he was getting
messages directly from his wife
through a hidden earpiece. He
was a fraud who risked people's
45 lives by encouraging them to give
up their medicines and terminate
their treatments.
ITO
Another typical human trait is
our need to explain the mysteries
50 around us by making up attractive
stories, even if the evidence
is insufficient. One example is
telepathy. While it's true there
are some intriguing anecdotes of
55 mind-to-mind communication, no
verifiable evidence of telepathy
has ever been found , despite all
the experiments that have been
carried out.
[ill
60 Some myths favour the financial
interests of the people who
disseminate them, and the greatest
money-spinning myth of them all
is the Loch Ness monster. Unlike
65 other mythical creatures, it has
actually been photographed, but
the photos are unclear, and the
person who took the best one
admitted it was a hoax. One
70 thing is sure though: 'Nessie' is
extremely profitable.
[[IJ
But if myths are delusions, they're
also good fun . They appeal to the
child in us. We love fantasy, we
75 desire impossibility, we fall for
simple tricks. Even respectable
intelligent adults can be taken in.
Arthur Conan Doyle, the creator
of Sherlock Holmes, truly believed
80 that some photographs of fairies
taken by two young sisters in 1917
were genuine and published a
book entitled The Coming of the
Fairies.
[ill
85 Myths offer us simple answers and
enticing explanations. They bring us
consolation. They give us tales to
tell and make us feel like children
again . They also provide an
90 unhealthy profit for the cynical
people who peddle them . For all
those reasons it seems clear that
millions of be lievers will never
allow their myths to die . However,
95 remember this: the fact that many
people share a delusion does not
make the delusion a fact. Every
Christmas lots of children swear
they've seen Santa Claus, but you
100 don 't believe in Santa anymore . . .
do you?
109
 4, What is the attitude of the writer to each of the 9 CD4.06 Look at the cartoon and then use words from
myths he describes? Do you think he is being fair? Exercises 6-8 to complete the psychiatrist's notes.
Discuss in pairs. Then listen and check.
5 Phrasal Verbs Complete with the correct form of the
underlined phrasal verbs in the text. DR SIGMUND JUNG: PSYCHIATRIST
1 Aliens are _ _ _ _ a study into our planet.
2 You have no facts to your theory. Client: YT/y- S. Claus
3 I'm not it ! It really
happened! SC has ty-equeVlf sfomac.h paiVls. HopiVlq toy- a
4 My grandfather _ _ _ _ garlic. He says it miy-ac.le 1 he weVlf fo see a
,

2
helps you live longer. ____ -hea ley- buf she was Vlofh i Vlq buf a
5 You can her to help you. She's got 3

a heart of gold.
6I his hard-luck st ory and gave Hels teeliVlq depy-essed due fo a 4 _ _ __
him 10. Vlewspapey- ay-fic.le fhaf ac.c.used him 01' be iVlq
a fall 5 aVId c.laimed fhaf bLf
6 Come Together Match the words from the box with
1-7 to make collocations. I, fhe mLffh 01' SaVlfa Claus, we ay-e
JUSf d issemiVlafiVlq 7 fo C.hi Idy-eVl.
proof disseminate explanation faith
The ay-fic.le qave a 8 e)(plaVlafioVl 01'
genuine myth discover
whLf mLf c.lieVlf doesVl If e)(iSf, saLfiVlq he was
1 dispel/peddle/perpetuat e a _ _ __ as bel ievable as q af fhe boffom 01'
2 irrefutable/tangible/verifiable _ _ __ fhe qay-deVl.
3 the reasonla secret/the truth
4 blindla leap of/religious _ _ __ SC is woy-y-ied hels quilfLf 01' 10_ _ __
5 ideasllies/propaganda C.h i Idy-eVl, aVId c.OVlc.eY-Vled he maLf be a
6 belief/enthusiasm/warmth II He seems fo be talliVlq iVlfo

7 a full/a lengthy/a plausible _ _ __ fhe 12 0...1' selt-doubf aVId demaVlded

13_ _ _ _ py-oOt- " fhaf he is Vlof a
7 Vocabulary Complete the table. Use a dictionary if
! fold him he Vleeded fo fake a
you need to. 14

15 01' taifh, buf fhaf didVl If seem

Verbs Nouns Adjectives fo bY- i Vlq him muc.h 11, _ _ __
believe
prove ~~~~ I don't believe In "'-v.....' "..~."" _

persistence
persuasion
comfortable
tempting
forgive
verify
deception
delusive

8 Use relative clauses and words from Exercises 5-7

to describe four of these words. Listen and guess
what your partner is describing.
a miracle cure t elepathy
10 Work in pairs. Take turns and follow the instructions.
a faith-healer a hoax
a tall tale a fraud Student A, choose one of the ideas from the
a placebo a fairy article or from those below and defend its
an amulet existence.
Student B, listen and argue against the idea your
A story which attempts to explain a natural
partner defends.
phenomenon but is so unlikely it is beyond belief.
astrology witchcraft ghosts
out-of-b odyexperiences fortune telling
numerology tarot cards Santa Claus

110

"
LISTENING AND SPEAKING
1 In pairs, choose from the adjectives in the box to
say how the people in each photo feel. Predict what
news they might have just received.
apprehensive furious delighted
disbelieving distraught disappointed
indifferent indignant relieved
suspicious
2 CD4.07 Listen and match the people in photos A-C
with conversations 1-3. Check your predictions
from Exercise 1.
3 CD4.07 Listen again and choose the correct
answers a-c.
Conversation one
1 What result was Gwen expecting in her
exams?
a She thought she might pass one.
b She was sure she'd failed at least one.
c She was expecting to fail them all.
2 What's the worst thing for Gwen about her
exam results?
a Her parents think she's useless.
b She's going to have to get a job.
c She's going to have to study all summer.
Conversation two
3 Why did it take Sue so long to call Gavin?
a She couldn't find a phone.
b She had a problem with her mobile phone.
c She ran out of money.
4 How does Gavin feel about moving into the
new house?
a He has no opinion.
b He's not sure it's a good idea.
c He's amazed.
Conversation three
5 Why isn't Colin excited about the concert?
a He was expecting it to happen.
b He doesn't like students.
c He's worried about the bad news.
6 Colin loses his temper because
a he's fed up of learning new songs.
b he can't stand the songs Baz has chosen.
c he doesn't know how to play the songs.
Beyond belief
4: Work in pairs. Tell your partner about
a time you received some surprising news
and say how you felt.
S Complete Speak Out with phrases a-k.
a I'm all ears.
b Never mind.
c What a drag!
d It's no big deal.
e I'm really chuffed.
f It was on the cards.
g You're having me on.
h I've been biting my nails.
i I'm really cut up about it.
j That's a load off my mind.
k You could knock me down with a feather.
SPEAK OUT I Reacting to surprising news
1 apprehension: I've been worried sick., _ _ __
2 relief: Thank goodness!, --,-, -__
3 interest: I'm dying to hear (the news)., _ __ _
4 delight: That's brilliant!, _ _ __
5 surprise: I'm speechless., _ _ __
6 indifference: So what?, -:-_ __
7 no surprise: I saw it coming., :---7"""-- -
8 disappointment: It's a real pain!, _ _ __
9 disbelief: I don't believe it!, _ _ __
10 sorrow: I'm heartbroken., _ __ _
11 sympathy: It's a terrible shame!, _ __ _
6 Respond with phrases from Speak Out.
1 I'm going bald!
2 We lost 3-0 against Real Madrid.
3 We've won 20,000 on the lottery.
4 It's OK, the test has been postponed.
5 The car's a write-off but nobody was hurt.
6 You know that really ugly vase? I broke it.
7 Shall I tell you what happened at the party?
8 We've got to tidy up or we won't get lunch.
9 They say they don't want to hang out with
you anymore.
7 Work in pairs. Make up news to tell your partner
about your class, your friends or your country.
Respond appropriately, using phrases from
Speak Out.
III
 3 Read the exam question and say which sentence
'Conspiracy theories are just preposterous stories
they use to cover up the real truth.'
WRITING AND SPEAKING
1 In pairs, look at the cartoon and answer the
questions.
1 What is a conspiracy theory?
2 What do the people in the cartoon think of
conspiracy theories?
2 CD4.08 Discuss what you know about the conspiracy
theories in the headlines. Then listen and check.
What other conspiracy theories do you know of?
a-c is closest to your opinion. Then read the
article. What's the writer's opinion?
a We should laugh at conspiracy theories since
they are all clearly ridiculous.
b We should believe all of them unless there is
clear evidence against them.
c We should keep an open mind, but insist on
solid evidence before believing them.
Exam question
As part of a series entitled 'Do we really know
what's going on?' your local newspaper has
asked you to contribute an article giving your
opinion on conspiracy theories and whether
they deserve to be taken seriously. Write the
article in 220- 260 words.

Watergate-
President
S.pies and
LIes!

Princess Diana - did the Palace plan it?

ADVERTISER September 18 5

IS THE TRUTH OUT THERE?

THE METAL STRIP in $100 bills
is actually a tracking device. The
1969 Apollo moon landing was a
hoax filmed in a TV studio; And
the 9/11 attacks on the World
Trade Center were organised by
the CIA. 1 _
Throughout history unscrupulous
people have conspired to get what
they want. 2_ Even something
as apparently far-fetched as the
Watergate scandal in which
President Nixon spied on his
political opponents and then majority of conspiracy theories,
attempted to cover it up. lack serious evidence, are simply
However, just because one illogical or would require .so
conspiracy theory is true does many conspirators that a cover-
not mean we should take them up .would be impossible to
all at face value. 3_ The 1997 maintain.
thriller Conspiracy Theory Conspiracy theories should be
illustrates this well. Mel Gibson's neither dismissed nor accepted
character is a gullible deluded lightly. 5 _ In most cases, the
fool who believes in all sorts conspiracy will end up being
of crazy ideas from aliens to ' . nothing more than a theory, but
political killings. 4_ But he is sometimes fact may turn out to
of course wrong about all the be stranger than fiction.
others. His ideas, like the vast

112

4: Complete the article with sentences a-h. There
are three extra sentences. How did the underlined
phrases help you complete the gaps?
a Any evidence should be analysed objectively
and intelligently.
b Furthermore, they should be taken with a
pinch of salt.
c On the contrary, they should be taken with a
pinch of salt.
d In the end he turns out to be right about one
of them.
e It was an interesting film that I enjoyed
immensely.
f My primary objective in this article is to
examine the validity of conspiracy theories.
g So logically over the years some conspiracy
theories have been revealed to be facts.
h Should we take conspiracy theories like these
seriously?
5 Match the sentences you didn't use in Exercise 4
with the reasons why they are inappropriate.
1 It uses the wrong linking word.
2 It's an irrelevant personal anecdote.
3 It's too formal for the chatty style used.
6 Compare the introduction and conclusion below with
the ones in the article and answer the questions.
1 Which introduction is more likely to make
readers want to keep on reading? Why?
2 Which conclusion most strongly reinforces
the writer's opinion? Why?
Introduction
I wonder if we should take conspiracy
theories seriously or not. Some of them
seem to me to be completely ridiculous,
but others seem quite credible. Let's look
at the pros and cons.
Conclusion
I suppose it's a good idea to look at
the evidence behind conspiracy theories
closely before believing them, even
though many of them are a lot of fun,
and it's important to have fun in life.
7 Find examples of 1-3 in the article and match them
with the effects they have (a-c).
1 a rhetorical question
2 an interesting fact
3 three arguments grouped together
a to give your sentences balance
b to connect with your reader
c to support your opinion and amuse
the reader
Beyond belief
8 Circle the correct answers in Train Your Brain.
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
An article for a newspaper or magazine
1 The title should be
a informative. b intriguing.
2 In the introduction you should
a state your opinion clearly and simply.
b interest your readers so they continue reading.
3 The body of the article should
a give equal space to both sides of the question.
b focus on arguments supporting your opinion.
4 In the conclusion you should
a restate your opinion in a striking way.
b introduce a new argument.
5 The style should be
a informal/neutral, perhaps in a witty/ironic tone.
b formal and academic.
6 The following features may be useful:
a direct questions to connect with your reader.
b interesting facts/statistics/quotes to support your
0 opinion and amuse the reader.
c linkers like however/on the contrary/what's morel
0 so to connect your ideas.
0 d lots of hilarious personal anecdotes.
e arguments grouped in threes to add balance.
A local politician made a speech accusing
young people today of living in an unreal world
of fantasy films, computer games and virtual
reality. Your local newspaper has asked you to
write an article disagreeing with the politician's
views. Write the article in 220-260 words.
9 Read the exam question above and say what is
wrong with the introduction and conclusion.
Introduction
Some people say that young people today
are not living in the real world. They
accuse us of being obsessed with fantasy
films, computer games and virtual
reality. They may have a point, but I'm
not sure I agree with them.
Conclusion
To sum up, although it is true that
modern technology and leisure pursuits
0 do take up a lot of young people's time,
0
it is probably unfair to say that we all
0
live in an unreal world.
10 In pairs, look at page 148 and follow the instructions.
11 Use the guidelines in Train Your Brain and the
arguments from Exercise 10 to answer the
exam question.
113
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 4 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given.
1 Circle the odd word out in each group and explain Use two to six words.
why it doesn't fit. 1 Her parents were very generous
1 trivial undemanding in-depth superficial and so she could finish her course. THANKS
2 quality broadsheet serious tabloid ________ , she could finish
3 parody con fraud scam her course.
4 sitcom listing docusoap talent show 2 The newspaper laid off twenty
5 heartbroken cut up distraught gullible journalists because of a drop
6 credible verifiable plausible far-fetched in sales. ACCOUNT
The newspaper laid off twenty
2 Complete the sentences. Make new words from the journalists sales.
words in capital letters. 3 There's no evidence, therefore I
1 The of most newspapers don't believe it. SINCE
has been in decline. READER ________ , I don't believe it.
2 There were several _ _ __ 4 There was heavy traffic and as a_
between the two reports. CONSISTENT result I was late for the exam. DUE
3 This programme is also available I was late for the exam
as a podcast. DOWNLOAD
4 He got into difficulties due to 5 The match was postponed because
his with money. RESPONSIBLE of bad light. OWING
5 During his twelve-year The match was postponed
_ _ _ _ , he learned several
languages. PRISON
6 She said it was a good idea to
6 Despite government efforts,
_ _ _ _ is more apparent buy travel insurance. RECOMMENDED
than ever. EQUAL
She insurance .
7 Hearing of her dismissal, she 7 She warned that she would take
was with indignation. SPEE CH us to court. ~ THREATENED
She to court.
3 Complete the text with one word in each gap. 8 He boasted that he was a
descendant of the king. CLAIMED
He of the king.

The Piltdown Man

D uring a meeting of t he Lo ndon Geological Society in 19 12,
the col lector Charles Dawson presented fragments of a
sku ll an d proudly aired his I that the sku ll was the
'missing link' between ape and man. The story of how Dawson
got hold of t he skul l is shrouded in 2 but Dawson
claimed to have 3 given the pieces by men working
on a site near Piltdown in south-east England . Soon news of
'Pi ltdow n Man' was getting extensive 4 in the press,
and over the 5 few years more than 250 scientific
papers were written on the subject. Many thought Pi ltdown
Man was irrefutable 6 that t he earliest humans
originated in Europe and some perpetuated this 7_ _ __
for decades afterwards. It wasn't 8 1953 that an
Oxford anth ropologist, having carried 9 a series of
experiments, proved that the sku ll had in fact been little more
10 an elaborate practical II , as it

consisted of bits of jaw from a human, an orangutan and a

chimpanzee.The Piltdown Man had succeeded in taking
12 anthropologists for forty years. And who dreamt
13 this clever hoax? The latest evidence points to
Dawson himself ...

114
 S Read the text and choose the correct answers a-d.
DEFIANT CLARKE FAILS TO IMPRESS
During an extraordinary press conference, defence
minister Duncan Clarke 1 _ reporters that he had no
intention of resigning over the latest corruption scandal.
Clarke had just returned from a meeting with the
prime minister, 2 _ the prime minister had reportedly
3 _ him not to resign. Clarke, 4 _ department has
been accused of accepting bribes for defence contracts,
would not discuss 5 _ there will not be an official
investigation and denied 6 _ a cover-up. Instead, he
criticised the press 7 _ national security. Reporters
asked Clarke 8 _ it was true that he had been invited
on holiday by the director of Easyprey Weapons Inc.,
9_ he left the room. Commentators agree that Clarke's
performance will not satisfy MPs, 1 0 _ have already
demanded 11
SPEAKING SKILLS
1 Choose one of the topics and prepare a
three-minute presentation.
1 'The newspaper that you read says a lot
about you.' Discuss what you understand
this to mean and to what extent you
agree with it.
2 Young people are often accused of not
believing strongly in anything. Is this true,
in your experience? Discuss.
2 Work in pairs. Look at the photos and follow the
instructions in the box.

1 a informed
-
c said
Compare and contrast the photos saying:
Student A: how they demonstrate different
ways of getting news.
b admitted d claimed Student 8: how the people may be feeling.
2 a whom c during which Then discuss which way of getting news you
b that d which find the most informative and why.
3 a recommended c requested Take turns, talking for one minute each.
b urged d insisted
4 a whom c who
b that d whose
5 a that c which
b whether d why
6 a had ordered c having ordered
b not ordering
7 a to harm
b harming
d them that he ordered
c for harming
d having harmed
-
Lt)
8 a why c when
b whether d in which case Z
9 a the reason why
b since when
10 a whoever
b many of whom
c at which point
d the extent to which
c some of them
d some of which
--
o
C I)
11 a he resign
b to resign
c that he had resigned
d resigning
>
w
a:::
LISTENING SKILLS CI)

1 CD4.09Listen and match the historical characters

:E
A-D to statements 1-9.
A - Robin Hood C - Macbeth
~
w
8 - Lady Godiva D - King Lear
1 The character was also a real person
o
in history. 0 0 l-
2 The legend was later altered for e
political reasons.
3 He/She has equivalents in other cultures.
0
0
a:::
4 The legend later became more moralistic.
5 Historical evidence does not support
details in the story. 0
0
0
~
a:::
6 The legend is an updated version
of an earlier legend. 0 ou..
7 Details were added to the story to
make it seem more realistic. 0 ~
8 It has been impossible to prove
whether he/she existed or not.
9 The character was an inspiration to
Shakespeare. 0
0
0
-::c
Z
I-
Right or wrong?
Read, listen and talk about ethics, the economy, crime and justice.
Practise modal verbs and phrases.
Focus on expressing opinions and agreement.
Write a formal transactional letter making suggestions.

E
ngland star and national heartthrob Teddy
Wainwright has been accused of earning an
'obscene' amount of money by sports minister
Liz Barnet. Wainwright, pictured here with wealthy
heiress Roma Madison, is said to be on a basic salary
of over 150,000 a week. And that's without counting
performance-related bonuses and the huge sums
the footballer makes from product endorsements,
modelling deals and other business concerns. 'Poverty-
stricken familie~ are scraping together every penny
they can to buy vastly overpriced football shirts just so
that the players can be paid outrageous wages: claimed
the minister. 'And ticket prices are so exorbitant that
grass-roots fans are being priced out of attending
games. It's not right!' The footballer and style icon,
who is notorious for flaunting his wealth, responded
in typically outspoken style. 'I earn every penny I
make, which is more than most politicians can say!'
Wainwright, who recently bought an opulent
Edwardian mansion in a beautiful sixty-acre country
estate in Wiltshire, enjoys a lavish lifestyle which
contrasts starkly with his early years living below the
poverty line in a run-down housing estate in Bristol.
 Right or wrong?

