Ensuring Seismic Safety Trough Properly Specified Anchoring

Ensuring seismic safety through
properly specified anchorages
Jorge Gramaxo
Business Unit Anchors
Hilti Corporation
Chile
21 November, 2014
www.hilti.com/seismic Ensuring seismic safety through properly specified anchorages | J. Gramaxo | Nov2014 1
Agenda
The relevance of seismic
BNCS seismic research project
Seismic qualification of anchors
Seismic design of anchors
Anchoring solutions to ensure seismic safety
Conclusions
Earthquakes are unavoidable natural events
with devastating consequences
Chile seismicity is a very real safety threat to
investments, buildings and its inhabitants
Only seismically designed structures as well as
all construction elements can ensure safety
Structural anchoring connections are vital to ensure that the structure
responds to a seismic event in a proper, predictable manner.
Non-structural elements are often either poorly detailed or decisions

are left to the jobsite which pose major threat to the inhabitants.
Building owners are focused on protecting their
property and ensuring production after an event
In manufacturing and commercial
buildings, the seismic risk is linked to:
- damage of assets
- production downtime
- people safety
- legal consequences
Non-structural elements failure have

high financial consequences (storage
of goods, equipment, ...)
Anchors are often used in a large number of
applications therefore shall be detailed wisely
M&E installations Racking Structural steel
Faades Utilities Structural PI rebar
Agenda
Conclusions
Seismic research and code writing in the field
of fasteners has been focused for various years
2004 2006 2007

Start ETAG Annex E 7 stories UCSD Hilti Seismic project
Pioneering the 1st real scale Guideline work
EU seismic project to study with EOTA, CEN
regulation for anchoring
anchors connections
2009 2012 2013

False ceiling study in JP BNCS project 1st ETA C2 anchors
Strengthen Evaluation of main State of the art
partnerships non-structural
C2 qualification of
within Japan applications post-installed
code team anchors
BNCS large scale test aims to better know the
seismic response of non-structural components
BI
FB
BI = base-isolated ; FB = fixed-base
BNCS: cooling tower and air handling unit
BNCS: surgery suite and intensive care unit
BNCS: water, electric, ventilation and ceiling
BNCS: various assets and content
BNCS: elevator
BNCS: Denali Alaska, Magnitude 7.9
BNCS project was key to confirm the accuracy
of the ETA anchoring seismic qualification
40.0 1.0
Anchor loading 0.8

Wcr 1 Concrete cracks
Crack Width [mm]

20.0 Wcr 2
Anchor Load [kN]
0.6 Wcr 3
0.0 Wcr 4
0.4
20.0
Anchor 2 Anchor 4 0.2
Anchor 1 Anchor 3
40.0 0.0
9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
10.0
Time [s] Time [s]
Anchor Displacement [mm]
9.0
8.0
7.0
Anchor 1
Anchor 2
Anchor displacement
6.0 Anchor 3
5.0 Anchor 4
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0
Time History
Time [s]
30.0 9.00
8.00
Load
Correlation load / displacement / concrete cracks
Displacement [mm]
Displacement 7.00
Crack Width
20.0 6.00
Load [kN]
5.00
4.00
10.0 3.00
2.00
1.00
0.0 0.00
8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
Time [s]
Agenda
Conclusions
Earthquake clearly lead to concrete cracks that
significantly change the anchor load transfer
As a cracks intersect the anchor the load transfer will be changed due
to an unsymmetrical distribution of the anchor loads.
crack plane
Un-cracked concrete Cracked concrete
Anchors aptness to perform in cracks is a starting point for seismic
Seismic loading induces extreme conditions in
the fastenings, much above concrete cracks
Specific tests are required to assess the suitability of anchors under

seismic loading since they will need to cope with:
Load cycling Concrete crack cycling
Crack width
Shear
Very wide cracks

Tension
(above static loads)
A sound and standardized qualification process is required
Anchor seismic design requires a set of testing,
approval document and design regulations
Only US and EU regulation frameworks support the qualification and

design of anchors under seismic loading (EU since July 2013)
US (UBC / IBC) EU (EOTA)
Qualification ACI 355 with

ETAG 001, Annex E
(testing)
Anchor resistance
ICC-ES AC193/AC308
Technical data ICC-ES Evaluation Service European Technical

Report: ESR Approval: ETA
(approval)
ACI 318 Appendix D

Design method AC308
EOTA TR045
State of the art

Testing and evaluation of post-installed anchors
regulated in the US building code landscape
ICC ACI
International Code American Concrete
Council Institute
IBC 2012 ACI 318-11

Appendix D
ICC - ES design requirements for anchors
Evaluation Services
AC 193 AC 308 ACI 355.2 ACI 355.4

