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TIMBER ELEMENTS
DESIGN TO EC5
CE5013
LECTURE OUTLINE
Timber: material, applications, classes
EC5: ULS
Timber joists
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STRUCTURAL TIMBER
Material
Natural material- great variety of species with
different mechanical properties
Softwoods (conifers- pine fir, larch, etc)- mainly this
type of wood for structural use
Hardwoods (broad leaved trees- ash, elm, oak)-
stronger but more expensive
Structural applications
Housing- roofs, floors,
partitions
Piers and other
marine works
Bridges- mainly pedestrian
STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS
Roof construction
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TIMBER
Stress classification and grading classes
Softwoods: classes C14 to C50 (bending strength)
Hardwoods: classes D18 to D70 (bending strength)
EC5: ULS
Design load= nominal load x ULS partial safety factors
( G Gk Q Qk ) S ,
where S= distance c/c,i.e 400, 450, 600mm
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M y ,d
Wy ,req
f m, y ,d
Sawn softwoods
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Bearing stress
Check:
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EXAMPLE
Design the timber beam grade C18, to satisfy the ULS;
calculate the minimum length of the bearings/supports
Given :Permanent load Gk = 0.8kN/m
Variable load Qk =1.1 kN/m
Design load
w=2.73kN/m
Compressive edge
is restrained
Design load
w=2.73kN/m
Compressive edge
is restrained
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Assume:
h 150mm kh 1
Moisture< 20%
Internal element
Kcrit 1
m, y , R Kcrit f m, y ,d 111.08 11.08 N / mm2
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From a suppliers
catalogue the available
sections are:
6W 6 385.38 103
h 17.56cm
b 75
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Live load
Qk 1.5kN / m 2
ULS ( G Gk Q Qk ) 1.35 0.4 1.5 1.5 2.79kN / m2
UDL : w=Load S=2.79 0.6 1.674kN / m
TIMBER JOISTS
Design stress: For a simply supported beam the
maximum internal moment and shear force are:
w L2
M max 3.69kNm
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w L
Vmax 3.515kN
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Design strength:
Assume timber C16, therefore use the material
properties for the chosen class , such as bending
strength and modulus of elasticity
(EN338,T.1) :Bending parallel to the grain: f m,k 16 N / mm 2
f v ,k 3.2 N / mm 2
Partial safety factor for ULS is m 1.3
(EC5,T.2.3)
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TIMBER JOISTS
Modification coefficient:
Cl2.3.1.3
Assume class 2 (moisture < 20 %, cold )
NA, T.1
Load duration medium term
Therefore
kmod 0.8
Assume that the height/depth of the section will
be h 150mm kh 1
As the distance centre to centre is 600mm load
sharing can be assumed, therefore:
ksys 1.1
TIMBER JOISTS
Design bending strength becomes:
f mk 16
f m, y ,d kh ksys kmod 11.1 0.8 10.83N / mm2
m 1.3
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TIMBER JOISTS
The chosen section is based on the bending strength of
the timber but several other checks might need to be
carried out such as shear check.
Design for shear
f vk 3.2
f v.d ksys kmod 1.1 0.8 2.17 N / mm2
m 1.3
Design shear stress at n.a.
wc precamber
winst = instantaneous deformation
wcreep = due to creep
w fin instantenous and creep deformation
wnet , fin the final net deformation
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Here Eo,mean and Go,mean are the material properties of the timber;
h=height of section, b=width of section, l=span of element
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midspan 1 0.96 3
32 9 103 63 2003 0.56 10 3800
midspan 13.64 1.043 14.23mm
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EXAMPLE 2 (SLS)
The roof structure of a gallery consists of series of
glulam beams, tongue and groove solid softwood
decking, covered on the top with an insulation layer.
The effective span of the roof beams is 8.5m. Check if
the chosen section satisfies the SLS.
The strength class of the glulam beams is GL 24h. The
width of the beam is 120mm and the height 425mm.
Assume the limiting value for vertical deflection to be
span/300. The values of the permanent and variable
load are as given:
Glulam properties:
Characteristic bending strength: fm,g,k=24N/mm2
Characteristic shear strength: fv,g,k=2.7N/mm2
Mean E parallel to grain E0,g,mean= 11.6kN/mm2
Mean shear modulus G0,g,mean= 0.72 kN/mm2
5 Q l3 E0, g ,mean h 2
The deflection is thus:uinst 1 0.96
32 E0, g ,mean b h
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G0, g ,mean l
uinst 1 0.96
32 11600 120 4253 720 8500
uinst 34.73 1.04 36.12m
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