VOCABULARY AND LISTENING 6 Complete with one word in each gap. Then continue
the man's story describing his current lifestyle.
1 Look at the visuals and decide what the article is Use words from Exercises 2-5.
about. Then read and check. Believe it or not, I used to be filthy 1_ _ __
2 Read the article and the table again. Are the Not just 2 off, but absolutely
statements true (T), false (F) or is there no 3 ! I worked for a successful dot-com
information (NI)? which made massive 4 and with my
salary and the regular performance-related
1 The sports minister is jealous of the 5 they gave me, and the 6_ _ __
money Teddy Wainwright earns. D got when my aunt died, I was 7 in
2 Wainwright's total earnings are probably money. A penthouse fiat in Chelsea, an opulent
a lot more than 150,000 a week. D 8 in a huge country 9 in
3 The minister thinks football is Wiltshire, and my girlfriend was the richest
becoming a sport for the rich. D 10 in England! I really enjoyed
4 Wainwright feels embarrassed about 11 my wealth. I had a 12_ _ __
earning so much. D lifestyle, regularly paying 13 prices to
5 He was poor until two years ago. D dine in the best restaurants. But then it all
6 The survey respondents think most went wrong. I lost everything and today, my
professions are paid too much. D lifestyle is very different ...
3 Vocabulary Match the underlined words and 7 C04.10 Listen to five people talking about 'obscene'
expressions in the article with the words and salaries. Choose from a-h the person who is
phrases below. speaking. There are three extra options.
1 shocking 1 Frances D a a retired person
2 luxurious 2 Geoffrey D b a company owner
3 irrunoral 3 Alan D c a research scientist
4 extra payments 4 Raj D d a factory worker
5 showing off money 5 Margaret D e an unemployed person
6 ridiculously expensive _ f a charity worker
7 dilapidated residential area g a trade unionist
8 guaranteed minimum payment h a business student
9 desperately trying to find money
8 CD4.10 Listen again and match the speakers from
4: Add the words and phrases from the box to the Exercise 7 with their opinions. There are three extra
correct groups. Use a dictionary to help you. opinions. Then say who you most agree with and why.
inheritance go bankrupt on the dole a free enterprise is the best way to run
massive profits mansion inflated salaries an economy D
make ends meet the needy scrape by b football has become too expensive for
.t~.~. ??~~.r~y' .~Ile.... r.?~? ill.~?~~Y. ... ~~ir~s.s . ordinary supporters D
The rich: country estate, ... c skilled workers deserve high salaries D
The poor: slum, ... d actions speak louder than words D
e nobody should earn more than ten times
5 In pairs, decide if the adjectives describe the man in the minimum wage D
picture A or B. Use a dictionary to help you. f high salaries are a natural part of our
economic system D
Formal g workers should group together to
affluent D destitute D impoverished D demand better conditions
poverty-stricken D prosperous D D
h footballers are not the only ones who
wealthy D get paid too much
Informal
D
badly off D broke D filthy rich D 9 In pairs, roleplay a conversation. Use appropriate
hard up D loaded D well-off D
............ . . . .............. . ........ . .............................
vocabulary from this lesson .
Student A, look at page 15I.
Student B, look at page 153.
10 Work in groups. Look at the table of salaries opposite
and order the professions in terms of how much you
think they should be paid. Give reasons.

117
READING AND VOCABULARY
1 Do the quiz and compare your answers in
pairs. Then check your results on page 148.
2 In pairs, look at the photos and answer the
questions.
1 In the modern world wh at
information about citizens i s stored
on databases? How is it obtained,
and what is it used for?
2 How could criminals be caught
before committing the crimes th ey're
thinking of?

3 C04.11 Read the text quickly and answer the

questions.
1 Where might you find a text like
this?
2 How is it related to the film
Minority Report?

Ewan was responsible for nine deaths and fourteen serious injuries when he crashed his SUV
into a tour bus. He was driving recklessly at speeds of up to 160kph. After taking the breathalyser,
he was found to be four times over the legal limit. He admits his guilt.

o
Patrick is accused of destroying private property and trespassing on private land. He broke a
padlock on a country gate in order to walk along a path which he claims is a public right of way.
He has documentary proof, but he confesses to taking the law into his own hands.

In order to inherit a fortune, Vanessa killed her aged invalid aunt in cold blood and then tried to
o frame her aunt's health-care worker for the crime. She claims she is not guilty, but the evidence is
overwhelming.

o Stan is a petty criminal with a long record of assault, vandalism and shoplifting. This time he is
on trial accused of arson: he burnt down a school. He maintains it was an accident.

o Trudy kidnapped a sixty-nine-year-old businessman to protest about the well -documented

environmental crimes committed by his company. Unfortunately, her hostage died of a heart
attack before she could release him. She regrets what she did.

Pre-emptive justice
Damn liberals. Chief Inspector Andrews had worked
miracles in this city. Murders down 90 per cent. Robberies
down 80 per cent. Street crime down 85 per cent. Car
theft down 70 per cent. But now she was in the dock and
all that good work in jeopardy.
Her police authority was the first in the country to
implement the newly legalised pre-emptive justice
programme. Advances in computing and AI now made it
possible to predict who would commit what sort of crime
in the near future. People could be tested for all sorts of
reasons: as part of a random programme or on the basis
of a specific suspicion. If they were found to be future
criminals , then they would be arrested and punished in
advance.
Andrews did not think the scheme draconian. In
fact, because no crime had been committed at the time
of the arrest, sentences were much more lenient. A future
murderer would go on an intense programme designed
to make sure they didn 't go on and kill and would only be
released when tests showed they wouldn 't. Often that
meant detention of less than a year. Had they been left
to actually commit the crime, they would have been
looking at life imprisonment and, more importantly, a
person would be dead.
But still these damn liberals protested that you can't
lock someone up for something they didn't do. Andrews
grimaced, and wondered how many she could pull in for
testing.
12
o acquit him/ her
o
let him/ her off with a warning and
a suspended sentence
e
make him / her pay a fine and do
community work
sentence him / her to several years
G in prison
o sentence him/ her to life
imprisonment
o give him / her the death penalty
Right or wrong?
Pre-emptive justice
Stated boldly, the idea that you could be locked up for
crimes you have not committed looks like the epitome
of injustice. But, in fact, we do already punish people
for behaviour that could, but does not, lead to harm.
For example, we punish reckless driving, even if no one
is hurt. Conspiracy to murder is a crime, even though
no murder is attempted.
So what would be wrong with punishing someone
for a crime we knew they would commit, before they
committed it? Consider the main justifications for
punishment: reform, public protection, retribution and
deterrence.
If someone is going to commit a crime, then their
character is as much in need of reform as if they had
actually done so. Therefore, if punishment is justified
on the grounds of reform of the criminal, it is justified
pre-emptively.
If someone is going to commit a crime, they are
at least as much a danger to the public as if they had
actually done so. Therefore, if punishment is justified
on the grounds of public protection, it is justified
pre-emptively.
If the aim of punishment is to deter, then making
people realise they will be punished before committing
the crime should deter people from even harbouring
criminal thoughts.
Retribution is the one justification of punishment
that doesn't fit pre-emptive justice. However, in many
ways it is the weakest of the four justifications, and
arguably, reform, deterrence and protection together are
justification enough.
13
Pre-emptive justice
Does that mean the case for pre-emptive justice
is made? Not quite. We have not yet considered the
possible negative effects of implementing such a syst~m.
Creating a society in which our thoughts are bemg
policed may so undermine our sense of freedom ~nd
trust in the authorities that the price is just too high.
There is also the possibility that the deterrence effect
could spectacularly backfire. If people fear they will be
punished for thoughts they cannot help having, the.r
may lose the sense that they are in control of their
criminality. If you cannot be sure you can keep yourself
on the right side of the law, you may care less about
being the wrong side of it.
As our scenario is a thought expenment, we
.
can simply stipulate that the system works perfectly.
However, there are reasons for doubting such a scheme
could ever become a reality. In the film of Philip K.
Dick's book Minority Report, which is developed on a
similar scenario, the ultimate message is that human free
will can always step in, right up to the last minute, and
pull back from doing what is predicted. We may not
be as free as the movie imagines. But nonetheless, there
may be good reasons for thinking that human behaviour
can never be predicted with 100 per cent accuracy.
 4 Read the text again and choose the correct 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
answers a-d. meaning to the first sentence, using the
words given. Use three to six words.
1 The purpose of dividing the text into two
sections is to 1 Jo was caught shoplifting and
a make it look more attractive. received a three-month prison
b separate the situation from the analysis. sentence. IMPRISONMENT
c divide the fiction from what really happened. Jo was sentenced _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
d indicate that one part is more important shoplifting.
than the other. 2 Thanks to speed cameras there
2 The reduction in crime in the city was is less reckless driving. DETERRED
mainly due to Speed cameras _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _
a the hard work of detectives such as Chief driving recklessly.
Inspector Andrews. 3 The prosecution claims that Maya
b the severity of the punishments in the stole 1 million. OF
judicial system. Maya is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 million.
c better testing systems in schools.
4 The jury decided Al had not
d technological progress in criminal profiling.
committed the crime. ACQUITTED
3 The pre-emptive justice programme has Al ___ _ __ _ _ _ _ the crime.
a had no drawbacks.
5 It's wrong to imprison someone if
b eliminated all serious crimes.
they haven't committed a crime. UP
c led to shorter prison sentences. _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ a crime they
d led to longer prison sentences.
haven't committed is wrong.
4 How many of the reasons given in the text
6 I'm going to be set free next week. RELEASE
for punishing criminals are met by _ __ _ __ _ _ _ _ next week.
pre-emptive justice?
a all of them c half of them 8 Think of one word only which can be used in all
b most of them d none of them three sentences. The words you need are in the text.
5 How convinced is the writer that pre-emptive 1 a I can't see~ him to this
justice could work flawlessly?
relationship.
a Not at all. b If you sign, you're yourself to
b Completely.
buying the flat.
c He thinks it's possible, but unlikely.
c Thinking of a crime is not the
d He has no idea.
same as doing it.
6 The argument in Minority Report is
that people 2 a The killer picked his victims at _ _ __
a can change their minds about what they're b The study examined a sample of
about to do. sixty adults.
b can't avoid committing crimes. c His latest book is an odd collection of
c are never totally sure what they're going _ _ _ _ thoughts.
to do. 3 a The victim was __ on arrival at the
d are predictable. hospital.
b I thought she was joking, but she was
5 In pairs, complete the groups with more words for
serious.
crimes and criminals from the quiz and the text.
c I couldn't agree more. You're _ _ __
Then add the words from the box.
.... ... . .... . .... ............. . ... . . .... .................... right.
smuggling hijacker assassin burglary
4 a Have you got a insurance policy?
pickpocket forgery manslaughter
b He should be given a sentence.
bribery drug dealer mugger fraud
C I only asked you your name; I don't want
blackmail
your story.
Crimes: arson, ... 5 a Don't shout at me! I'm on your _ _ __
Criminals: arsonist, ... b It's not always easy to stay on the right
_ __ _ of the law.
6 In groups of three, play ten questions.
c Has this medicine got any negative
Student A write down a crime. Do not show it to _ __ _ effects ?
the othe; students in your group. Answer their
questions with only yes or no. 9 Discuss the questions in groups.
Students B and C, take turns to ask yes/no 1 Do you think a system of 'pre-emptive' justice
questions to find out what crime your partner will ever exist? Why?lWhy not?
has written down. You only have ten questions. 2 Would it be a good idea? Why?lWhy not?

120
 Right or wrong?

3 Tick the less formal of the two phrases in each

section in Speak Out.

SPEAK OUT I Opinions and agreement

Introducing opinions
1 The way I see it .. . 0
2 As far as I'm concerned ... 0
Asking for opinions
The good bribe 3 What's your point of view? 0
4 What's your take on it? 0
The Prime Minister liked to think of himself as a 'pretty Agreement
straight kind of guy'; he gen';1inely despised corruption 5 That's just what I was thinking. 0
and sleaze in government and wanted to run a cleaner, 6 You've made a very valid point there. 0
more honest administration. Disagreement
Something had happened, however, that presented 7 I'm afraid I can 't go along with that. 0
him with a real dilemma. At a Downing Street reception, 8 That's one way of looking at it, I suppose, but .. . 0
a businessman known for his lack of scruples, but who
Asking someone to reconsider their opinion
did not have a criminal or civil conviction against him,
9 There's something else you should take into
took the PM aside. Whispering conspiratorially into consideration.
his ear, he said, 'Many people don't like me and don't
0
10 Try looking at it from a different angle. 0
respect the way I run my affairs. I don't give a damn
about that. What does annoy me is that my reputation
means I'll never be honoured by my country. 4: In pairs, add these phrases to Speak Out.
'Well,' he continued, 'I'm sure you and I can do Mark those which are particularly formal (F) or
something about that. I'm prepared to give 10 million informal (I). Can you think of any more?
to help provide clean water for hundreds of thousands Come off it! 0
of people in Mrica, if you can guarantee me that I'll be For my part ... 0
knighted in the New Year's honours list. If not, then I'll I beg to differ ... 0
just spend it all on myself.' In all honesty ... 0
He slapped the PM on the back, said, 'Think it over,' You're dead right! 0
and slipped back into the crowd. The Prime Minister I totally concur with ... 0
knew this was a kind of bribe. But could it really be Look at the other side of the coin. 0
wrong to sell one of his country's highest honours when What's your stance on this? 0
the reward would be so obviously for the good?
5 Work in groups of three. Use Speak Out to have an
19 informal discussion about more dilemmas.
Student A, look at page 15l.
Student B, look at page 153.
Student C, look at page 153 .

SPEAKING AND LISTENING 6 In pairs, discuss what you would do in situations 1- 4.

1 In pairs, look at the drawing and the heading and
discuss in which ways a bribe could be good.
Then read the text and check.
2 CD4.12 Listen and match Simone (S), Thomas (T) and
Ludwig (L) to opinions 1-9. Then, in pairs, decide
who you agree with and why.
1 The answer to the dilemma is obvious.
2 Breaking the rules can set a bad example.
3 People do pay for political favours.
4 Simone is being innocent .
5 Strict moral principles can cause
great harm.
6 The businessman is a criminal.
7 Minor corruption can harm the image of
democracy.
8 Minor corruption can lead to major
dishonesty.
9 The PM should accept the bribe and
then confess.
Justify your opinions and agree/disagree with
your partner.
1 At the supermarket check-out you are
charged 5. You know it should be 50.
2 You receive 500 from your insurance
company for a gold watch you lost. The next
day you find the watch.
3 You see a poor person shoplifting from the
0 local grocery shop. You know the owner is
0 struggling to make ends meet.
0 4 You are about to buy a bargain football top
0 when you see a leaflet explaining that the
top was made by exploited child labour.
0
0
0
0
0
121
 Kim It's perfect! Liz must have bought it in the sales.
I must try it on.
You mustn't touch it. She might have got it for a
special occasion. You can't take it without asking!
You might not be invited to such a cool party ever
again, and you've nothing to wear. You've got to
try it on.
You know you're not supposed to steal. You have
to be honest. You'd better leave it alone.

Devil You needn't worry. She won't be back till tomorrow.
Angel You shouldn't be doing this. You should put it
back at once. She may well be walking up the
stairs right now.
Devil It's fate. You didn't even need to look for it. She
may even have been hoping you'd find it.
Angel You can't be serious!
I
Angel I may as well give up! She won't listen to me any
more. I can't understand it. When she was
younger she could control herself, but now she's
unable to resist temptation.
Devil She managed to resist eating that cake last night.
Angel Only 'cause she couldn't find it!
Devil She could have found it if she'd wanted to.

Liz Do you like your _ _ __

Liz Hi, Kim. How was the party? Kim My ?
Angel You should have listened to me. Liz Your . Sorry it's late.
Kim (thinking: What c(an I do? What should I say?) Kim Uh ... oh, yeah, thanks, it's great. (thinking: You
Devil You don't have to say anything. might have told me it was mine!)
Angel You could tell her the truth. Devil I told you you needn't have worried.
 Right or wrong?

GRAMMAR AND READING ~ Check it out page 159

6 CD4.14 Think of two different meanings for each
, I can resist everything
sentence. Then listen and check.
but temptation. ,
1 You must be brave.
Oscar Wilde, I rish writer 2 Can I get up?
1 In pairs, discuss if the quote is true for you. Then
3 She won't finish it.
describe the last time you were in two minds. 4 You might have given it to me.

2 Look at frames A and B in the cartoon story. What 7 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
temptation is Kim facing? What do you think she similar meaning to the first sentence, using the
will do? What will the consequences be? word given. Use three to six words.
1 You shouldn't be here. ARE
3 CD4.13Read the whole story and check your answers You here.
to Exercise 2. In pairs, complete the gaps in frame F. 2 I can't get her to say what's on
Then listen and check. her mind. TELL
She what's on her mind.
Work it out 3 It wasn't easy, but I succeeded in
finding him. TO
4: Find three deductions in sentences 1-6. Then find
It wasn't easy, but I him.
two more deductions in the story with must and may.
4 It would have been better if you had
1 I must have something I can wear. kept quiet. HAVE
2 I must try it on. You anything.
3 She might have got it for a special occasion.
5 I paid a fortune for a Batman costume
4 You might have told me it was mine!
that I didn't even use. NEED
5 You can't take it without asking!
I all that money on a
6 You can't be serious!
Batman costume.
5 In pairs, decide in which pairs of sentences the 6 It's extremely likely that he's been
underlined modals are interchangeable. Where they involved in an accident. WELL
are not, explain the differences in meaning. He in an accident.
1 a You mustn't touch it. 7 I'm really annoyed you didn't tell
b You don't have to say anything. me the party was cancelled. WARNED
2 a You've got to try it on. You the party was cancelled.
b You have to be honest.
8 Use modal phrases and the verbs in brackets to
3 a You're not supposed to steal.
complete the gaps. There is more than one possible
b You shouldn't be doing this.
answer for some gaps.
4 a You'd better leave it alone.
b You should put it back at once. It was really nice of Liz to get me that dress. It
5 a You didn't even need to look for it. 1 (cost) a fortune. I told her she
b You needn't have worried. _ _ _ _ (bother), but she said she enjoyed
6 a I can't understand it. giving people gifts. I suppose 1 3 (ask)
b I'm unable to resist temptation. her to go to the party with me. It's strange she
7 a When she was younger she could was still awake when I came in. She
control herself. _ _ _ _ (wait) up for hours. I was so
b She managed to stop herself from eating surprised, I almost admitted that I thought it
those biscuits last night. was her dress, but that I 5_ _ __
8 a She may well be walking up the stairs (not resist) the temptation to borrow it. It was
right now. a struggle, but I 6 (keep) my mouth
b I may as well give up. shut. Just as well, really. She 7_ _ __
(not understand). 1 8 (remember) to
Mind the trap! get her something for her birthday.
could, may, might 9 In groups of three, choose a situation and act out a
conversation with you, your good conscience and
If we stress the main verb, we can use might or could
with a similar meaning to should to complain. your bad conscience.
You may/might/could have told me it was mine! 1 Due to illness you have been unable to study
(Why didn't you?) for a vital exam, but a friend has told you a
If we stress the modal verb, it expresses possibility. foolproof way to cheat.
You may/might/could have told me. (It's possible.) 2 Your flatmate has left a pizza in the fridge.
/
You're really hungry.
3 You find a suitcase on a bus. It contains
thousands of used euro notes.
123
 Dear Madam Mayor,
I am
. . WrI't"Ing to you on behalf of 'Buzz Off" .
alm l S to outlaw anti-youth ult . ., a Campal gn gr oup whose
twelve 'Mosq ui toes' here in Co :aso mc de~errents. Ther e ar e at least
rr ay. We beheve they should be b d
These devices ar e discriminato and . anne .
under the age of twenty-five. I~he tUnfalr. They affect only people
people, they would not be allowed y argeted any other group of
because they t ar get young people? so why ar e they toler ated just
Furthermore, the vast majori t of
But t he 'Mosquito' makes no d 'Yt. y~ung people ar e well behaved.
troublemakers Even b b' l S InctlOn between them and
indiscriminat~ pre-em;t:~: =i;:~;~~s suffer from this
Al though its support er s claim . t
it doesn't; it mer ely displaces i~ :reven.ts anti~oci~l behaviour,
move a few yards down th . y maklng antlsoclal youths
t hese devices may be harmfe road. FInally pr 1
1t , 0 onged expOsure to
u 0 peopl e's health
Quite clearly, the 'Mosquito' fail t .
of teenage delinquency Wh t s 0 ~e~ to the root of the problem
faCilities. Mi ght I sug' est we need l S Investment in leisure
evenings, and provide f~d/~: t~een school sports facilities in the
youth club can open every d ?
,In conclusion, we urge you to do t . . ay .
Mosquito' and investing in l ' he rIght thIng by banning the
. el sure opportunities for young people
Yours slncerely, .
Grab(ie! K.nigh-t
Gabriel Knight
'Buzz Off!' campaign.