Mechanical Adhesive Mechanical Adhesive
Anchors Anchors Anchors Anchors
Acceptance criteria Testing program
For ensuring safety an anchor must show proof
of robustness before performance
1st : Robustness 2nd : Performance

whats checked on the background what you see in the approval
Service conditions Design resistances

Concrete conditions (low/high Resistance values for all tension
strength, un-cracked vs. cracked) and shear failure modes
Durability and sensitivity (e.g. Different load types (e.g. seismic)
temperature, chemical attack)
Correspondent safety factors
Installation deviations Installation boundaries

Sensitivity to reduced installation Min. concrete thickness and
efforts (e.g. torque, cleaning) edge and spacing distances
Note: gross errors not covered Min. installation torque
General installation guidance
Anchors ability to perform in cracked concrete
can never be assess by shape or appearance
Load (KN) Wedge anchor testing

Conclusions
Un-cracked concrete
Wedges can not be
Cracked concrete assessed by shape
Crack width 0.5mm
Double wedge anchors

Service failure are not better
Not approved for
cracked concrete
Anchor displacement (mm)



Specific for chemical anchors cleaning of the
borehole can affect dramatically the bond
During the approval process tests are done with reduced clearing to
check the robustness of the chemical anchor system
Mortar Threaded Rod

Ultimate resistance
Load [kN]
Concrete
With hole cleaning
Mortar + Dust
Threaded Rod
Concrete
Improper hole cleaning
Displacement [mm]



US seismic tests simulate earthquake load
cycling in 0.5mm stationary cracks (1/2)
Tension seismic tests as per US (service condition test #12)

Resulting data is published in the ICC-ES report (ESR)
Pulsating tension tests
Ns = 50%Nu
Ni = 1/2(Ns-Nm)+Nm
Nm = 25%Nu
Dw= 0.5mm 10 30 100 cycles
Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm
US seismic tests simulate earthquake load
cycling in 0.5mm stationary cracks (2/2)
Shear seismic tests as per US (service condition test #13)

Resulting data is published in the ICC-ES report (ESR)
Alternating shear tests

Vs= 50%Vu
Vi = 1/2(Vs-Vm)+Vm
Vm= 25%Vu
cycles
10
100
Dw= 0.5mm 30
US anchor qualification is equivalent to the
European Seismic Category C1 testing
The US testing program was developed ~5 years ago and it denoted

the best knowledge at the time. EU regulation takes this as the 1 st level
Pulsating tension tests Alternating shear tests

C1

Dw= 0.5mm
Seismic category C2 tests simulate earthquake
load cycling in 0.8mm dynamic cracks
This is the state-of-the art testing and it considers all the settings
resulting from real conditions.
Pulsating tension tests Alternating shear tests Open/closing crack width

C2
Dw= 0.8mm
Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm Dw = 0 0.8mm
C2
Only ETA C2 seismic qualification attends to all
the influencing variables acting on the anchors
Only a selected number of anchors can qualify for seismic. Cant be
assumed that in general cracked concrete approved anchors will pass
Pulsating tension tests Alternating shear tests Open/closing crack width
& C1 C2 C2
Dw = 0.5mm Dw = 0.5mm ; 0.8mm Dw = 0 0.8mm
Being the state-of-the-art, Seismic Category C2
should be the standard to keep in mind
With the release of the European Seismic Category C2 testing, ACI is

no longer the state-of-the-art
Considering that Chile regulation reference the ACI, its suggested the
adoption of ETA C2 to ensure the intended safety is achieved
2006 2006 - 2013 2013
C2
ACI 355 World Seismic Research Improved testing

US regulation Lab models and real scale testing More accurate evaluation
Attending to the design ground accelerations
Chile require seismic qualified anchors
ETA C2 is required in most cases for a seismic acceleration >5%g

ICC-ES ESR seismic approved anchors required for >10%g
Structural applications Non-structural applications

Vital projects Other buildings Vital projects Other buildings
ag.S
<0.05g ETA (not seismic)
0.05-0.1 ETA C2 ETA C1
>0.1g ETA C2 / ICC-ES ESR
Recommended seismic performance categories (ag.S for 475 years return period)
Source: ETAG 001 Annex E and EOTA TR045
As per the UBC seismic zones, Seismic approved
anchors are required for zone 2A or above
UBC 97 seismic zoning
Effective peak ground acceleration (475 year return period)

0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.40
0 1 2A 2B 3 4
Static
approved Seismic approved anchors
anchors