WRITING 5 Match 1-8 with a-d. Justify your matches.

1 C04.15Look at the advert and answer the questions.
Then listen and check your answers.
1 What is the Mosquito TM?
2 How could it work?
3 Who is likely to buy one?
4 Who else would be in favour of such a device?
2 In pairs, answer the questions. Then read the letter
Gabriel wrote to the Mayor and compare your ideas
with his.
1 What reasons are there for banning the
'Mosquito'?
2 What alternative solutions are there to the
problem of antisocial behaviour by youths?
3 In groups, discuss if you think the 'Mosquito' is the
right solution to teenage delinquency. Give reasons.
4: Read the letter again and answer the questions.
1 What register - formal or informal - has
Gabriel used? Why?
2 What phrases does he use to begin and end
the letter?
3 What does he do in the first paragraph?
4 What does he do in the final paragraph?
5 What effect do you think the letter will have
on the Mayor?
124 f
a to the editor of a newspaper reacting to an
article criticising young people
b to a friend recommending a job you had
last year
c to the director of a large company
complaining about an advertising campaign
d to a school principal arguing against the
decision to declare the school grounds out
of bounds
1 A better solution would be to ask for
volunteers amongst senior students to
organise fun activities . D
2 One thing you've got to watch out for
is not to get stuck with all the
late-night shifts. D
3 Although I am broad-minded, I found
the scene with the kitten and the rocket
extremely disturbing. D
4 When a charity is in need of money, who
do you see out on the streets with
collecting tins? D
5 It was great to hear from you again. D
6 What's more, a measure like this is
bound to be inefficient. D
7 By using such sensationalist images
you may be upsetting many people. D
8 Those who offer arguments like these
are merely repeating tired prejudices
rather than offering intelligent analysis. D

6 Read the memo from the principal and, in pairs, say
how you would feel if this happened in your school.
HILLDALE SECONDARY SCHOOL
MEMO FROM THE PRINCIPAL
Thursday May 3
As a consequence of the recent spate of fig hting
and vandalism in the school grounds, the
school board has reached the painful, but sadly
necessary, decision to ban all school pupils from
loitering outside the school building during the
morning break and the lunch hour.
This ban will come into effect from next Monday
and there are to be no exceptions.
~mrtc) BOJl
Henry Ball (principal)
7 Read the exam task including the memo and the
notes and underline all the key 'points you must
include in your letter.
You are a final-year student at H illdale
Secondary Sch ool. You have been n ominated
by your classmates to write to the school
principal about his decision to declare the
sch ool grounds out of bounds.
Read the m em o and your n otes. Then, u se the
information appropriately to write the letter,
explaining why you disagree with this m easure
and suggesting alternatives.
Write 180- 22 0 words.
LEifER '-0 PRINCIPAL
Agree - nghting and vandalism are problems
Disagree with this measure:
indiscriminate, unfair
inefficient, violence inside too
pupils have nowhere to go, nothing to do
Suggestions
focus on troublemakers, talk to their parents
why not install eeTV to catch culprits?
use nnal-year students to help organise
games/sports during breaks
Right or wrong?
8 Rewrite these phrases from the exam question using
the words in capitals.
1 I have been nominated by my
classmates to write to you. BEHALF
I am writing _ ________ __
2 We are unhappy with your decision
to declare the school grounds out
of bounds. BAN
We are unhappy with the fact you have
3 We disagree with this measure. COMPLETE
We are in _ _ _ __ _ __ _ __
4 This decision has been taken as a
consequence of the recent spate of
fighting and vandalism. UPSURGE
This decision has been taken due to
5 Pupils have nowhere to go and
nothing to do .
There is a _________ _ _
LACK
6 Why not install CCTV to catch
culprits? IDENTIFYING
Another way ______ _____
9 Read Train Your Brain and use the answers to
Exercises 6-8 to help you write your answer to the
exam question.
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills
Transactional letters
1 Read the question and the information carefully and
underline all the points you must include.
2 Make a plan and ensure you include all the key
points. If you forget anything important, you will
lose points.
3 Do not copy phrases word for word from the
information given. Use your own words.
4 In exams, unlike in real life, you needn't include
dates and addresses.
5 Use appropriate register and opening and closing
phrases - Dear Sir/Madam, etc.
6 In the first paragraph, state clearly your reason
for writing.
7 In the final paragraph, restate what you would like
the addressee to do.
'1 never have problems with discipline in my classes.'
125
 Different?
Read,. listen and talk about animals and appearance; fashion; conformity and rebellion.
Practise clauses of concession, addition and contrast.
Focus on understatement.
Write a character reference.

VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING
1 COS.Ol In pairs, try to match facts 1-6 with
animals A-F. Then listen and check. Which fact do
you find most surprising?
1 the male gives birth to the young
2 can light up its whole body to help it
to see
3 its peculiar spikes change colour
depending on its mood
4 usually only move about O.5km an hour
- but are excellent swimmers
5 has four babies at a time and bizarrely
they are always the same se;' ' 0
6 has a distinctive smell, similar to milk
2 In pairs, put the words describing being different in
the correct groups. Which have positive and which
negative connotations? Which would you use to
describe the animals in the photos?
grotesque unique outlandish
0 nondescript peculiar distinctive
unremarkable
0 rare/precious: one of a kind, a one-off
(injormal) , 1_ _ __
0 original: special, colourful remarkable
2 "
0 unusual: odd, eccentric, quirky (injormal),
weird, strange, bizarre, 3_ _ __
abnormal: freakish (injormal), 4- - - -
5

and cinnamon 0 ordinary: typical, commonplace , 6

7 - ---

126

3 Choose the correct answers.
1 The female blackbird is a rather nondescript /
typical bird, easily mistaken for the thrush.
2 Da Vinci was a brilliant artist, scientist and
inventor - he was truly odd / a one-off.
3 He was an unusual person and believed in
a lot of outlandish / abnormal conspiracy
theories.
4 The waiters were attentive but sadly the food
was rather typical/unremarkable.
5 The cat's mating call is very distinctive /
eccentric.
6 I really love this tune - it's quite grotesque /
quirky.
7 Broadband Internet connections are
increasingly commonplace / ordinary.
4: In pairs, explain what the underlined phrases in the
cartoons mean. Have you ever felt like that? When
and why?
o FLOCKS OF SHEEP
Oliver always felt like the black sheep of the family.
Oliver felt like a fish out of water in his
job at the call centre.
5 CD5.02 Listen and tick the sentences that describe
Oliver's experiences. Does the story have a positive
outcome?
1 Oliver was under pressure to follow in
his parents' footsteps.
2 He fitted in with his brothers and sisters.
3 He was on a different wavelength to
his parents.
4 He felt (right) at home at the call centre.
5 He felt like a square peg in a round hole
at the call centre.
6 He had a lot in common with his call
centre colleagues.
7 He felt like the odd one out when he
started at the college.
8 Oliver ~ now in his element at work.
9 He feels he sticks out like a sore
thumb with his students.
Different?
6 In pairs, take turns to say how you would feel in these
situations, using the phrases in Exercises 4 and 5.
How would you feel if you were
1 the only boy/girl in the class?
2 visiting a country where you couldn't speak
the language?
3 the only person in a group confined to a
wheelchair?
4 alone with a couple who are madly in love?
5 at a crowded club?
6 on a controversial protest march?
7 at a large family wedding?
7 Read the text and complete gaps 1-14 with one word.
Do you find the report surprising? Why?lWhy not?
CROWDS ACT LIKE
TERENCE BLEATER
PEOPLE IN crowds behave just I sheep,
scientists claim, by blindly following one or two people
who 2 to know where they are going.
The team, led by Prof. Jens Krause, conducted a series
of experiments in 3 volunteers were told to
walk randomly around a large hall without talking to
each other. A select few were then given more detailed
instructions.
The 4 , published today, show that it takes
a minority of just 5 percent of ' informed individuals'
to influence the direction of a crowd of 5_ _ __
minimum of 200 people. The remaining herd of 95
percent follow 6 realising it.
'There are strong parallels with animal behaviour,'
says Prof. Krause. '7 is interesting is that our
participants made a consensus decision 8 the
fact that they weren't allowed to talk to one 9_ _ __
In most cases the participants didn't realise they were
being led by others.'
The work follows another study at Utrecht University
that showed that most of 10 are happy to play
follow-my-Ieader, II if we are trailing after
someone who does not really know where they are
gomg.
Even 12 striking, the study found that even
when we are shown a faster route, we still 13_ _ __
D to stick with the old one and tell others to take the long
D road too.
That discovery could have lethal implications when it
D comes to evacuating a building or ship in an emergency,
D 14 people would likely stick to the familiar
evacuation route, even if slower than an alternative.
D
8 In small groups, discuss the following.
D
1 I would rather fit in with everyone else than
D be thought of as weird. To what extent do
D you identify with this statement?
2 To what extent do you need to have a lot in
D common with people to get on with them?
127
 Are you a trend-setter or a sLave
to fashion?
StyLish or hopeLessLy unfashionabLe?
Or do you just follow the herd?
Take our quiz and find out!
Where do you tend to get your clothes/shoes?
a From boutiques or other small shops.

*
b Chain or department stores.
e Er - someone else usually buys my clothes.

When I find myself wearing completely different

clothes to my friends
a I feel pleased.

*
b I tend to fret about it.
e I don't tend to notice what people are wearing.

When you're out buying clothes, how often do other

people influence your decisions?
a Rarely - I generally trust my own instincts.
b Sometimes - I value other people's advice.

*
e Never - I'm in and out the store before anyone
can comment.

Can you say what colours/clothes/styles are the

height of fashion at the moment?
a Yes, I can. This season's fashion is for ____
b Tell me first and I'll say whether I agree with you.

* e I haven't a clue.

Which sentence best summarises what you choose to

put on each day?
a I have a whole wardrobe full of clothes. I'll choose
my outfit according to my mood that day.
b I have two or three outfits that I feel particularly
comfortable with.
e I usually wear the same thing until it needs
washing.

GRAMMAR AND READING

1 In pairs, look at the photos and answer the questions.
1 In your opinion which person is the most/
least stylish? Why?
2 Who do you think has the strongest identity?
Justify your answer.
2 What's your attitude to fashion? In pairs, do the quiz
and check your results on page 149. Do you agree
with them? Why?lWhy not?
3 Read the blog entry and choose statement 1-3 that
best summarises the author's opinion. Do you share
her opinion? Why?lWhy not?
1 Fashion is a pointless extravagance.
2 The world is a duller place without fashion.
3 Fashion is an inevitable part of our lives that
few of us are able to ignore.
128
JUST WHAT IS THE POINT OF FASHION?
Something peculiar is happening to my fifteen-year-old
brother. Although he only earns a pittance from his
part-time job, he's spending a fortune on clothes. Recently
he spent 80 on some sky-blue Van trainers (he chose the
ones which had the brand name most clearly visible on the
sides): Now he tells me he's saving up to buy a bright
orange cotton sweatshirt (even though it costs 50, it's
apparently got a logo saying 'DKNY' in a black bubble on
the breast). Despite his impatience at having to save up for
the next items on his wish-list, he seems focused and
thankfully - for the first time in ages - has a goal in life.
He is slowly saving up for an identity.
I feel sorry for him. Besides having to pay a small fortune
for unremarkable, mass-produced clothes, why would
anyone want to look like a walking advert (apart from
racing drivers who get paid millions for doing exactly that)?
And while I'm genuinely pleased that he feels more self-
assured in his trainers and his DKNY sweatshirt, I know that
as soon as they start becoming a little too commonplace and
therefore not distinctive enough, he'll be forced to save up
for something else. And so it goes on. That's fashion for you.

Work it out
4: Underline a sentence in the text which means the
same as sentences 1-3. What follows in spite off
despite/even though in each of the examples?
1 In spite of the fact thatlDespite the fact that/
Even though he doesn't earn much, he's .. .
2 In spite of/Despite not earning much, he's .. .
3 In spite of/Despite his low salary, he's ...
5 Look at the example. Which meaning, a or b, does the
underlined phrase have in this sentence?
We still belong in the tribe, even if we haven't
much money.
a despite the fact that b whether or not
6 Look at sentences a and b and answer the questions.
a Some people spend most of their income on
clothes while/whereas others don't feel the
need to.
b WhileIWhilst I'm glad that he feels more self-
assured, I am aware that it won't last for long.
In which sentence do the underlined words
1 have a meaning which is quite similar
to although?
2 emphasise two contrasting situations?
7 Underline a sentence in the text which has a
similar meaning to sentences 1 and 2. What follows
as well as/apart from in each example?
1 As well as/Apart from having to pay a lot for
brand-name clothes, why wo~ld anyone ...
2 As well as/Apart from the expense of
brand-name clothes, why would anyone ...
~ Check it out page 159
FASHION ~
We're all guilty of basing our first impressions of somebody's
personality or status on their appearance. That's why it's
worth being fashionable - the latest clothes are the easiest
way of keeping up an acceptable appearance, telling others
that we still belong in the tribe, even if we have become
unfit, overweight or haven't much money (look at all those
overweight, balding, middle-aged men in their designer
trainers ... ). Apart from that, clothes are a compulsory form
of self-expression - we all have to wear them and, like it or
not, we all have opinions about the clothes that other people
wear. Some people are so conscious of this fact that, like my
brother, they are prepared to spend most of their income on
this season 's must-have brands, whereas others studiously
claim to ignore it. For example, Amy, my friend from
college. For as long as I can remember Amy has only ever
worn black in order to show that she refuses to follow
fashion. An admirable sentiment, except that most of Amy's
friends wear exactly the same sombre uniform ...
All of which leads me to the rather sobering conclusion that
whilst fashion is a form of free speech, most of us choose
to say the same thing. And only those rare individuals with a
strong sense of their own identity are willingly unfashionable.
Now, where did I put my fake Dolce and Gabbana handbag?
Different?
8 Choose the correct answers.
1 While / Whereas his appearance is rather
slovenly, he is a conscientious worker.
2 Even though / Despite her low self-esteem,
she is greatly admired by her colleagues.
3 I wouldn't buy that blouse even though /
even if I had enough money.
4 Despite / In spite of the fact that not having
much money, he buys expensive shoes.
5 Even though / Even if I ironed it, it still
looks really creased!
6 I don't have anything to wear to the party
apart from / as well as that green skirt.
7 Will has dark hair although / while both his
brothers are blond.
8 The fashion show was cancelled although /
while there had been a lot of publicity.
9 Complete the second sentence so that it has a
similar meaning to the first sentence, Use between
three and six words,
1 Besides being lightweight, this fabric is
completely water-repellent.
As , this fabric is completely
water-repellent.
D 2 Even though he had retired, Tony still took
D pride in his appearance.
Despite , Tony still took
pride in his appearance.
3 He still wore flares despite the fact that they
had long been out of fashion.
Although fashion, he still
wore flares.
4 Despite the high price, these boots should
last you for many years to come.
Even , these boots should
last you for many years to come.
5 My hair looks very scruffy, although I've just
had it cut.
In spite of had it cut, my
hair looks very scruffy.
6 Despite not being particularly interested in
fashion, I always try to look my best.
While in fashion, I always
try to look my best.
7 Some people have style whilst other people
simply don't.
Whereas people simply don't.
10 In small groups, decide to what extent you agree
with these statements and why.
1 Even though they're expensive, it's worth
buying brand clothing/footwear because the
quality tends to be better.
2 Although anyone can be fashionable, style is
something you've either got, or you haven't.
3 People who always wear the latest fashions
are only playing at dressing up and have no
real identity.
4 The only fashion that is respected at all times
is simplicity. Anything else comes and goes.
129
FACT BOX
Bartleby, The Scrivener by
Herman Melville is one of the
most celebrated American short
stories. It was first published in
1853, when Melville was 34 -
two years after his masterpiece,
Moby Dick. Several film versions
of the story have been made.
The French existentialist Albert
Camus cited the story as a major
influence on his own work.
The narrator of Bartleby is an
elderly man who runs an office
on New York's Wall Street. He
already employs two scriveners
(clerks responsible for copying
documents), nicknamed Nippers
and Turkey. With the business
expanding, he decides to take
on a third scrivener, Bartleby ...

expected to examine his own
copy. Is it not so? Answer! '
'I prefer not to: he replied in a
fiute-like tone.
1began to wonder if I was
perhaps being unreasonable.
'Turkey: I said, 'Am I not right?'
'I think that you are: said Turkey,
in his blandest tone.
'Nippers: I asked, 'What do you
think of it?'
'I think I should kick him out of
the office:
I even asked Ginger Nut, the
office boy.
'I think, sir, he's a bit mad: he
replied with a grin.
Some days passed. Bartleby's
remarkable behavior had ~
tg keep a close watch on him.
I observed that he never went
to dinner; indeed that he never
went anywhere. He seemed to
live on ginger cookies, which the
office boy would bring him at
eleven o'clock each day.
As time passed, however, I
convinced myself that tolerating
Bartleby's strange willfulness
would cost me little. Although
his passiveness irritated me, his
incessant industry and great
calmness made him a valuable
acquisition. A major asset was
that he was always there; first
in the morning, continually
through the day, and the last
at night. I also had a singular
confidence in his honesty and
felt my most precious papers
safe in his hands. Sometimes,
however, I would ~2
summon Bartleby, in a short,
rapid tone and of course, from
his desk came the usual answer,
'I prefer not to:
One Sunday morning, having
some time to kill before church,
I decided to visit my office. I had
my key with me but found the
door was locked on the inside.
Surprised, I called out; when to
my consternation a key was
turned; and Bartleby's lean face
appeared. He quietly apologised
but said he was engaged and
preferred not to admit me. I
slunk away from my own door,
as he ~. But not w ithout a
twinge of impotent rebellion - my
own employee had ordered me
away from my own premises! And
what could he possibly be doing
in my office on a Sunday morning?
Different?
READING AND LISTENING
80
1 In pairs, discuss the questions.
1 Is an office/clerical job a sought-after career in your country?
Why? /Why not?
2 Would you like to have a job like this? What are the
85 (dis)advantages of this kind of working envirorunent?
2 In pairs, look at the photo and follow the instructions. Use a dictionary
to help you.
1 Choose words/phrases from the box that describe Bartleby's
90
appearance.
2 Judging by Bartleby's appearance, what sort of personality do
you think he has? Justify your choices.
......... .. . ......... ,... .. ... ......... ..
Appearance
double-chinned forlorn expression frail freckles
95 lean face smooth complexion stooping shoulders
thinning hair wan complexion wrinkled face
Personality
(un) cooperative dependable diligent gloomy outgoing
(un)predictable rebellious reserved sedate
100
3 Read the fact box on page 130. What effect do you think Bartleby will
have on life in the office?
4: CDS.03 Read Part 1 and check your predictions to Exercises 2 and 3.
How do the narrator's feelings towards Bartleby change during
105 the extract?
5 Read Part 1 again. Are the statements true (T) or false (F)?
1 The narrator hopes that Bartleby will set a good
example to his other employees. 0
110 2 He is pleased that Bartleby has proved to be such a
hard worker. 0
3 Bartleby is anxious the first time he refuses to cooperate. 0
4 The narrator manages not to lose his temper with Bartleby. 0
5 The narrator is most probably a lawyer. 0
, 15 6 The other clerks are unsympathetic towards Bartleby. 0
7 Bartleby gradually becomes less productive. 0
6 Replace the underlined words/phrases with the correct form of their
formal equivalents, highlighted in the text.
120
1 Please write to the address above, ~ clearly which
post you are interested in.
2 The advert made me believe that the swimming pool was free .
3 I regret to inform you that we have no option but to sack you.
4 I tried to convince him but he replied with incredible
rudeness.
125
5 I am writing to you about the plans to close down the library.
6 We ask you to vacate the building before 9p.m.
7 I'm afraid that during my stay I accidentally broke a
small mirror.
8 It is necessarv that you keep the kitchen area clean at all times.
130
9 Unfortunately the changes have not brought the wanted effect.
10 I was kept awake by the nonstop noise from the
neighbouring nightclub.
7 Work in pairs. What do you think Bartleby is doing in the office on a
135 Sunday morning? Then read Part 2 on page 132 and check your answers.
131
 8 C05.04 Read Part 2 again and answer the questions in 11 C05.05 Listen again and put the events in the
your own words. correct order.
1 What do Bartleby's possessions suggest about 1 Bartleby announces his intention to
his lifestyle? give up work. D
2 How do the narrator's feelings slowly change 2 Bartleby is given some time off. D
when he discovers Bartleby living at the 3 The narrator finds alternative
office? Why? accommodation. D
3 Why does he not sack Bartleby? 4 Bartleby ignores the narrator's order. D
4 What finally convinces him Bartleby must go? 5 The narrator is embarrassed by Bartleby. D
6 The narrator starts to accept the fact that
9 Find words/phrases in Part 2 which match he is stuck with Bartleby for ever. D
definitions 1-8. 7 The narrator suspects Bartleby is losing
1 remember, recollect his eyesight. D
2 unsmiling, sombre
12 In small groups, answer the questions.
3 refuse
4 unwilling, mistrustful 1 Do you think Bartleby is a pitiful victim or
5 disgust, loathing an unlikely rebel? Give reasons.
6 determined 2 Is the narrator a sympathetic character?
7 start doing something regularly/often Why?/Why not? Should he have dealt with
8 crazy, irrational Bartleby differently?
3 How did you find the tone of the story?
10 C05.05 In pairs, discuss the questions. Then listen to Choose from the words in the box and
Part 3 and check your predictions. explain why.
1 Do you think the narrator manages to dismiss amusing thought-provoking unsettling
Bartleby? If so, how? intriguing dark
2 What do you think the consequences will be?
132
 Different?

Mind the trap!

When we use a bit before a noun, we need to
add 'of a'.
This lesson is a bit boring. (adjective)
This is a bit of a boring lesson. (noun)
NOT This is a bit boriRQ lessoR.

original 0
'This is rather a nuisance, isn't it? 2 not (his) strong point 0
3 a bit long 0
4 not exactly easy 0
SPEAKING AND VOCABULARY 5 rather a delay 0
6 not especially warm 0
1 Look at the cartoon. What do you think the speakers 7 inconvenience 0
are really thinking? 8 misleading 0
9 somewhat mistaken 0
2 CD5.06 In which situations do people tend to use less 10 be between jobs 0
direcVmore diplomatic language? Listen and match
situations 1-4 with reasons a-d. a inaccurate f freezing
b wrong g weird
a to give an opinion to someone you c a major problem h unemployed
don't know 0 d not good at i too long
b not to upset (a friend's) feelings 0 e really hard j huge delay
c to make a problem seem less serious
than it is 0 4: Complete with synonyms and antonyms from the
d to avoid controversy in a publici box. Then rewrite the sentences in a less direct way,
formal situation 0 using modifiers and an expression with not.

3 CD5.06Study Speak Out. Then, in pairs, try to match blunt bright conscientious delicious
phrases 1-10 with their more direct versions a-j. indolent (formal) peculiar unappetising
Then listen again and check. slow typical well-mannered

Synonym Antonym
SPEAK OUT I Understatement
I
skinny underweight well-built
Adding modifiers to soften the message unintelligent
a little/a bit/rather/somewhat (formal) + adjective
rather a/a slight + noun lazy
I'm a little annoyed. (rather than very angry)
odd
I'm rather/a bit short of time/money at the moment.
(I'm busy/broke.) disgusting
I had rather a shock this morning! rude
---
Phrases with not
not exactly/especially/terribly/particularly/entirely 1 He's skinny.
+ adjective (antonym) He's a bit underweight.
You're not being entirely truthful with me. He's not exactly well-built .
(rather than you're lying) 2 They're unintelligent.
He's not the easiest person I've worked with. 3 He's very lazy.
(he's uncooperative) 4 This example is odd.
The tickets weren't exactly cheap. (very expensive) 5 The food was disgusting.
6 She can be very rude.
Euphemisms - mild/indirect/pleasant words/phrases
which replace more direct or accurate ones 5 In pairs, follow the instructions on page 149.
ridiculous (rather than infuriating; crazy)
unmotivated (lazy) 6 In pairs, roleplay the situations using Speak Out to
nuisance (problem) help you.
cross/displeased (annoyed)
under the weather (informal) (ill) Student A, look at page 151.
Student B, look at page 153.
Especially common in politics, the military,
business and media reports
well-off/badly off (rather than rich/poor)
incident (accidenVdisaster)
have misgivings (disagree)
challenging (hard)
ill-advised/questionable (stupid/foolish)

133
 WRITING " Find underlined words/phrases in texts A and B that
can be replaced by 1-16 below.
1 In pairs, look at Cath when she left school (photo 1)
and now, three years later (photo 2). Discuss in what Text A Text B
ways she seems to have changed. 1 shines at 9 serious
2 every aspect 10 reliable
2 Read the testimonial (text A) and answer the of her work 11 I am pleased to support
questions in pairs. 3 all the best for her application.
1 Does Cath's form-tutor generally have a 4 shyness 12 gives the impression
5 conscientious of being
positive or negative opinion of her? Justify
your opinion. 6 thoughtful 13 positive
7 both ... and '" 14 popular
2 What sort of person is she? Do you think 8 perceptive 15 respected
you would have much in common with her?
Justify your answers. 16 strength
3 Are testimonials for school-leavers common S Come Together Find verbs in texts A and B that
in your country? Do you think they are a collocate with the underlined phrases.
good idea? Why?/Why not?
1 '" good grades
3 Read the character reference (text B) and answer the 2 ... himself to be a good worker
questions in pairs. 3 '" a favourable impression
4 '" an ability to work hard
1 What positive changes seem to have 5 ... a good rapport
happened to Cath during the three years?
6 '" excellent written work
2 Does she seem to have changed for the
worse in any way?
3 Do you think the reference would be
encouraging/discouraging to a potential
employer?

CATHERINE EDGAR

TESTIMONIAL *

CD Cat herine joined St Enoch's School in 2000 and after five years of academic excellence achi eved a very
fine set of results in her GCSE exams, gaining seven grade As and two grade Bs.

Catherine has always shown herself t o be hard-working and mature in all she undertakes. Despite the fact that
she has recently suffered a period of ill-health, she has not allowed t his to interfere w ith her work in any way,
which speaks volumes about her level of commitment. Catherine tends to be more confident on paper t han
orally and her essays are elegant and frequently insightful. Her apparent diffidence often reflects a desire to think
things t hrough systematically before voicing an opinion. Catherine particularly excels at Maths and Geography and,
outside the classroom, has proved herself t o be a fine tennis player.

Catherine is a cheerfu l, calm and considerat e young woman w ith a delightful sense of humou r. At times she can
be rather self-contained and seems happiest amongst a small circle of close friends. However, this is not to deny
her genuine popularity w ith students and teachers al ike.

We are hopefu l that these qualities, both personal and academic, wi ll be rewarded in good A-level results.
We wish her every success in the future .

Form-Tutor 1 . r1/ . Wafso~ D ate I 8 June 2007

Head teacher S. B B(,(rro~s

*a. reference, usually written by a pupiJ 's form-tutor, which is often presented to school-leavers as a record of their
tIme at the school and can be presented to future employers/educational establishments
134
 Different?

7 Match adjectives 1-6 with their more diplomatic

6 Study Train Your Brain. Then put the paragraphs in descriptions a- f.
order, using texts A and B to help you.
1 bad-tempered 0 4 lazy 0
2 fussy/pedantic 0 5 scruffy 0
TRAIN YOUR BRAIN I Writing skills 3 bossy 0 6 boring 0
A character reference/testimonial a Even though it would be an exaggeration to
Mention any notable personal qualities not
say she was well-dressed, ... .
b Although it is fair to say he occaslOnally lacks
mentioned so far (eg, trustworthy, cheerful,
popular, witty, etc). Balance any weaknesses imagination, .,.
with strengths.
c Despite her rather domineering manner on
1 Very briefly summarise the person's career in
occasions , .,. . .
d She is obviously a born perfectlOnlst.
the company/school. e While he has been known to lose his temper, .. ,
If necessary, mention how (long) you have
f Despite the fact that he ~omes across as
known the person.
being not entirely comrrutted, .. ,
If necessary, state clearly th~t you are
recommending them for the Job. 8 Choose a classmate who you know well an~ write
Express the hope that the person's future a testimonial of about 220- 260 words .for him/her,
career will be a success. using texts A and B and Train Your Brain to help you.
Mention the person's strengths as an
employee/colleague/student.
Use strong verbs such as prove, show,
establish produce, demonstrate +
Present Perfect to emphasise achievements.
Mention any weaknesses in an understated
way, followed by c~ntrasting strengths to leave
a positive impressIOn. Use ~Iauses of
concession (although, despIte, however).

CLEARWAYUK
MARKET RESEARCH

STRICTLY PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL

4th October 2010

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN \

REFERENCE FOR CATHERINE EDGAR

As Campaigns Manager, I have known Catherine since September 2007 , when she joined Clearway UK as a trainee
market researcher straight from school. I
Catherine has made a very favourable impression during the three years I have known her. She has proved herself to be a
dependable and highly motivated member of staff. Whilst she obviously feels comfortable working as part of a team, she
has also demonstrated an ability to work independently to tight deadlines. Her ability to remain calm under pressure is also
a major asset. Although it is fair to say that punctuality is not her strong point, Catherine has not missed one day through
illness since she started with us three years ago. She is also increasingly confident and always professional when dealing
with clients face-to-face and has established an excellent rapport with them. In addition to this, Catherine has produced
some insightful written reports.

On a personal level, Catherine is considerate and mature for her age. Although she occasionally comes across as rather
earnest and has been accused of lacking a sense of humour, Catherine is nevertheless a well liked and highly regarded
member of staff.

I have no hesitation in recommending Catherine for any post which requires an intelligent and committed young person.
We shall be sorry to lose a valued member of staff and wish her all the best in her future career.

~o...ne Mef'Ck.
Campaigns Manager
Clearway UK
135
 VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR 4: Read the text and choose the correct answers a-d.

1 Use words from the box to make collocations. Mobile Phone Vigilante Stril(es Again
Then write a sentence for each phrase.
. . .. ..... ...... . . ......... ...... . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .
badly confined fashion label name Drivers who have been spotted using their
petty poverty rich thinning under mobile phones have been targeted by a mystery
wage follow vigilante who appears to have taken the '_
into his own hands yet again . W ithin the last
1 filthy _ _ __
two weeks, twenty car owners in Hampshire
2 off
3 minimum _ _ __ have found their tyres slashed w ith a note
4 below the line warnin g that they are being watched. Police
5 to a wheelchair are 2_ the incidents and have been examining
6 the weather the notes to gather potential 3_ . 'Whoever

7 the height of _ _ __ is doing this may feel that he or she has some
8 the herd sort of justification but there is never any excuse
9 designer _ _ __ to 4_ the property of others,' sa id the officer
10 criminal in charge of the 5_ . Although it is illegal for
11 brand _ _ __ drivers to use a mobile phone, police are usually
12 hair 6_ w ith 7_ , who are usually 8_ w ith 9_
2 Circle the odd word out and explain why it doesn't fit. driving and, at most, may pay a small '0_ .

1 lavish luxurious dilapidated opulent

2 destitute prosperous needy impoverished 1 a justice c crime
3 typical nondescript unremarkable quirky b law d deterrent
4 outlandish original special distinctive 2 a studying C inspecting
5 bribery assault corruption fraud b researching d investigating
6 assassin mugger hostage hijacker 3 a suspects c evidence
b proof d blackmail
3 Finish the second sentences so that they mean the
4 a assault c vandalise
same as the original ones.
b break d sabotage
1 You needn't have done all that washing-up. 5 a mystery C sentence
You didn't _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ b trial d case
2 We should definitely contact the police. 6 a lenient c draconian
Wehad _______________ b petty d tough
7 a offenders c outlaws
3 I managed to close the gate just in time. b guilty d troublemakers
I succeeded _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 8 a threatened c acquitted
b sentenced d charged
4 I'm furious that you didn't phone to say you
9 a irresponsible c reckless
were delayed.
You might _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ___ b careful d thoughtless
10 a bribe c penalty
5 They couldn't help me trace her. b fine d retribution
They were _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
5 Rewrite the sentences, using the words in
6 There's every chance that they'll turn up later capital letters.
this evening.
They may _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 1 Even though the food was atrocious,
we all had a good time. FACT
7 It's a pity you weren't at last night's party.
You should _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2 Besides working night-shifts, she's
8 He might have seen us but I doubt it. also studying for a degree. APART
It's _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
9 I don't see the point in going out tonight. 3 He's coming with us, whether he
Imight _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ wants to or not. EVEN
in tonight.
4 Although he gave up full-time work,
Tom still works as a volunteer. HAVING

5 Despite his poor punctuality, he's

actually very committed. ALTHOUGH

136
 COMMENT
T'S a sad fac~ that many societies have singled READING SKILLS
I
.
out left-handed people as being 'different' or
. 'unusual; or worse, have held them in low
esteem. For example, in Christian tradition,
the devil is. generaliy associated with the left hand
and the word sinister comes from the Latin for left,
1 Read the article. Are statements 1-7 true (T)
or false (F)? For question 8, choose the correct
answer a-d.
1 The word sinister is evidence of how
sinistra. This prejudice is all the more surprising people once looked down on those
when you consider that left-handedness is also linked who were left-handed. D
with creativity. Leonardo da Vinci was left-handed, J 2 Left-handed people are often
as were Michelangelo, Isaac Newton and Albert ingenious. D
Einstein. While right-handed people seem to have 3 The screwdriver was designed to be
better cognitive skills on average, studies find that 1 used by both left- and
left-handed people are more common among the right-handed people. D
highly innovative. 4 Left-handed people are not
About 11 p~rcent of the population is left-handed necessarily less productive. D
(with slightly ~ore men than women). Learning 5 A left-handed male graduate may
and working in a world of machines designed for typically earn up to 45 percent more
a principally right-handed population, left-handed than a right-handed male who
. people are at a disadvantage. Tools like the screwdriver finished his education in high school. D
work well for both. But others, like scissors and the 6 Both the US and UK studies show
~
standard classroom writing desk - not to mention ~ that female left-handers earn
writing from left to right, with all the smudges and less than female right-handers. D
blackened fingers that entails - are explicitly designed 7 Left-handed males appear to be
for right-handed people. This ought to make left-
handed people less productive and therefore make
j better at coming up with original
or unusual ideas. D
less money. 1 8 A suitable title for the article is:
However, that's clearly not always the case - ' at a Unfair discrimination
b More research required
-
least for men. A recent study in Britain and Ireland
looked at about 5,000 people born in 1958 and c At a disadvantage?
found modest earnings differences: 5 percent higher d New hope for left-handed people
pay for left-handed males, relative to their right- CD
handed counterparts and, surprisingly, 5 percent
SPEAKING SKILLS :z
lower pay for left-handed females compared to right-
handed females. What's more noteworthy is that
the pay difference for males appears to increase with
college education. In a US study, college graduates
1 Choose one of the topics and prepare a three-
minute presentation. --o
C I)

overall earned an average of 30 percent more than

1 No punishment is an effective deterrent
against crime. Do you agree with this? W
>
high-school graduates. Interestingly, after accounting
for other determinants of pay - such as age and
Why?/Why not? Discuss .
2 'To be nobody but yourself in a world
cc:
marital status - left-handed males with a college which is doing its best , night and day, CI)
. education earned 10 to 15 percent more than their to make you everybody else means to :E
=
right-handed counterparts. By contrast, the study fight the hardest battle which any human
found no systematic difference between the pay of being can fight; and never stop fighting.'
left-handed and right-handed f~males. (e.e. cummings, American poet.) How
The identification of two styles of thinking may appropriate is this view to your life? w
help explain why college-educated left-handed males
make more. Most people make use of 'convergent'
Discuss .
o
thinking - focusing on existing knowledge and rules l-
in order to come up with a single, correct answer. e
Left-handed males are more likely to engage in
'divergent' thinking, in other words moving outwards
cc:
into unexplored association. In an experiment in
which subjects devised uses for pairs of common
objects, such as 'imagining that a stick and a can could
~
cc:
together be a birdhouse, those who are left-handed
on average came up with nearly 30 percent more uses.
oLL
However, the tendency towards greater aptitude in
~

-::c
divergent thinking only holds' true for left-handed
males and psychologists don't know. why this is the Z
case. They agree that there is still a lot more research
to be done into left- and right-handedness.
I-
 THE ORIGINS OF IDIOMS
Glossary credible derivation indisputable literal translation
mangle language open to conjecture originate stereotypically
source take someone/something literally unambiguous Even with the
summer sales in
full swing, Sarah's
0 0 new shoes still

~ .... __ - - _ .to .. .- - TAkE ~DME

AII Si R8 LIAII
Sf/NSHIIf&
1-40" wrnt
Yoll !
ONLI( 1IIr~ ~ G)
$911 - '"
fj

After failing miserably in the cookery

competition he had fully expected to win,
Justin had to _ _ __ It's _ _ __
, Hello, Mission Control .. . I'm _ _ __ Sam was _ _ __

1 In pairs, complete the captions in cartoons a-g with idioms 1-7 below.
1 keep a stiff upper lip D 5 caught red-handed D G CD
2 daylight robbery D 6 cost an arm and a leg D
3 over the m oon D 7 bury the hat chet D
4 eat humble pie D
2 Match the idioms 1-7 from Exercise 1 to their meanings a-g below.
a overpriced D e forget your differences D
b very happy D f be found doing something bad D
c very expensive D 9 stay calm and not show your feelings D
d admit you were wrong D

British intelligence stops at nothing

to ensure its sp ies _ _ _ __ Don 't you think it's time to ?
 3 Read the introduction to the article. Find idioms with these origins. Then check their
meaning in a dictionary.
IQ. ..c.Q.i.n. .a. . .Q.h.ras.e.
An idiom is a group of words with a special meaning different (rom the ordinary meaning
1 the Chinese 3 the Bible _ of each separate word. English idioms come (rom many sources, such as holy books: 'the
2 sailing 4 Shakespeare salt of the earth', Eastern cultures: 'lose face', writers: 'in a pickle', and professions: 'by
and large'. Some origins are indisputable, while others are open to conjecture.
4: Read the rest of the article and find:
1 an idiom owing its origin to a linguistic error Keep a stiff upper lip
2 an idiom which only caught on a long time after it was first used Few idioms seem more stereotypically British than this. It brings forth images of
public school boys bravely refusing to cry and red-coated soldiers stoically resisting
3 an idiom which originated in North America dreadful pain. However, the idiom actually originated in the USA, first appearing in
4 two idioms which have been given false but entertaining origins Massachusetts in 1815. This citation from the Huron Ref/ector in 1830 makes the
meaning unambiguous: 'I felt somehow queer ... but I kept a stiff upper lip, and
5 Read the possible origins of these idioms and, in pairs, discuss which are most
(CD5.07) when my turn came ... I felt a little better.'
likely to be true. Then listen and check.
cost an arm and a leg Daylight robbery
a In mediaeval times people used to eat bears; the limbs provided the best In 1696 King William III introduced a tax on windows in all dwellings except for
cottages. In one way, it was fair: those with the biggest houses paid the most. But
and most expensive meat. William's tax on light and air was widely hated. People would brick up windows to
b Seventeenth-century portraits showing only head and shoulders cost less avoid paying what they saw as 'daylight robbery'. A great story; unfortunately
than those of the whole body. there's no evidence linking the tax with this idiom. It is not found in print until
c Originated in the USA after World War Two in which many soldiers lost limbs . 1916 and the first reference to overcharging is in the 1949 novel Roads from Home.
'I can never afford it, said his sister. It's daylight robbery.'
bury the hatchet
a When two American Indian tribes made a peace treaty the chiefs would Over the moon
bury their hatchets . Football managers are well known for mangling language: 'There'll be no siestas in
b Comanche Indians would bury a special golden hatchet 'Tatzinupe' to mark Madrid tonight.' (Kevin Keegan.) It is, therefore, unsurprising they rely on cliches
the end of a war. like 'I'm over the moon!' to express their delight. Although this idiom was not
C The death of General Wilbur Hatchet, a war-loving US cavalry officer, led to widely used before the 1970s, it actually comes from a sixteenth century nursery
peace with the Indians. rhyme: 'Hey diddle diddle, the cat and the fiddle / The cow jumped over the moon. /
The little dog laughed to see such fun / And the dish ran away with the spoon! '
6 The origins of which idioms in this lesson do you find the most surprising? Give reasons.
Eat humble pie
7 Crossing Cultures In groups, look at the box and then follow the instructions. We confess our errors by eating it, but what exactly is humble pie? The term comes
from the way words change. In the fourteenth century, the numbles were the heart,
Idiom: c;a coute les yeux de la tete liver, kidneys, etc of animals. By the fifteenth century this had become umbles in the
same way that 'a norange' became 'an orange'. Umble pies were popular with people
Literal translation: it costs the eyes from your head of humble origin, and that along with the habit of many English speakers of pronouncing
Real translation: it costs an arm and a leg humble as umble probably explains the phrase's current idiomatic meaning.