Installation boundaries are as important as the
resistance values presented in the approval
Minimum base material thickness, edge and spacing distances ensure
splitting is precluded during installation. Installation torque is very
much linked to this values above.
Various setting details are also given, for example the drilling
diameters, embedment depths, cleaning effort
Anchor approvals are the only way to provide
transparent and reliable performance data
Unfortunately still happens that companies publish resistance values
in their manuals that do not correspond to the real performance
M12
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P
Various sleeved expansion anchors available in the market
Agenda
Conclusions
Anchor seismic design requires a set of testing,
approval document and design regulations
Only US and EU regulation frameworks support the qualification and

design of anchors under seismic loading (EU since July 2013)
US (UBC / IBC) EU (EOTA)
Qualification ACI 355 with

ETAG 001, Annex E
(testing)
Anchor resistance
ICC-ES AC193/AC308
Technical data ICC-ES Evaluation Service European Technical

Report: ESR Approval: ETA
(approval)
ACI 318 Appendix D

Design method AC308
EOTA TR045
State of the art

Design of post-installed anchors is regulated by
the ACI 318 in the US building code landscape
ICC ACI
International Code American Concrete
Council Institute
IBC 2012 ACI 318-11

Appendix D
ICC - ES design requirements for anchors
Evaluation Services
AC 193 AC 308 ACI 355.2 ACI 355.4

Mechanical Adhesive Mechanical Adhesive
Anchors Anchors Anchors Anchors
Acceptance criteria Testing program
To avoid any sudden failure of the connection
3 different design approaches are given
- Ductile anchor {EU: option b) | US: D.3.3.4}

anchors must fulfill the ductility requirements and
steel failure must govern the anchor resistance
- Capacity Design {EU: option a1) | US: D.3.3.5}

anchors must resist to the load corresponding to
the yielding of the fixture
- Elastic design {EU: option a2) | US: D.3.3.6}

anchors must resist to the load resulting from an
elastic seismic design
Anchor characteristic seismic resistances as
per the US guideline ACI 318 Appendix D
Characteristic ICC-ES Report values Calculated
resistance: Rk,seis (ESR) ACI 318 Appendix D
Nsa
TENSION
Steel -
Pull-out * 0.75Neq
Concrete cone - 0.75Ncbg
Steel Veq -
SHEAR
Pry-out - 0.75Vcpg
Concrete edge - 0.75Vcbg
* Chemical anchors: combined pull-out and cone concrete. Bond value shall be used with regular expressions
0.75 No annular gaps

considers the concrete extensive Shear resistances valid with the
cracking and the skater in the load- assumption of no annular gaps
displacement of the different anchors between anchor and fixture
Anchor characteristic seismic resistances as
per the European guideline EOTA TR045
Ref. Characteristic ETA values Calculated
resistance: R0k,seis (respective to Category C2) ETAG 001 Annex C / TR029
TENSION
Steel N0Rk,s,seis -
Pull-out * N0Rk,p,seis -
Concrete cone - N0Rk,c,seis
Steel V0Rk,s,seis -
SHEAR
Pry-out - V0Rk,cp,seis
Concrete edge - V0Rk,c,seis
* Chemical anchors: combined pull-out and cone concrete. Bond value shall be used with regular expressions
aseis fixed values by TR045 (0.75 - 1.0)

NRk,seis = agap aseis N0Rk,seis
agap = 1.0 Tension
VRk,seis = agap aseis V0 Rk,seis = 1.0 Shear: annular gap filled
= 0.5 Shear: annular gap not filled
Annular gaps between the anchors and the
fixture lead to a big drop in shear resistance
As per EOTA TR045, a reduction of 50% shall be applied to the shear

resistance if there is an annular gap between the anchors and fixture
Hilti Dynamic Set ensures an effective way for filling the annular gaps
Hilti Dynamic Set
The shear forces on the anchors are amplified in presence an

annular gap due to a hammer effect on the anchor
Anchorage proof for the Damage Limitation
State (DLS) is considered by the EOTA TR045
If deformations are relevant for the connection it shall be demonstrated

that these deformations can be accommodated by the anchors
Anchors awarded Seismic Performance Category C2 ETAs provide the
anchors displacement for shear and tension
dN,req (DLS) Defined by the designer ; dN,seis (DLS) Provided in the relevant ETA
If dN,req (DLS) < dN,seis (DLS) meaning, anchor displacement above required)
Note: Expression for the correction of tension design resistance; shear is done in the same manner
Hilti PROFIS Anchor 2 allows a swift seismic
design according to latest seismic regulations
The easiest way to ensure a correctly done design simultaneous for

various load combinations and with a clear design report.
Even if the decisive load combination is not
seismic, anchors must resist seismic loading
In some cases, seismic based load combination will not be decisive
Design load
KN
Wind based load Seismic based load
However, anchor resistance to seismic is typically less than static
Design load
Design resistance - seismic approved anchor
KN
For equal number, size and embedment of anchors plus equal spacing and edge distances
Moreover, only selected anchors can also withstand seismic loading.
Design load
Design resistance - seismic approved anchor
Design resistance - non-seismic approved anchor
KN
For equal number, size and embedment of anchors plus equal spacing and edge distances
Agenda
Conclusions
Hilti offers a full set of seismic approved
anchors compliant with ACI 355 (US regulation)
As this qualification process is already available for more than 5 years,

full set of solutions are available for metric and fractional anchor sizes
ICC-ES Report seismic qualified (ESRs)
HIT-HY 200 + HIT-Z and HIT-V HIT-RE 500-SD + HIT-V HDA

ICC-ESR 2322 ICC-ESR 3187 ICC-ESR 1546
KB-TZ / HST KH-EZ / HUS-H HSL-3

ICC-ESR 1917 / Hilti tech. data ICC-ESR 3027 / Hilti tech. data ICC-ESR 1545
ETA C2 solutions already address the needs of
all structural and non-structural applications
The HIT-HY 200 mortar with the HIT-Z anchor rod is a technological
breakthrough ensuring performance even in un-cleaned holes
ETA C2 ETA C1
HIT-HY 200 + HIT-Z

HIT-RE 500-SD + HIT-V M8-M30
M12-M16
HUS 3 8,10,14
HST / HST-R HDA (pending)

M10-M16 M10-M20 HMU M12-M16
SAFE Set HIT-HY 200 with HIT-Z rod ensure
high performance with extreme reliability
Regular threaded rod

Hilti HIT-HY 200 + HIT-Z
w/ injection mortar
Load [kN]
Load [kN]
Ultimate resistance
Without hole cleaning Ultimate resistance
With hole cleaning

With hole cleaning
Without hole cleaning
Displacement [mm] Displacement [mm]
Agenda
The relevance of seismic in Italy
Conclusions
Main takeaways
1. Significance of seismic 2. Effects of and earthquake on

resistant anchoring solutions an anchoring application
3. Comprehensive knowledge of 4. Seismic approved anchors and

qualification and design PROFIS design software
Summary video
Thank you for your attention!
Jorge Gramaxo
Business Unit Anchors
Hilti Corporation
Chile
21 November, 2014

Ensuring Seismic Safety Trough Properly Specified Anchoring

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Ensuring seismic safety through

properly specified anchorages

The relevance of seismic

BNCS seismic research project

Seismic qualification of anchors

Seismic design of anchors

Anchoring solutions to ensure seismic safety

Non-structural elements are often either poorly detailed or decisions

Non-structural elements failure have

M&E installations Racking Structural steel

Faades Utilities Structural PI rebar

The relevance of seismic

BNCS seismic research project

Seismic qualification of anchors

Seismic design of anchors

Anchoring solutions to ensure seismic safety

2004 2006 2007

2009 2012 2013

Anchor loading 0.8

Crack Width [mm]

The relevance of seismic

BNCS seismic research project

Seismic qualification of anchors

Seismic design of anchors

Anchoring solutions to ensure seismic safety

Un-cracked concrete Cracked concrete

Anchors aptness to perform in cracks is a starting point for seismic

Specific tests are required to assess the suitability of anchors under

Load cycling Concrete crack cycling

Very wide cracks

(above static loads)

A sound and standardized qualification process is required

Only US and EU regulation frameworks support the qualification and

US (UBC / IBC) EU (EOTA)

Qualification ACI 355 with

Technical data ICC-ES Evaluation Service European Technical

ACI 318 Appendix D

State of the art

IBC 2012 ACI 318-11

AC 193 AC 308 ACI 355.2 ACI 355.4

Acceptance criteria Testing program

1st : Robustness 2nd : Performance

Service conditions Design resistances

Installation deviations Installation boundaries

Load (KN) Wedge anchor testing

Double wedge anchors

Anchor displacement (mm)

1st : Robustness 2nd : Performance

Service conditions Design resistances

Installation deviations Installation boundaries

Mortar Threaded Rod

With hole cleaning

Improper hole cleaning

1st : Robustness 2nd : Performance

Service conditions Design resistances

Installation deviations Installation boundaries

Tension seismic tests as per US (service condition test #12)

Pulsating tension tests

Dw= 0.5mm 10 30 100 cycles

Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm

Shear seismic tests as per US (service condition test #13)

Alternating shear tests

Note: for static approval crack width 0.3mm

The US testing program was developed ~5 years ago and it denoted