1 Find literal translations in your language for some of the idioms in this Caught red-handed
culture shock. To find the 'rightful heir to the kin gdo m of Ulster, a boat race was organised.
2 Find the real translations of the idioms. Do they exist in your language? The first to touch the shore would become king. So keen was one competitor to

..=
W
3 Invent origins for idioms from your own language. Vote on the origin you
find most plausible.
win, he cut off his hand and threw it to the shore, thus touching land before his
rivals. A marvellous myth, but not the derivation of this idiom. The phrase 'red
hand' originated in Scotland in 1432 meaning to have blood on one's hands after
poaching animals or committing murder. The earliest example of 'red-handed' is
from Walter Scott's Ivanhoe, 1819: ' .. . one fellow ... was taken red-handed.'
THE BBC (The British Broadcasting Corporation)
Glossary air broadcast cable TV commercial break commercial pressure
costume dramas current affairs editorial independence licence fee 'NATION SHALL SPEAK PEACE
long-running programme motto political interference video clips zapping
UNTO NATION'

-:~
2 Radio pioneer Guglielmo Marconi helped set up the BBe
in 1922.

Fears that new technologies might put newspapers out

of business are not new. In its early years BBe radio was
not allowed to broadcast news until after 7p.m. to prevent
newspapers suffering from competition with the new medium.

In 1936 BBe presenter Leslie Mitchell introduced the world's

first regular TV service with the words: 'Good afternoon, ladies
and gentlemen. It is with great pleasure that I introduce you to
the magic of television . . . '.
 .;&;mt
1 In groups, look at the photos and answer the quesbons. Then read the text quickly and check

your answers.
1 What types of programmes are shown in the photos? Which of them have you
8 The motto of the BBC is 'Nation Shall Speak Peace Unto Nation'.

watched? Did you enjoy them? Why?/Why not?

2 Apart from TV, what other media does the BBC exploit?
9 IIilll!Iml mtm Iii1IIlt!m 01.%11'
- - - '--,,;r" ~- - - ---.r
2 Read the text and find examples for points 1-7. Then compare your findings in groupS.
10 The longest-running soap opera in radio is The Archers, 'an
1 some criticism everyday story of country folk'. First broadcast in 1950, it is still
2 the most surprising fact popular after more than 15,000 episodes.
3 the most impressive statistics
4 something amusing but untrue
5 a key date in the BBC's history II
6 the main reason why the BBC is special
7 the most vital change in the BBC's history :~,n'-.I'r.
.::.

!;!I5..J!!.1 Listen and match speakers 1-5 with their attitudes to TV a-e. Speaker 5 0
3 12 Unlike most TV channels in the world, there is no advertising on
Speaker 1 0 Speaker 2 0 Speaker 3 0 Speaker 4 0 the BBe. It is a publicly run service financed by viewers' licence
a My life would be unbearable without my favourite series. fees and by the sale of programmes and merchandising. In 2008
the licence cost 139.50 a year.
b 1 prefer local TV.
c TV is not that important in my life.
d 1 hate missing my favourite programmes.
e 1 can't stand TV adverts.
4: In pairs, compare the attitudes above with yours and your family's.
I> @ii!J Read opinions a-I abOut the BBG and match them with speakers 1-5.1hen listen
and check. There is one extra opinion.
a The content of some programmes is being dumbed down. 0 14 The BBC stands accused of 'dumbing down' the quality of its TV
b The BBC resists temptations to change its traditions. 0 programmes in recent years by joining in the craze for reality TV,
c The website has some interesting competitions. 0 soaps like EastEnders, and game shows like The Weakest Link.
d There is a bias towards the south of England. 0
e The licence fee is well worth paying
f The licence fee is unjustified.
0
0
15
6 Crossing cultures DiscusS these questions about your country in small groups.
1 What are the differences between the BBC and your national broadcasters'
2 What's the longest-running radio or TV programme in your country?
3 Which programmes produced in your country do you appreciate? 16 CBeebies, a channel dedicated to pre-school children, was
45 Do you you
think launched in 2007. It broadcasts such favourites as Teletubbies,
Would beTV is being
willin!l dumbed
to pay down?
a licence fee to have a service like the BBC? If so,
which has gone on to be translated into 45 languages in over

.... how much? If not, why not? 75 countries. -

....
~
PLACE NAMES
Glossary forest clearing headland hybrid in a nutshell military camp monastery
river crossing river mouth settlement settlers Viking
 FACTFILE: Prefixes KEY FACTFILE:
.~~.~.9.~~9..~~ .. ~~ ...~~~.~.~~~ ...~.~.~~f?.ry
Aber- (British Celtic) river mouth 1 Aberdeen
Car-/Caer- (British Celtic) Roman fort/castle 2 Abergavenny Anglo-Saxon - also known as Old English,
Der- (Old Norse) where deer are seen 3 Birmingham this is a hybrid of Germanic languages spoken
Dun- (Gaelic) fort/castle 4 Bradford throughout Britain from the fifth to the twelfth
Glas- (British Celtic) green 5 Bristol centuries by settlers from Germany and northern
Inver- (Gaelic) place at river mouth 6 Cardiff Holland. It later incorporated elements of Norman
KiI(I)- (Gaelic) church 7 Darlington French to become rnodern English.
Llan- (British Celtic) church 8 Derby
Pen- (British Celtic) headland/hill Latin - the language of the Romans, who
9 Dudley
Strath- (Gaelic) wide valley occupied Britain for five centuries until the early fifth
10 Dundee
century AD.
11 Edinburgh
12 Glasgow British Celtic - spoken across England,
13 Greenwicn Scotland and Wales from about 600BC until the
14 Harrogate sixth century. It is an ancestor of modern Welsh,
-bury/burgh (Anglo-Saxon) castle/fort 15 Inverness which is spoken by about 700,000 people today.
-by (Old Norse) village 16 Kilmarnock
-c(h)ester (Latin) military base/camp Old Norse - spoken by the Vikings from Norway
17 Llandudno
-dale (Old Norse) valley and Denmark, who settled in north-eastern Britain
18 Manchester
-don (Anglo-Saxon) hill/slope between the ninth and twelfth centuries.
19 Penarth
-ford (Anglo-Saxon) river crossing 20 Penzance Gaelic - a Celtic language which has been
-gate (Old Norse) road 21 Rochdale spoken in Scotland for over 1,500 years. Its modern
-ham (Anglo-Saxon) farm 22 Strathpeffer form is spoken by about 60,000 Scots today.
-ing (Anglo-Saxon) people of ... 23 Swindon
-ley (Anglo-Saxon) forest clearing 24 Westminster
-minster (Anglo-Saxon) monastery AD = Anno Domini; the current/modern era following the
-stol/stow (Anglo-Saxon) meeting place birth of Christ (according to the Gregorian calendar)
-ton (Anglo-Saxon) estate/village Be = Before Christ
-wich/wick (Anglo-Saxon) work/trading place

1 Read the factfile on languages. Which language appeared first in Britain? " Look at the place names on the map and decide on the origin of each one, using
the information in the boxes to help you. What does this tell you about where
2 Look at the photos and the captions. What do you think place names can tell
(cn;:10) different language groups settled?
us about history? Listen and check your ideas.
5 Crossing Cultures In small groups, answer the questions, giving examples.
3 eo&:111 Listen and answer the questions.
What kind of things do places in your country tend to be named after?
1 How old are the oldest place names in Britain? Have other languages/cultures had an influence on place names in your
2 The names of what sort of geographical features often come country?
from Celtic? Are there any places with particularly interesting/unusual names?
3 Where did Celtic-speaking people typically move to during the Have any place names in your country been 'exported' abroad?
Roman occupation?
4 Which language was the origin of most British place names today?
.....
~
5 Where were many British place names later exported to?
W
GOING, GOING, GONE?
Glossary affluent attire coined (a phrase) doomed doorstep draughty
fleet good riddance humid legislation ox to be axed treat
enduring
1
Although the version we use today was originally invented by a Croatian, for
much of the twentieth century hot-water bottles were an essential part
of the British bedtime ritual. Millions of Brits would cuddle up in bed to these
rubber bottles during the cold winter months.
2
A full English breakfast comprising bacon and eggs (often accompanied
by sausage and fried mushrooms or tomatoes) is a relatively recent invention .
Fried eggs, for example, were popularised by British soldiers during the First
World War and most working-class people couldn't afford to eat bacon for
breakfast until the 1920s.
3
As an island exposed to the Atlantic Ocean, Britain experiences more than its
fair share of wet or humid weather. Add to that urban air pollution, principally
from exhaust fumes, and it's no wonder that cities such as London and
Edinburgh have suffered dense smogs (smoke and fog) during the winter.
4
Whilst every dairy used to have its fleet of these vehicles, which ran on an
electric battery, nowadays they are a rare sight. Milk floats have a top
speed of only 20 kilometres per hour and are incredibly quiet so they won't
wake residents as they deliver bottles of milk to people's doorsteps during the
early hours of the morning.
5
A symbol of London for many, Routemaster buses were first introduced
in 1956, although there had been double-decker trams and trolleybuses on
London streets since the late nineteenth century. The buses have no doors -
instead passengers board the bus by a raised platform at the rear of the bus.
6
Once an essential element of the British gentleman's attire, the bowler hat
has been worn by figures from Charlie Chaplin to Winston Churchill to members
of Monty Python . It was first made in 1849 and because it has an iron top, it
became popular with respectable men who rode to work on horses!
 7
The term Received (meaning accepted) Pronunciation was first coined
in 1869 but it entered everyday language in 1924 when Daniel S. Jones used
it in his Eng/ish Pronouncing Dictionary. Also known as the Queen's English,
or BBe English, it is estimated that a mere 2 percent of the British population
use RP day-to-day. The accent itself is fairly recent and developed in the
nineteenth century in the Public Schools (such as Harrow or Eton) where
affluent families from south-east England sent their sons to be educated .

8
Until the nineteenth century, the British usually drank tea after lunch. It was
Anna, the seventh Duchess of Bedford, who introduced this pause in the
afternoon for tea, cake and sandwiches and by 1860 'five o'clock tea'
had become a social ritual, especially for upper-class 'women of leisure' - an
occasion to exchange gossip and be introduced to new acquaintances.

9
The imperial system of measures includes the inch, foot, yard and mile
as measures of length; the pint and gallon for volume; the acre for area and
the ounce, pound and stone for weight. These evolved over centuries and
were based on practical, everyday measurements - for example, the length
of a foot or thumb were the origin of foot and inch and an acre was the
\ amount of land that could be ploughed by a man and his ox in one day.

Il

1 In pairs, look at the photos and answer the questions. 5 Look at the captions to the photos of these items and try and guess why the future
1 Which item or feature of British life do you think each photo shows? of each may be in doubt. Then check your predictions on page 149.
2 Which ones do people in your country particularly associate with milk floats
British culture? Routemaster buses
hot-water bottles
2 Read the fact box and match descriptions 1-9 with photos a-i.
6 Crossing Cultures In groups, answer the questions, giving examples.
3 In pairs, look at the captions to the photographs. What do they suggest about what
is happening (or has happened) to each item? 1 What stereotypes or myths are there about your country abroad?
Are any of them justified?
4: Listen and for each item mentioned, write the factorls a-d responsible for
CCD5.12) 2 What might surprise a visitor to your country? Use these ideas
recent changes. to help you.
behaviour hobbies attire rituals daily routines
1 imperial system o a changing social attitudes
unusual gadgets food vehicles
2 the full breakfast 00 b lack of time 3 What features of life have disappeared in your country? Do you
3 London smog o c new lawsilegislation think this is a good thing? Why?/Why not?
o
...
~
~
4 five o'clock tea
5 bowler hats
6 Received Pronunciation
o
o
d people more health-conscious
 Student Activities
Unit 1, Vocabulary and Speaking, Exercise 3, page 7.
Quiz answers
Mainly 'a's - You're reliable, sensible and easy to get
on with. But be careful you don't say what you
think other people want to hear rather than what
you really think. There's a danger people might
think you're being hypocritical.
Mainly 'b's - You're not always easy to get on with.
Perhaps it's because you're too idealistic and
sensitive and you find it hard to control your
emotions. Learn to count up to ten before you
react and you'll find life easier.
Mainly 'c's - You can be charming, but you're often
insensitive and selfish. If you spent more time
thinking about other people's feelings , you'd be
easier to get on with. But you don't really care
what others think of you - you know you're great.
Unit 1, Grammar and Listening, Exercise 10, page 11.
Yasmina and Simon got married and had a wonderful
honeymoon. They're still happily married, but
Yasmina isn't pregnant yet.
Natalia met someone else while she was studying in
Edinburgh and split up with Tommy. He was
depressed for a while, but he got over it and is now
going out with an old school friend.
James graduated with honours and got a job in
Canada. Maggie is still working in England, but she's
applied for a job in Toronto. They're still in love.
Unit 2, Listening and Speaking, Exercise 7, page 19.
Unit 2, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 9, page 20.
Situation
You work on the committee of your country's Museum
of Modern Art. You have been granted money to buy
146
one exhibit which you hope will become the new
centrepiece for the museum's contemporary art
collection. Read the list of possible purchases and try
to decide which item would be the most exciting,
enhancing the museum's reputation for daring
innovation whilst appealing to the public's imagination.
1 Birthday Bath - a ceramic bath filled with the
water which the artist, Katy Irwin, bathed in on her
twenty-fourth birthday.
2 Up In Smoke - a film installation showing looped
video footage of the artists Chico and Estelle setting
fire to 20,000 in cash, a grant from the Lottery
Foundation for the Arts.
3 Egg-heads - Liliana Petrie's collection of human
skulls, which she has painted with intricate patterns
inspired by traditional Easter egg decorating from
her native Ukraine.
4 You Ain't Goin' Nowhere - three top-of-the-range
stretch limousines that have been decorated by
graffiti artists from Dalston Artists' Collective.
5 Sugar High - Simon Fauntleroy's sculpture
comprising 384 bags of sugar, inspired by
supermarket in-store displays.
6 Snappe d Up - a gigantic portrait of the Prime
Minister made up of a collage of hundreds of
photographs of him that have appeared in the
tabloid press.
Unit 3, Vocabulary and Listening, Exercise 10, page 29.
1 Develop the ideas 1n the sentences from Exercise 9
or invent news stories about the following topics:
education, your town/country, sport, entertainment,
politics, the environment.
2 Use words indicating fall/rise and phrasal verbs
from this lesson. Remember, news items often
begin with the Present Perfect tense.
3 Read out your news programme and vote on the
programmes you find most interesting/original!
realistic.
Unit 3, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 1, page 30.
1 True. The methane they emit is the second biggest
source of greenhouse gases.
2 True. Without them the surface temperature of the
earth would be about 34C colder.
3 False. Fossil fuels make up over 80 percent of the
energy we use.
4 True. A flight from London to Paris produces a
carbon footprint of 348kg of carbon dioxide (C0 2 )
per person; by train, it's only 75kg.
5 False. Carbon-offsetting is a way to compensate for
ecological damage, eg you pay for some trees to be
planted to make up for travelling by plane.
Unit 4, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 7, page 40.
Choose one of these situations. Tell your partner about the
situation. How did you feel? How did you deal with the
situation?
a situation where you felt out of place
a situation where you felt you had nothing in
common with anyone else
a situation where you found yourself in a room full
of strangers
Unit 4, Grammar and Speaking, Exercise 13, page 43.
1 Headphones which cancel out external noise -
great for studying in noisy halls of residence!
2 An electric back massager which plugs into your
computer's USB port, useful after spending hours
hunched in front of a computer'
3 An armchair with built-in speakers and a docking
port for your MP3 player. Attach your player and
relax as music plays around you!
Unit 5, Speaking, Exercise 4, page 56.
A forward to seeing Black Night play some of these
Choose a national dish which you think could represent
what's best about your country's cuisine to a visitor.
Consider the following criteria:
how likely it is to appeal to most people's tastes
how easy it is to prepare or find on a restaurant menu
how typical it is of your country's cooking
cost
You have three to four minutes to come to a decision.
Use Speak Out on page 56 to help you.
B
Following pressure from students, it has been decided that
your school/college canteen/snack bar/tuck shop should
make more of an effort to provide some healthier snacks.
Choose one item from the following to add to the menu:
freshly prepared salads
freshly squeezed fruit/carrot juice
vegetarian fast food (eg falafels, beanburgers,
nutburgers)
home-made cakeslbiscuits
Consider the following when making your decision:
how popular your choice would be with the
average customer
how nutritional/filling it is
the potential price
how easy/convenient it is to eat or drink
You have three to four minutes to come to a decision.
Use Speak Out on page 56 to help you.
Unit 6, Writing, Exercise 7, page 69.
Black Night - Lyrics
Usually when a band releases a compilation of cover
versions, it's an admission they've run out of ideas.
And I'm sorry to say that's the case with Black Night's
new album, Lyrics. Since their stunning debut album
two years ago, Philadelphia's finest have gone on to
become one of the best US rock groups around today.
Frontman Alex Castro writes fantastic songs with
catchy tunes and witty lyrics you have no trouble
remembering. But now he's decided it's time to pay
homage to his favourite songwriters. In this, their
fourth album, Black Night cover sixteen classic songs
which all have one thing in common: great lyrics .
Musically the group sounds uninspired and short of
energy from the first track (Chuck Berry's School
Days) to the last (Erninem's Lose Yourself) .
The Sound of Silence, in which Castro's hoarse
voice and guitarist Steve Horn's muddy guitar chords
drown out Penny Smith's bland tinkling keyboard,
is unbearable. But awful though it is, it isn't quite as
bad as their shrill, squeaky version of Dylan's Like a
Rolling Stone, which includes by far the most boring
drum solo I've ever heard. I can't remember hearing a
worse version of a Dylan song.
In my humble opinion, the only highlight on the album
is Heartbreak Hotel. Castro's voice is mellow and
sweet and proves he can compete with Elvis. Frankly,
the cover is actually slightly better than the original.
There's really no point buying this album. You'd be
better off listening to the originals. I was looking
classics along with their own hits on their forthcoming
tour, but after listening to this dreadful compilation,
now I'm not so sure I'll bother going.
Sid Lowry
Unit 7, listening and Vocabulary, Exercise 10, page 73.
Bedworth and Nuneaton Gazette
SOUTH
MIDSHIRES
POLICE
Kerry Duggen
Date of birth: 17/09/93
Address: 27 Beaumont Road ,
Bedworth
DUGGEN is prohibited from :
1 contacting Cheryl Martin directly or indirectly
2 knowingly approaching Ms Martin
3 going within 100 metres of 6 Haywood Road , Bedworth
4 making use of a mobile phone
DUGGEN's Anti-social Behaviour Order is in place until
02/04/2010
-. --
If you have any information regarding breaches of this
ASBO, call Crimestoppers anonymously on OaOO}
Read and answer the questions in groups.
.
1 What do you think Kerry has got into trouble for?
2 Is such information made publicly available in
your country?
3 Do you think it's a fair punishment? Would it be an
effective deterrent?
4 What other punishments do you think are suitable
for people who repeatedly resort to abusive or
intimidating behaviour? Use the ideas below or
your own.
being banned from using ...
being expelled from ...
prosecuting the bully's parents
paying compensation to the victim
doing community service
paying a fine
5 Is it common in your country for people in the
army/at school/college to be bullied by people in
the year(s) above them? What is your opinion of it?
6 What advice would you give to someone who is
being bullied?
147
 Unit 7, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 2, page 74. Unit 10, Grammar, Exercise 9, page 107.

Add these points to your score for every 'yes' answer. 04 . ~omplete each gap with one word where necessary
1 - 10 points 2 - 5 points 3 - 15 points and finish the sentences. Then listen and check.
4 - 10 points 5 - 5 points 6 - 5 points 1 The first animal _ _ _ _ was sent into space
7 - 5 points 8 - 30 points 9 - 15 points was a ...
10 - 10 points 11 - 5 points 12 - 20 points 2 The first invention the sound barrier
13 - 5 points 14 - 5 points 15 - 5 points was broken by, was the ...
What your scores mean: 3 George Washington, was not the first
100+ You seem to be experiencing a great deal president of the USA, had false teeth
of prolonged stress. Try some basic were made of '" ----
relaxation techniques for times when you 4 An animal brain is about 6 percent of
are particularly under pressure and better its body weight and lives in a complex
still, try and set aside more time fo; society is the ...
relaxing. 5 The enemies Napoleon ran away
55-95 You are under quite a lot of pressure and - - - _ in great embarrassment in 1807 were ...
you are probably experiencing a fairly high 6 The purpose of the 'Glutton Club'
level of stress, but you are just about in which biologist Charles Darwin w~ul-d-g-o-o-n-c-e a
control of the situation. Try not to take on week, was to eat ...
any more work or responsibilities, though. 7 The cause of death as a of which more
30-50 You have an optimum amount of stress in than two million people die every year is ...
your life - enough to be motivating but not 8 The . to which the earth is made up of
so much as to affect your well-being. water In percentage terms is ' "
0-25 You have a relatively stress-free life that 9 The period in most children learn to
many would be envious of. However, be walk is from ...
careful that this doesn't encourage you to
become lazy! Unit 10, Writing and Speaking, Exercise 10, page 113.
In pairs, agree on the best arguments from the list below
Unit 8, Writing, Exercise 5, page 91. to answer the exam qu~stion in Exercise 9 on page 113.
Can you think of more arguments?

PERTH: A VENUE FOR THE KRANG MUSIC FESTIVAL
Introduction
The purpose of this report is to describe the suitability of Perth
as the venue for the Krang Music Festival on 2-3 August this
year. It draws on information provided by the Scottish Tourist
Board and the local council.
Getting here
Known as 'the gateway to the Highlands', Perth is a historic
town of 44,000 people located in the heart of Scotland. It is
o very well connected by both road and rail.
o only about an hour from Glasgow and Edinburgh
international airports.
Possible venues
The best venue for the festival would be in the large park
known as the North Inch Situated between the town centre
and the river Tay.
Where to stay
o The nearest youth hostel is over 20 miles away. However,
Bed &: Breakfast accommodation can cost as little as 50
per night for a double room with full breakfast.
o There is ample space next to the North Inch for a temporary
campsite.
Attitudes
Although there is likely to be some resistance from local
residents worried about noise and littering, the council, aware
of the financial benefits for the local economy, is keen to host
the festival.
Conclusions
In conclusion, Perth is an ideal place for the festival due to its
excellent transport links and to the positive attitude of the local
authorities. I recommend negotiating with the council as soon
as possible to secure the North Inch as the venue and to seek
permission to provide a temporary campsite.
We spend a lot of time at school.
Many of us are involved with NGOs charities and
political parties. '
It's easy to distinguish fantasy from reality.
We help out a lot at horne.
Not everybody is to blame for the actions of a
minority.
Many of us have part-time jobs.
Football, famous people and soaps are fantasies too.
We socialise more than older people do.
We are less addicted to TV than our parents are.
Computer games are intellectually challenging.
Unit 11, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 1, page 118.
Give yourself one point for every 'a', two points for every 'b',
three points for every 'c', etc.
5-10 points:
You are a dove. You tend to be lenient and believe
that people are good at heart and that even the vilest
character can be reformed.
11-20 points:
You are neither permissive nor authoritarian. You
believe that criminals deserve both compassion and
retribution.
21-30 points:
You are a hawk. You care deeply about the victims of
crime and are convinced that severe punishment will
deter criminals.

148
Unit 12, Grammar and Reading, Exercise 2, page 128.
Mostly 'a's
You have a strong sense of fashion and try to keep
'ahead of the pack' with what you wear. You try to
cultivate your own individual style and know exactly
what kinds of things tend to suit you best. Many see
you as a trend-setter and may be copying your ideas,
while others may find you too chic to be
approachable.
Mostly'b's
You have a good feel for what's 'in' or 'out' at the
moment and you make an effort to look your best at
all times. Although you can be rather cautious in your
tastes, you're beginning to cultivate your own
distinctive style.
Mostly'c's
You don't need a quiz to tell you that you have very
little interest in fashion. Trends pass you by and you
barely notice. You're laid-back about your appearance
which means most people probably feel comfortable
being around you.
Unit 12, Speaking and Vocabulary, Exercise 5, page 133.
Situation
You are schoolteachers talking to parents at a parents'
evening. You are due to discuss Leo, a particularly
difficult pupil who is the 'apple. Qf his mother's eye'.
Unfortunately, as far as you ?re concerned, Leo is
uncooperative, often acts strangely during classes
and his aggression is a major problem. Generally you
find him very hard to teach. You don't agree that he
is ready to take his exams as he doesn't seem to have
any motivation. Find ways you could express your
views as diplomatically as possible to his parents,
using Speak Out and Exercises 3 and 4 to help you.
Culture Shock 4, Exercise 5, page 145.
1 Nowadays, most Brits buy their milk from
supermarkets and milk floats are becoming a less
common sight.
2 The Routemaster was withdrawn from service in
2005 - the buses are unsuitable for disabled people
and so do not comply with new regulations.
3 British houses once had a reputation for being cold
and draughty. But thanks to central heating and
better insulation, the hot-water bottle is no longer
an essential item.
Student A Activities
Unit 3, Vocabulary and Listening, Exercise 9, page 29.
Read sentences 1-6 to your partner and ask him/her to match
the phrasal verbs with up with their meaning on page 29.
1 The car blew up before the bomb disposal experts
got there. (explode)
2 The singer promised to perform in a free concert to
make up for last week's cancellation. (compensate)
3 The minister urged young people to stand up for
their rights. (defend)
4 A 17-year-old from Korea has found a simple way to
speed up Internet connections. (make faster)
5 A committee has been set up to investigate the
accident. (create, establish)
6 The President mixed up his countries when he told
the Hungarian parliament he was delighted to be in
Prague. (confuse)
Unit 4, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 3, page 44.
Start and finish the conversation in situations 1 and 3 and
respond appropriately in situations 2 and 4.
1 Tell your partner about a terrible mistake/gaffe you
once made. Emphasise the fact that you will never
repeat the mistake again.
2 Your partner will tell you an anecdote. Sympathise
and sound interested!
3 You are a customer in a hotel. The service has been
atrocious and you are absolutely livid. Complain
forcefully to the manager about what has happened
to you, emphasising that you have never experienced
such appalling service before. Start the conversation.
4 You work in a department store and have arrived late
for work every day this week. You are very apologetic
to the manager and promise to mend your ways .
Unit 6, Vocabulary and Grammar, Exercise 9, page 61 .
Read these definitions to your partner and see if he/she can
guess the correct verb. If your partner guesses wrongly, tell
him/her the first letter and ask him/her to guess again. Keep
on telling your partner letters until he/she guesses right.
1 The noise you make when you're in pain. It's got
five letters. (whine)
2 The noise of someone hitting a drum regularly. Four
letters. (bang)
3 The noise of a big lorry slowly crossing a wooden
bridge. Six letters. (rumble)
4 The noise made by a stone breaking a window. Five
letters. (crash)
5 The sound you hear if you exhale under water. Six
letters. (bubble)
Unit 6, Grammar and Speaking, Exercise 10, page 65.
Ask your partner these questions and suitable follow-up
questions to keep the conversation going.
What kind of music do you enjoy?
Who are your favourite artists?
How often do you buy music? In which format?
Can you remember the first record/CD you bought?
Have you ever thought of forming a group?
149
 Unit 6, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 5, page 66.
Read the information about the Earblaster music player
and with your partner compare its features with that of the
SoundSnake and the Songvault.
The Earblaster can't store nearly as
many songs as the SoundSnake.
Unit 7, Listening and Speaking, Exercise 10, page 79.
Situation One
You have been ill and fallen behind with work. You've
been relying on your friend to lend you his/her
classnotes to help you catch up. You still have a
History essay to write for homework and you ask if you
can borrow your friend's essay. Start the conversation.
Situation Two
You have just come back from a holiday with friends
and, to your horror, have discovered that your parents
have 'tidied up' your room, removing a large number of
your personal possessions! Respond in an assertive way.
Unit 8, Vocabulary and Speaking, Exercise 9, page 83.
Read the information below. Then turn back to page 83 and
tell your partner the answers to questions 1,3,5 and 7. Do
it from memory, using your own words as much as possible.
What is CouchSurfing?
CouchSurfing is a worldwide network that connects
travellers with people willing to let them spend a
night in their homes on a couch or spare bed.
How does it work?
Anyone aged 18 or above with a personal email
address can become a member. After creating a user
profile you can offer your couch to travellers and!
or search for potential hosts in thousands of cities
around the world. When you come across a host you
like who has a couch free for the date that suits you,
then you arrange to meet. The usual stay is from one
to three days, but it can be longer.
What are CouchSurfers like?
Most members are young single people, but one couple
in Denmark celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary
with a CouchSurfer. And a 76-year-old grandmother
from California 'CouchSurfed' her way through Greece.
As she said, 'Who wants to sit in a lonely hotel?'
Is it only an accommodation service?
CouchSurfing isn't just about finding someone to put
you up. Its aim is to create a better world, one couch
at a time, and to create lasting friendships. It is also
used as a travel advisory service: CouchSurfers
communicate online about things to see, places to eat,
tourist traps to avoid and how to save money. For
further information, check out www. couchsurfing.com.
150
Unit 8, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 8, page 89.
It was my mother's birthday and I was desperate to
get home for the weekend. Unfortunately, there was a
public transport strike, so I decided to hitch-hike. I
left at the crack of dawn and got a rid e straightaway
that took me to within 30 miles of my parents' farm. I
didn't call to ask them to pick me up , because I
wanted my visit to be a surprise. Almost immediately
an ancient Fiat 600 stopped and the driver invited me
to hop in. I should have known it was too good to be
true. The car was full of large plastic containers filled
with milk. Jamming my bag into the tiny space in the
back seat , I sat precariously on top of one of the
plastic containers in the front. It wasn't very
comfortable, and it goes without saying I couldn't put
my seat belt on, but I only had to go a short distance.
Just round the corner from my home, a sheep ran out
in front of the car and the driver slammed on the
brakes. Thrown forward, I knocked my head on the
windscreen, and got a nasty gash on my forehead
which started bleeding profusely. Then the plastic
container I was sitting on suddenly gave way under
me and three more containers fell on top of me,
pinning me to the floor of the car. When my mother
opened the door, she found me standing there
drenched in a mixture of milk and blood. She was
certainly surprised!
Unit 9, Grammar, Exercise 7, page 100.
Tell the jokes in the past with Reported Speech, using the
prompts. If you know a better joke, tell it to your partner!
Joke One
Customer Excuse me, but I saw your thumb in my
soup when you were carrying it.
Waitress Oh, don't worry. The soup isn't hot.
A customer complained to the waitress .. .
The waitress told him ... explaining that .. .
Joke Two
The doctor to the patient, 'You are very ill. '
The patient to the doctor, 'Can I get a second
opinion?'
The doctor again, 'Yes, you are very stupid too ... '
The doctor informed his patient that ...
The patient asked .. . So the doctor told ...
Unit 9, Speaking, Exercise 5, page 101.
Situation One
You were hungry and helped yourself to a whole
chocolate cake that you found in the fridge . You now
feel guilty about it and decide to own up to your
mum/dad. Start the conversation.
Situation Two
You receive an unexpected phone call. You have
never heard of the magazine and are not interested in
receiving it. You are rather impatient with the caller.
Situation Three
Your elder teenage brother/sister has some news for
you. You have some good news - you have just found
your missing pet rat under your bed and have already
returned him to his cage.
 Unit 11, Vocabulary and Listening, Exercise 9, page 117.
Roleplay the situation with Student B. You are a poorly paid
journalist for your local paper. You owe some people quite a
lot of money that you have to pay back very soon. You have
been sent to interview a young person who has just won a
fortune on the lottery.
Ask the young person how he/she feels about the
lottery win and how it might change his/her life.
Ask what he/she plans to do with the money.
Try to establish a good relationship with himlher
and politely request some help with your debts.
Unit 11, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 5, page 121.
Read the ethical dilemma below and take notes of the key
points. Then, using your notes, describe the dilemma to your
partners and lead the discussion about whether Richard did
the right thing.
Bank error in your favour
Richard went to the cash dispenser and requested 100 with
a receipt. What he got was 1 0,000 with a receipt - for 1 00.
At home, he checked his account online. It had been debited
by only 100. He put the money in a safe place, sure the bank
would spot the mistake and ask for it back. But two months later
nobody had called. Concluding that no one was going to ask
for the money, Richard bought an expensive car. On the way
home, however, he felt a twinge of guilt. Wasn't this stealing?
He hadn't taken the money deliberately, and he hadn't robbed
anyone. It was a drop in the ocean for the bank, and they were
probably insured anyway. It was their own fault they had lost the
money. It wasn't theft. It was just a stroke of luck.
Unit 12, Speaking and Vocabulary, Exercise 6, page 133.
Situation One
Your son/daughter is in London for three months to
attend a language course. During this time he/she is
staying with a British family. This is also his/her first
trip abroad and you feel anxious. You phone your
son/daughter and ask about the following:
how he/she is finding the host family
whether he/she is eating properly
whether he/she is keeping healthy
how he/she is finding the language course
Situation Two
You have just bumped into an old school friend.
You recently heard that he/she has started going out
with a girllboy who you strongly disapprove of. In
your opinion this person is very selfish and unreliable.
You don't even think he/she is particularly attractive.
You are shocked by your friend's news but try to
react diplomatically.
Student B Activities
Unit 1, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 7, page 13.
Respond appropriately in situations 1, 3 and 5, and start
and finish the conversation in situations 2, 4 and 6. Use
Speak Out on page 12 to help you.
1 You are at a party. Someone you don't know starts
talking to you. You're not sure what to think of
himlher.
2 You're travelling on a long train journey. You're
bored. Talk to the person next to you.
3 You've been going to a gym for a long time. At last
someone seems to be interested in you.
4 You're in the dentist's waiting room. You've been
waiting for ages. The only other person there seems
a little nervous . Start a conversation.
5 You're on a blind date but you're very shy.
6 You're waiting at a bus stop and you think you
recognise the person in front of you.
Unit 3, Vocabulary and Listening, Exercise 9, page 29.
Read sentences 1-6 to your partner and ask him/her to match
the phrasal verbs with down with their meaning on page 29.
1 Branton's plane has just touched down after his
round-the-world flight. (land)
2 A reckless driver knocked down his own wife late
last night. (hit to the ground)
3 Singer Annie Bierhom has been warned to cut down
on cigarettes. (reduce the amount of)
4 Jorge Motinho has turned down the chance to
become manager of England. (refuse)
5 Warner apologised for letting down the group's fans .
( disappoint)
6 The spokesperson played down rumours that
the prime minister is due to resign. (reduce the
importance of)
Unit 4, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 3, page 44.
Start and finish the conversation in situations 2 and 4 and
respond appropriately in situations 1 and 3.
1 Your partner will tell you an anecdote. Sympathise
and sound interested!
2 Tell your partner about a terrifying event that
happened to you. Emphasise the fact that it was
probably the most frightening thing that has ever
happened to you.
3 You are a hotel manager. A customer is complaining
to you. Remain polite and try to calm the customer
down.
4 You are the manager of a department store. An
employee has arrived late for work every day this
week. You are utterly furious about this because
there was nobody to work on the tills for half an
hour. Firmly reprimand the employee, emphasising
the fact that you will not tolerate his/her behaviour
in the future. Start the conversation.
151
 Unit 6, Vocabulary and Grammar, Exercise 9, page 61.
Read these definitions to your partner and see if he/she can
guess the correct verb. If your partner guesses wrongly, tell
him/her the first letter and ask him/her to guess again.
Continue telling your partner letters until he/she guesses right.
1 A horrible noise a frightened bird might make.
It's got seven letters. (screech)
2 The noise of logs burning on a fire. Seven letters.
(crackle)
3 The noise a witch might make when angry or
excited. Six letters . (shriek)
4 The sound you might make when you're talking
quickly, but not making sense. Six letters . (babble)
5 The noise of something hard and dry breaking.
Five letters. (crack)
Unit 6, Grammar and Speaking, Exercise 10, page 65.
Ask your partner these questions and suitable follow-up
questions to keep the conversation going.
How often do you go to concerts?
What's the best concert you've ever been to?
Can you play any instruments or sing? Would you
like to?
What's your favourite song/piece of music?
Why is music important to you?
Unit 6, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 5, page 66.
Read the information about the Songvault music player
and with your partner compare its features with that of the
SoundSnake and the Earblaster.
Songvault The Songvault can't
store quite as many
songs as the
SoundSnake, but
it can store
far more
than the
Earblaster.
Unit 7, Listening and Speaking, Exercise 10, page 79.
Situation One
Your friend has been ill and fallen behind with work.
He/She has been borrowing your classnotes in an
attempt to catch up. Unfortunately, he/she is very
slow to give them back to you and you often need to
refer to them. Respond in an assertive way.
Situation Two
While your son/daughter was away on holiday, you
took the opportunity to 'tidy up' his/her bedroom and
have removed piles of papers and magazines which
you thought were cluttering up the room and which
you are planning to take to the rubbish dump. You
feel very pleased about it. Start the conversation.
152
Unit 8, Vocabulary and Speaking, Exercise 9, page 83.
Read the information below. Then turn back to page 83 and
tell your partner the answers to questions 2, 4, 6 and 8. Do it
from memory, using your own words as much as possible.
How did it begin?
American Casey Fenton, 22, booked a last-minute
flight to Iceland for a short holiday. Since he didn't
know anyone there and didn't fancy staying alone
in a hotel or hostel, he hacked into the University of
Iceland student directory and sent messages to 1,500
students asking them to show him the real Iceland.
He got more than 50 replies, spent a memorable
holiday sleeping in someone's garage and made some
great friendships. The experience inspired him to
found CouchSurfing in 2004.
What does it cost?
CouchSurfing is free, although it is usual to bring a
gift from your country for your host. The organisation
is funded by donations and volunteer work.
What's in it for the hosts?
It's a great opportunity to meet interesting people
from around the world and to make new friendships .
Are there any safety measures?
Before you become a verified CouchSurfer your name
and address are checked and you have to provide a
detailed personal description of yourself. The site also
encourages its members to write evaluations of the
CouchSurfers they meet. These references cannot be
edited or erased once they have been uploaded. It is
also suggested you spend time getting to know your
potential guest or host online and meet for the first
time in a public place. There is never any pressure to
accept any guests you don't fully trust.
Unit 8, Speaking, Exercise 5, page 86.
Read comments 1-4 to your partner. Encourage him/her to
explain his/her answers. Then use cliches from Speak Out
on page 86 to reply to your partner's comments.
1 I'm sorry I can't help you. This is the local police.
You need to go back to the national police.
2 Oh no. I've lost my ticket!
3 What would you do if you were offered the chance
to sail around the world?
4 You know I said we were getting a free excursion to
Paris, well, it turns out we aren't.
Unit 8, Reading and Vocabulary, Exercise 8, page 89.
The crossing was delayed by three hours due to
stormy seas so by the time we got to London , we'd
missed our connection to Scotland. Trying to make
the best of it, we decided to look for a place to spend
the night in London. The thing is, we couldn't find
any cheap hostels and all the hotels cost the earth.
We couldn't dump our bags in the left-luggage at the
station because it was closed, so we had to heave
our heavy rucksacks all round London. The next
time I go anywhere, I'm going to travel light! Then
it started raining and my expensive new coat that
was supposed to be waterproof started leaking so I
got totally drenched. Eventually after searching in
vain for two hours we fo und ourselves back in the
hotel where we'd started off. We'd been going round
in circles! It was a bit of a rip-off, but it was still the
cheapest place we'd found, so we asked for a room.
Unfortunately, by then it was lOp.m. and it was fully
booked. In the end we checked into a really expensive
four-star hotel. It cost an arm and a leg, but it looked
so nice and warm and we felt so tired, we thought,
well, why not? Unfortunately, our room was dirty and
noisy and the bed was so uncomfortable I didn't get a
wink of sleep . It just goes to show. You can't judge a
book by its cover.
Unit 9, Grammar, Exercise 7, page 100.
Tell the jokes in the past with Reported Speech, using the
prompts. If you know a better joke, tell it to your partner!
Joke One
Two cows are standing in a field .
One says to the other, 'Are you worried about Mad
Cow Disease?'
The other one says, 'No, it doesn't worry me,
because I'm a horse!'
Two cows were standing ... One asked ...
The other replied ...
Joke Two
Pupil Would you punish me for something I
didn't do?
Teacher Of course not.
Pupil I'm glad about that because I haven't done
my homework.
The pupil asked his teacher ...
The teacher replied that ...
The pupil told ... explaining that ...
Unit 9, Speaking, Exercise 5, page 101.
Situation One
Your son/daughter has some news for you. The
chocolate cake in the fridge had been bought as a
surprise for your friend's 40th birthday. You are furious.
Situation Two
You work in the telemarketing department of Avant,
a glossy fashion magazine. A computer has randomly
picked a winner whose prize is a year's free subscription
to the magazine. Phone up the winner and tell him!
her the good news. You are professional and polite.
Situation Three
You were cleaning out your pet rat's cage (a well-
loved family pet) a few hours ago in the kitchen when
he escaped. You have searched high and low but can't
find him anywhere. You have to tell your ten-year-old
brother/sister the bad news, knowing that he/she will
be very upset. Start the conversation.
Unit 11, Vocabulary and Listening, Exercise 9, page 117.
Roleplay the situation with Student A. You are a young
person working in a low-paid job and you have just won a
fortune on the lottery. A journalist from the local paper has
come to interview you.
Tell the journalist how much you have won and how
you picked the winning numbers.
Describe your current lifestyle and how the lottery
win might change it.
Talk about your future plans.
Unit 11, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 5, page 121.
Read the ethical dilemma below and take notes of the key
points. Then, using your notes, describe the dilemma to your
partners and lead the discussion as to what Greg should do.
Kill and let die
Greg has just one minute to make an agonising choice. A
runaway train is hurtling down the track towards the junction
where he is standing. Further down the line, too far away for
him to reach, forty men are working in a tunnel. If the train
reaches them, it will kill many of them. Greg can't stop the train.
But he can pull the lever that will divert it down another track.
Further down this line, in another twmel, only five men are
working. But if Greg pulls the lever, he is deliberately choosing
to kill five people. If he leaves it alone, it will not be him who
causes the deaths. He must either cause a few people to die, or
allow even more to die. But isn't it worse to kill people than it is
simply to let them die?
Unit 12, Speaking and Vocabulary, Exercise 6, page 133.
Situation One
You have just moved to London to attend a three-
month language course. It is your first trip abroad and
you know your parents are anxious about you. You are
staying with a British family and are having a difficult
time. The family seems to have a lot of bizarre habits
and you find the food inedible. In addition to this you
are finding the course too difficult, the weather is
miserable and your health is suffering. Nevertheless,
when your parents phone you, you try to reassure
them that these are all minor problems.
Situation Two
You have fallen madly in love with a boy/girl and you
have started going out together. Although you have
only been together for two months, you have already
got engaged and plan to get married. You bump into
an old school friend - tell himlher your news and how
happy you are. Start the conversation.
Student C Activities
Unit 11, Speaking and Listening, Exercise 5, page 121.
Read the ethical dilemma below and take notes of the key
points. Then, using your notes, describe the dilemma to your
partners and lead the discussion about whether Eleanor is
acting ethically.
The freeloader
Eleanor was delighted with her new broadband connection. It
made surfing and downloading so much quicker than with her
old dial-up connection. And it happened to be completely free.
Well, not exactly. Eleanor paid nothing for the service because
she was using her neighbour's WiFi connection. Eleanor's
apartment happened to be close enough to her neighbour'S for
her to use his connection. Eleanor didn't see this as theft. The
neighbour had the connection anyway. And she was using only
his excess bandwidth. In fact, a neat piece of software called
Good Magpie made sure that her use of the connection never
slowed her neighbour down by more than a negligible amount.
So she got the benefits of his connection, but he didn't suffer as
a result. What could be wrong with that?
153

Check it out
Unit 1 Pages 10-11
Tense revision
Present tenses
We use the Present Simple to talk about:
a habits and routines.
She always does everything well.
b permanent situations around the present time.
She works for a software company.
c states.
We have similar personalities.
We use the Present Continuous to talk about:
a actions in progress at the time of speaking.
You're watching Love Stories.
b temporary situations in progress now.
He's working in an art gallery this summer.
c changes and developments.
We're beginning to fall in love.
We also use the Present Continuous with always or
continually when something unexpected happens very often.
This sometimes, but not always, indicates annoyance.
She's always doing things to surprise me.
Past tenses
We use the Past Simple to talk about:
a actions or events completed at a specific time in the past.
She got a new job last month.
b short actions in narratives.
She laughed when I told her a joke.
c when one action follows on closely after another.
When I read the letter, I burst into tears.
We use the Past Continuous to talk about:
a actions or activities in progress at a specific time in the past.
About a year ago I was feeling depressed.
b longer actions interrupted by a shorter past action.
She was laughing when I walked into the room.
Future Tenses
We use the Future Continuous:
a to predict something in progress at a point in the future.
A year from now we'll be living far away from each other.
b to talk about something that is expected to happen.
You'll all be coming back here in one year's time.
c to ask politely about someone's plans.
Will you be coming to the party after the show?
Tenses with the perfect aspect
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about:
a completed past actions that happened at an unspecified time.
We've seen a flat we like.
b recent actions with a present relevance/result.
He's in a good mood now because he's sold a painting.
c states or actions that began in the past and continue up to now.
She's been unemployed for a while now.
d recent actions where we focus on the result, not the activity.
I've sent off four job applications.
We use the Present Perfect Continuous to focus on the
continuity of:
a actions that began in the past and continue to the present.
We've been seeing each other for more than a year.
b recent actions where we focus on the activity, not the result.
I've been sending off job applications.
We use the Past Perfect Simple to describe:
a actions or states that happened before a specific past time.
By the time the newspapers found out, she had left for France.
b a clear sequence of events. We use the past perfect for the
earlier action.
As soon as I'd read the letter, I went round to her house.
We use the Past Perfect Continuous to talk about continuous
actions or situations which happened before a specific time in
the past.
154
It was embarrassing because she'd been going out with Chris
for ages.
We use the Future Perfect Simple to talk about an action that will
be completed before a particular time in the future.
In a year's time we'll have been married for six months.
We use the Future Perfect Continuous to talk about something
continuing up to a certain point in the future.
By this time next year we'll have been going out together for
three years.
Mind the trap!
Will can be used like mustto make deductions.
A Why isn't she here?
B Don't worry. She'll have been working late'/She'li have
got stuck in traffic'/She'li be sitting in a traffic jam.
Unit 2 Page 23
Cleft sentences for emphasis
We can emphasise certain information in sentences to make it
sound more memorable/dramatic (or to contrast it with a previous
statement) by adding certain structures. These include what + be
and it+ be.
A
What + be can emphasise both subjects and objects (but not if
they are people).
This particular picture intrigues me. (picture = subject)
What intrigues me is this particular painting.
I didn't enjoy the exhibition. (exhibition = object)
What I didn't enjoy yest!lrday was the exhibition.
I saw Jim at the exhibition.
NOT Wl=tat/Wl=te I saw '....as Jim at tl=te exl=titlitieA.
B
What + be can also emphasise verbs by adding the auxiliary do.
Picasso introduced the subconscious into visual art.
What Picasso did was (to) introduce the subconscious into
visual art.
C
It + be can emphasise almost any part of a sentence, but NOT
verbs. We use it with a relative pronoun (that/whichlwholwhy, etc).
It is this particular picture which/that intrigues me.
It was the exhibition which/that I didn't enjoy.
It was Picasso who/that introduced the subconscious into
visual art.
It was yesterday that I didn't enjoy the exhibition. (NOT wheA)
NB It's unusual to omit that in such sentences.
Using emphasis
Cleft sentences and other types of emphasis are quite common
in both written and spoken English but should be used with care.
In written English, they can make a text less repetitive, or more
stylish/'Iiterary', but they shouldn't be overused.
In spoken English, it is most common when the speaker wants to
draw attention to a contrast with a previous statement.
I love the idea - what I don't like is how he's tried to do it.
(= but I don't like ... )
No really -I do think that top suits you!
It is also typically used to show strong emotion such as irritation
or indignation.
What she suggested was just utterly outrageous!
No matter what happens, I'll always be there for you.
NB Overusing emphasis in spoken English can make your English
sound rather pompous.
Unit 3 Pages 32-33
The Passive
Present Simple The power is provided by hydrogen
fuel-cells.
Present Continuous It is being offered to you.
Past Simple Aviation fuel was taxed.
Past Continuous Too much CO 2 was being produced.
Present Perfect Global warming has been brought
under control.
Past Perfect Massive amounts of methane that had been
trapped under the ground were released.
Modal verbs The energy can only be stored for a
short time.
Going to You are going to be shown something
amazing.
The passive infinitive Something urgent had to be done.
The passive gerund Carbon-offsetting schemes led to new
forests being planted.
The agent
We use the passive when:
a we emphasise the action more than the agent.
Houston was destroyed. (We're only concerned with what
happened to Houston, not the cause.)
Houston was destroyed by Hurricane Theresa. (We mention
the agent in passive sentences when the action is old
information and the agent is new information.)
Hurricane Theresa destroyed Houston. (In the active sentence,
we're focusing on the agent, on what Hurricane Theresa did.)
b the agent is unknown or unimportant.
A new super-efficient electrical cable was developed . (We
don't know or don't care who developed it, the important thing
is the fact that it happened.)
c the agent is 'people in general'.
Much less energy was consumed . (Logically, it was everyone
or people in general who consumed the energy.)
d the agent is so obvious we don't need to express it.
Aviation fuel was taxed . (Logically we can deduct that the
agent must be the government.)
e we don't want to start the sentence with a long complex subject.
The amount of CO 2 in the atmosphere was further reduced by
storing the gas in carbon 'sinks' in abandoned mines deep
underground. (The agent, underlined here, would be a very long
and clumsy subject to begin a sentence with.)
Contexts for the passive
We often use the passive when we wish to sound more formal,
particularly in academic, journalistic and scientific contexts.
NB We cannot use the passive with intransitive verbs because
there's no object to become the subject of the passive sentence.
Sea levels rose by four metres.
The passive with two objects
In verbs with two objects (give, show, tell, lend, promise, buy,
write, send, pay, refuse, offer, etc) either object can become the
subject of a passive sentence. The topic of the sentence (what we
are talking about) comes first.
They gave a lot of money (direct object) to the researchers
(indirect object).
The researchers were given a lot of money.
(We're focusing on the researchers.)
A lot of money was given to the researchers.
(We're focusing on the money.)
Suggest and explain can only take one passive form.
The secret of free energy was explained to us.
NOT We weFe elEplaiReEl the seeret af free eRer!'lY.
Unit 4 Pages 42-43
Inversion
In statements, the subject normally comes before the verb.
Sometimes, after certain words or expressions, this word order is
reversed and this is called inversion. We add the auxiliary do with
simple tenses such as Present Simple and Past Simple. Inversion is
used for dramatic emphasis and is most common in formal English.
Words and phrases that can be followed by inversion
1 Some time expressions with never
Never, Never before, Never again
Never did I think I'd end up becoming a teacher!
2 Some expressions with no/not/neither
No sooner ... than , No longer, Nowhere, Not until,
Not since, Not often, Not only ... but, Neither .. . nor
No sooner had I taken one exam than I had to start preparing
for the next one.
Not until many years later did I understand what he meant.
3 Some expressions with only
Only when , Only then , Only later
Only later did I realise I had made a terrible mistake.
Only when I noticed the time did I realise I had made a terrible
mistake.
4 Some other negative adverbials
Scarcely/Hardly/Barely ... when , Rarely , Seldom , Little
Rarely do students appreciate the importance of systematic
revision.
5 So/Such... that
So emphasises an adjective; Such emphasises a noun.
So popular were the pens that they sold out immediately.
Such was the popularity of the pens that they sold out
immediately.
Some formal expressions can also be followed by inversion.
Under no circumstances will cheating be tolerated.
On no account should you disclose personal details in emails.
At no time are dictionaries to be removed from the library.
Unit 5 Pages 54-55
Conditionals
Basic types of Conditionals
Zero Conditional describes situations which are always true.
If I eat dairy products, I get a rash on my skin.
First Conditional describes a possible situation in the future.
If the potato spreads, it will poison everyone in the village!
Second Conditional describes an unlikely or imaginary situation
in the present or future.
I'd have a look at today's newspaper, if I were you.
It I had more time, I'd make more of an effort to cook properly.
Third Conditional describes an imaginary situation in the past
(something that had a chance of happening but didn't).
Would the Industrial Revolution have happened if Europeans
hadn't started eating potatoes?
Mixed Conditionals
These are a mixture of second and third conditionals. They are
used to describe:
1 the consequences in the present of an imaginary situation in
the past. We use the Past Perfect after the if clause.
Would the USA still be a British colony it Americans hadn't
been so fond of tea? (But they were fond of it, so the USA is no
longer a COlony.)
2 something that didn't happen in the past as a consequence of
a present/ongoing situation. We use the Past Simple after the
ifclause.
If he cared more about his neighbours, he wouldn't have
planted it. (He doesn't care, so he did plant it.)
Variations on First and Second Conditionals
1 We can add should to First Conditional sentences to refer to a
realistic but hypothetical situation in the future. It sounds a
little more tentative/less certain and the effect is often more
literary/formal.
If these trends continue, there may be major consequences for
our health.
If these trends should continue, there may be major
consequences for our health. (more tentative/formal)
155
 2 We can add were to to Second Conditional sentences to refer
to an unreal, hypothetical situation in the present/future. Again,
it sounds a little more tentative/less probable and the effect is
often more literary/formal.
If you drank leaded wine, you would end up with major health
problems.
If you were to drink leaded wine, you would end up with major
health problems. (more tentative/formal)
Inversion with hypothetical conditionals
We can use inversion with three types of conditionals. As with
other examples of inversion, we tend to use it in rather formal,
literary or dramatic contexts.
A Kirsty heard a door slam.
Conditional sentences with should
To form inversion, we replace if + subject + infinitive with should
+ subject + infinitive at the start of the clause.
If these trends should continue, there may be major
consequences for our health.
Should these trends continue, there may be major consequences
for our health.
B We use the infinitive without to after:
Conditional sentences with were to
To form inversion, we replace if + subject + were to with were +
subject + to + infinitive at the start of the clause.
If you were to drink leaded wine, you would end up with major
health problems.
Were you to drink leaded wine, you would end up with major
health problems.
C expect2, fail, forbid" force" get" guarantee, happen, help2,
Conditional sentences with had (Third Conditional)
To form inversion, we replace if + subject + Past Perfect with had
+ subject + past participle at the start of the clause.
If the British had reacted to the famine, the independence
movement might never have gained momentum so quickly.
Had the British reacted to the famine, the independence
movement might never have gained momentum so quickly.
Unit 5 Page 57
USing past tenses with hypothetical meanings
Apart from conditional sentences, there are other constructions
we can use to talk about hypothetical/imaginary/unreal situations.
They include: wish/if only, I'd rather/I'd prefer it if, it's (high/about)
time, as if/as though.
As with conditionals, we use the Past Simple to talk about unreal
situations in the present and Past Perfect to talk about the past.
I wish/if only are often used to express regret or irritation about a
situation that is hard/impossible to change. If only is more
emphatic/dramatic.
I wish/If only they didn't put parsley on the potato! (but they
always do!)
I wish/If only you had never become a restaurant critic! (but
you did!)
Similarly, with the Past Perfect I'd rather/I'd prefer it if are also
used to express regret or irritation about past behaviour.
I'd rather you hadn't told me. (I'm sorry that you told me)
With the Past Simple these expressions are used to make a strong
request or suggestion.
I'd prefer it if you didn't pay. (I really don't want you to pay)
Would you rather we went somewhere else? (are you
suggesting that ... ?)
It's (high/about) time is used with the Past Simple to suggest that
something should be happening now but isn't.
It's about time we asked for the bill. (we've been waiting too long)
As if/as though are used to make an unlikely comparison about
something.
He treats us as if we were idiots (we aren't idiots but his
treatment suggests we are)
She looked as though she'd just run a marathon (I don't actually
believe this happened, but she looked that exhausted!)
156
Note that when we are making realistic comparisons, we can use
other tenses:
He looks as though/if he's French. (he probably is)
Unit 6 Page 61
Verbs of perception
After verbs of perception like see, hear, notice, etc we use an
object and the:
a -ing form if we perceive part of an action or event in progress.
Kirsty heard her heart beating.
b infinitive without to if we perceive a complete action or event.
Unit 6 Pages 64-65
Infinitive and gerunds
A
Infinitives
a modal verbs: must, can, should, could, will, etc
b certain verbs/verbal phrases: had better, would rather, let,
make
We use the infinitive with to after:
a certain verbs/verbal phrases: advise" afford, agree, aim, allow"
appear, arrange 3, ask 2, attempt, beg 2, cause" choose 2, claim,
command" compel" dare 2, decide, deserve, earn, encourage"
heSitate, hope, instruct" intend 2, invite" leave" long 3, manage,
need2, neglect, oblige" offer, order" permit" persuade" plan 3,
prepare, pretend, promise, recommend', refuse, remind',
request', seem, supp(!sed to, swear, take 3(ages/a long time/
months), teach" tell" tempt" tend, threaten, train" trouble',
urge" volunteer, wait3, want2, warn" wish 2, would Iike 2,
would love 2, yearn 3
, =must take object 2 =can also take object
3 = can also take for + object
b most nouns: aim, ambition, attempt, decision, fool, mistake,
need, nuisance, opportunity, plans, pleasure, refusal, the right,
target, (it's) time, (no) wish
c most adjectives: able, advisable, afraid, anxious, bound, careful,
certain, dangerous, delighted, desperate, determined, difficult,
due, easy, fit, (feel) free, happy, hard, helpful, impatient,
(im)possible, keen, likely, lucky, pleased, ready, right, sad,
shocked, stupid, sure, surprised, welcome, wrong
d indefinite pronouns: somewhere, nothing, someone, etc
We use the infinitive with/without to after dare, help.
B
Gerunds
We use the gerund after:
a certain verbs/verbal phrases: admit, appreciate, avoid,
can't help, can't stand, consider, contemplate, delay, deny,
detest, dislike, don't mind, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, imagine,
involve, keep, mention, miss, practise, resent, resist, risk,
spend (time, years, a while), suggest, understand
b prepositions: after, before, by, for, in, on, with, without
verb + preposition: apologise for, burst out, carryon,
compared with, dream about, end up, feel like, get round
to, give up, insist on, join in, keep on, look forward to,
plan on, put off, succeed at/in, think about/of, etc
noun + preposition: congratulations on, not much hope of,
no hope of, intention of, preference for, the thought of,
the idea of, a good chance of, etc
adjective + preposition: famous for, good at, hopeless at,
interested in, nervous about, proud of, responsible for,
scared of, sorry for, tired of, (be/get) used to, worried about, etc
C
Infinitive or gerund
The following verbs can be followed by an infinitive or a gerund,
with a difference in meaning.
try + infinitive: make an effort to do something
try + gerund: do something to see what it's like/if it works
mean + infinitive: intend to do something
mean + gerund: involve, result in something
remember + infinitive: keep something in your mind in
order to do it
remember + gerund: have a memory of something you
have done
forget + infinitive: fail to do something because it slips
your mind
forget + gerund: lose a memory of something you have done
go on + infinitive: start another activity after finishing
something else
go on + gerund: continue with the same activity
Unit 7 Page 77
Impersonal reporting structures
When we want to report what people generally say/think/feel we
can use reporting verbs in the passive. We also use it when it is
not important to mention who is being reported or for distancing
the speaker from another opinion. There are two basic structures.
A Ticking loudly, the clock attracted the attention of the King.
It + passive form of reporting verb + that
It is often claimed that stress is a fact of life.
It has been estimated that 85 percent of all illness and disease
is caused by stress.
It has been demonstrated that music which is slower than 72
beats per minute can help us unwind.
It was declared that the disease had spread.
It is thought that endorphins are released during exercise.
Common verbs:
accept, agree, announce, argue, assume, believe, calculate, claim,
decide, declare, demonstrate, discover, estimate, expect, feel, find,
hope, intend, know, learn, mention, plan, propose, recommend,
report, reveal, rumour, say, see, show, suggest, suspect, suppose,
think, understand
B By measuring the distance from the sun to the horizon, you
subject + passive form of reporting verb + to infinitive
This position is believed to be effective in stimulating the brain.
Repetitive rhythms are also supposed to calm the nerves.
Listening to music that has 60 beats per minute has been shown
to increase alpha waves.
In ancient Greece saffron was believed to be an effective
remedy for anxiety.
Endorphins are thought to be released during exercise. (passive)
To emphasise that a situation/fact happened before the time it was
reported we use a perfect infinitive (to have + Past Participle).
The Chinese are thought to have known about the
properties of tea as long ago as 2000BC.
Infectious diseases were once thought to have been a
punishment for people's sins.
To emphasise that a situation/trend is/was continuing at the time
it was reported we can use the continuous form of the infinitive
(to be + -ing).
More and more young people are thought to be skipping
breakfast. (an ongoing trend)
He was rumoured to be living in london. (a continuing situation
at that time in the past)
Common verbs:
agree, assume, believe, calculate, claim, declare, demonstrate,
discover, estimate, expect, feel, find, intend, know, plan, report,
reveal, rumour, say, see, show, suppose, think, understand
Unit 8 Pages 84-85
Participle clauses
Participle clauses tend to be. shorter than equivalent adverbial or
relative clauses. They are more common in writing and formal
speech.
Basic rules
Present participle clauses are formed with verb + -ing. They are
used to describe two actions/states happening at the same time
or one shortly after another.
Not knowing how to calculate longitude accurately, the
navigators steered the ships onto rocks.
Arguing that one trial was insufficient, they ordered another trial.
Past participle clauses are formed with having + the past
participle of the verb. They are used to describe an action/state
that happened some time before another.
Having discovered a flaw in its design, he abandoned it.
Having heard the evidence, the Board demanded another trial.
Participles are often found in reduced relative clauses.
A fleet of British warships (which were) returning home after a
battle ...
... a young scientist (who was) convinced that his own method
... should win the prize.
Passive participle clauses are formed with the past
participle of the verb. They are also reduced forms:
(If I were) Given more money, I could make a better clock.
(Because he had been) Trained by his father, William was a gifted
clockmaker.
The subject in a participle clause should normally be the same as
the subject of the main verb:
NOT Tiel<iR!,!lal:lflly, the KiR!,! aflmiFefl the elael<.
However, phrases which indicate the speaker's attitude, eg
broadly speaking, judging from, considering everything, can
precede a clause with a different subject.
Generally speaking, H4 is one of the greatest inventions in
British history.
Use after conjunctions and prepositions
Participle clauses are used after many conjunctions and
prepositions: after, as, before, by, despite, in spite of, instead of,
on, once, since, when, whenever, while, until, without.
After explaining his ideas to the Astronomer Royal, Harrison was
given money.
On returning to England, Harrison saved the ship from a possible
shipwreck.
could calculate your latitude.
Unit 9 Page 100
Reported Speech
Basic rules
Usually when we report what people said, we move the verb 'one
tense back'.
'A once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event is going to take place.'
He said that a once-in-a-lifetime astronomical event was
going to take place.
However, we don't change the tense:
1 when we report the Past PerfecVPast Perfect Continuous.
'I'd already spotted the mistake.' -> He said he'd already
spotted the mistake.
2 when we report statements with could, might, ought to, should,
WOUld.
'It might be difficult.' -> He said it might be difficult.
3 when the reporting verb is in the present tense.
'I repeat - I am not going to do it!' He says he isn't going
to do it.
4 with unreal pasts.
'I wish I was rich.' -> He said he wished he was rich.
NOT hafl beeR Fieh
We usually have a choice whether or not to change the tense
backwards when the reported situation is still relevant or a
reported opinion/fact is still true.
'I'm coming to visit you next month!' -> She said she's coming/
was coming to visit us next month.
'Yes, grammar is tricky sometimes.' -> He agreed that grammar
is/was sometimes tricky.
When reporting questions we use the same word order as in an
affirmative statement.
'Do you believe it?' -> He asked if/whether I believed it.
'How long have you been waiting?' -> She asked how long I'd
been waiting.
157

References to time, place and this/that
Sometimes we also need to change references to time/place and
this/that.
'I love this view of the harbour.'
---> Dad always said he loved this view of the harbour. (We're
sitting at that spot now.)
---> Dad always said he loved that/the view of the harbour. (We're
hundreds of miles away.)
'I'll phone you tomorrow.'
---> She said she'll phone me tomorrow. (I saw her earlier today.)
---> She said she'd phone me the following day - but she never
did. (This happened last week.)
Reporting verbs and their patterns
Many reporting verbs (underlined below) can be followed by .
several different patterns but this sometimes involves a change In
register or meaning.
1 Verb + [that] + reported statement
He agreed that it was a good idea.
Other verbs: add, admit, agree, announce, answer, argue, boast,
claim, complain, confess, demand, denv. doubt, explain, insist,
mention, predict, promise, propose, recommend, regret, reply,
report, request, &y, suggest, swear, threaten, warn
2 Verb + object + [that] + reported statement
He warned me that I would end up in serious trouble.
Other verbs: advise, convince, inform, notify, persuade, promise,
remind, tell
We often omit that with the more common reporting verbs such as
agree, mention, promise, say in informal English. We are less likely
to omit it in formal, written English and with verbs such as add,
answer, complain, deny, propose, regret, reply, report.
3 Verb + if/wh- word (whether, why, which, what, .how, etc) +
reported statement
He wondered why I'd left.
The article described how technology would dominate our lives.
Other verbs: ask, describe, discuss, explain, report, &y, warn,
wonder
4 Verb + [that] + personal pronoun + [should] + infinitive
without to (= the present subjunctive)
They insisted that we (should) pay in advance.
Other verbs: Mg, demand, order, propose, recommend, request,
suggest
NB this pattern is very formal and may sound pompous in
everyday contexts, especially when should is omitted.
He demanded that he (should) see his lawyer.
They proposed that she (should) postpone the meeting.
In everyday English we usually use an alternative form.
He demanded to see/that he saw his lawyer.
They proposed postponing/that she postponed the meeting.
5 Verb + [not] infinitive
He refused to help us.
Other verbs: agree, ask, claim, demand, offer, promise, request,
swear, threaten
6 Verb + object + [not] infinitive
They encouraged me to become a teacher.
Other verbs: advise, ask, Mg, convince, invite, order, persuade,
remind, request, tell, urge, warn
7 Verb + [not] gerund
He denied being responsible.
Other verbs: admit, advise, confess, denv, doubt, mention,
propose, recommend, regret, report, request, suggest
8 Verb + [object] + preposition + [not] gerund
They complained about having to share a room.
He blamed me for missing the train.
Other verbs: apologise for, comment on, complain about,
confess to, insist on, object to, reflect on
Other verbs with object: accuse sb of, blame sb for,
compliment sb on, congratulate sb on, criticise sb for, thank sb for
Verbs with prepositions can also be followed by an
object/genitive.
They complained about me/my having to share a room.
158
NB The use of the genitive my/his/our/their is very formal and is
rare in everyday English.
Some verbs (such as admit, deny, mention, regret, report) and the
structures in point 8 above can also be followed by a gerund
perfect (having + past participle) to emphasise that an action is
already over. It is rather formal.
I regret not having done my essay.
He denied having been taken in. (passive)
Unit 10 Pages 106-107
Relative clauses
We use relative clauses to identify or give additional information
about people, things, places, etc. We use the relative pronou~s/
adverbs who(m), which, that, whose, where, why and when In
relative clauses.
A
Defining relative clauses identify a person, thing, place, etc.
They provide essential information without which the sentence
would be meaningless or ambiguous. Commas are never used.
1 When the relative clause defines the subject of the sentence,
we must use the relative pronoun.
Amy is a woman. She presents Unbelievable! --->
Amy is the woman who/that presents Unbelievable!
2 When the relative clause defines the object of the
sentence, we may drop the relative pronoun.
Unbelievable! is a show. I love it. ---> Unbelievable! is a show
(which/that) I love.
But we must not use the object pronoun even if we drop the
relative pronoun.
Unbelievable! is a show (which/that) I love it.
B
Non-defining relative clauses provide additional information
about people, things, places, etc. They are separated from the rest
of the sentence by commas. We may never drop the relative
pronoun.
1 We use who/whom (NOT that) for people; who for subjects and
who/whom for objects. Whom sounds rather formal.
Amy, who is from London, presents Unbelievable!
Amy, who/whom I have I met, presents Unbelievable!
2 We use which (NOT that) for things.
Unbelievable!, which is on XBC2, is a great show.
3 We use which (NOT that or what) to give extra
information about a complete clause.
Unbelievable! is entertaining and educational, which is a good
combination.
C
Prepositional relative clauses
Prepositions can come either before the relative pronoun or at the
end of the relative clause.
1 It is less formal, and so more common in spoken English, to put
the preposition at the end. In this case, we use who/that(NOT
whom) for people and which/that for things. Very often we drop
the relative pronoun.
That's the guy (who/that) I was thinking of.
I had no idea it was the plant (which/that) you were talking
about.
2 It is more formal to put the preposition before the relative
pronoun. In this case, we use whom (NOT that or who) for
people and which (NOT that) for things, and we cannot drop
the relative pronoun.
The person to whom you are referring was called Antonio
Meucci.
3 With a long relative clause, it is usual to put the preposition
before the relative pronoun because it makes the clause easier
to understand.
I read a story in which a sailor survived in a whale's stomach.
(easy to understand)
I read a story (which/that) a sailor survived in a whale's
stomach in. (hard to understand)
D Other useful phrases are:
Nominal relative clauses
1 What is a nominal relative pronoun meaning the thing(s) (that)/
everything (that). It does not refer to a preceding noun/pronoun.
I like what you do. NOT Ilil<e the thiA~S what yOlJ do.lllil<e that
what yOlJ do.
2 Whatever is more emphatic and means anything that or no
matter what.
I'll do whatever you like. = I'll do anything that you like.
Whatever you're doing, stop it. = No matter what you're
doing, stop it.
Wherever, whoever, whenever and whicheverfunction in a
similar way.
Useful phrases
We use quantifiers such as none, some, half, many, most, both,
all + of + whom/which in relative clauses.
The potato has many uses, none of which involve hats.
Ninety billion people have died, half of whom were killed by
mosquitoes.
Other useful relative phrases are:
at which point, by which time, since when, a period in which in
which case, the part where, no reason why, the reason why, 'the
extent to which, as a result of which.
Unit 11 Pages 122-123
Modal and related verbs
We use modal auxiliary verbs and phrases to convey the attitude
of the speaker to an event.
Obligation and necessity
We use musVhave to to talk about what is right or necessary.
1 To express a strong obligation coming from the speaker, we
use must or have got to.
You must/have got to help me.
2 To express a strong obligation coming from an external
authority, we use have to or be required to.
You have to/are required to tell the truth in court.
3 To express a negative obligation or prohibition, we use mustn't
or can't.
You mustn't/can't treat your friends like that. (it's wrong)
4 To express a lack of obligation or necessity, we use needn't,
don 't need to or don't have to, but not haven't to or haven't
got to.
You needn't/don't need to/don't have to forgive her. (but
you can)
5 Didn't need to or didn't have to means it was not necessary to
do something. The action mayor may not have taken place.
Needn't have means someone did something and later
dis.covered it was not necessary. It indicates regret or relief.
I didn't need/have to dress up. (so I didn't)
I needn't have dressed up. (but I didn't know that so I did)
6 Other useful phrases are:
may as well = there is no reason not to
I may as well give up!
Recommendation and advice
1 To express an advisable, but not obligatory, action, we use
should, ought to or had better.
You should/ought to/had better apologise.
For the past we use should and ought to, but not had better.
They suggest the action was not fulfilled .
You should have told me. (but you didn't)
You ought not to have screamed. (but you did)
2 We can use mightor could, but not may for an advisable but
probably unfulfilled action, but we have to stress the main verb,
not the modal verb.
You may/might/could do something. (but you probably won't)
You may/might/could have told me. (but you didn't)
be meant to and be supposed to - the meaning is similar to
should
You're not meant to do that to a friend. You know you're not
supposed to steal.
Ability and willingness
1 To express ability, we use can and be (un)able to.
I can't/am unable to give you any advice.
2 To express a general ability over a period of time in the past,
we use could or be able to.
He could/was able to talk for hours when he was younger.
3 To express the ability to perform a specific action in the past,
we use be able to or managed to, but not could.
She OOtIIEI/was able to/managed to resist eating that cake
last night.
But in the negative, we can use couldn't.
I couldn't/wasn't able to/didn't manage to talk to him.
4 To express a conditional ability, we use could, but not mayor
might.
I could/may/~ tell you what to do. (but I'm not going to)
He could/~may have eaten with us. (but he chose not to)
5 To express our willingness to do something, we use will and
would. The meaning is similar to want to. We use won 'V
wouldn'tto express unwillingness.
She won't listen to me any more.
He wouldn't even eat dinner with us.
Deduction and possibility
1 To express how much we believe something from
logical deduction.
He must be in love with you. (from the way he looks at you)
He can't have been in love with you. (he didn't call you back)
She might hctve got it for a special occasion. (it looks very
expensive)
2 To say something is possible, we use could, mayor might, but
not can.
He eaA/could/may/might be in love with you.
Adding (very) well shows you think the possibility is stronger.
He could/may/might very well have been seeing
someone else.
Adding even or just shows you think the possibility is weaker.
He could/may/might even have lost his memory.
It could/may/might just be true.
3 To express a negative possibility, we use may not or might not,
but not couldn't.
He OOI:IlOO-'t/may not/might not know who he is.
4 To show that we have doubts about something, we stress the
pronunciation of the modal verbs.
You may/might/could do something. (but you probably won't)
You may/might/could have told me. (it's possible, I can't
remember)
Unit 12 Pages 128-129
Clauses of concession, contrast and addition
A
Clauses of concession
1 although
We use although to combine two opposing/unexpected/
surprising ideas or statements. It always comes at the
beginning of a clause.
Although he only earns a pittance, he spends every penny on
clothes.
Though has the same meaning but is less formal/more
common in spoken English and can also come at the end of a
clause.
He says he's short of money. He's always got money for
clothes, though.
2 despite, in spite of and even though
We use despite, in spite of and even though in similar contexts
to although.
159
 despite/in spite of + -ing
Despite only earning a pittance, he spends every penny Wordbuilding: affixes
on clothes.
He spends every penny on clothes, in spite of only Prefixes
earning a pittance.
We add a subject before the gerund if it is different from Most don't usually change the form of a word, but they do change
the subject in the main clause. its meaning.
Despite her parents n.ruJQl!!g her, Sophie still spends too
much on clothes. Prefix Meaning Examples
despite/in spite of + noun
Despite/In spite of his low salary, he spends every a-, an- not, without atheist, apolitical, anonymous
penny on clothes. anti- against antisocial, antiperspirant
despite the fact thaVin spite of the fact thaVeven though
+ subject + verb bi- two bi-monthly, bisexual
He spends every penny on clothes, despite the fact that co- with coexistence, cooperation,
he only earns a pittance. co-pilot
In spite of the fact that/Even though he only earns a de- remove, reverse decentralise, declassify
pittance, he spends every penny on clothes. dis- not distrust, dishonest
3 even if ex- previous ex-wife, ex-president
Even if should not be confused with even though. Even if
means 'whether or not'. extra outside extraterrestrial
Even if I won the lottery, I wouldn't stop working. fore- before foresee, foreground
4 while/whilst iI-, im-, in-, ir- not illogical, impolite, insane,
In formal contexts we can use while or whilst to combine two irrational
oppOSing statements. Whilst is more literary and is therefore inter- between international, interaction
less common. While and whilst cannot usually come after the mal-, mis- wrong , bad misunderstand, malfunction
main clause.
WhilelWhilst I'm glad that he feels more self-assured, I am mono- one monotheistic, monopoly
aware that it won't last for long. mUlti- many multinational, multicultural
NOT I am aware that the sitl:latieA weA't last fer leAIi, whilel non- not, without non-polluting, nonsense
whilst I'm lilad that he feels mere self assl:lred. out- more, more than, outside outnumber, outskirts
B over- too much, above, across overpopulation, overseas
Causes of contrast post- after post-traumatic,
We can use while/whereas (or less often whilst) to post -industrial
emphasise two contrasting situations. ,
Some people spend most of their income on clothes, while/ pre- before previsualise, pre-tax
whereas others don't feel the need to. re- again, in another way redistribute, replace
C un- not, without uncomfortable, unreliable
Clauses of addition under- not enough, too little underdeveloped,
We use besides/as well as/apart from to mean in addition to. underestimate
1 besides/as well as/apart from + noun Some prefixes such as en- can change adjectives or nouns into
Besides/As well as/Apart from the expense of brand-name
clothes, why would anyone want to look like a walking advert? verbs, eg enrage, enable.
2 besides/as well as/apart from + gerund
Besides/As well as/Apart from having to pay a small fortune Suffixes
for brand-name clothes, why would anyone want to look like a Often change the form of a word.
walking advert?
Noun suffixes
Verb -+ Noun
arrivgl. tolerance, civilisation, employee, employ~r. assistant, burgiill',
existence, understanding, election, behaviour, government, governQf,
growtIJ
Adjective -+ Noun
justice, frequen~, socialism, extrem!, equali1v, selfishness, cruelty
Noun -+ Noun
democra~, humanitarian, kingdom, warfare , neighbourhood, librarian,
capitalism, capital!, dictatorlliJ.iQ, monarchy
Adjective suffixes
Noun -+ Adjective
profitable, constitutiong!, parliamentQ!Y, faithful, financ@!, histor~,
historical, scientific, selfish, mindless, religious, lucky
Verb -+ Adj6ctive
creative, foreseeable, tolerant, peace-keeping, sensible, imaginative
. Verb suffixes
Adjective -+ Verb
activate, weaken , simpljfy, industrialise
Noun -+ Verb
lengthen, strengthen

160
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